AOS_Orch_2000_01.pdf

~ ~, /'1~~' .~l . ,1"'r·~· I /...' \,. ' "'' ,", .ACCORDINGTOH. MAYR, THEorigin of the name SatyriulIl li es inancient Greek mythology. TheSatyri were reputed to be sylvan demigods ,mythical beings ofhuman shape with goat'sfeet and horns. No doubt the similarity tothc Satyri is the reference to the double spurs,a prominent feature of the genus ,)'o ly rium.This makes the genus unmistakable.The genus Salyrium is represented byabout 100 species with the bulk found insouthern and tropical Africa. Five speciesoccur on Madagascar and two in As ia.Approximately 40 specics arc found in th ewinter rainfall area of the Western andEastern Cape in South Africa alone. Insynchronization with the rainfall periodbetween March and August, these speciesgrow throughout the winter and flow erin spring during September and October.They then go dormant for th e warm dryslimmer months from November to Apri I.Growing SatyriumsI hl'SI.' plants have a sing le tllbl'" with, I s lllP iI.: grtlw ill!' po ill t A II ~ 'I Ih ~' SlIlllJl1 l' r,hll lll. ,lIlV 11 11~ " P I"III ~ ,lIld 1;" ,", Iil L' k :l l "shoot ofthc plant. The roots are I.:xtn:mclybrittle and grow rrom th c basI.: of the shootwhen it rcac hes a length o r II.! to I inch inlate autumn. Thl.: roots arl.: Ill.:shy and hawno thick vdamen laYl.:r to prolcl.:t thcmagainst dry conditions. This indicates thatthe plants require constant moist l'onditionsthroughout the growing period. Althoughmany of the species arc round inclay-rich soils, thi s does not mean th atth ey thri ve in waterloggcd conditions. Onthe contrary, the more porous the mi x, th ebetter thc plants grow.Currently, most plants in my collectionare potted in partially decomposed pinebark mixed with coarse river sand. Initially,after dormancy, the mi x is difficult to wetbut standing the pot s in a bucket of waterfor a day or two ensures that the mediumis thoroughly moi stened. A covering ofcoarse pebbles on the surface of the mixguarantees th e surface layer does not dryout and also helps support the plants oncein flower. Watering regularly once or twicea week during the warmer spring wl.'H tlH.' 1','nsurcs that thl' growill )!, IIll'dillll1 ,.. kpll ' iOII~;tallt Iy ,"oi,,1[)1~ '".....,~.,~,. ·C~.,.7'".,.!Cl- .!~. ) •.''!'''' t' ',' ~ .-.,. ~~Sfltyriums are usually found in openarcus and hence receive bri ght light to alI\ll)s t fu ll sunshine with a littl e shadingdu ri ng th e heat ofth e day. Bright Li ght alsofHll fllot cs better flowering and brings out11\1.' co lor in th e flowers. Temperatureshn uld not he all owed to dip below 41 F in\\ 111 11,." with Jay temperatures being main1:11 11.:11 around 60 F.Dll rr ng summer dormancy, the fleshy tuII

Cape and usually reaches a height of I toII/: feet when in flower. Vigorous plantsmay reaeh 2 feet on occasion. Flowers are11 , inches across.These species represent the three primarygroups from which selections can bemade when hybridizing.4t .~ '. ~, ,P~ leaves of this species are glossy and so ft.The flowers are small, close to 1/ 4 inchacross and the lip has only a small openingto alloyv the pollinating insect access.This species is the ideal choice for the begmnmggrower.The second of the green-flowered speciesis Safyrium hicorne. The flowers arewell spaced on tbe I-foot-Iong flower spikeand lie close to the flowering stem. The specieshas spectacular bracts that fold downwardto expose the flowers when they open.Once again, it has two leaves pressed flat tothe ground. This species is found in abundanccalong the Western Cape coast andfarther inland up to an altitude of4,000 feet.Of thc Cape species , some of thesatyri UI1l S also show interesting color patternsa nd venation in the flow e rs.,'\(/l''rilllll hracfc(/flll/1 is a small-nowcredspl.!(.' il' s g rowing to a height or ] tn 4 inches;llId is IIsull ll y rOlilid III w ..: t

cence and are Ih to 3/ 4 inches across in size.Contrary to ex pectations, the flower coloris predominantly white with a hint of pinkon the outer s urface of the lip. Unfortunately,the pleasant scent ofS. OCUl11illatumis not transferred to the progeny. Perhapsthe reciprocal cross will result in scentedoffspring.Sotyrilll11 Cape Amber is a cross between...'i. corii/"olilllll and S. aCliminatlll11.The results on the first flowering seedlingswere not spectacular but flower numberand quality have improved substantiallywith the second flowering. The flowershavc remained small and as the tlovver coloris cream yellow with a hint of green theytend to blend in with the color ofthe flower!Seeing SatyriumsI.... . in South AfricaI When to See Satyriums in FlowerMid-Scplcmber 10 the cnd of OctoberWhere to See the Species in the Westernand Eastern CapeRcdhill and Betty's Bay (Cape Town),Knysna, Plettcnberg BayFor More InformationThe SecretarySouth African Orchid CouncilPO Box 8 1Constailli a 7848, South AfricaSylvia Byrcn (Secretary SAOC)Tclephone and fax : 0 I 1-27-21-794-6439Henrictle Stroh (Presidcnt SAOC)Telcphonc: 0 I 1-27-12-546-4258Cdl: 011-27-82-577-4057Byren or S troh will illlroduce you to oncof th ..: loca l orchid societies and memberswho will gladly advise and assist inarranging an o rc hid outing.Travel ArrangementsSouth African Airways will hclp withinlernational and local !light arrangements.("

Borneo Calls Exploring for orchids in their native habitatssheds new light on their cultural needsText and photographs by Jerry FischerLAND BELOW THE rVIND. GARDENSofthe Sun, Island in the Clouds These are titles of books and a televisiondocumentary that evoke a sense ofwonder and mystery regarding Borneo. Tfirst learned of the island and its orchidsthrough my orchid hobby, which includedreading the periodical magazines publishedby the American Orchid Society andarticles by the late Jack Fowlic in TheOrchid Digest in the mid 70s and 80s.Little did I know when I bccame interestedin orchids that my passion would becomemy livelihood, or that I would cver havethe ability to travel to Borneo in search ofits many orchids. I have made three tripsto Borneo and each time I have come awaywith more questions than answers. I havelearned about orchid habitats and have appliedthis knowledge to my own culturalpractices with excellent results. It is myhope that in sharing these experiences withyou I could inspire more interest - lIoton ly in the plants from this region but inIhe many aspects of its wildlife, environmentand natural history. I believe thatsuch places arc not the possessions ofonepurticular country or people, but are anin tegral part ofthe planet's IiviJlg databaseof natural systems and organisms datinghaek Illany millions of years.Borneo, which lies north of Australiaalld cast of Singapore, is the third-largestIs l;lIld nn earth with a land area roughly~' q ll;lIl() Texas and Oklahoma combined. IfVil li l'ollsidcr Ihe topography or the islandIl ltil ils 11Iall Y lIloun[;lill ranges and val·Il 'y", I Ill' slIlfucl' IIr \.:a, if Iblll'lIl ~ 1I 0111,\\ 1,"1 11 11l' nil )'.IC; 11l'1 I h ~' I.'tjll,llllI lilli', I i,'hld li. " ... 1. II •. . I . I ... . 1 a 1.. ... ~ ... I .1 ••• I •. " . 1I.,jBorneo sits in the warm tropica,l watersof the South China Sea make it an idealorchid habitat, with abundant rainfall andvaried climates due to elevation. The tallestmountain, Mount Kinabalu, at a littleover 13,000 feet, is also the richest in speciesofboth orchids and Nepenthes (a typeof carni vorous piteher plant),Geologists have detennined that in prehistorictimes the earth's landmass \vasgathered into one large continent calledPangaea. Bornco was at the center ofthiscontinent. In time, as the earth's crust beganto divide and drift apart, Borneo remainedin relatively the same location it istoday, It has been decided that Borneocontains the world's oldest continuous livingjungle,estimated at 1.5 million yearsold. This great age and eonsiant exposureto tropical conditions have made Borneothe ideal place for orchids and other speciesto adapt, diversify and evolve intomany forms.Planning a JourneyAfter a long, long night from tho UnitedStates to Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia(via Tokyo and Singapore), it is wise totake a day or two to acclimate oneself tothe heat and humidity of Borneo. Just theslightest physical exertion causes one tobe drenched in short order. Shorts, sandalsand a thin, short-sleeved shirt are thedaily dress,A visit to the Sarawak Museulll andthe old part ofKuching along and ncar theSarawak River reveals a world wrv tl il'OppositePnpIJiopnriiillrll '"llId",i,'IIII/II,H ...a ......... ~ .. . 10. "A .. I•• 11\.1 d . . .....1 II • • L

ferent from Minnesota, with small family-runshops selling a wide array ofgoods. There are several Chinese templesand open-air markets. A visit to the orchidnursery of Au Yong, which has a collectionof Borneo species unrivaled anywhere,could easily occupy a ,vhole day.Kuching is a good starting point for aBorneo orchid adventure. The habitat ofPaphiopedilum stol1ei exists a short driveaway among the highly eroded limestonecliffs of an area near Bau. This is a goldminingdistrict that requires the use of localguides and prior permission to enter.The forbidden nature of the area is madeclear in posted warnings - signs clearlydepicting a man pointing a rifle.We began our climb, some ofus outfittedin long pants, hiking boots (highenough to protect the ankles) and gloves.Thc razor-sharp eroded limestone was allaround us

I. ' .. , -, . •pours occur, they often bring 5 to 10 inchesofrain in a single evening. Tcmperatures runin the mid to high 80s during the day withnighttime lows of70 to 75 F.These conditions are fairly constantexcept in the dry season, when there maybe no rain for several days with brighterskies and cooler nights. The dry seasoninitiates the flower spikes and the plantsLanguageIf You GoMalayCurrency Malaysian Ringgit ($1 US = 3. 8Ringgit Malaysian)Travel DocumentsPassport necessaryBest Seasons to See Orchids in FlowerApril through JuneSuggested ReadingOrchids ojBomeo is a multivolume series,with each volume including descriptions andblack-and-white and color illustrations ofapproximately 100 species . Volume I(Introductjon to flora, 100 spceies. 1994."ardcover. 40 I pages. BK657, $80); Volume2 (More than 100 species of Bulbophyllul11.1991. Hardcover. 250 pages. BK658, $70);and Volume 3 (100 species in 29 genera, inparticular Dendrohiul11 and Dendrochilul11.1997. Hardcover. 299 pages. BK658a, $80).The Plants ollv!ount Kinaballl 2: Orchids.More than 680 species in 121 genera aredescribed and many are illustrated. Soficover.411 pages. J3K693, $70.The above books are available throughThe AOS BookShop (call toll free 1-877ORC HIDS [672-4437] or dial 561-5R5-251 0).An overview of Borneo 's plant and animallife is given in the 4R4-page, soncovcrKillahalu: Summit o/Bomeo. Sabah SocietyMonograph 1978. OUI-of-print.Web Sites Tour companies:www.iaring. my/sabah/; Sarawak TourismII!>anl: www.samwaktllllrisll1.l">111 .lenTI-i ",/tI'1 .nlll '/(/1/1,'\' II r/l.\llllbloom within two to four weeks. The bloomtime is usually from mid-April to mid-June,depending on elevation.Soil analysis revealed information thatmay be beneficial to growers. The pH is7,3 for the detritus and 7.5 for the rock.There is a nitrogen content of 50 parts permillion, calcium at 142 ppm and magnesiumat 26 ppm. Phosphorous was nonexistentand the potassium levels were 4 ppm. Therock was three times higher in caJcium levelsand 10 times lower in magnesium levelsthan the detritus mentioned above,There was usually good airflow, as theplants grow perched on the edges ofC\iffs.This data and more were used in developinga proper culture routine to grow andflower these plants in a manner consistentwith their natural environment.Mulu National Park is a beautiful areawith some ofthe largest caves in the world,Traveling by longboat up the MelinauRiver is a memorable experience as thereare many large trees overhead with orchidsclinging to them, Many species are represented,among them Pha/aen opsismac u/ata and Co e/ogyne sulcnvesii.Macodes sanderiana is a terrestrial orchidgrowing on the cliffs with Paphiopedilul11sandCrial'/uIII ,No visit to Borneo can be complete withouta trip to Mt. Kinabalu - Island in theClouds. This recent geological formation ishome to many species, including Paphiopedi/umdayal/lim, Paphiopedi/umhookerae var. VO/OllteallUI11 , Paphiopedilum/owii,Paphiopedi/ulIl ror/zschi/dial1l1l11and the recently discovered Paphiopedilul1looii.After a flight to Kota Kinabalu, theseaside community at the base of themountain, one can cither rent a car or, nextday, take a tour bus up to Mt. Kinabalu. Itis about a 11 i2-hour trip, unIcss you arecaught in a deluge. An umbrella and lightsweater are recommended as it gets cooland damp on the Illountain. On the wny lipI() Ii'll' park cntrance, YOIl will 11,,1 1\ \' 11i.1IIIII' i'()l i , I '~C dlall ~"l's alld il'1 1I )ll l .ill ll . I"CO llIC cooler. There are roadside marketsselling everything fro111 large knives tofruit. On one ofmy journeys, I saw a smallwooden shelter with wovcn palm leaves\wc rh c ad and a bench made out ofhranch es. On this bench were many of thenalive orchids fi·om the surrounding area for"a le . including blooming plants of/l II/I)OI)/1y l/lIl11 /obbii and what appeared tohI: /II/ph. slIperhiel1s, a species not knownIt) bl.: native to the area, Passersby purchaselliem 011 the honor systcm: simply select the1'1. 111 Y(lU likc, check the price, put the money111 Ihc jar and you're off.O Il I.:C you've entered the park, a visith i I h.: l11 ~lllllt ai ll orch id garden is th e best]ll.l~'~ I\> SCI.:: orchids native to Mt. Kinabalu.t 11I1Iillll\illS illlprovcments to the gardenlIi1I,.~ ' 111.)1: 11 madc, with new species beingIIld ,'d every year. This public garden is al'lilll'l 1l'd un:a lltHkr lock and key, where11,ll d., " hscrH' I.:W ryolH:'s activities. Onc111 " C' \: I 'll/, ll /(II 'llIIi,·/II11. tllagllii'iecill]llll lt\ ~' II ',,(, I'll /'ii. r"thsdii/tlilllllllll,/" '1"1 1,'11'/1 ,111.1 {'II {ill ;,,,,, 1." 1(" \,;11 .Top A light form of Paphiopedilummlhscllildianum,Above

volonteanulll growing in natural settings.Many species of Bulbophyllul1l andCoelogyne arc also present. In nature,Paph. ro t h sch ifd i a nll III and PapI/.hookerae var. vo!onleanu11l have becnknown to grow in leaf litter on ultrabasicrock outcrops where they receive pure rainwaterwith few nutrients. Paphiopedilul11rothschildianum can receive very stronglight in its habitat while Paph. hookeraegrows in quite shady areas.On my last trip in April 1999, I was saddenedto learn that Paph. rothschildianul1lis now extinct in its habitat. Two years ofdrought caused the decline of this speciesand many Nepenthes. Fortunately, thepark service was keen enough to salvagethe remaining plants and they are beinggrown otl-limits under lock and key. Seedcapsules have been made and new populationswill be reintroduced to the habitatonce thc climate stabilizes.Orchids in Private GardensWe were also privileged to visit specialgardens not generally open to the public,where much of the research \-vork andcultivation ofthe rarest species occur. Justinside the gate, my eyes became instantlyfocused on a large Paphiopediulll spccicswith a 4-foot lcafspan in a lO-inch pot. Theflower spike was more than 4 feet tall. Thiswas a new Paphiopedilll11 species andbeing among the first to see it was a thrill.Cameras were whirring and people werejostling for position to get the perfect shot.The plant had leaves similar in size andcolor to Paphiopedillllll kolopakingii,however, the leaf tips were slightly morcrounded. Although the flowcrs arc notlarge in size (about 7 inches tall), the spikeis very tall. Talking with park personnel, Idiscovered that the flower spikes can reach6 feet in height. The use of this new speciesin hybridizing will result in taller stemswith flowers that are more spread out onthe spike. When I returned to the UnitedStates, 1 learned that this species had justbeen named Paphiopedilul1I ooii by HaroldKoopowitz aftcr Michael Ooi, a Malaysiannurseryman.The future of orchids in Borneo is ambiguous.Although the national parks protectthe habitat of the species, illegal col-Growing Paphiopedilum sanderianumTO grow Paphiopedilul11 sanderia/1w/1 on the windowsill, under lights or in a greenhouse,be mindful of the conditions as found in nature; try to mimic the m as much as possible.The best exposure is cast or south, with some shade. Keep the plants in 1,000 to 1,500foot-candles of light during the long summer days and give them higher light levels, up to3,000 foot-candles, during the winter and early spring months if you live in the extremenorthern or southern hemisphere.Ideal winter nighttime temperatures are 63 to 64 F with daytime highs around 75 Forabove. Summer temperatures can be a few degrees warmer. Try to maintain a minimum of50 percent humidity.Many municipalities have excellent water for Paph. sanderianul11 culture, especiallywhen water is drawn from granite reservoirs such as in the cities of New York and SanFrancisco, where limestone is added to the water to prevent corrosion in the pipes. Th\:ideal water pH should be 7.5 or less with total dissolved solids of ISO ppm or less.Fertili~e with a urea-free fertilizer at '/2 strength every other time you water. Adjust thisin winter to every third watering. rIush tho roughly to prevent mineral build-up. When'Ising r~lin., distilled or rc:vc:rsc-osmosis water, you can generally add back in 5 to I ()1',' 1\'1: 111

WHENYOUHAVEATOOTHPICKand a flowering orchid or two, irseasy to create a seed capsule.Your choices include a selfing (self-pollinatinga species or hybrid), a sibling(crossing two of the same species or hybridtogether), or a hybrid (crossing twodifferent species, hybrids or one of eachtogether). With a little luck, you will soonhave a seed capsule ready for flasking athome or by the custom lab of your choice.Above Hawkinsara Keepsake 'Prolific',AM/AOS (Sic. Precious Stones x Ctna. WhyNot). is one of the best clones from a highlysuccessful and uniform remake of this cross.Left There is no higher recognition for thesuccessful hybridizer than the Award of Quality,which was given to Hawkinsara KeepsakeAQ/AOS. To gain the coveted Award of Quality,a hybrid (or seed-raised species) needs to be ofsufficiently high average quality to garner morethan one flower-quality award. as well as enableth.) ~,rowcr to exhibit 12 or more near-award

I n a fevv years, you will have a crop of fineseedlings, ready to bloom, and made byyou. However, for good or ill, like raisinga first child, most orchidists enter into theproduction oftheir first seed capsule withoutadequate knowledge and forethought.And, like raising children, the successfuland satisfactory raising ofa population oforchid seedlings is much more complexthan just making the cross.First, think about the time and expenseconstraints such an endeavor will placeon the plant and you. The plant carryingthe capsule may be stressed by the effort,causing it to decline. This is an especiallyimportant factor to consider if the plant isin need of potting (or may be during theterm of the seed capsule, which may rangefrom a few months to more than a ycar), oris otherwise run down. Consider time, too,in terms of your growing sophistication inthe hobby Determine if this population ofseedlings will seem important one, two orfive years from now. Until the seed capsuleis ready for harvest, the process is, inessence, free. With the readiness of thesced capsule, your expenses will includenot only time, but also money. Dependingon the lab serviee you select, you will oftenbe cbarged a fee just for sowing theseed, and reflasks (the final product) areextra. You will be expected to pay for havingthe seed sown, whether or not thc seedgerminates. Before you make a cross, taketh e time to do some research. If you aremak ing random hybrids just to see whathappens, it wi II cost you money to findout th at it does not work.Determine how many seedlings youwill want to raise and how many will beenough. Consider how much room youhave to grow the plants to flowering size.How good will the seedlings seem afteryou've spent a few years growin~ them, presumingthat you continue to grow in knowledgeand experience? These are all germanepoints to consider whcn determining howmany reflasks you order. Count on 25 to 30seedlings per flask. I would suggest that fewhybrids or species made by th e beginninggrower warrant the production ofmore thanone flask, or 30 seedlings. Ifit is good, 30 areplenty. Ifit is not, you will not have investedtoo much to find out.Determining Space RequirementsNow comes the period when you areinvesting time, money and spaee in yourgrowing area. Let 's do some math. Fromthe pollination to maturity of seed will averageabollt eight months. Germination andreflasking may consume another 16 or moremonths. We are now at least two years fromour initial urge.One flask will go into one communitypot containing 24 plants and remain therefor one year. (One to six of the plantlctsex-flask have been culled.) Assuming theone community pot is a 4-inch pot, thisisn 't really too bad - about '/4 square foot.After a year, assuming yo u have done amoderately good job or growing, theplants will be ready to be transplanted. Ifyou are dealing with cattleyas orphalaenopsis, they would be potted in 3inch pots. You 've aehieved a 75 percentsuccess rate, leavjng YOll with 16 seedlingsin 3-inch pots for a total of approximatelyI 'll square feet. Note thM so rarwe're down to about 50 pen.:I.' JlI "I' wh alWl' slarkd wilh. This is jllPdllL IHIJI 1 lJ'\~;lIId l'IlIli ll )J ,,1' 1111' IH·dl. til 11' 11 111' 111 1\, •If you want to raise seedlings, get used tolh is sort of attrition rate. So far, so good.rf you are raising faster-growing seedhrlg ~ , like phalaenopsis, you may expect~ \l rn c ofthem, at least, to bloom in the 3-inchI'nls within a year. If this is the case, you11 ~ l!d on ly pot the ones you want to keeplllcl give away or sell the eulls. In most cases,~ O l\ will need 10 pot at least once more afterUllliher year into 4- or 5-ineh pots.l CI LIS assume that you are an above1\ ll il !:tC grovver, and that you have culled1111lPC rf y

uilds quickly. FortunateJy, there are waysto reduce the time. You can buy flasks, orcommunity pots, or a group of small seedlingsin 2-inch pots. Or, you can invest theequivalent amount ofmoney in a select varietyand end up with nearly the same result.Available OptionsStill, you want to raise orchids fromseed. There are several types of seedlingsyou can raise. Species are always popular,whether from selfings or siblings. and area fine way to engage in real-life ex-situconservation. This is a fairly reliable wayto get more of the same thing. as well. Nogambles on recombination here. One ofthemost popular types of breeding is the creationof primary hybrids. the crossing oftwo species together. There are severalreasons orchid lovers are still making andgrowing primary hybrids.• Experimental use in new group or ina newly popular group. Hybridizers muststart somewhere.• To improvc and change growthhabit.• By crossing a species that is difficultto grow with an easy one, the hybrid-A Word About VirusORCHIDS an: subject to v iruses that candeform their leaves and flowers, eventuallycausing the plants to decline and,in some cases. die. When setting seed onan orchid, take precautions to prevent thespread o f virus, recomm ends Ann Jesup,contributing editor to Orchids magazine.I f you arc tran sferring pollen from avirused plant to a clean plant, it isposs ible the virus will he transmitted tothe clean plant. If the capsule is deve lopingon a v irus-infected plant, the viruscan be transmitted to offspring if thecapsule is harvested when it is green.Ilowever, i r the capsule is allowed 10dry. IlIllst likdy till: virus will be ab,clltIII I h ~' 1'"I\,CIlVizer can create a hybrid that is easier togrow.• If a bi g species is crossed with asmall grower, a plant of intermediate, moremanageable size often results.• Enhance seasonality - lengthenblooming season, sometimes will bloomtwice or more a year.• When a warm-growing species isbred with one requiring cooler conditions,more-adaptable progeny often results,growing in areas where neither parent isespecially well-suited.• Retain and enhance charm ofspecies.Primary hybrids usually still look like orchids,rather than somc artificial creation.• The plants wcre in flower at thesame timc.• Curiosity. Without curiosity, mosthybrids would never ha ve been made.Several types ofprimary hybrids exist.• The expected (like x like) - An examplemight be Cauleya Enid where thesimilar Ca /lleya l1lossiae and Call1e.vawarscewiczii (gigas) were crossed.• The unexpected (unlike x unlike) -_..Some of the hybrids in the ZygopelalumAlliance fall into this category.• Random - Cvmhidiul11 x Ansellia,Cymbidium x Calose tul11 and Caltleya xBarkeria.An advantage of primary hybrids isthat owing to thc simple nature of the geneticcombination, one can expect a fairlyuniform population, midway between thetwo parents. In other words, a lot ofplantsthat look alike, with few really poor ones.Some of these same reasons apply tomore-complex hybrids, such as:• Experimental use in new group.• To improve and change growthhabit.• They were in flower at the same time.• Curiosity.There arc shortcomings here for the beginninghybridist, as the complex geneticmakcup ofmany mh anccd hybri ds may h'ad10 snmc IIIlWekOIlll' sllll'ri ~c" ill tIll' 1111 11 1 111IlIl wanlc:d LlIlllI's alld I H' ; I~ 1'01 1 '111[1\Raising a population ofseedlings from')lle\ own hybridizing is an experience thatlew uedicated orchidists will want to miss." II 100 many, though, enter into the pro\ ~.~ ), without first doing some research. Iti' Im portant to stress, however, that hobh\I.;I"can afford to make and raise some ofIII\: mllrc speculativc hybrids that lead toIII, II P ill.: good hybrid. where professionalsII 11111 t Commercial growers have to conI' litr al ~' on hi gh-average breeding. becauseIlle\ haH: In he able to make a living by: 11 11 1)' Ihc 1I1:IIoril y \) t'lhe plaills they raise.thL It 1\ III Y III r , II" l n ~' .r w h y- di d- l - dll ~ l halUP~ ' h~' I " "l'" 11l 1",bhYISh ,11,lI1L' r IAboveMiltonidium Maxine (Milt. vexillaria xOne. maeranthum) , which was made more than20 years ago, was first awarded in the 1970s. Aseool1lo oultivar -'Newton', HCC/AOS (shown)- was awarded in the iate 1990s. Thjs certaifllyexemplifies a speculative type of breeding bestleft to hobbyists.Ned Nash is [he ./CJrll1er A as direclor (~reducation and conservatiol1. Ned, whomoved hack to Sanla Barbara, California,in lale December, 1999, 10 pursueolher husilll!sS inlerests, conlinues 10II'I/I'/i fWrllilll" /(/1' 11t(' A 05, (IS 11t(' Socjell' \..!"·('I·'"'' "I' ,'Oll l', '/' ,'oli(/II ,

How to Set Seed on an OrchidStep lOne of the first things that anyaspiring hybridizer should do Is evaluatethe flower. Determine If it has qualitiesthat make il worth using as a parent.While these flowers of Brassolaeliocall/eyaVirginia Cain (G. Claesiana xBlc. Green-heart) hal/e been selectedonly as illustratil/e of a typical cattleya.the grower might hal/e been attraoled bythe soh pink color, which is nicety offsetby the fringed cream lip. The compactgrowth habit, or the tendency to flowermore than once a year. might have alsoinfluenced tne hybridizer's decisionto use this hybrid in a cross.Step 6 If lett to ripen enlirely. the seet! capsu Iewi ll dehisce (open at valves) , and the seed willibe dispersed by the slightest breeze. Somegrowers allow the capsule to ripen fully on theplant, as shown by this BrassocaN/eya DaffOdil.while others harvest the capsule while it is stiligreen and propagate the seed using a techniquecalled green-pod culture.Step 2 With a toothpick or needle remove Ihe [..,anther cap to expose the poJUnla. (The anthera:'"cap can be found at the end of the column, ~which Is In the center of the flower.) These pollenmasses, whether or nol the hybridizer intends touse them. should always be removed before theflower Is pollinated. If no immediate use for thepollen Is planned. it may be stored for at leas.t" year If kept in an airtight. moistUre-proof.:onl;Ullor sLlel1

10042000 Great ideas worth carrying into the new millenniumWhile the arrival ofa new millenniumwill inspire //lallY to party nationwide. Iwill be celebrating for another reason:The January 2000 Orchids is the 100thissue ofthis magazine (known earlier asAOS Bulletin) that I have had the privilegeofediting and designing. Surroundedby gified volunteer writers and photographers,producing each issue of the AOS1I10nthly m em bership magazine hasbrought together incredibly talentedpeople who want to share their passionfor orchids with others. And there arededicated volunteers and staf}' who workbehind the scenes to make sure each issueis a winne/~ too. Among these are contributingeditors Anl1 and Phi/Jesup, andSylvia Wood, production assistant JaneMengel, assistant editor E. Shallnn Alderman,am/former assistant editor ArleneMaguire.Presented here in chronological orderare sUlI1maries Fom 100 articles - onefrom each issue frol/1 October 1991through January 2000 - with nuggets of'information appealing to novices, ad\!U/u:ed growers - or both. Where possible,the author :~. original prose has beenretained. At the end ofeach entry you willfind a reference to the story (volume:issueIlumber:page)for those who would like toread the cOll1plete essay and view the colorphotography. Of' course, making thechoices of what to include was not easy,but it was Jim to revisit each issue andrelive SO//le of the special memories thatwent along with producing each one. Tolearn more about the wonder/it! world oforchids, I urge you to pick lip past issueso/,our ((ward-winning magazine and gleanideas/i'om some success/iii orchid grow('1'.1' 0111' poll/ntcer ('olltrihlltors../all/('.I' Wat.l'lIlI, Filitlll: (lrdlids, (1IIe1 : II)S,I;n', '/(11 (II ,'"N'I'I,tlll//.11Australia is home to approximately 1,000orchid species, ranging from the lithophyteDendrobilllll kingianum to the leaflessTaeniop17y llum species, the underground orchidRhizanthella gardneri, and botanicalodditics such as the grasslike dendrobiumsof section Graslidiul1l. Allison and MarkWebb introduced orchids from the land downunder and sharcd some basic cultural advice:Most epiphytic and lithophytic specics willgrow in pots, although some will surviveonly if mounted. Squat plastic pots arc suitablefor the shallow root systems of mostepiphytic orchids and provide the requiredaeration. The potting mix should be quiteopen and consist ofaged pine bark and riverpebbles (usually a conglomerate) ofabout .1/4to I inch diameter. The addition of a littlecharcoal seems advantagcous. Seedlings areplanted out in a finer mix. Tcrra-cotta potsare used for species that require drier conditions.(60: 10:964)TO cultivate cool-growing orchids sucin Ohio where summer green2cessfullyhouse temperatures can soar to 100 F, FrankFeysa brought his orchids indoors and grewthem under lights in a customized cooler.Two sliding glass doors permit easy accessto the 6x6x2 'h -foot cooler featuring nineadjustable shelves and several clip-on fansthat circulate air. Each light fixture containsone Vita-Light Power Twist tube and onecool-white fluorescent tube, providing orchidsnear the top of the unit with 3,200foot-candles of light and those on the lowestshelf with 1,000 foot-candles. Temperaturespeak at 62 F during the day and fall to50 F at night; humidity ranges from 70 to90 percent. Among the 250 miniatureorchids ill the case arc Sophronitis cernua,Sophron.itis coccil1ea, Delldrohiul11 sophrOllite.l'and plants of AIl/st/cI·t/llil/.f)/'(fc'lt!a . 'l"i';s('/('I/(/, Sld;1 "/'·/I , .,/bll fl;I;tlld R,'st/'l'flitl. " F hlwI " " I~ ' ' ''''1 11111\1 ill"Masdevallia coccinea and Masdevalliaveilchiolla signaled [ had succeeded in producingthe optimum environment," wroteFeysa. (60: II: 1064)H .F. Oakeley trumpeted angulocastes3(Angulo(1 x Lyeaste) as "some oftbe easiestorchids to grow." His advice for showingoff these orchids: FllIsion of the sepalsat the base or fusion of the petals with thelip are typical. Therefore, angulocastes requirespecial preparation before they are exhibited.Reflcxing the sepals and petalsshortly after the flowers open permits aglimpse oftbe interior. Angulocastes flowerwhcn the new growth is developing and theprevious year's leaves are about to be lost.Remove the old foliage to enhance theplant's appearance. (60: 12 : 1184)A 12-month checklist for orchid growerswas served up by Robert M. Scully4in 1992. He launched his column with thisadvice for phalaenopsis: When the tloweringcycle is about to start, groom racemescarefully to ensure proper tlower arrangemcntand best usc of the bench and displayarea. Constant air circulation is essential toavoid Botlytis-spotted blooms. Water carefuJlyto keep tlowers dry and to minimize rjsksof son rot in the fleshy leaves. Fertilize sparinglywith a liquid or granular formula, andonly when the medium is moist. Begin careful monitoring for scale and mealybugs onthe in florescences and leaves. (61 : 1:44)Sharing his passion for orchids, Charlesarden Fitch presented a selection of____ c ~ ~~)-. . " ~ ..... 4:..1 . 6 ~ / r '1i9)' '~ -.I~t r\l. ,~ ."CVtll!IIIJltlni "",,!lour,1I 1'f"I.lI I

8Winning the 1991 Gordon W. DillonlRichard C. Peterson Memorial EssayContcst was Cheryl Brooks who, with husbandGreg, constructcd a lean-to greenhousefrom plastic and scraps of wood left overfrom building their housc. Says Cheryl, "Alean-to greenhouse was chosen for two reasons.First, because we wanted to be able tovisit and care for the orchids any time withouthaving to go outside in inclementweather. Second, the greenhouse could bewarmed by vents from the house heatingsystem, thereby eliminating the expense ofa supplemental heater." (61:5:470)Having conducted studics on the germinationrates oforchid seeds sent through9the mail, Warren P. Stoutamire, PhD, sharedthis advice: Small, dustlike orchid sceds doneed protection. Do not mail unprotectedorchid seeds in letters. Themail system maydcfeat you and destroy valuable material.Seeds shA)uld bc packed between cushioninglayers or in slidc boxes before being subjectedto the milling machinery ofthe postalservices. (61:6:578)"With the proliferation of smaller10 spaces, the classic large orchid maybe impractical," wrote Gary Baker, who thcnoffered suggestions for growers seekingsmaller-growing orchids. A variety ofDendrohium species fits our needs. Widelycultivatcd Delldrohium lindleyi (syn. Den.aggrega!ul17) from Southeast Asia burstsforth with fuU 2-inch yellow-orange flowers.Its corrugated pseudobulbs add interestwhen not in bloom. Dendrohilll11linguijhrmewill cover itselfwith wispy white flowers ifgiven the cool shock it appreciates. If thisAustralian species is mounted, it will sooncover a slab with its unusual thick-ribbedleaves. Another miniature with striking foliageis Dendrohium cucumerinul17, an Australianwith small, warty, cllcllmberlike leavesand slender cream-colorcd tlowers. (61 : 7 :664)Ten AOS-award-winning orchids11 were placcd in thc spotlight whenjllliywhitc pcnncd the Award Winner seriesill 1')\)2. AIlHlllg the champions: C\,I/{)r/lis1";I//I\/I 'l n: 1I Ililh.'II I1 :1I1 . ( 'IIM!I\()S l"..hihikdby master grower Lucien Tempera. The key toTempera's success- fertilizing with what EastCoast growers call Lu's Brew - 16 to 20tablespoons of HolTmann's Supermanun:steeped in I gallon ofwater. This is decantedand diluted into a 5-gallon bucket of waterand diluted again using a 16: I Hozonproportioner. (61:8:774)A pot of tlowering caJopogons in12spring is a showstopper and must bestared in the autumn. To multiply the impact,divide the corms, said Carson E. Whitlow: Itis possible to double the plants annually ifthc corms arc fairly large, especially if theplant produced a secondary corm on its ownthe year before. A calopogon corm has two"eyes" where new growth emerges. Theseare usually on opposite sides of the cormand can be located easily because of theirlightcr-green-to-white coloration that distinguishesthem from the surrounding tissue.Cut betwecnthe two L:yes with a clean razorblade to yield two equal vertical pieces. Toreduce the chance of rot, adhere the halvesby applying a small amount ofSuper Glue tothe cut surfaces and pressing together. Botheyes will sprout and produce flowers, althoughthere may be a decrease in flowernumber. However, these double plants willform two new corms, both usually the samesize as the original. Perform this operationbefore planting. Allow for an extra half-cormspace between each corm to prevent theplants from growing into one another.(61:9:860)Rufino Osorio contributcd to a specialissue on orchids ofthe Caribbean,13recommending 10 orchids native to this regionthat are evocative ofthe exotic islands:Broughlonia songuinea . Epidel1drul11diffhrme. Dendrophylax/ilnalis, Polyrrhiza(syn. Polyradiciol1) Iindenii. /1a/)el1ariarepens, Maxillaria caccinea. Tolumllia (syn.Ollcidium) priol1ochila. Pleurothallispubescens,14 ;\P,lychilis dodii and Teiromicracana/iculalu. (6 I : I 0:980)home, a greenhouse.

ceptionally dry, watcr it first (this eliminatesany chance of the fertilizer's burning theroots). Measure the recommended amountoffertilizer into a pitcher or other containerand fill with lukewarm \vater. Thc fcrtilizcrshould dissolvc quickly. (Many orchid fertilizcrscontain a dye that causes thc waterto turn color.) Pour the diluted fertilizerthrough your orchid's potting mix as if youwere watering. Ifyou have some ofthe solutionleft over, save it for the next time youplan to fertilize. Stir it before using it again.Do not overfertilize your orchid. Hobbyistsare inclined to think the more the bettcr, butthis is not truc. Exccss fcrtilizcr applicd toooften can damagc your plant's roots andactually discouragc flowcring. (62:3:258)Aruf1(iina graminijo/ia, the bamboo19 orchid, lives up to its common nameby bearing leaves set along rigid uprightcanes topped with shovvy CaUleya-likc flowers.Natiye to the Old World Tropics, thisterrestrial is distributed across a wide area,cvcn in Hawaii, where it is naturalized onfivc islands. Fortunatcly for thosc in tcmperateclimes, it can be grown and floweredindoors. Hermann Pigors explains: We haveraised the bamboo orchid in our greenhousefor more than 10 years. The 12- to 46-inchtallplants, which are rooted in 3- to 5-inchcontainers, are placed with warm-growingDendrobium phalaenopsis, vandas andphalacnopsis. To flowcr thc bamboo orchid,supply bright light. Mist the foliagc on sunnydays to create the tropical atmosphcrc thisorchid nceds. Pot in a tcrrcstrial-typc mcdiumthat stays evenly moist. From Februarythrough October, fertilize biweekly with30-10-10,20-20-20 or a similar formulation.Proper climate control discourages spidermites from attacking the soft foliage. Hm\,ever, ifthey appear, apply an appropriate insccticide.(62:4:384)0rchidscapes was the theme of thc201992 Dillon/Pctcrson Essay Contcst,and Glen Snydcr scorcd a hit with an essayexplaining how to grow orchids in cxotic gardens.F()r th()sL' wh() live in thL' appropriatevlilliatl' t' lowin)' IHI'hids dil\'vtly IIII trt:CS ISthe closest thing to enjoying them in thewild. Select trces with a rough or spongybark that is free of resins and other allelopathicsubstances that inhibit growth ofotherplants. Tic orchids on branches with twineor cloth (old pantyhose works best). Avoidusing wire. Rcmove the tic when new rootshave attached the orchid firmly in place.Many of these trees will also develop thesymbiotic orchid mycorrhizae in their bark,rewarding the orchid enthusiast with an assortmentof orchid seedlings. (62:5:474)Through articles and letters, mcmb. ers21 swap hints in each issue ofAOS Bulletilland Orchids. For example, CathyTacoma says, "I am a home hobbyist whohas a fair numbcr of orchids that requiremisting daily. This includes equitant oncidiurns,vandas, ascocendas and others. Relyingon a hand-held mister was a chore, soinstead I bought a I-gallon compressed airsprayer (the kind that is normally used forapplying fcrtilizcrs and pcsticidcs). It isfillcd with rainwater in which fertilizer andSupcrThrivc arc diluted, and makcs mistinga cinch." (62:6:632)1n AOS membership surveys, read22e rs ranked the qucstions and answerssection as their favorite column. Example:What causes the leaves on my cattleyasto become hard, rough and stit1~ likeleather? Ned Nash replies: Cattleya leaves,givcn proper light, should bc hard and stiffand a medium grecn. Excessive light willcausc them to be yellowish and overlyhard. Ifthey arc wrinkled and leathery, thcroots may be dead and unable to absorbwater. Hence the plant could be dehydrated.(62:7:737)When Vanda Miss Joaquim celebratedits 100th birthday in 1993,23Yam Tim Wing, PhD, sang the praises ofthisterete-Ieaved vanda that is thc nationalflowcr of Singapore. To grow in temperatercgions, Marilyn Mirro suggested: To compcnsatcfor less light in colder climes, hangplants from thc highcst point of the g reenhOlls!.'with IlO shading li'()111 II"d S\· " I ~' lI1h nthJ"t)II)!.h Illid-I'vl ay I II i" Plll\ IliI'l. III. III'"mum amount of light and maximizes theplants' flowcring potential. When all dangerof frost has passcd and night temperaturesremain above 50 F, move terete-Ieavedvandas outdoors into full sun gradually, sothey acclimate to the new environment. [nthe greenhouse, water daily (except duringdark, rainy weather); outdoors water threeto four times a day. Each week, apply a balancedfertilizer. Every third week, substitutethe regular formula with one high in phosphorus.(62:8:800)The qucstion was simplc: What is24 your favoritc orchid book? More than20 enthusiastic orchid growers from aroundthe world responded. First-place honorswent to out-of-print Encyclopaedia 0/CultivatedOrchids by Alex D. Hawkes, withRebecca Northen's !-lome Orchid Growingtaking second place. Among the other selections: Orchids - A Golden NatureGuide. The Cattleyas and Their Relatives.r~)h/ll1e 1: The Call1eyas. The OrchidaceaeofMexico alld Guatemala. The WiJrld WildlifeFund Book ofOrchids, A Manual orOrchidaceousPlants. Tropical Orchids o{ustralia. The Orchid Genus Book: A SiudyGuide fin' the Orchid Family. PhalacllopsisKingdom From Formosa. Proceedings (~rIhe World Orchid Conferences, Orchid SpeciesCullure (Vcillime 1), Frederick Sander:The Orchid King. Reichenhachia, !/Iustra/Io ns of Orchidaceous Plants, The NativeOrchids ofF/orida, The Orchid World, A/JoulOrchids - A Chat and The Orchid: NalurallIistory and Classification. All of thesehooks would make worthwhile additions toanyone's library. (62:9:924)Parker profiled legendary hy5Jeffrey bridizer Roy Fukumura and compileda list of his Fukumurisms, including "GoAhead! Makc any kind, boy!" Translation:/\. r..:~)mpliment' given to another grower who'" not afraid to try any new hybrid combinatil ll1 or growlIlg technique. (62: I 0: 1002)£.. Shorter (.IaYs, colder tcmperatures and\) LTOWdl ~ d grO\ving spae!.' typify \vinI ~T F"IW III I' in till' l;,r ecllhOllsl', whl'n' hl~:ttIll!, p , II 1'11I1Il' ll'"c'l'l" lI i\lTurdlll!' It 1/\ nit lidGum: Heating your greenhouse efficientlyis a challenge. Several considerations are integralwhen designing your greenhouse. Forexample, aluminum conducts heat out ofthegreenhousc quickly and exposes adjacentplants to somctimes frcczing tcmperatures.Glass also conducts heat fairly well. If youmust use an aluminum and glass combination,spend the extra money to installvacuum-separated, double-paned glass toincrease the insulation over much of thesurface. Should you decide to forego thetypical options of aluminum and glass thatare offcrcd by most greenhouse builders,there arc other encrgy-efficient optionsavailable, including various plastics, redwoodand fiberglass. Optimizing your designinvolves double pancs (which someplastics have built in) and maximizing theinsulating air space between panes. Gum'sgreenhouse involves a redwood constructionwith a 11f2-inch air space between clearfiberglass panes; little change is notieed inthc winter heating bill (partly due to the savingsof heating the greenhouse rather thanthe entirc house during thc day when no oneis home). (62: 11: 1175)"Most ofnaturere~~s during the winter,but not orchIds, wrote Alexander27Vasiljev, who recommend these orchids fora display of flowers in winter: Cymbidiumlowianlll11, Cattleya Louise Georgianna'PhilIippc', Laeliocaltleya Dusky Maid'Chri stina', AM/ RHS, Rossioglosslll11grande, ZygopetalulI1 intermedillm,Brassavola cucul/ata and lVlasdevc,l/iatovarellsis. (62:12:1258)28Joe Henderson astonished AOSjudges with his spectacular CattleyaCaliflora that bore 100 flowers on 27 inflorescencesat the 1993 Greater New York OrchidSociety Show, whcre it rcceivcd a 91point CCM/AOS. When he originally receivedthe plant, be rcpotted it into a 20inch-wide wooden basket, which allowed theroots to grow into the mcdium, a mostly barkmix, instcad of on top of it. Thc plant wasw:ttl'l"cd and fed \vith Pcat Litc 20-10-20 in"pring and .~""""l'I", alld a hlossolll hooster' ••) .. • I.' Ii... ~

Detail from the specimen plant Catt/eya Califlora'Joe Henderson', CCM/AOS.(8-30-10) in autumn and wioter. Humidity wasmaintained at 30 percent in the cattleya housewhere an overhead jet f~m and plastic-distributortube guaranteed constant air movement.Applying 50-percent shade in summerand 30. percent shade the remainder of theyear coaxed Henderson's C. Califlora tochampion status. (63: 1 :35)1f an orchid could have a split personality,it might well be Kingidium29deliciosum, which has been given 11 diFferentspecific epithets within seven genera,reported Robert 1. Griesbach, PhD. Grow thisorchid with Phalaenopsis species. All growbest under moderate light (1,000 footcandles)and \varm temperatureS' (75 to 80 Fduring the day with a IO-degree drop atnight). Plants should not be exposed to prolongedperiods oftemperatures belmv 65 F.Pot in a mix through which water drains rapidlyand water often during the growing season.The species is susceptible to bacterialrot when potted in a medium that retains alot of moisture when dormant. Thc specieshas a dormant period during the winter, whencare should be taken not to overwater. Unlikethe species , hybrids of Kngdm.delicioSlIi11 are more tolerant and can begrown under a wider range of conditions.Standard phalaenopsis growing conditionsarc ideal. (63:2:126)A hl ll\;k-printlik.: irnag..: ~)r( :IJl/"il'(,cI-30111111 "/I !c"'"lll\" hy M:triPIl SIi ~\; ":lIIbegan several articles in the March 1994 A05,BlIlletin, which was devoted to orchids inthe garden. Christopher Bailes treated readersto a tour of hardy orch ids suitable forlandscape designs, while emphasizing theimportance ofbuying cultivated plants. Despitetheir potential, hardy orchids remainobscure, although they can be found throughorchid dealers, nurseries, plant sales andorchid hobbyists. Some dealers in hardyterrestrial orchids sell wild-q)llected plants,which is extremely damaging to the survivalof the species in the wild and, in fact, isoften illegal. Ask the dealer if the plants arewild-coIlected or raised from seed. Catalogsstating plants are "nursery raised" do notassure that the plants were not collected.(63:3:238)From a field of 450 species, every31 grower should be able to find a plantof choice in the New World genusj\1axillaria. \Vhen making a selection, JohnAtwood, PhD, suggested consideringgrowth patterns. While some species mayhave large, attractive flowers, they producecanes more than 30 inches long before flowering.Such is the case with Maxillariaal11pli(lora (often misident.ified as Maxillariabmdcorum), a species of mid to high elevationsfrom Costa Rica to Colombia. Othersproducing compact clusters of shoots aremuch more accommodating in a small space.Perhaps the oddest growth patterns inlVloxi//aria are in Maxillaria inaudila andthe Maxi/laria hiol/eyi complex. Matureplanfs produce large, fill1da-like stems withoutpseudobulbs, but their juvenile counterpartsproduce compact clusters ofshoots,each terminated by a pseudobulb. (63 :4:3 74)Whenjudywhite in terviewed (then)32 New York-based Elaine Taylor inAOS Visits, she shared this greennousegrower'sfour-season cultural calendar. Winter:Hardest time to water, because artiJicialheat is so drying. Careful watering (aU byhand-held hose) is necessary, so that leavesarc not wet at night. No watering 011 nvercastdays. Spray dilige nt Iy til pn'wlIl 1"1111~'IIS. h;r til IL~' witli I;\'\.'IY 1\ .11 L"lhl~' LI ~ II , tll }'20-20-20 and SuperThrive. Bring floweringplants into the home and arrange. Spring:Busiest time. Major repotting can take eightdays. A mix of bark, sphagnulll moss, perlite,charcoal and tree fern is used. Cleanalgae from the greenhouse glass, pull weedsin crevices in floor. Open greenhouse windows.At the end of May, a lot of plants aremoved outdoors to the deck for summer.S ummer: Pot up compots. Water regularly.Autumn: Make sure everything is clean.Bring plants on deck back indoors. Inspecteach one for pests and eliminate any present.(63:5:504)Gearing up to photograph native orchidswas made easy when Ronald33A, Coleman thoroughly explained how tocapture nature's best on film. Tips for success:Photograph the flower where you findit: take multiple exposures of each subjectchanging only the exposure time or f-stop(lItis lechnique is called bracketing); knowyom camera well; never postpone getting apicture; and always carry your gear with you.(63:6:674)]lui Chin's San Francisco garden is34 ablaze with colorful disas grown incontainers on raised benches. When interviewedby Robert Hamilton for an AOS Visits,he shared his tips for propagating disas:Step I. An ideal time to remove pl3ntlets iswhile repotting plants in October. Slip therootball out of the container with care andexamine it to determine w'here to removeIllantl ets. Step 2. Choose plantlets 2 to 4inches tall. Remove them gently with yourri ngers or with a cutting tool that is sterilI/cd between cuts on each plant. Step 3.Posit ion each plantlet in a 3-inch plastic orday pot and gently tuck moistened New:~

on the upper half, and a much-branched terminalinfloresccnce. The flowers arc yellow,mottled to a greatcr or lesser extent \V'ith deepmaroon-brown. La Croix has always seen itgrown in a slatted baskct, in a coarse, openmix. To flower well, it necds to be kept almostdry over winter, and to be in a brightposition. (63:10: 1130)Maintaining a healthy growing envi38ronmcnt is the cornerstone of an effectiveorganic pest control program, accordingto Arthur E. Chadwick. Hot Pepper Wax(made from CCipsicllm[rulescens and parat'fin wax) and pyrcthrins are among thc controlshc discussed, in addition to addressinghow to combat slugs. To control slugs,apply a barrier of diatomaceous earth (forhorticultural use) along the inside wall ofthe greenbousc and on bench tops once amonth. (Do not use pool-filter diatomaceouse311h .) Diatomaceous earth feels like fine talcumpowder to the touch ofhumans, but therazor-sharp silica slices into the slimy tissueof mollusks, leaving the pests to die fromdehydration. Many slugs and snails residcin bags ofmedia, particularly sphagnum moss(slugs) and fir bark (snails). As soon as theplant is potted, the mollusks emerge andbegin feeding on the ncw root tips. Chadwicknow steams or boils all new mcdia for 15minutes; tbis kills all slugs, snails and theireggs (although it also reduces the lifetimeof the media). An alternative would be touse those media that are not predisposed toinfestations, such as charcoal, osmunda ora fine pcat mix. (63: 11 : 1238)l.f you remember only two names in39the orchid world, make them RodneyWilcox Jones and Rebecca Tyson Northen ,author of Home Orchid Growing. Jones becamepresident of the AOS in 1942, wroteBcnjamin C. Berlincr, MD. At that timc therewerc 685 members, consisting largely of commercialgrowers plus a number ofprestigiousnames such as Dupont, Vanderbilt andAuchincloss. But six years later in 1948 whenhc left office, there had been almost a sixfoldincrease In ".\ ,X7 2 nH::mh\.'rs, whose lJamcs111111\' IIllarly :lpprll,( lIl1all'll a cm'>s ~ c Ll iollorthe United States, as \vell as tbose of the farreaches of the world. "The Orchid World ofthe Common Man" that we knmv today iscertainly in large measure the result of tbecontributions of Jones and Northen, both ofwhom received the AOS Gold Medal ofAchievement. (Northen 63:5:529; Jones63:12:1378)Although widely distributed in the40 Americas from Florida to Argentina,the gcnus ()rtopodillm has its grcatcst concentrationin the central-western region ofBrazil, particularly on the central plateau,where it occurs predominantly in grassyficlds, in both wet and dry places, as well asin cerrado (savannah) vegetation. Beginninga series on CyrtopodiulI1 in Brazil , L.c.Menczes informed readcrs that while mostare terrestrial , not only in the central-westernregion but in other parts of Brazil, a feware rupicolous or epiphytic. A typical characteristicoftbe latter is rootlets growing upwardin clumps. These rootlets, called pneumatophores,branch out from the main roots,whose purpose is apparently to anchor thcplant, while the function ofthe air rootlets isto acratc the compact root mass. Menezes'series, which ran from January 1995 throughJanuary 1996, provided a comprehensivetreatment ofCyrlopoc/illlil in Brazil, permittingeasy identification of thc species.(64:1:6)Tolumnias (also known as equitantor41variegata oncidiums), with one or twocxceptions, are fairly casy to grow. GuidoBraem, PhD, who surveyed this genus indetail, has grown tolumnias in empty claypots in a warm greenhouse with high humidityand good ventilation. The plants arefertilized once every four weeks, and are othef\viseonly sprayed once a day in thc morning.All plants flm,.ver regularly. Keep plantswarm during thc day. Temperatures of up to86 F or even higher will be tolerated providedthere is adequate ventilation. Duringthe night, the temperature should not dropbelow 64 to 6X F This factor is mayhe 1110:)timportanl oLd!, becallse 1111lo;1IWllp k ElillnpJ"(lvid(' SlIllil"i('1I1 walllllh 1111 I h l II 1 "l lIl oJ lIl l ~.Humidity should be high at all times, especiallydUling warm and dry weather. (64:2: 140)James Rose and Ned Nash teamed42 up for Cultural Calendar, a columnprinted from January 1994 through May 1996with advice on specific genera plus timelytips. Just in time for spring, James Rose saidthat no day is more appreciatcd than the firstday of spring, which differs dcpending onwhere you live. In Southern California, it isusually around the first of February. In NewYork, it can be the first ofApril. It is the timeof year with the most abundant blooms.Plants will most appreciate the lengtheningdays. Light is one of the primary factors forthe production of food for the plant, but goodnutrition is important. With spring, nitrogenshould be increascd slightly to a balancedlevel equal or close to potassium and phosphorus.Think about pest control. Indoorgrowers will bc able to move thcir plantsutside should they need spraying. Watchfor root action as this often indicates a goodtime to repot. If done too early, the plant willstall until thc roots cmerge. If done whenthe new roots are coming, the plant willqu ickly establish and continue to grow.(64:3:265)Splash-petaled is a flashy word for3 the scientific term peloria, wrote Robert1. Griesbach, PhD. The term peloria wascoined by Linnacus in 1744. One ofthe firstpeloric orchids was described in 1843 by Jeanl indcl1 - Phragmipedium caudatum forma/illdenii (syn. Phrag. lindenii). In the orchidfamily, the term regular peloria denotesn mutation in which the I abe II urn, the irregularstructure, is replaced by a petal, the regulurstructure. The most frequently awardedpclo ric mutants are the splash-pctalcd Cat111 ')'(/ hybrids. In Dendrobium, sevcral hyhri J ~ - Dendrohiul11 D'Bush Pansy, AD!\OS, and Dendrohium Kuranda Classic' Im' 111,:\', AM /AOS - bear peloric flowers.\lllIlher exciting nc\v direction in brecdingI' SI;\: 11 ill the irregular peloric mutant\ 'I ~/l/J, '(0111111 Kiwi G(!yser 'Surprise', .ICI\( IS, l' ~' 11lI il' IlllWL'rs arl' alst) S\.! \.'I\ ill somepla:Ii.Il'I1I IP'lI ·, !llId III w k't h'd pbllis (I I' ()/1LaeliocattJeya Pandora Bracey 'Orchidglade'is a splash-petaled cattleya.cidium Sum Lai Who 'Triple Thrcat', AM!AOS. (64:4:364)Visiting Harry Zelcnko's grecn44houses, atop his New York brownstone,introduced readers to cultural techniquesand practical methods for plantsgrown in containers and on mounts. Amongthe tools to keep at band is a gum stimulatoror massager, an inexpensive metal dental instrumentwith a cone-shaped rubber tip. Thetapered, flexible tip makcs it possible to reachdeeply into the crown of a plant, as well asinto other tight crevices, without damagingdelicate growth. [t is indispensable for removingaccumulated dirt or scale and mealybugs,whether dcad or alive. Other handytools: A blowtorch (preferably automatic)that attaches to a propane tank to flame-stcrilizeshears; a good pair ofsharp-tipped clippers;and single-edge razor blades thatshould be used only once, then discarded(although they can be reuscd if sterilized atvery high tempcratures). (64:5:505)Encyclia mariae and Encyclia citrinawere the focus of Arthur S. Kaplan,45MD's, attention when he wrote about thispair of Mexican species. Drawing from theliterature, he rounded up cultural advice forEnGyclia citrina from the pros. Paul Grippsaid it is "best grown on a piece of driftwood,with little or no moss to back it up.Little or no pampering is best for this species,as il ~ecms that overattention kills it\.~asily. AllclllplS al growing in pols is IISlIally1: 11:11, till Iln:y (Ilac pSl'lIdohlllhs) III1ISI

grO\v downw·ard." J.N. Rentoul added, "Duringthe nongro\>ving period and until newgrowth and roots are visible, the plant shouldbe kept almost completely dry. I f flowering,water sparingly until the flowers arc almostfully developed and then cease wateringaltogether." (64:6:622)Write an article and receive fan mail.46 That's the experience of many authorsin AOS Bulletin and Orchids. AfterCarl L. Withner, PhD. wrote aboutSophronitis in the June 1994 AOS Bulletin,he received a letter from Sakae Yoshino inJapan, who explained how he growsSophrollitis coccinea: In good weather fromMay until November or December, the plantsare set out under maple or cherry trees. Twoto four plants are placed in one larger pot,and the pots are kept in plastic baskets withscreens over them for protection. When frostis forecast, the plants are placed in the coolerportion of the greenhousc, which is keptaround 45 to 50 F. Yoshino uses electric fansfor air circulation and 30 percent shadescreen on th e glass when necessary. Theplants need repotting only every five to sixyears, and in Japan they flower from latcFebruary until April or May. Almost no fertilizeris used, particularly when the plantsare grown in live sphagnum, but he doessometimes use a few grains of MagAmpwhen he repots. (64:7:742)Carlos Fighetti explained how to grow47 Oerstedella centradenia, an orchidsimilar to a reed-type f.,/Jidendrl.lln that issometimes listed as an Epidendrum in catalogs.It can be mounted on tree-fern slabs,grown in wooden baskets with osmunda orplanted in clay containers filled with sphagnummoss. In his greenhouse, he grows theplants in sphagnum moss in clay pots. Theydo well under intermediate-temperature conditions(60 to 62 F nighttime) together withphalaenopsis, but they are hung higher toreceive more light (approximately 2,500 footcandles).The humidity around the plants isabout 60 percent and they are provided withllentlc air movement. Thc:-c plants arc wat..:r"dtllgl,tlwr with tIll' phalaclIll]lsis at fi v..:to six-day intervals during the summer, andat 10- to 12-day intervals in the winter. Theplants arc nourished with a general-purposefertilizer (but onc that does not contain urea)every time they are watered. They arereported every summer, although O.celllradellia does better when slightlypotbound. (64:8:863)8C harles and Mararet Baker werefaced with the dile71lma ofpotting ormounting when they wrote apout BrazilianMiltollia . Their recommendations: Becausemost Millollia species have rather ramblinggrowth habits, plants ::Ire more easily managedwhen mounted on slabs ofcork or treefernfiber. However. most growers fjnd it difficultto keep mounted plants moist enoughin summer, so they arc usually grown in basketsor shallow pots filled with an open, fastdrainingmedium based on fine fir bark ortree-fern fiber. Normally, varying amounts ofmaterials such as perlite and charcoal havebeen added to produce a medium that drainsrapidly but still retains some moisture. Undersizedcontainers that are just large enoughto bold the roots and allow one to two year'sgrowth should be used. Because the continuallymoist medium starts to break downfairly rapidly, plants usually grow better ifrepo\ted every year. Repotting should bedone just as new root growtb is starting sotbat plants become reestablished in theshQrtest possible time. (64:9:979)Imagine a Cattleya-type hybrid that49 freely produces long-lasting spikes ofshapely white blooms in a compact space,and you ' ve got Dialaelia Snowflake(Diacrilll1l bicornlilum x Laelia albida)clones 'Model', AM/AOS, and 'Frosty',AMiAOS. Ned Nash said that whcn introducedby Stewart Orchids in the 19705 astissue-cultured plants, they were heraldedas a new type ofcattleya, one that floweredover a long period, much like a phalaenopsis.This habit came from the Diacrillfll, and gavean especially long-lasting floral display. Additionally,well-gro\',iJl plants cOllld he expectedto g ive several spik .:~ III Pll iv II I ur5- illdl p ll\. Nnsil S ll l!l'I'~ I " " Ih,lt 11 ,111 thl''il'come alongjust 15 years later, they might havebecome a staple of the now-burgeoning potplantmarket. vVhat will ensurc this grex's placein the history oforchid breeding is tht; contributionit has made to second-generationDiacrium breeding. (64: I0: 1074)Explorers have been combing the tropicsfor decades in search of the new50and notewOlthy, yet Ilew discoveries are stillbeing made. In the I 970s, the staff of thenewly opened Marie Selby Botanical Gardensadded undescribed orchid species,among them lvlaxil/aria Ilieri. Epidendrul11luther; and PhragmipediulI1 hesseae. Selbywas urging conservation long before the destructionof forests was of such great popularconcern, according to Libby Besse, whowrote about one particular species, Epidendrull7ilense, a whjte orchid with a fringedlip. Discovered by Calaway Dodson, PhD,on a felled tree in Ecuador, this lovely species appeared doomed by the loss uf its foresthabitat even before being described.Luckily, Lee Kuhn succeeded in its tissuecul ture; plants were distributed to greenhousegrow'ers, to the Ecuadorian Orchjd Society,to the trees of Rio Palenque ScienceCenter, and eventually some were returnedto the wild. Selby received recognition inthe media for its contribution to conservatIon,while orchid hobbyjsts gained a newaddition to their collections. (64: I J: 1209)1The magical myste ry of orchidbrooches from Tiffany & Co. as toldhy Sylvia M. Wood renewed intercst in acollection of25 three-dimensional orchjd reproductions.They were part ofan ali-Americanjewelry display sent to the Paris ExposilionUniverselle, orWorld's fair, in 1889. ThepIeces were desig-ned by Paulding Farnham,who ordered that the base of each flower('un should be in 18-karat gold. American1. 1!11l st~lIles - sapphires, tounualines, emerlids:.J nd Il'pu..::cs - were inset to embellish.tell1s ;I ud po ll inia, wh ile diamonds were' ~ ' il l te l'ed as dewdrops on the petals. Occal"luti ly l' e~tlr l ; J e ill g at ant iqlles sales today,till' I.I , t li llI' "I lld 1'111' IIIPI\' til;1I1 S400.0()O.ir;ll: I.' I \ I ' I5 2Chemical pesticides pose a health riskto humans, even whcn all necessaryprecautions have been taken. according toArthur E. Chadwick, who addressed the subjectofrelative toxicities oforchid pesticides.He added that a safer choice for the hobbyistis a pesticide that works by physicalrather than chemical means. Products thatcontain horticultural oils, soaps or waxes actby smothering or desiccating insects andpose little or no risk to humans. (65: 1:30)Among the nine orchids that won53coveted special AOS judging awardsfor 1995 was Glen Decker's Baptistoniaechillata ' Suzanne', CCMIAOS, which garneredthe Nax Trophy. Speaking about thisBrazilian orchid, Decker recommended thateveryone, especially windowsill und underlightsgrowers, try Baptistonia echinatabecause of its compact growth habit. Severalcommercial grO\vers sell this species,which is in the Oncidill117 Alliance. Repottingthe specimen into osmunda fiber in a 6-inchteak basket spurred Decker's specimen todouble in size and produce larger growthsbearing bigger i.nflorescences with moreflowers. The extra air movement that a basketaffords and keeping the roots evenlymoist boosted this plant's vigor. (65:2: 144)"All structures, greenholLses in particular,are governed and controlled54by the nature of the roof." - This was thephilosophy behind Patsy's Pyramid GreenhOLlse,which was designed and built by PatsyA. and Wallace Boersma. According to thisTexas-based couple, if the design of thegreenhouse is governed by a roof, many ofthe inherent problems of other design elementsare solved. A pyramid is such a structure.There is a minimum span with respectto support material with a maximum oftruss-type support. The sbape has many advantages:the high slope provides for maximumweather protection; the roofhas no flatside to provide pressure resistance to thewind, and ice and snow arc less likely to aceUlllulate;the 53-degree slope is ideal forsolar purposes and avt;r~lge li g ht trall~nll~ ',i'l\l; Ihl' hich .:.:iIi Il),! rw rlllit :-: an optilllllill

AboveAI._'-J'ff ~i~'Light shining through Patsy's PyramidGreenhouse reveals the architecture 01 the roolsupport, which is made 01 aluminum.amount of growing area above the bencharea; and the principal benefit may be thestovepipe design the pyramid provides.There is a natural draft of air from the bottomside§, through the growing area and outthrough the top. A pyramid has a tendencyto maintain a constant tcmperate environment.The people who have lived in pyramidsclaim they seem to stay clean and freeof pests. Different locations within a pyramidhave allegedly different environmentalcharacteristics. From a practical standpoint,a pyramid is a strong, resilient structure thatprovides an airy, appealing environment.Keeping this in mind, tbe Boersmas built a26-foot-square pynlmid greenhouse withaluminum supports and double-walled polycarbonateglazing. (65:3:262)Beginning in March 1996, Tom Harper55 led readers through the maze of hybridizingtrends in pbalaenopsis. In A pril,he focused on complex white, pink and yellowhybrids. Most of to day's modern wllitehybrids owe their origin to PhalaenopsisDoris, which was m ade in 1940 by DukeFarms, said Harper. This accidental tetraploidhybrid, wbich improved form, size andsubstance over previous generations, is responsiblefor more than 250 hybrids sinceits introduction. Recent work with the whiteshas produccd SOIl1C outstanding rcsuils, espl'ciallyfrol11 111(' gcn us />orilll

...-"'-.!IInine FCCs in 1995, perhaps most notable wasPaphiopedilul11 armeniacul'l1 'Royal Sunburst',FCCIAOS, which was the 17th FCCfor this eye-stopping southern China species,which was exhibited by GeoffreyRavenhill of Baltimore, Maryland .(65: 10: 1042)Masses ofbrilliant flowers lure many62 hobbyists to buy Dendrobiul11 nobile,but often they find it a challenge torebloom this Old World orchid. Accordingto Charles and Margaret Baker, this speciesis considered difficult by many growers, yetDell. nobile is one of the most commonlycultivated Dendrobium species. It flowersprofusely iffertilized regularly while growingand given a cool, dry rest with high lightto initiate flo\overs . A single specimen plantwas reported to have produced more than1,000 flowers at one blooming. Bloom timemay be delayed by maintaining cool , dryconditions and low light until close to thetime the flowers are wanted. (65: II: 1191)With the December 1996 issue of63 Orchids. the 75th anniversary yearof the AOS came to a close. What a year itwas for boning up on orchid trivia. In eachissue of Orchids, members of the HistoricalCommittee, under the direction of its chairMarion Sheehan, presented a delightfulsmorgasbord of orchid and AOS history.Several issues contained in-depth featurestories on the Society's past, and in Aprileach member received a free 112-page,softcover history book edited by DownsMatthews, Th e American Orchid SocietyCelebrates its Diall10nd Jubilee: A Reviewof th e First 75 Years (/921-/996).(65: 12: 1291)Beginners take note - Duane64 McDowcll recommended a selectionof hybrids and species for newcomers to theworld of orchids, including a list of 15 fantasticorchi ds. He aJso suggested that beginnerstry peseatoreas, the hybrids of whichare among the most exciting orchids. Mostof the species bloom scveraltinles per year.·f hl..' hybrids arc even more Ilori fcmus andtIl:llly of ll1\'nl arc always ill hlol 1111. 01 he plantsare compact and bushy. McDowell saysgrow these like a paphiopedilum orphalaenopsis - warm, moist and shaded.They should never be allowed to dry outcompletely. For hybrids, try PescoranthesStar Sapphire (Pes. lehmanl1i x Psnth .Painted Lady) and Kefhrea Genesis (Kef:lolill1ensis x Pes . coronaricr). (66: I: 18)Lincoln , New Hampshirc students,65undcr the guidance of animal-tissueculture researcher and teacher Peter Fal etra,PhD, reported thcir success in cloning therare native showy lady's-slipper orchid Cypripediumreginae on a limited scale. To do so,they first discovered a way to overcomenatural barriers to germinatc the seed in vitro(artificial culture) so that they could obtainsufficient tissue with which to work. Thoestudents won second place in the prcstigiousInternational Science and Enginccring Fairin Tucson, Arizona. (66:2: 138)What better way to explain the cul6667tural needs of orchids than by describingthe flip side - orchidcide. Withtongue in cheek, Harry Zelenko prescribed10 ways to kill your orchids. For example,crown rot is a condition that works well toexterminate monopodials quickly. Water theplants with icy cold water on damp cool evenings.Black spots will develop virtuallyovernight and the crown will become soggy.Do not bother to try fungicidal or bactericidalchcmicals as this could prolong the lifeof the plant. The remain ing nine steps toorchidcide: drying flowers, drowning, poisoning,over-fertilization, breeding insects,gastropoda, the light treatment, UnitedStates Department of Agriculture, andBenlate. (66:3:250)What') Cymbidiums have a problem?Yes, said Ned Nash: It is that the flowerscan be so long-lasting uoder good conditionsthat if they are Icft on the plant, thcoptimum time for potting can be missed. Thebest growers know to cut the flowers fromplants in need of repotting after they havcfully maturcll for enjoymcnt in the home ina vasco This allows Ihe pla nt III Iw plltlcdwhl'n il II L'c d ~ ii, 11l'lim' II 1'. I' H! I.lt. \ItVthing the grower can do to optimize theleogth of time the plant has to grow undisturbedwill benefit the upcoming floweringseason. Too many growers tend to ignoretheir cymbidiums until a year or two afterthe time thcy really should have been processed.Once any orchid plant has lost itsmomentum, it will take a while to regain it,even under ideal conditions. This is whatleads to what is known as the "roller coaster"of orchid culture. If the plant is processedwhen it needs it, before it begins to decline,you will enjoy good production every year,iostead of every other year. The grower canmaintain healthicr plants, and make betterd ivisions that reestablish soooer, if theplants arc not allowed to decline. (66:4:372)When Downs Matthews tracked68down the latest information on howto protect orchids from the sun, he had thisadvice on how to let leaves tell you whatthey need: Go into your greenhouse. Just doit, do not argue. Ignore the !lowers. Payattention to the color and substance ofthe leaves instead. Your quick visual andtaclile check of orchid leaves can furnishbas ic clues as to the level of light reachingyour plants. As a rule of thumb, says GeneCrocker, ofCarter and Holmes, "Soft, darkgreenleaves suggest that Iight levels maybe too low in your greenhouse. YOllr plantmay grow, but fail to flower. Its health can beal ri sk from spores and bacteria that inducerot. Medium-green shades indicate a lightlevel satisfactory for that plant. It is gettingeno ugh light to sustain photosynthesis, resistiJlfection and reward you with blooms.For leaves that are pale and blotchy, readsunburn. Too much snnshine is kill ing theplunt. Its food-processing mechanisms haveheen damaged. Growth will be inhibited, diseasercsistance reduced, and tlowering limIted to a fin al try at keeping its gcnes alive."Depc nding on your survey, Crocker says,you Illlly wanl to review the means by which'1' 0 11 conlrol tlw amount or lighl and heat towllll'h your pl al1l S arc suhjecled. And that'swhll l Matthews did ill Ille I"l:alllr~' story."Shildv BII "' "1 ~'" 1111" ,;;'470)69Novelties in the Bulbophy llul11 Alliancewere brought to AOS members'attention by Emly S. Siegerist, who commentedon recent species and hybrids.Among her observations: 1311lbop17y llul11fletcherianlll11 , with a cluster of7-inch-Iongred flowers, is not well known in cultivation.The plants grown under that name are referableto Bulhophyllum spiesii, as was pointedout in the August 1990 AOS Bulletin. It isimperative to hang these plants, which havevcry long leaves, weLl above the benches.They require the temperatures of an intermediatcgreenhouse. While ill flower, theyhave the odor ofdecaying meat and becausethey are pollinated in nature by carrion flies,it is advisable to accommodate them outdoorsif possible while in bloom. (66:6:574)A.A. (Art) Chadwick revealed his70 penchant for horticultural storytellingwhen he launched a series on cattleya specicsthat married history with hybridizing andculture. Beginning with Ccrttleya dOl·viana,readers learned the most important rule forsuccess is to grow this species so its rootsdry quickly and are never subjected to a wet,soggy medium . For this reason, C. dOlvianois either grown in clay pots that barely accommodatethe plant and one new growth ,or it is planted in hanging baskets. CatlleyadOlViana also needs to be kept dry when itis not actively growing and the easiest wayto retard its growth or kill it is to ovef\vatcr itdurillg the cool winter months when it is dormant.In its native habitat, C. dOlViana growsat the tops of tall trees in the jungle whercits roots dry out rapidly after a rain. It alsohas a dry resting period in the jungle in Decemberand January. Ignoring C. dOlvialla'sneed to dry out \vi 1I cause the roots to rotand eventually the pseudobulbs will decay.(66:7:678)The reasons Dendrochilum is becolllingpopular quickly add up, accord71ing to Jim Cootes and David P. Banks: Themajority or the species are easy to grow;once established, the plants arc hlst growing;thcy take up little room {miniature spcl"il.'swOllld prohahly grmv sU~Tessrully IIn

der lights); thc plants are becoming morereadj]y available; most grow successfullywithout winter warmth (in mild climatcs);many are interesting plants even when notin flower; various species flower throughoutthe year; there is usually a multitude offlowers, even on a small plant; and there is agood rangc of colors. As most of the specicsare plants of the mountains, they requirehigh humidity at all times, plenty offresh, moving air, a fajr amount ofshade (70to 80 percent suits most species), a porousmix with the capacity to hold moisture and atemperaturc range from 40 to 86 F. (66:8:800)Cassandra Phillips penned a threepartseries from September through72November 1997 on hybridizing trends in Hawaiibased on surveys returned from commercialgrowers and the University of Hawaii,which has played an important role intbe development of Dendrohium hybrids.The results: Today, hybridizing in Hawaii isno longer the meditative pastime for backyardbotanical Gauguins, but more like ahigh-stakes poker game for growers who mustcombine the skills ofhorticulturist and businessmanin equal measure. Hawaiian orchidgrowers, bkc most floral producers, experiencevastly increased demand around thetraditional floral holidays ofYalentine's andMother's days. But in recent years, somenurseries have noticed that ordcrs at Thanksgiving,Christmas, Easter, Chinese New Year,even Passover, are increasing, often withcolor prefcrences. Larger, flashier, gjft-typeplants may be requested. The work of thccommercially minded hybridizer is clear. Andthe bounty of orchid hybrids shipped fromHawaii to the mainland benefits not only thecommercial market, but orchid hobbyistssearching for new hybrids that generate excitement.(66:9:910)Announcing the Awards Quarterly73 would have up to 200 color picturesper issue starting in 1998, Robert Griesbach,PhD, told readers about the value of subscribingto thc Society's journal thatchroniclcs its awards systcm: One bcnefitor Award,· Quarter/I' is that it's a gn:alsource of information on learning how toselcct the best plants in flower. An experiencedgrower can look at a population ofseedlings and more easily sclect the bcstone, while the inexperienccd grower hastrouble even seeing differenccs among theseedJings. By reading the descriptions in thismagazine, one can become more experienced.In many descriptions, statements like "slightcrowding precluded a higher scorc," "colorfadingin older flowers reduc.ed score" and"slight cupping prevented higher score," areextremely educational. (66: 10: 1048)A tire-crumb mix currently bcing used74 on turf maintenance areas like golfcourses and football stadiums is a viableorchid-potting medium. Stan Gordon wrote:The crumb rubber from ground car tires isstable chemically and deemed inert by thcUnited States Environmental ProtectionAgcncy. The tires will leach out only smallamounts ofzinc and iron; orchids need smaiJamounts of these minerals anyway. Thecrumb-rubber product is available in severalsizes similar to bark. When it is time to rcpot,transfer the plant's entire rootball into a newcontainer and fill in the spaces with moretire crumbs. There is no di sturbing of theroots ancl even plants in bud do not seem tomind repotting. The material will not decomposeover time. With tirc crumbs, there isnothing to mix, which helps reduce time andcost. You can use the tire crumbs right outof the bag. There is always dust associatedwith bark, charcoal and perlite. This not onlycreates a mess but the dust can attach to theroots and clog them. The tire crumbs haveno dust. And the tire-crumb mix may alsocurb gnat popUlations. However, beforetransplanting your entire collection into thismix, try potting a few orchids in it and growingthem for six months to determine ifrootgrowth is satisfactory. (66: 11: 1168)White is always in season, says Ned75 Nash, who rounded up 12 snowy orchidsfor a winter wonderland: Calan/heves/ita 'Ruby Ann', .rCI AOS, C(/II/(!I'lI .JeanMarie Skelly 'Snow White', II< '( 'I ;\( )S, n 'lIIhidilllll Sl ~\.'pln !-, Beallty ' SlIIIIh I.'all ' I I( ('Galanthe vestita 'Ruby Ann', JC/AOS, grown byAlan Grimes.AOS, Delldrobium Yukidaruma 'King',AM-CCM / AOS, Doritis pulche rrim{/' FANGtastic' , AMIAOS, Laefia ancepsva r. alba 'Fred's Whitc', I-ICC / AOS,Lycaste Sunray 'Par-O-Bek Rudy's TrilIium ' , AMIAOS, Masdeva/lia Bella Donna' Willow Pond' , AM/AOS, A-tiitolliopsisYuko Hatsui 'Rene', AMJAOS, Neolinelial a/cata 'Erica Helga' , HC e l AOS ,Paphiopedilul11 a/lg thong var. al/nlln' Dragon', AMI AOS and Phalaenops isTa isueo Swan 'Marilyn', AM/ AOS.(66: 12: 1268)Analyzing the vegetative characteristicsofan orchid --roots, presence6or absence of pscudobulbs, and leaves is an excellent way to determine if the plantwill gro\-v under the conditions you have tooffer. By concentrating on the vegetativeform of the plant, you can eliminate thoseorchids you have little hope of growingproperly. Discussing leaves, Marion J. Allencontinued: Since leaves are responsible forcollecting the light that provides thc energyl'or growth, Icafsizc is an important clue tohu bitat. Vcry large leaves, as in Iycastes, indicate Ihe plant needs that much surface area10 l:o llect sufficient light for growth. So or\." hids with largc leaves usually grow in alow-lig ht environmcnt. At the opposite end11111\\' slxTtrnJll arc plants likc terete-leavedva lld u!'. thai havl' lIarrow- bladed kavesall ~ ' I \'l 1 ill' lIll'I v 1ll lllillillli/l: exposlIll:; Ihl'sl'require high-light conditions. The thicknessand hardness of the leaf are other clues.Some orchids, like Nagelieffa purpurea orBrassavola Little Stars, resemble cacti; theyare compact, thick-walled and rigid. Theseleaves are resistant to drying out. Soft, thinleaves, like those of a Millolliopsis hybridderived from species from the mountains ofColombia and Ecuador, have fcw waxy cuticlecells to protect against desiccation.Thesc plants grow where there is a constantsupply of moist air, cooling breezes andmoderate light. A number of orchids havefairly thin leaves that protect themselvesfrom desiccation by being quite leathery.Thcy are more tolerant ofa dry environment.One ofthese is the popular Oncidium SharryBaby. (67: I :38) 7 7"If you need to control ants, David L. Grove, PhD, offers thjs recipe formaking your own bait: Get a pound packageof paraffin wax (canning wax). Melt a1/4-pound slab in a double boiler, or in akitchen pot placed inside a larger one wi thsome water in it. When the wax has melted,add 1/4 cup of granulated sugar and 4ounces of boric acid powder, which is obtainableat any drugstore. Stir the ingredientsuntil they are thoroughly blended withthe hot wax. Pour the mixture into a shallowpan to form a layer of 1/4 to 3/S of aninch thick. While the wax is still quite soft,score its surface fairly deeply to formsquares measuring approximately 11/4inches. When the wax has hardened completely,remove it from the pan and breakit into squares. Distribute the wax squareswidely throughout your greenhouse. Water,fertilizer and other chemicals will notreduce the material 's effectiveness and itwill last for at least ayear. Although householdpcts are unlikely to find this baittem'p ILi ng, take precautions. Any surplussquares can be stored ill a t.in or jar forlater use. For larger amounts, merely doubleor quadruple the ingredients and followth e recipe above. Grove used one poundofw(lx for 1,500 square feet ofgreenhouse!'.wwin).', 'Hl"1. (67: 2: 9 X)

IJl1dley al1u can be your passport78 to orchid science. But according toRon McHatton, PhD, billing Undleyo!7aas the quarterly scientific journal of theAmerican Orchid Society may deter someorchid growers from subscribing to this indispensableeducational tool. WhileLind/eyallu is indeed a scientific journal,and, as such, is the repository of a greatdeal ofpure orchid science, it is also a treasuretrove of information useful to a muchbroader spectrum ofserious orchid enthusiasts.McHatton's review of the 1997 issuesbrought several items to the attentionofAOS members, including the results ofa study on inheritance of pansy-lip inDendrohium and flower color mutationsin [)oritis pu!cherrima and Pha/aenopsis80vio/(/cea. (67:3:264)Anyone wishing to add somc zest79 to his or her collection should investigatepleoines, said Dick Cavender.Pleiones are most often sold in the dormantstate. When selecting pseudobulbs,look for those that are solid, neither witherednor soft. The growth shoots are fairlyobvious, projecting from the sidcs. Theremust be at least one growth shoot, althoughtwo or three are preferable. Largesprouts arc flowering growths and thesmall ones will produce leaves only. Outdoors,grow pleiones in the ground in theshade benea th conifers. Avoid plantingthem undcr deciduous trees. Plant in ahumusy soil and mulch. Indoors, potpleiones in the spring in a soilless mix ina shallow container with drain boles. Kecpmoist and place in a north- or east-facingwindow. After flowering, move the plantsoutdoors for the summer. Leaves yeUowin the autumn, signaling it is time to withholdwater and let the plants enter a dormantpha.se. (67:4:358)With a little effort, you can turnempty, disposable plastic containersinto cost-effective environmentfriendlyplant labels, according to MichaelD. Hopwood. lie explained: Most plasticcontaine rs w ith a flat side, lop or boltomare suitable. Lids from butter and margarinepackages or the sides from some drinkor detergent receptacles are ideal. You willneed a cutting board, craft knifc, masterlabel or template and an icc cream containerlid. When planning the template, be creative.Although you can write on only oneside of the label, most pe ns and pencilsthat will write on commercial labels willwork on tbese homemade labels, too.(67:5:472)Proper culture will help you coax81 ti>idendruf11 /ollgicau/e to flower.This showy Mexican miniature, 'which waspreviously known as a.n /ollopsis, has areputation for being somewhat finicky incultivation. Offering a solution was EricA. Christenson, Ph D, who stated it shouldbe treated like ecologically related Mexicanspecies of Bark.eria and Lae /ia thathave a decidedly cool, dry rest period.Mount plants on small slabs ofcork or treefern with a small pad of moisture-retainingmaterial at the roots. It requires brightlight levels, cool to intermediate temperatures(50 to 55 F at night), and high humidityduring the growing season. Itshould be watered regularly during thegrowing season, allowing the roots to dryout between waterings. After the growthshave matured and the intlorescences havebecn initiated, reduce watering and growthe plant under cool conditions. Under cultivation, overwatering and excessivelywarm temperatures after flowering seem tobe the most common causes of decline inthis species. (67:6:590)Anita Aldrich says that when unsurewhether an orchid plant will82do well mounted in your growing area, tryit that way first. Tfthe plant starts shriveling(assuming there is no disease) or YOllfind yoursel f watering it more frequently,this indicates too dry a situation. Ratherthan removing the plant from the mount,simply place the plant, still on its mouneinto a clay pot just large enough to hold il.Do 110t add any Illcd i 1I111. 111 III;IIIV l'a ~l' ,';th ~' " Ii)~ hl l y li!' hl e r qllartlT~ h'"'' llllll ll'llextra moisture to give the plant a boostand promote successful growth. In extremecases where the plant continues to dehydrate,fi II the container with a coarse medium,working to a finer one over time, ifnecessary. Once the best combination forthe plant is found, it can be cultured inthat manner in subsequent repottings.Since most orchids tolerate desiccationmuch better than excess moisture, thismethod allows the grower to progressgradually frolll dry to damper conditionsw ith the least trauma to the plant. (67:7:687)Co/mal1um Wildcat (Odonlocidium83CrowboroLlgh x OdOl1tonia RlIstieBridge), which is coming on strong COIllmercially, is a blend of art and science,according to Jordan Hardy. The qualitiesof this plant were apparent when the firstones flowered at the Rod McLellan Compa ny in 1989. It grows consistently,quic kl y and clean Iy, has a sensational spikehabit, perfect branching and flowers morelilll n once a year. For the novice or growernew to Ol1cidium-like orchids, Calm. Wildcatis an excellent choice because of itsvigor and case of growth and flowering ina wide range oftemperatures. Pla.nts ofthisorchid flourish indoors under lights andw ill also grow outdoors in Thailand. Arange of temperatures between 50 and 85F is recommended. (67:8:798)Before winter arrives, protect your84 orchids by installing a greenhousealarm. Wi lliam A. Rl10dehamelmakes theserecommendations: When installing analarm system, it is important to install itproperly, and to use good equipment. Afa il ure of the alarm system at a criticalmoment when the gTO\Ver is counting on itcan be devastating. Care must be used inplacing sensors where they will detectrrohklTls at the earliest possible moment,hut w ill not malfunction due to improperpl"cclllcnt (such as placing a temperatureSCIl"N in a spOI where it will be in full sun).Il"lIsin g bel ls or huners, place tJlem whereIh ey ilil' eas ily hl! ard. If us ing sOlllethingl ik ~' I I "vII , lI'hilllc. p);ICL' il l' l'nl ra liy whereit wiLl not be exposed to the unfriendlyconditions of the growing space, but \vi IIbe close enough to use the noi~e-Ievelsensor (which can be used as a fire detectorwhen coupled with a smoke detector).Carefully check and recheck installationprocedures and run full tests after installationis complete to make sure the systemis functioning properly. (67:9:938)Renovating a home often allows85 orchid hobbyists the opportunityto create or expand a growing area. Suchwas the case with San Francisco-basedTom Nicoll, an affable transplant from Englandwho now has orchids in his attic.His 22x25-foot attic orchid room is hometo well-grown phalaenopsis, wrote LarryJenkins, who added: The roof was madewhole again with adjustable skylights thatopen and close with case, rotate to t~leilitatecleaning and arc covered with screensthat keep out the flying pests. The insectscreens covering the skylights haveproven so successful that the OWller hasvirtually no need to spray insecticides. Anoversized vinyl noor coveri~ng that wasinstalled with only one scam keeps damagefrom drips to a minimum. Besidesbuilding his own benches, Nicoll installeda double-basin stainless-steel sink, utilizinga water source already in the attic.Wate r collected in wastebaskets located tocatch runoff from the tilted benches ispoured into watering cans and reused forthe plants on his urban deck garden. Bothfluorescent and high-intensity metal-balideand high-press ure-soclium lamps SLlSpendedabove the plants provide all necessaryheat, keeping the night tempe ratureabove 65 F. On the rare days when the temperaturesget over 95 F, the skylights andfront windows open to create a crossbreeze, and temperatures are reduced fairlyquickly. (67:10:1014)Aracomunia /iesneri, native to Venczuela,may be the first-described86 carnivorous orchid, according to GustavoA. Romero, PhD, German Carnevali, PhD,alllll v6 n Raillircl', PhD. Onc or two pecll

liar liguliform (tongue-shaped), glandularstructures at the base of each leaf suggestAracamlll1ia may be the first insectivorousorchid reported in the literature.The authors wrote that the glandularligules are comparable to flypaper inseettraps, a system that has evolved independentlythree times. Furthermore, AracalI1uniawas colleeted in boggy habitats,where many other carnivorous plants, suehas bladderworts (Utricularia speeies),sundews (Drosera species) and piteherplants (He/iamplzora species) are knownto thrive. Unfortunately, this speeies maybe in danger ofextinetion beeause its habitatis being disturbed by the activities ofgold miners and the eivil and military authoritieswho try to displaee them fromtepuis and other protected areas in southernVenezuela. (67:11:1155)Specialty orehid soeieties offer re87 S~ urces for every grower, said HeidiKirkpatrick, who reported on the history andbenefits ofbelonging to the Cymbidium SoeietyofAmerica, International PhalaenopsisAlliance, The Maxillaria Tribe, OdontoglossumAllianee, The Paphiopedilum Guild, andThe Pleurothallid Allianee. (67: 12: 1260)Elleanfhus was88the final genusportrayed in the eritieallyaeelaimed seriesOrehid Genera Illustrated,by Tom andMarion Sheehan.Started in the August1967 AOS Bulletin, itpresented a new orchidgenus everyother month, offeringinformation on identifi ea tion c haraeteri sties and eulture, plusa botanical watereolorby the late Marion.Eventually, the serieswas reprinted in thebook Orchid (lcl1(,/"({1lllIstmll'd. tlwil latnElleanthu5hVmf'110phOlIJ.';.expanded into a new book An IllustratedSurvey o!Orchid Gencra. One look at installment186 and you 'll know why thiswas a favorite among orchid aficionados.(68: 1:38)How to deal with an overgrO\vn89 orchid speeimen on a plaque wasably diseussed by Greg Allikas as part ofa large feature on mounting orehids. Hesaid: Eventually an orehid outgrows itsmount, its rhizomes extending beyond theedge of the plaque. For those who wouldprefer to grow a larger speeimen ratherthan divide a plant, he re is an easy solutionthat can be aeeomplished in minutes.When an orehid has grown to the top ofits mount move the hanger to the oppositeend of the plaque and hang the plantupside down. In a few months, the orchidwill begin growing up the other side ofthemount and reorient itself, flowering normallyon the next growth. However, ifyouplan to exhibit an orchid, it is best to keepit oriented the same way on the plaque. Todo so, separate the orchid from the treefernplaque (some pieces may remainaround the roots), plaee thc orchid at thcbase of a new piece of tree fern, and attachseeurely so the roots .vill grow intothe plaque. (68:2:125)While new hybrids of spidcr orchidsare garnering attention, au90thor Joe Palermo cautioned that a fondnessfor the genus Brassia has been describedby some as an acquired taste, notunlike that for brussels sprouts. His favoritehybrid to date is Brassia Rising Star,which has 20-inch-tall greenish-yellowflowers on a mature plant. This hybrid hasbeen jokingly described as a Brassia Rexon stcroids, with its segments being verystout compared with its height of 18 inchesper flower. He also recommended the followinghybrids for their ease ofgrowth andflowering: Brassia Santa Barbara, BrassiaSpider's Rcvenge, Brassia Mem. fritzBoedecker, Bra.l'sia Srider\ I:cast alld/Im.l'sia Rl'X 'Nishida', whicli Ii:l'; 1.' - t,)I·I- illl'h v ~ llo\V !'Iowel " willi IIl', 1\ \ III11WII93bars on plants that bloom when young andare very tolerant ofalmost no temperaturedifferential between day and night.(68:3:224)The April 1999 Orchids was devotedto orchid eonservation in91honor of thc 16th World Orchid Confcrence,and oh what a diversity of subjeetswere discussed: wild paphiopedilums, salvagingorehids, the western prairie fringedorehid, eonserving phalaenopsis, grassrootefforts to save native orchids in Germany,and nonprofit groups that standready to help preserve orchids. Five growersdiscussed their efforts to raise orchidsfrom seed, among them Riehard Warren,PhD, who summarized the sentiments ofmany: There are several rcasons thatflasked orchid species have been so successful- their ease of transport, avoidingCITES regulations, and perhaps, mostsignificantly for the grower, that they areeasier to establish than wild-collectedplants. M.any experienced growers haveconfirmed this, suggesting that seedgrown plants adapt better to eachindividual's grecnhouse if they maturetil ere. We know that, by taking pressureotfwild populations, flasking is a pioneeringcontribution to eonservation. But addto that the lower prices, the ease of cultivationand the convenience of their transportationand you have a positive successstory for our times. (68:4:384)2Whether you think the millenniumbug is real or hype, acting now(May 1999) could help prevent this critterfrom wreaking havoc when January 1,2000arrives. Geno Pandolfi offered sage advicefor growers wishing to prepare their growingareas for the new millennium. Tell us,id it work? (68:5:480)Gcorge Carr and Erie A. Christenson,PhD, teamed up to proclaimIh;\t onc or thc most astonishing featuresLl f ol'l'hid taxonomy and horticulture is the\'olltillllill:,! discovcry and introduction of, htlwv II l'W sp l! c i t.: s. Whill! manytll.-llldl ~h a r ~' 1I1 IIi lHlI with thl' 1:IIllOUSeases of Pap!Jiopedilul11 armeniaClIl11 andPhragmipedium besseae, exciting newfinds are occurring in other genera as well.Swan orchids of the genus Cycnocheshave long been popular hortieultural subjcets.Within the past decade, they said,three showy new species have been described:Cycnoches carrii. CyclLochesherren.usanul11 and Cycnoches manoelae.To this add a newly described speeies fromColombia, Cycl10ches barthjort/m, namedto honor Andrea Niessen's aunt andgrandfather and their contributions togrowing Colombian orchid species. Andwhat a Cycnoches ... 6 1 /2-inch-Iong pendentinflorescences bear up to 15 spottedgreen flowers. (68:6:598)Neem oil from India could help whatails your orch ids. Derived from94Azadirachtin indica. neem oil became ahot commodity in the summer of 1999 afterE. Shaunn Aldermann shared stories fromgrowers who sing its praises. Wrote AIdcrman:Whether you are seeking an ccofriendlypest-management practiee for yourgreenhouse, or arc intercsted in a varietyof health bencfits, neem oil could provideanswers. Compounds found in the seeds,bark and leaves of this tropical evergreentree that is related to mahogany arc saidto have antiseptic, antiviral, antipyretic,anti-inflammatory, antiuleer and antifungaluses. Reports also say extracts fromncem tree leaves have insecticidal and fungicidalpropcrties. Orehid grower LarryEvans, owner of Blue Pagoda Orehids,says, "The first time I used neem oil, Imixed a ratio of one ounce to one gallonof water and added a few drops of dishwashingliquid. I sprayed every plant, aliibenches, walkways and under benches. Tna few days there was a definite improvement."Gone were mealybugs, scale, slugsand snails - even the fire ants. Used oncattleyas, dendrobiums, phalaenopsis, oncidiums,vanilla, vandas and the dove orehid(Peristeria elaw), pure neem oil atRlue Pagoda Orchids is a product that hashdpcd Fvans trcmcndously. (6X:7:70())

Alderman's article generated a flurry ofactivity in orchid newsletters and on theWorld Wide Web, and her follow-up storyin the December 1999 Orchids summarizedsome of the responses. (68: 12: 1240)Carl L. Withner, PhD, took a hop,95skip and jump through 47 years oforchid action when he summarized theproceedings of the World Orchid Confercnces,Although the procecdings from thefirst WOC, held in October 1954 in St.Louis, Missouri, were printed as a seriesiJl the AOS Bullelin, those from the sccondevcnt onward were printed as separatevolumes. He wrotc: There is a trove oforchid history and how-to information buriedin our libraries, right under our noses.This load of treasure lics in thc serics ofProceedings that are produced every threcyears by the World Orchid Conferences.All one needs to do is mine the information.To whet readers' appetitcs, Withnerselected highlights from the 2nd to 15thWOCs, then embellished them with personalantecdotes that make this articleboth entertaining and informative.(68:8:810)Ted Green, ASLA/APA, sought to96 give Sobrafia the recognition itdeservcs when he otfered detailed advicefor growing the plants in warm gardens:Sobralias are ideal for use in landscaping inthe tropics and sUbtropics. They are attractiveand, in the right situation - open, wet andsunny - they easily become specimenplants. When in bloom, with 25 flowers or moreout at one time, they are spectacular. Andremember, a succession of buds come fromthe peduncle at the top, or near the top, ofthemature stems. All ofthe bad publicity aboutthe short flower life is forgiven when it isdiscovercd that established plants can flowerevery wcek year round. For any orchid to dothat is quitc remarkable. As plants becomelarger, like those in the author's garden inKaaawa, Hawaii, there can be a sobraliaplant in bloom cvery other day. And, fortunatelyli)r growcrs in temperatc climcs, therearl: also showy .\'ohm/III spn'i~'s worthcultivating in the greenhouse and in sunrooms. (68 :9:912) Taking a survey of the New World 97 genus CalaselulIl, Arthur W. Holst offered this cavcat: Basic cultural ditTiculties stem from the fact that the leaves of all species are deciduous, giving rise to a growth cycle featuring complete dormancy following leaf fall shared by few other orchid gcnera. Besides that basic fact, a grower, to be successful, should have some knowledge of the backrou~d of the spceies grown - the climate and ecology of the region 'where they originate. Those from the hot, tropical Amazon basin can ncver be expected to adapt to the cooler conditions prevailing in the southern Brazilian natural habitat of Catas ellll1l rodigasianum, for example. Grecnhousc culture is desirable, although some growers are able to cultivate them with remarkable success under lights. (68: 10:994) Many areas in a greenhouse can bc 98turned into a growing spot. In Australia, Marilyn and PhjJip Altman did just that with a 6-foot stairway that leads down to their 1,800-square-foot intermediate housc. According to Roger Williams, one sbould stop to appreciate their unique staircase with a stepped planter box that runs along the side with a handrail. The planterbox alongside the handrail is stepped every 8 inches so a space is created to hold nine 6-inch pots of larger-flowering plants. Each step is slightly angled for drainage and the water cascades down thc bottom to a drainage hole. The plants do well in their own individual homes. (68: I I:L 140) Ask Ben Berliner, MD, what orchids 99 to try where space is limited and he might just respond with, "Propela/ul11." His advice: Propetalums are ideal for the typical small greenhouse or the grower who raises orchids under lights or on windowsills. They are small plants with relativcly large, attractively colored flowers on multiflowered inflorescences. (6R:12:122rl) 100Read thl.: Janllarv ' 0 00 ISS\I\..' or ()r, ·hids. ((II) I) I IAboveDarrin Duling is the Society's newdirector of horticulture.A New Headquarters,A New PositionWithout world-class gardens, our neweadquarters facility will not be able to draw!h I.: necessary public support. Therefore,one of the most important new additions totile AOS staff will bc a director ofhorticulture,whose task it will be to ensure that ourgardens and grounds bc all they can bc.ft is with great pleasure that we announcethe hiring of Darrin Duling, formergardens coordinator and educator for thePreservation Foundation of Palm Beach,Florida. Duling's resuinc is sterling. Heholds a Master's of Science in Pure andApplied Plant and Fungal Taxonomy fromIhe University of Reading, England. Bey~Hld a phalanx ofawards for his achievellIentsin Palm Beach, his previous employ\.: rs illclude Queell Sirikit Botanic Garden,( 'Ilialig Mai, Thailand; The Royal Botanic( iankll ~ Kew; an d till' RoyaillorticulturalS,H' II'lY \ lilli" " "illgdlllli.PAST, PRES_ . . . , _ _ . _ _Duling joined the AOS on November8, 1999, and immediately began the chore ofidentifying and gathering plants that willmake our gardens conform to our drcams.He brings with him a vast nctwork offriendsin the international horticultural communitywho stand poised to contribute to the educationaland cultural resource that will soonbe the new home ofour nonprofit organization.- Lee Cooke, Executive Director,American Orchid SocietyIncreasing RatesAwards Quarferly and Lind/eyana subscriptionrates will increase January 1,2000. The new rates, which are necessaryto cover increased costs associated withproducing these two magazines, are:Awards Quarterly, US one year $38, UStwo years $69; Non-US onc year $43, NonUS two years $78. Lindleyalla, US one year$40, two years $72; Non-US one year $44,Non-US two years $79. lnformation onthese two AOS periodicals is availablefrom the Membership Services Department,AOS, 6000 Soulh Olive Avenue, West PalmBeach, Florida 33405-4199 (telephone 561585-8666; fax 561-585-0654; e-mailTheAOS @ compuserve.com; Web siteorchidweb.org). Sample articles from thesetwo magazines, and subscription forms,can be found in the Publications sectionof the Society'S Web site, orchidweb.org.European Union ToughensOrchid Import RegulationsOrchid growers wishing to export orchidplants to customers in one of themember nations of the European Union(EU) should be aware that more stringentimport permit regulations are being enforced. These regulations will affect shipmentsofprotected species to and from theEU mcmbcr nations. All shipments to theEU must have an original CITES exportpermit or certificate with an expiry date ofIIllt more Ihan six mOllths ('rllm date or is

From the Ground UpBuilding the New AOS HeadquartersSHORTLY after the American Orchid Societyhosted a groundbreaking ceremony for itsnew Headquarters in Delray Beach, Florida,on September 24, work commenced on theproject. An L-shaped lake dug on propertyimmediately west of the Society's siteprovided fill necessary to raise the elevationwhere the new AOS facility will be built.suance, Thus, EU countries are no longeraccepting CITES documents issucd by theUnited States that allow photocopying andare valid for four years, These includeUnited States Certificates for ArtificiallyPropagated Plants (CAPP) and multipleuseAppendix I export permits,To apply for an original CITES documentfor each shipment to the EU. obtainthe plant export application form #3-20032 (available from th e United States Fishand Wildlife Service's Web site at http://internationaL fws.gov or from its fax retrievalscrvice: 800-770-0150; documentnllmber 2032). Complcte thc first page orthe appl iral inll . n: kn'lllT till' till- 1IIIII1IwrTractors have graded the 5-acre parcelwhere the main membership building andthree acres of gardens will take shape.Working daily, the construction crew is rapidlytransforming the AOS property from a levelbed of sand devoid of vegetation into a neworchid center that is scheduled to open Inthe autumn of 2000.ofthe CAPP or the Appendix I export permit,list the specimens to bc exported (speciesand number), provide thc consignee'sname and complete address, and providethe $25 processing fee, Ifyou hold a validmultiple-use CAPP or Appendix I exportpermit, the Office ofManagement Authority(OMA) will streamline the issuance ofan original CITES document for alreadyapproved species. A request to export anynew species will require complete revicw.Allow at least 60 days for processing.Exporters in the United State!'i ~houldbe aware that other CITES C()lIlItn c ~ uutsideor the Fl J arc als\\ hq' Il\l)lll j' til I C\]llil'\: all 1I1 igillal ('III " I" 111 11 1 1(11 l';ll' ilNed Nash, Direclor a/Conshipment. To prevent any delays in shipments,orchid exporters should contact thecountry of import to verify requirementsbefore making a shipment.Thc AOS thanks Roddy Gabel of theUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service'sOffice of Scientific Authority, and MonicaFarris ofthe Service's OMA in assisting ourcommercial members to ply their tradc moreeffectively. -servation, American Orchid Society.The Slipper Orchid AllianceAn auction and banquet will be heldf ebruary 19, 2000 in Washington, DC, tobencfit Thc Slipper Orchid Alliance. Thcevent will be held in conjunction with theOth Annual National Capital Orchid SocietyPaphiopedilum Forum and will launchIhis new organization formed during the44th Eastern Orchid Congress held in Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania in autumn 1999.The Slipper Orchid Alliance is dedicatedto all slipper orchid preservation ande ducation, including Paphiopedilum,Phragmipedium and Cypripedium. Thepurpose of the organization is to fosterunderstanding of all genera and speciesof slipper orchids, as well as their conscrvationin natural habitats and under cultivation.The Slipper Orchid Alliance willpromote scientific and horticultural studiesof slipper orchids and will exchangem fo nllation at regional, national and internationalforums. A newsletter and Website are under development.Membership is open to everyone interestedin slipper orchids. Founders membership,through the year 2000, is $25 forilldiv iduals and $100 for commercialmembers. Additional donations are apprcciated. For more information: Richard

ENTERING the year 2000 signals the beginningof this new regular column inOrchids. Initially, it is planned to appearevery other month. However, you the readerswi II determine its worth and possibleexpansion to a monthly feature. The AffiliatesPage will seek to provide a numberofassorted informational items to our AffiliatedSocieties and their membe rship.Improved communication has beenadopted as the number-one goal of theAffiliated Socities Liaison Committee andthat is the purpose of this column.Your AOS representative is responsiblefor providing the direct link betweenthe AOS and your society, but to aid ingetting information to all Affiliates, thisbimonthly column will present follow-upand reminders of programs and materialsthat are currently available.We will provide usable and timely informationto your local organization throughessays featuring specific items for considerationand use by your society. We willshare novel and new ideas that have provenuseful by other Affiliates as well as localcontact information to help us share theknowledge with other societies.In this issue, we begin by highlightingtwo programs available from AOS Headquartersat no cost.I - Many societics have gone throughthe laborious process of applying for taxexemptstatus with the Intcrnal Revenue Service.Through its accounting firm, Ernst andYoung, the AOS offers information that explainsthe steps necessary to obtain this statuswith a minimum ofconfus,ion.2 - With wintcr and spring show seasonbeginning, we remind you that showliabilityinsurancc is available throughAOS Headquarters. This top-rated inexpensiveliability insurance is available toall Affiliated Societies and Organizationsfor AOS-sanctioned shows.Let us know your thoughts regardingthis regular biJl]onthly colulllll in (J!'chids,THE AFFILIATES PAGETake Action NowIF your Affi li ated Society or Organizationhas not recently updated an applicationshow ing new addresses, contact names andnumbers and meetin g dates, please secure anappli ca ti on form from AOS Ileadquartersand do so now. The information will bepublished in the 2000-2002 Orchid SourceDirec/(Jry, previous ly called the Alma nac.A pplicali o ns for this fr.ee li sting must bereceived by th e Memhership Ser\licesDepartmenl at AOS Headquarters (seecontacl information above) no late r thanFriday, January 14, 2000.New Affiliated SocietiesOrchid Society or Oa\'ao, Inc., Ms. Maria Melissa A. Ga lang. Davao Royal Garden, 121 i'vJaci\nhur Hi g hway, Matina, Davao City 8000, Philippines (telephone 63 -82226-2497). Asociacion de Orquideologia del Tachira, Cesar Fernandez, Avcnida Espal'ia, Urb. Campo Alegre, Qta. EI Trapi ehito, I Cuadra Arriba de Hostcri a EI Molino, San C ri stobal , Edo. Tachira, Ve nezuela (telephone 58-76-563-830; e-mail calb@ tclccl. nct.ve). Asociacion Venezolana de Orquidcologia, [,mm y Indorf, Apanado Poslal S086 1, Prados del [sIc. Cara,'as IO X/) . Vc nczuela (lc k pIHlll l' "X-l ').I ~ ,\ \'1 l" · l1lail :l /'l OVl' JltHq (O!) ltlII11i111, HIIIIQUESTIONS AND ANSWERSDendrobiumsIdeas for topics to cover, comments and your qucstions are welcomc, and nove l ap gi like dendrobiums, but I have beenproaches to common problems are encourhaving a slight problem with th e eulturainformation available on th e variousaged. - Doug Watson, Chail~ Affiliated Societies Liaison Committee, 74 Walden , species. Some sources for DendrobiumBurnsville, Minnesota 5533 7 (e-mail letragonllm say one thing and others seemwatrey@ix.netcom.com). to say the opposite. The same sources differin their treatment for Dendrobiun7(The two henefits to A.fl/lipted Societies victo ria-reginac. There does not seem toand Organizations mentioned in this colbumn are available Fom AOS Headquarof Dendrobium eximiul11 . Please offer culany consensus at all over the treatme ntters. 6000 South Olive Avenue, West Palm tural advice for these orchids. - JudithBeach, Florida 33405: telephone 56 / Fielder Leggett. 1432 Northgate Square,585-8666; fax 56/ -585-0654; e-mail #2A, Reston, Virginia 20/90 (e-mailTheAOS@compuserve.com. )lunarag@earthlink.net).AANYTIME you deal with a g roup ofplants as diverse in their habit andhabitat as the genus Dendrobiul11, you arebound to get a variety of answers. Thesimple answer really is that oreh ids "growhow they grow" for any particular grower,and that any orchidist's advice is based onh is or her experi ence. In general, it is myexperie nce with the dendrobiums thatseem to have a seasonal growth period thatth ey are more sensitive than other orchidsto watering and nitrogen during that periodwhen they are not actively growing. Whenthe plants are not growing, reduce water andnitrogen to rest the plant and e ncourageIl owering. You would generally have theseconditions during the winter months, wheng rowth slows with naturally cooler days andnights. This would be more critical the longerthe period of nongrovvth or dormancy lasts.Di stillation of advice from Margaret andCharles Baker's 1996 book, Orchid SpeciesC/llture: Dendrobiul11 would be to grow Den.lelragonlll11 and Den. vic/oria-reginae coolish(50 to 60 F nights, 70s during the day)w ith moderate light and steady watering,except slightly less from November to May.I Jl'lIdmhilll1l c:ximillm grows in intermediatecol1ditions (Sf< to 65 F nights, 70 to 80 F,Iay-; ) w ith ~ I (.;a dy wakring all year and light.'prlPpt ink lill' c a il lcya~ . iVl,1! Nelsh . ..to,""/>" ," fit,. .,' ( " 1/\," \ ',{I/IIII ,PHOTO L'\JDEXAOS Headquarters 8ite • 52 Borneo traveling by longboat· 19 Ca lanthe vest ita ' Ruby Ann', JC/AOS • 45 Cattleya Ca litlora 'Joe Hend erson' , CCM/AO S • 34 Cymbidium Leodogran 'Cradlemont' , AM/AOS • 1,29 Rocky Creek ' Gotcha', AM/AOS • Front CoverDuling, Darrin • 51 Elleanthus hymenophorLl s (draw ing) • 48 Hawkinsara Keepsake AQ/AOS • 20-21 ' Prolific', AM/AOS • 21 Iwanagara Appleblossom 'Yvonne' , AM /AOS • 23 Lae liocaltleya Pandora Bracey 'Orchidglade' • 37 Macodes sanderiana • 17 MiltonidiuiD Maxine ' NeWlon', HCC!AOS • 25 PaphiopedilulTI Lemon Meringue 'Lucille & Ollley's' , AMJAOS • 22 lowii • 19 rotbschildianull1 • 17 sanderianurll • 13 slonei • 15 habitat of • 16 Phragmiped ium besseae 'Aldarra', i\Mf AOS • 31 Pyramid greenhouse • 40 Salyrium bieorne • 8 bracteatum • 5 ca.rneum • 6 Cape Surpreme ' Snowtlake', HCC/SAOC • 1 , 9 eoriifolium • 8 ye ll ow form • 5 Johanna Augustyn ' Cape Delight', AM/SAOC • 3 grouping of 10 plants • 2 color \lariations shown in offspri ng • 7 pl ant showing root structure • 6 Phobos • 8 princeps • 11 pumilum • 4 Setting seed on an orchid • 26-27 Snphrolacl ia Beaul i I'll I Sun~c\ 'Max' , i\ M / A()S • 107 . ''''

CALENDAR OF EVEJ\ITSJanuary 3-6 - Orange County Branch Cymbidium6-10 - Asociaci6n de Orquideologia del TachiraSociety Show and Sale. South Coast Pl aza,Show, Pabellon Colombia, Avenida Espana,3333 Bear St., Costa Mesa, CA. Contact: TonyCompleio ferial. San Cristobal, Tachira, VenczuGlin$kas, 21052 Coeobana Ln. , Huntingtonela. Contact: Cesar Fernandez, Avenida Espana,Beach, CA 92646; (7 14) 962-8 165.Urb. Campo Alegre, Qta.e l Trapic hito, San4-6 - Orchid Growers Guild Orchid QuestCristobal, Venezuela; cafb @teleel.net.yc.2000, Dane County Expo Center, 19 19 Ex po8-9 - * Pan American Orchid Society Show,Dr. , Madison, WI. Contact: John M. Diehl , 49Venetian Pool , 270 1 DeSoto Blvd. , Co ralSicepy Lagoon Dr., Madison, WI 53716; (60S)Gables, FL. Contact: Dale LaPlant. 4130 Lybyer223 -9525.Ave., Miami. FL 33 133 ; (305 ) n66-30SR.4-6 - Ponce Orchid Society Show, Cancha8-9 - Peninsula Orchid Society Show, ComdePonce, Ponce, PR o Cootact: Ne ft a liBajo Techo Sal vador Dijols, Ave. Hostos, Playamunity Activities Building, 1400 RooseveltAve., Redwood City, CA. Contact: Rene Biggs,Rodri guez, Valle Alto 12s1 G il, Po nce, PR105 1 Ri verton Dr. , San Carlos, CA 94070; (650)00731; (787) 84X-1963; abu I@tld.nct.593-4793.4-6 - Santa Cruz Orchid Society Show andIS -*Virginia Orchid Society Founder's Sale, Soquel High School, Multipurpose Room,Year S)'mposium, Sargeant Reynolds C om401 Old San Jose Rd. , Soquel, CA. Contact:munity College, Ri chmond, VA. Contact: DianeBruce Fihe, 441 Ranchitos del Sol, Aptos, CAR. Howerton, 9131 Broadston e Rd., Richmond,95003; (831) 662-9565; ladyoreh@aol.eolll.VA 23236: (804) 745-9041 ; dwrh@aol. eom.4-6 - Venice Area Orchid Society Show, Venice20-23 - Fort Lauderdale Orchid SocietyCommunity Center. 326 S. Nokomis Ave., Vcniee,Show, War Memorial Auditorium, 800 NE 8thf'L. Contact: l3ill Timlll, 2030 Leryl Ave., NorthAve .. Ft. Lauderdale, F L. Contact : Ro be rtPort, FL 34286; (94 1) 426-1133.He nl ey, 4508 NE 21 st Lane, Ft. Lauderdale,5-6 - *Missouri Orchid Society Mini ShowFL 33308; (954) 772-4R3 6.and Sale, Missouri Botanical Garden, 434421-23 - Gulf Coast Orchid Society Show,Shaw Ave., St. Louis, MO. Contact: RaySinging Ri ver Mall, Gautner, MS. Contact: JohnRapplean, 26 Dawn Rd .. Foristell , MO 63348;A. Bosico, 172 Minden Rd. , Biloxi, MS 39530;(636) 463-25 10.(228) 374-1247.9-13 - Asociacion Guatcmalteca de Orquide28-30 - Orchid Society of Minnesota Show,ologia Show, ANACAFE Building, Avenida LasComo Park Conserva tory, 1325 Aida Place, St.A mericas, Zone 14, G uatema la, G uate ma la.Paul, MN . Contact: Eric Zdilla, 4065 Hwy. 101Contac t: Bernd Kupferschmied, Section 2385,N. ; Plymouth, MN 55446; (6 12) 478-2495.PO i:3 ox 02-5339, Miami , FL 33102-533'1;29-30 - Cape and IslandS Orchid Societymartin@guate.nct.Show, SeaCrest Resort, 350 Quaker Rd., North10-13 - Southeastern Pennsylvania OrchidFalmouth, MA. Contact: Tom Gregg, 26 Pond Society Show, The Court, King of Prussia,Rd. , foal mo uth, MA 02540; (508) 540-2054.PA. Contact: Dolores Cuddeback, PO Box 261 ,29-30 - M anatee River Orchid SocietyGeigertown, PA 19523; (610) 582-9291.Show, Mana tee Co nve ntion Cent e r, One11-13 - Coral Gables Orchid Society Show,Fai rchild Tropical Garden. 10901 Old Cutler Rd ~Habcn Bl vd., Pa lme tto, FL. Contact: LouDow ns, 2207 55th Ave. We st, Bradenton, FLCoral Gables. Contact: Herb Taylor, 8400 SW34207; (9 41) 756-854 7.174 St., Miami, FL 33157; (305) 235-8319.29-30 - * Mary's Peak Orchid Society Show 11-13 - Greater Orlando Orchid Societ)'and Sale, Heritage Mall, 14th St. SE and Geary,ShOW, Belz Factory Outlet World - Ma ll II I ,540 I West Oakridge Rd ., Orlando, FL. COIlAlbany, OR. Contact: Hele ne Gend e l, (54 1)431.-3886; bgendcl @ao1.com.tact: John Meyer, 1164 Galahad Dr., Casselberry,30 - *Ocho Rios Orchid Society Show. GrandFL 32707; (407) 695-2122.Lido Sans Souci Hote l, Ocho Rios, Jama ica.11-13 - M artin County Orchid SocietyContact: Pam C hong, (876) 9 17-1753; jean Show, T reasure Coast Squarc Mall, 3174 NWlu e@cwjamaiea.eolll .Federal Hwy., Jensen Beach, FL. Contact: Dickand Marthclla Poss, 509 NE Lima Vias, JensenFebruaryi:3eaeh , f'L 34957; (56 1) 334-2142.11-14 - *Little Egypt Orchid Society Spring3-6 - Asociacion Sal\ladorena de Orquidcologia Show, University Mall , Carbonda le. IL. ConShow, C lub Arabe Salvadoreno, 99 Avenida tact : George Snider, PO Box 435, Desoto, I LNorte y Calle EI Mirador, Colonia Escalo n, 62901; (618) 867-2227.San Salvador. EI Salvador. Contact: Marina de 12-13 - Southern Onlario Orrhicl SI"'iC'l ySol, Apartado Postal (0 I) 27(1, San Salvador, FI Shuw, Toronto civic (illl'](' 11 (, 1111 1' 117Sal va dtlr.I a W r L' lh'c A\ I,."IIIII..' . 10101110, ()III.IIIII f ,'111.\1 tC ALENDAR OF EVENTSPeter Poot, Box # 241 , Goodwood, Ont., Canada C harl otte, NC. Contact: Harry G'lllis, 19401LOC lAO; (905) 640-5643Mary Ardrey Cir. . Cornelius, NC 28031: (704)12-21 - Orchid Society of Alberta Show, S95 -0099; hsgall is@worldnet.att.net.Muttart Co nservatory, 9626 - 96 :\ S t. ,26-March 5 - *.Iapan Grand Prix InternationalE.dl1lonton, Alberta. Contac t: Rod Merz, 527 Orchid Festival. Tokyo Dome. 1- 3Pardee Bay, edmonton, AS, Canada T5T 5Y9: Ko hraku Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Contact:(780) 4R3-0 I 37Yokiko Advertising, 81-3-3563-7'tl79; orehid@15-21 - Mount Baker and Northwest Orchid yomiko.eo.jp.Societies Show, \Vashing to n State Conventi o n Ctr., 800 Convention Place, Seattle, WA . March Contact: Jeff Morgan, 10051 48th Ave. NE, 3-5 - Acadian Orehjd Soeiety/SWROGA Seattle, WA 98125; (206) 525-1438, Show, Best Western Hotel Acadi~ na , I SO I W. 19-20 - Miami Valley Orchid Soeiet)· Show, Pinhook Rd .. Lafayette, LA. Contact: HarveyCox Arboretum MetroPark. 6733 Springboro J. Firestone, 105 Delphine St., Lafayette, LAPike, Da yton, 011. Cont ac t: Katherine Kovaes 70506-5343; (318) 98 1-1978.Bailey, 1800 Grand Portage Tr. , Xe nia, 011 3-5 - 55th International South Florida Or45385-9593; (937) 426-0056. chid Society Show, Coconut Grove Ex hibi19-20 - Orchid Society of Middle Tennessee tion Ctr.. 2700 S. Bayshorc Dr.. ivliami , FL. Show, Cheekwood Botanical Gardens, Forrest Contact: Robcrt Fuc hs, 28100 SW 182 Ave., Park Dr. , Nas hville , TN. Contac t: Alan F. Ho mcstead. FL 330}0; (305) 245-4570. Bachrach, MD, PO Box 5070 I, Nashvill e, TN 3-5 - London Orchid Society Show. Contact: 37205 ; (6 15) 356-6567: baehrach@ mind Bob Betts, 4 Lindbrook Ct., London, Ontarios pring.com. N5X 2L3; (5 19) 660-3567.23-27 - Atlanta Orchid Society and South 3-5 - Victoria Orchid Society Show. DaVi nc ieastern Flower ShOW , Atlanta Exposition Centre, 195 Bay SL Victoria. British Columbia.Center, 3650 Jonesboro Rd., Atlanta. GA. Con Contact: Jeannette Franson, 213 , 2575 Alexandertact: Sara Jean Burke, 30 Wakefield Dr. N [ , St., Duncan, BC, Canada; (250) 715-0899.Atlanta. GA; (404) 355-62RS.4-5 _ . Northeastern Wisconsin Orchid Society23-27 - ' Portland Home and Garden Show, Spring Show, Un ivc rsit y o r Wisconsin - ExtenPortland Expo Ctr.. 2060 N. Mari ne Dri ve, sion Bld g .. I 150 Bellevue, Green Bay, WI. ConPortla nd, OR. Con tact: Jim Beriault, (503) tact: Milton Wittmann, W2H7 1 Maplewood Ct.,220-0901 ; jimobpr(qiao l.eom. www.Oloughlin A ppl eto n, WI 54915; (920) 788-741 3.TradeShowS.com. 4-5 - Orchid Society or East Tennessee24-27 - Oeep Cut Orchid Society Show. Show, The tvlall of Johm;on C ity, 20 11 N. RoanMonmouth Mall, Rts. 35 and 36. Eatontown. SI,. Johnso n C it y, TN. Co ntac t: Ma rga retNJ. Contact: [) e nn i ~ Dayan, 3 Queen Ann Dr. , DeLage. PO Box 3475, Morristown, T N 37H1 5;Deal, NJ 07723; (732) 53 1-5058. (4 23) 581-9222 .l4-27 - San Francisco Orchid Society 48th 4-12 - The 2000 Philadelphia Flower Show,Pacific Orchid Exposition, Fcsti va l Pa vil Pennsy lv ania Conven tion Cent er. 1101 Archion , Fort Mason Center, San Francisco. CA. St.. Philadelphia, PA. Contact: 1. William MillsCo ntact: Caro l Zoltowski , 567 Penn sylvania el o PA I-Iort, 100 N. 20th St.-5th FI. , PhiladelSt. , San Francisco, CA 94 107, (209) 545-08 14; phia. PA 19103; (2 15) 9S8-8800.ww w.orchidsanfraneisco.colll. 9-12 - Asociacion Costarricense de Orquidel6-27- Greater Lansing Orchid Society olo~ia 29th International Orchid Show,Show, Michigan Stutc Univers it y, Pl ant and Republic Tobacco Co., Zapate, San Jose, CostaSoil Science Bldg., Bogue St., East Lansing, MI. Ri ca. Cantact~ Ileana de Teran, PO Box 1527ConLa ct: Ca rol yn Lewis, 3632 Burkley Rd., 1000. San Jose, Costa Ri ca, (506) 225-4141 ;Williamston, 1\11 48895: (5 17) 65 5-3ROI .lalagun a@sol.racsa .eo.cr.26-27 - Greater Omaha Orchid Society An 10-12 - Key West Orchid Society Show, Westnual Show and Sale, Rege ncy Court, 120 Martello Tower, Atlantic Bl vd., Key West, FL.Regency f'kw y., O maha, NE , Contact Jim Contact: Florence B. Bousquet, 4 Shore Dr., BayPyr/.), nsk i. 2107 Albcrta Ave ., Bellevue, NE Point, Key West. FL 33040: (305) 745-1469.llX()O:i ; (402) 73 4-4 112. 10-12 - Malihini Orchid Society Show and2h-211 -- SL Croix Orchid Society Show, Sale, Town and Country Villagc, 2980 Stevens1\lIlcmC;1Il Legio n Hall , Gallows Bay, St. Croix, Creck Blvd., San Jose. CA. Contact: BudVI. ( 'onta l:!: Dehhie Ulis. PO Box :l059, Sunny Seagrave s, 11 5 Luray Dr., Los Gatos, CA1, 1,' . VI OOi\V: (340) nX-1910. 95032: (408) 356-R435.lh· J\1 a 1'1'11 ~ '\111'1 h

_CALENDAR OF EVENTS,57th St. , Cape Coral, FL 33914-S015; (lJ41)15-18 - Asociacion Venezolana de Orquide549-1705.ologia Show. Centro Sambi I. Av. Libertador,10-12 - Tr-iad Orchid Society Show, NaturalCaracas, Venezuela. Contact: Rafael Cordova, Av.Science Ctr., 430 I Lawndale Dr.. Greensboro,Ven ewela, Edif. Tony, PB Apt. I, l3ello Montc,NC. Contact: Liuda Schwoeppe, 170 Deer PathLn .. Summerfield, NC; (336) 342-2754.Caracas 1080, Venezuela; avo@) flashl11ail. com.11-12 - Dese.rt Valley O"chid Society Show,15-18 - Ramapo Orchid Society Sholl', GarBake rs Nursery, 3414 N. 40th SI., Phoen ix. den State Plaza Shopping Ma ll , Rl. 4 andAZ. Contact: Joe Freasier, 4417 E. Calle Feliz, Rt. 17, Paralnus, NJ Contact: Morty Kostesky,PllOenix. AZ 85018; (602) 840-4046. 2185 Lemoine Ave. #2C. Fort Lce, NJ 07024. 11-12 - Greater Cleveland and West Shore 15-19 - Puel'to Rico Orchid Society Show.Orchid Societies Spring Show. SQ uthpark Contact: Ramon Melendez , .PO Box 4309.Mall. Contact: Karen V 'Krenzcl, 8 15 Frost Bayamon, PR 00958-4309.Rd ., ApI. 180 I, Streetsboro. OH 44241. 16-19 - *Daytona Beach Garden Show.Ocean Ctr.. AlA , Dayto na Beach, FL. Contact:Rita Carrey, (904) 6 77-1 836.AOS Spring17-18 - Garden Island Orchid Society Show.Trustees MeetingHanapepe U.c.c. C hurch Ha ll , Hanapepe, HI.THE Belleview Biltmore Resort and Spa inContact: Irene Nozaki. Box lJ4. Hanapepe, HI96716; (80S) 335-3684. C learwate r. Florida, will be the site of the 17-19 - Fh'e Cities Orchid Society Show. Contact:AOS Spring 2000 Trustees M eeting April Paul Jcnzen. 365 Rio Vista Rd .. Nipoma, CA93444; (80S) 929-1655.26 through 30.17-19 - Greater Pensacola Orchid SOCiety Sholl',Bille d as " Florida Spring Fling," thePensacola Interstate Fairgrounds, Mobile Hw y. andmeetings will be hosted by the FloridaPine Forest Rd .. Pensacola. FL. Contact: SusanWest Coast Orchid Society, Tampa Orchid Council, 204 N. Sunset Blvd.. Gulf Breeze, FL32561; (850) 934-8450.C lub and the Tampa Bay Orchid Society.17-19 - Kentucky Orchid Society Show, BashfordParticipants can look forward to a dazzlingManor Mall, 3600 Bardstown Rd ., Lousiville. KY.show in the Tiffany Ballroom, a fabulous Contact: Peggy Revcll, 700 Hickory Ln ., Anchorvenuefor the event with its grand historical age, KY 40223; (502) 245-8389.decor creating a sense of Victorian style 17-19 - Manitoha Orchid Society Show,Assiniboine Park Conservatory, 2355 Corydonand elegance. A sterling lecture series willAve .. \Vinnipcg, Manitoba. Conta ct: Gerry King,feature Erie Christenson, PhD, RobertBox 7, GR 335, RR #3, Winnipeg, MB. CanadaGriesbach, PhD, Norito Hasegawa, Wesley R3C 2E7; (204) 654-0459. Higgins. Harold Koopowitz . PhD, Marti.n 17-1 .9 - Port St. Lucie Orchid Society 7th AnnualMotes, Paul Phillips, Marv Ragan andShow. Port St. Lucie CommLlility Ctr., 2195 SE AirosoBlvd.. Port SI. Lucie. FL. Contact: Charles H Hull ,Norris Williams, PhD.5464 NW Commodore Terr. , Port St. Lucie, FLOf special interest will be tours to the 349S3; (561) 340-2226. Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, home of 17-19 - San .Joaquin Orchid SOCiety Show,the Orehid Identification C ente r, andSherwood Mall, Pacific Ave., Stockton, CA. Congreenhouses of amateur growers in theta ct: Binggay Faustino, 4865 Bridgewater Cir.,Stockton, CA 95219; (209) 956-3975.Tampa Bay area, where guests will see 18 - IIi0wa Orchid Society Spring Show. Duckoutstanding collections of Cattleya.Creek Plaza Mall, 852 Middle Rd .. Bettendorf, IA.Bulhophy/lum, Puplliopedilum. Pha/ael10psisContact: James E. Hall. 620 W. Davenport SI.,and Vanda. (Space is limited so signEldridge. IA 52748; (3 19) 285-4173.18-19 - .Jacksonville Orchid Society Show, Gardenup early to visit these growers who takeClub of Jacksonvil le, I DOS Riverside Aw., Jacksonhomemany AOS awards.) ville, FL. Contact: Michael G. Heinz, Rt. I, Box 3930.InformatiolJ: Florida Spring Fling Glen SI. Mary, FL 32040.Committee, 4713 Foxshirc Circle. Ta mpa. 18-19- Kingston Orchid Socic~ Show. Conlad:Ann Mansey. 447 Roosevelt Dr .. Kin gsloll . ()1I1Florida 33624 (e-mail orehidaholic(a}worldCanada K7M 4112: (/111) i~I J l iM I .Ilct.atl. nct).iIlHIJ 1'CCYU/ IJ,. ill}'\il011 .1Il'1 .1.- 58! t.l1iA.llil!:,- ll ll ~ I\I "I_\ " I t\, J ,II 1111 ••\ . j, J ••CALENDAR OF EVENTS23-26 - Genesee Region Orchid Society Fairgrounds, DeLand, FL. Contact: SharonShow. Eisenhart AuditoriuIll , Rochester Mu Anderson. 611 N. lIigh Sf.. Lake Hele n. FLseum and Science Center, 657 East Ave. , Roch 32744; (904) 228-32X6.ester, NY. Contact: Ormond Greene. 3034 S. 29-April 2 - Colombian Orchid SocietyUnion S I. , Rochester, NY 14624-1927; (716) XXIV International Orchid Show, Joaquin594-5872. Antonio Uribe Botanical Garden. Medellin24-25 - *Englewood Area Orchid Society Colombia. Contact: Carlos Arango. Cra.52 #73Show and Plant Sale, Le Ill o n Bay Park, 570 182, AA 4725. Medellin, Colombia; (574) 2 12Bay Park Bl vd., Englewood, FL. Contact: Diana 8384.Harris. 1760 Parker Rd., Englewood. FL 34223; 30-April 2 - Santa Barbara International(941) 474-5837. Orchid Show . Co ntact: Margaret Cavaletto,24-26 - Deep Sonth Orchid Society Show, 1096 N. Patterson Ave., Santa Barbara, CAOgletho rpe Mall, Abercorn SI., Savannah, GA. 93111.Contact : Sandra Leopold, 1617 Fox Hall Rd .. 30-April 2 - Sociedad Venezolana deSavannah , GA 3 1406; (912) 355-2551.Ciencias Naturales Orchid Show, Plaza24-26 - Aeart 0' Tens Orchid Society Sh.ow, Aerea, Petroleos de Venezuela, Ave. Libcrtador,Zilker Botanical Gardens, 2220 Barton Springs Caracas, Venezuela. Contact: Ursula Ploch, Urb.Rd. , Aus tin , TX. Contact: Bill Ater, 3803 Parque Scbucan 22, Caracas 1071 , Venezuela;Greystone Dr. , Aus tin . TX 78731-1505 ; 582/2835791 ; uploch@) hotmaiLeom .(512) 345-3225. 30-Ap.-i1 2 - Southern Tier Orchid Societ)' Show,24-26 - Naples Orchid Society Show. Con Oakdale Mall, Re nalds and Harry L. Dr.,tact: Naples Orchid Society. PO Bol(. 7998. Johnson C ity, NY. Contact: Lee J. Stradley, 1923Napl es, FL 3410 I. ole PI., Vestal, NY 13850; (607) 754-6236.24-26 - San Diego Count)· Orchid Society 31-April 2 - .Jamaica Orchid Society Show,54th Annual Spring Show and Sale, Scot Assembly HaJ I, Mona Campus, Uni ve rsity oftish Rite Ctr. , 1895 Camino Del Rio South, San th e We st Indies, Kingston. Contact: Claude WDi ego, CA. Contact: Cindy Hill. 728 Solana Hamilton. 31 Kings Hous~ Ave., Kingston 6,Cir. E., Solana Beach, CA 92075; (858) 4XI- J a m a ica; (876) 927-6713; hamlyn @) info5782; cynthiahill@m sn.com. chan.com.25-26 - Central California Orchid Society 31.-April 2 - Orchid Society of JeffersonSpring Show, Fashion Fair Mall , N. First at Show. Oakwood Ctr., 15733 West BankShaw Ave., Fresno, CA. Contact: Don Leming. Expwy., Gretna, LA. Contact: Ann Levy, 77133052 N. Van Ness, Fresno. CA 93704. Wilso n St., Harahan, LA 70123-3830; (504)25-26 - Central Kentucky Orc.hid Society 737-5IRO.Show, Turnand Mall, 2033 Harrodsburg Rd., 31-April 2 - Santa Barbara InternationalLexingto n, KY. Cont act: C hristine C howning, Orchid Show. Ea rl Warren Showgrounds. Ex2041 Williamsburg Rd ., Lex ington. KY 40504; hibit Bldg., Santa Barbara, CA. Contact: Frank(606) 278-5256. Cobb. 2442 La Costa Dr., Santa Ma ri a, CA25-26 - Heart of Dixie Orchid Society ShOW, 93455; (805) 937-7559.Ramada Inn , 8716 Madison 8Ivd., Madison, 31-April 2 - Windwa.rd Orchid SocietyAL. Contact: Bob Fallon. 418 Rainbow Dr. , Show, S.W. King Intermediate School Gym,M adi son, AL 35758; (256) 837-59lJ6.46-155 Kamehameha Hwy. , Kaneohe, HI. Con25- 26 - Orchid Society of the Royal Botani tact: Richard Ekimoto, 1428 Kupau St., Kailua,cal Gardens Show, Royal Botanical Gardens, HI 96734; (808) 263-6067.680 Plains Rd. , Burlington, Ontario. Contact: JoeDicioml1lo, 414 Upper Ottawa St. , Hamilton,Onl.. Canada L8T 31'1; (905) 38lJ-9339.25-26 - Orchid SOCiety of Western Penns)'I Dates to Rememberv:lIIia Show. Pitt ~ burgh C ivic Garden Ctr., 1059 Notification of events must be received atShady Ave .. Pittsburg h, PA . Contact: Wendyleast four months in advance. All announceBryson. lJ3 Ro binhood Dr. , C ranberry Tpk.,1'/\ 1(,1)66; (724) 776-5204.ments of shows and other orchid events and2 ~- 2(, - Rogue Valley Orchid Society Show. requests for show judging kits should bet o nta~t : George E. Brown, PO Box 3294,addressed to Awards Registrar, 6000 SouthI\pp kg l l l ~. OR lJ7530.l~· U, Sail {;ahriel Valley Orchid Hobby Olive Avenue, West Palm Beach, Florida\, 1\ Sprillg Show. Contact· Mark liert~n, 33405-4199. Events preceded by an aster10 \~ N,'"I:I 1'1 .. I'agk I(ol'k, (';\

Gregori a '~1odcsta Ar~llasTom and Margie Barbaree'Howard J. Bronstein and Bill Walsh'Caroline Browning'Central Kentucky Orchid Society'Joel and Desda Clark 'Virginia W. C lie~Helen Congleton'William Cook'David CoquillardCoral Springs Orchid Society'RobcI1 and Jane De Pad ro l. 2Anne C. DillonBill und Po ll y [ilau' Charles Eviston' Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Feigenbaum Ed uardo A. Fi nkelstein Galveston Orchid Society' Marvin and Renee Gerber' Ed and Jean Gilliland' Great Divide Orchid Society' Greater Las Vegas Orchid Society" Loi s and Bob Greer' Tierney Grinavic' Denisc Hay Dusha I It yes Heart 0 ' l~.\a s Orchid Society'Masaaki Hiraiwa Carol and .I ohn Ho ldren' Ho uston Orchid Society, Inc. ' MelTitt and Helen IIUlltington' Richard G . .Icflery Maurice D. Kaye Key West Orchid Society'Masakazu KobayashiBing Fun LceM r. and M rs. S in g Lcong'Dr. Michael LeVin"Sharon A. LewlsLe tty T MageeArlene a nd Bill Maguire'Manhattan Orchid Society'"Michigan On:hid Soc iety"Mid-Hudson Orchid Society"New Orleans Orchid Society ""Orchid Growe rs Guild, Inc. ' Orchid Society ofGreater SI. Louis" Orchid Society orMiddle Tennessee'Orchid Society ofSouthem Califomia"Paci tic Central Judgi ng Center l "Charles M. Plaxico'S us ie and TP Plimpton""Rabc'1 R. Reiner"Will and Ivlegan RhadchamelMrs. M. R. RunyanFelix SaezAkinobu SasancAlfred and Irene Schwarz'Tom Sheehan'Benjamin F. Singer'£:n~.CONTRll3UTlONSRobert T S mith Southcastem Printing' Rita Straub The Greater Omaha Orchid Society, Inc.' " HectorTorres Triad Orchid Society''' Triangle Orchid Socie ty ' Paul and A nn Tuskcs Umpqua Orchid Society" US Wcs t Foundation" Valley Hills Garden C lub' William Walsh ' Mrs.. William D. Warters Ken and Regina Wilson" Richard Zeman' Dr. and i'vlrs. Robert Zeppa'I . Far AOS Headquarters Developmcnt.2. In memory of Marion Sheehan, for the AOSHeadquarters Development Fund and Libraryarchiving.3. In memory of James Riope lle, for library endeavors.4. In li eu ofspeaker's fce for Nina Rach, for libraryendeavors.5. In memory of Don Herman, for AOS HeadquartersDevelopment.6. In lieu ofa speaker's fcc for Marion Allen, for AOSIleadquartcrs Development.7. For orchid conservation endeavors.S. In memo ry o f Richard Geranian, for educat'ionendeavors.9. In memory of Pat Worthington, lor AOS Headquarters Dcvelopmcnl. 10. For AOS Headquarters Development, to be appliedtoward a theatcr scat.II . In memory of Georgene Karpieje, for AOS Headquarters Devc!opmen t. 12. To bc applicu toward the Robert B. Dugger AwardOn Odontogloss·ums. in honor of Robert B.Dugger, on bdlalf of Rogcr and Terry Williams.13 . In lie u ofa speake r's t~ e ror James Jeansonne, for AOS Headquarters Development. 14. In lie u ora speakcr's fcc for Dr William Fritz, for AOS Headquarters Development. 15. In memory of Don Herman, Pattic Mearns, Lambert Day and Pat Worthington, lor AOS Headquarters Development. 16. In mcmory of Don lierman, for education and research endeavors. 17. In memory of DO ll Herman, for library endeavors.18. In honor of Milton Carpcnter, fo r AOS HeadquartersDevelopment.19. In me m ory or Edwani F. Godek.20. To be applied toward the [3enjamin KodamaDendrobium Alliancc Award.21. In memory o f Opal Cone. for education endCHvors.22. For AOS Ilcadquarters Devc!opment. matchinggrantsdonation.21. For t\()S 11c ; "lqllarl ~ r' Ikvcl"llIlll:IiI . til h, ' .11'1'1"."InW;lnl a v.ardcll " ~ II C IIAJmno .IudginJ,'! Cl·nlc.., Li(Jn' ~ Fic h.l Adult tellier, 2N(J9 lim:.ldway.San A ntonio. TX. (S(,lIdp/allH Of ('It/powC'r.\ 10: J\/(I/I/IJ Orchids, 223Norlhr'-d.:;" , SIIII AII/Ollio, lX 78209.)Allanh, Judging t:c.~nlcr. 1\11~U1(a BUl i.lni('al Garden. 134) PiedmontA\I.: . NC. AIJanlJ, GA. (Sclld pial/I.\' or ('/If j7r1'.l"l'r.\ t(): On'lIid llt//gill,:!,.do f VIII OdiT. 1334 Uld Jo /tII.WJII Ferry Rd. . AII(/"ro, (;!\ }03 !9,)t:,a ..olioas .Iudgin~ Cenlt'r, Nnrt h Carolina Slale lJni\ · e r~ il y. Dept. orIioniculturu[ SL·icnn.·. Kilg(m:: Hall. Raleigh, Nt. (S('IIc/I)lalll) or ntlPOI\"('r." 10: Dm'ill I)"l'illl', ()16Ilmok\ /\I'C., Rah-i.t: h, Ne 27607.)l'hk:'lgu .Jtldgio~ C...ntcl·, Chil.:[lgo nOlani l.: Ganlcn. Classmo lll #~. I 100l.akt Cuok Rd., Glenl.:oc. lL. (Selld t)IWII!i ormljl()lI'ers /fJ: ()n·hid... II)"!(au.w:nI/fJ/lII. 2 /V. 134 Addi.I"r/l1 Rd.. VilflJ Pork. 11,60 181.)Cindnnati .lU(I~ing Ccnh.'I·, Civi.; (iarJen Ccnte r or Circ:.ILc r Cindnnali.27 15 Headil;g Rd. , C incinnati. O H. (.)'CI/el plalll' fll" ("Itt f/mt't' l".\10: LllrrrS{ItIli)rd, Y85 21,fJrf'/I'i O r. , ('il1('/I11/(/I;. U N4523 1.)Dallas Ju(l~ing Ct'flll!r. Hm . 11·1 20, lIondn Bldg.., I~ichland JuniorCol lc ge. 12S00 Ahr;Jms Rd .. O.:III;;.s, TX . (,,"cud ,,1(llIIs or CIII flown.\"10: Jerry /Jrfll1{/l'Jllm,.,1.!" 11tJ45 Sw(!fj"(II", IJrt!l(l.l'. 'LY 752.2X, jFlurida-{:adbhc.>an JudgingC... nll~r . FairchildTropiGl1 GJrdcn, 1()90 IOil.! CU Ller RLI .. Miallll, Fl.. (Sl'I1d plfllll.\ O/" ("11/ j1,)',',"'f!T.\· 10: OrchidWorld 1111(" 1"11(/1;(.111(1 /. 11/1'., f()al'l5 SW 95(1r SI , ;iliumi, FI, 331 76 JFludda N(U'lb t:l!nt"'IJ Judgjn~ Ct!nll'r. Tampa ( ,arden Cenler,Con ....cr\';J l()ry Rm.,1629 Baysllorc BI\'"d..'I'ampa, Fl .. (S('l/(ll'lollr.\·f)r(·1 11Jhm'('J's (0: "OS, c/o TlJlllp(/ (;or(h'lI G 'I/!!'I", 2629 !J(I.\,.\l!orl' 1III'c/.•'f imipo, U . 33fi2Y.)(;n'ul Llkt's.JudginJ: Ccnle.., Ulltani l.: .:I1 Gard('n-:, Un ivcrsilYMMic hl ~g~trl. 1:300 Dixh() n.J Rd .. ;\no l\rhm.1\'11. (.\'('"1/(/ p lJ1I1I.\·or c /IIF(lII

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Inc. • 65 Le netlc Greenhouses • 64 Lonne's Nursery · 68 Mac Kenzie Orchids· 82 Makai Farms • 65 Martin Nursery Labels· 64 Maxwell Orchids · 64 Mcquerry Orchid Books ·78M iami International Orc hidShow, 55th • 87 Miami Orc hids • 78 Mislow Orchids . 65 Mount Prospect Orchids ·85 Narunja Nursery · 67 Nature ' s Way. 103 Oakwood Orc hid s · 86 O ' Connell 's Orchid, and Bonsai - 66 OFE International, Inc . • 70 Orange County International Orchid Show • 69 Orchid Acres, Inc . • 68 Orchid Art • 65 The O rchid Conn ection • 104 The Orchid House · 88 The OrchidWorks • 81 Orquidario Catarinense Ltda . • 84 Orchidari u m • 104 Orchids Auslralia • 100 Orchids by Eli ' s · 67 Orchids by Hausermann,Inc.• 76 O rchids Limited· 71 Owem Orchids • 106 Parks ide Orchid Nursery• 74 PhyloTechnology LaboratoriesLLC • 93 Piping Rock Orchids • 97 R-D-20 • 100 R.I'. Or ~hids , Inc . • Back Cover Riesel Orqufdcas & BrolTH! li as • 66 Santa Barbara Greenho uses ·74 The 55th An nual Santa Barbar,', International Orchid Show · 75 Santa Barbara Orchid Estate• 106 SLO Gardens Orchids • 64 Si lva O rchids . 105 Smi th son ian In stitutio n • 105 Soroa Orchids • 81 Source Tec hnology Bio logicaJs, Inc . • 77 The Southeastern Pennsylvania Orchid Society Orchjd Show & Sale • 97 Southern Burner Co. • 82 S pectraPure'" • 1 08 Sturdi-Built Greenhouse Mfg. Co. • 85 Sunset Orchids • 77 Sunswept Laboratories ·82T. Orchids · 107 Tans u Unique Hortic ulture ·65 Tecson Orchjds Center. 67 Texas Greenhouse Company• 94 Tropic J Orchids, In c. ·63 Tropical Orc hid Farm ·85 Tropical Pl a nt Products. Inc. ·76 Trop ifiora· 68 Udom Orch id s . 67 Under Glass Mfg. Corp . • 98 Wildc att Orchids · 105 Woodland Orc hids . 66 WUnde r Works . 63 Yellow Springs O rc hids . 64 Zengyo Orc hids. 68 The American Orchid Society. in congruence with its stated conservation aims and with the full appmWlI of file AOS lfl,l.t ,/llf'J.:;\ 1 1I ~ }ll ttllJadvertiserncnts for wild-col/ected orchids and orchid-col/octlnG toum 111 tilo IJIl~ nf OI'C!h id ~ By &.ll1(m""~:J l'RM."h·,. ",.. 'il") It " IJU-j,II' " f}! • II " ',\I,lnclOl$olJJ' ('1I1ffI. J Yd'O:Sf'/t"1fl (I lot IJ/;;u lt{l ;lflvfJltl:i4ldnro t'lff'''''·,.",lw,oJly 1.1I(..,ltllPrr-d {'tnn'.t~I{~ I r"Itlo"f.f,m ,J ~ .lIt~ tlt~I.'.I"NU ,If Wt-Iff .'" '.ll,N'lllI'"", U·!1Ul,.1\ \-" ·: I' ~ i1JJJ.:.:. ''' lill 1t ~ .J1J!,;~IlW.UJll4clI"'JfA,., I I...AtIDUlW.!~~Wl:JUI '. 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Philippines 1100 PO Box n44 ADC ph (632) !12 1-491 0 I fax (632) 922-3295 E .IIlIUi" kuorchid @n hworlrlne t.nhFoliage Formula & Flowering Formulafon~lVlLS Ilimlt glVmtli for (f bunt of blno/1l1In the continental US, send check lor either fertilizer $24.50 per gallon includes shipping and CA tax , Wunder Works, 492 Sapena Ct.,Santa Clara, CA 95054 AUTOMATIC HUMIDITY BYCENTRIFUGAL FORCEHERRMIDIFIERs maintain 75%-80% relative hum idity by r3pidly absorbed mist in green· houses up to 5,000 cu biC feet. Rust-free materials include waterproof motor lubricated for life. includes humidistat,Delivered Price in U. S.A. 10-feet tubing and valve$280.00 far water canneclian.DON MATTERN7 11 7 Slo(·t.' I ann. SObilslopol. CA 9547?-914R

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~~WL.1U LL\ " " ·!J" AN I JMUJINTERNATIONAL, Inc.Tree Fern ProductsGraded CharcoaJNew ZealandSphagnum MossOsmundaSponge RockRedwood ChipsOrchid Fir BarkSpecial Orchid Potung Mlx.ec,Most Popular Types of MossVirgin Cork Slabs & TubesInsecticides & FungicidesVitamin!, & HormonesTllp Five Brands ofOrchid Fertilizer'>conul Baskets &Coconut LinersPla:.tic POl!> & TraysGreenhouse Tools & EquipmentClay Orchid PotsFlasking Product.sWire HangersWood Ba:>kelsWire Basketi>Wire ProductsOrchid BooksPlastic LabelsSprayersP.O. BOX 161302MIAMI, FL 33116PH: (305) 253-7080FAX: (305) 251-8245GROW PRIZEORCHIDSWith an AffordableFarm Wholesale Greenhouse• Get the BEST insulation available in greenhousecoverings with DOUBLE· WALLED paneling.• Overwinter plants and extend growing season.• Constructed with extra-strong, STEEL-COREPVC pipe, speciall y fabricated for FARMWHOLESALE greenhouses.• Choose from 5 models.• Shipped UPS.'The fll"ilHmlled polJe1hylme isreI)' impre.lSiI'e ... Ilothill~ like it!"Mort Block. orchid gruwerCall for a FREE sample and catalog1-800-825-19253740 AO Brooklake Rd. NE • Sakill. OR [mOlIVWIV. ranmvh[llcsn Ie .CUillMALAYSIAN BEAUTIES(artificially propaga ted)Paphiopedilum stoneiNative to Borneo. This plant grows on limestone outcropsin nature and prefers shady, warm conditions. Thelarge stunning flowers emerge primarily in the springand early summer months.('Fox Valley' x 'Birchwood') and ('Judy' x 'Diplomat') 2.25" pot size $25.00 3" pot size $35.00 4" pot size $50.00 ('Maybrook' x 'Druid 's Mantis') blooming-size '5" pot size$125.00 *5.5" pot size $150.00 illPhalaenopsis bellina(formerly violacea var. Borneo)A sib cross of two excellent clones. Light greenstar-shaped flowers with a stunning violet lip andviolet coloring in the lower sepals and central flowerparts. Grow warm and shady.5" pot size, blooming-size $50.00Paphiopedilum rothschildianumt~ ··('Rex', FCCI AOS x 'Mount Milais', FCC/RHS)The King of the Paphiopedilums with tall spikes and30 em flowers, 3-5 flowers on each spike. Spectacular ;A'flowers in colors of light yellow with dark mahoganystripes on the dorsa\, a dark mahogany pouch, and {~~ . .outstretched petals on strong stems.*4.5" pot size, near blooming-size, 14"+ leafspan $350.00 ':i.*5.5" pot size, blooming-size, 20"+ leafspan $500.00'Available in February 2000 The new Orchids Limited Catalog Our 2000 color catalog contains over 150 cotor photos plus cultural information. A usetul rderence toot, it is only S5.00. (sel1t free with plnl1t purchnse) Visit our web site at www.orchidweb.comu.s. Postat Service Priority Mail: $10.00 for the first plant, $2.00 each additional plant. Plant offerings marked with' are $14.00 for first plant and $4.00 for each additional plant. We guarantee safe shipping ALL year round. FED EX shipping available at higher cost. We accept VISA, MasterCard or Discover. Orchids Limited4630 f'crnbrook Lane N . . Plymouth, MN 55446 . USA Ca ll toll -free within the U.s.: 1 (800) 669-6006 (612) S'iY-642S · FAX (1\12) 557-6956 F Illl1il .Hldn· ~ ,"": on.::hids;ff\(lr('hidweb.com ,~ '\

Treat Your Eyes ...to the essential pictorial encyclopedia of orchids.Treat your eyes to brilliant color photographs in thepopular Awczrdr Quarterly. Known i nternationallyas an essential picwrial encyclopedia oforch ids, AWCltdJ Quarterly will arri ve four timesa year.In each issue, enj oy lip to 200 colorphotographs and detailed descriptions of theorchids g ranted awards at regional judgingsand AOS-sanctioned shows.Subscribe TodayAOS Mcmbersh il' Sc rvi ces l)cparrrm:m, ('(J()O South O li ve Avenue, \X'est Palm lkach, Florida 33405-4 I99'j(, 1-5H5 -HG(,(, Fax 56 I-S85-0(,54 [-Illail TheAOS(a (OmpUSl'nle. (Om \'(Ieh s ite orchidwcb.orgOne Y"" (1()lIr issues): US $.18, non-US $43. Two ycar s kight issucs): LIS $69, non- US ~7H.Floridn residents. aJd G% sa.les tax plus your l"(H IIH Y'S surrax. MasrerCard or Visa acn:pn:d . check orInternational Moncy Ordcr in US dollars drawn on a US hank.Startillg tile /lew mil/elll,iulII off' witll a .. .Plfh/iJlxd I,y Jlx ' \ IIW-jCII/} ()'~'bid S'ilh:J}' .rilhl. 197()"SUPER DUPER PHAL SALE"First, select the Col/ectio/l SizeCollection #1: Three di fferent nearl y blooming Collectioll #2: Six different nearly b loomings ize pha l a~nl)ps i s seedlings...............$29.95 s iz e phalaenops is seedli ngs.. .$49.95Collection #3: Nine different nearly blooming Collection #4: Twelvc different nearly bloomings iz,c phalaenopsis seedlings...............$69.95 s ize phalaenops is seedlings..... ..$89.95Seco1ld, select the Group TypeSOLJI) COLORS PATTERNS/OVERLAYS SPOTS, BARS & STRIPES PASTELS(We direct our breeding pmgram toward reds, )'ellows, intensely patterned f]owers, heavilyspotted/barred; pastel/desert tones and occasionally whites, pinks and white with red lip.)Back by popular demand our "Lnstant Phal Coll eclion." This month we offcr several different collect i(ms to lit your individual needs or wants' y,)U sekct thc size of the colle.ctio n AND the group type you prefer. We will select the plants from our stock and breeding. Minimum pot size will be 4", however many plants wi ll be in larger si7.c pot:>. We g llar~l1t cc ull pl:ants to be "ncar bloom.ing s izc"/to bloom n c ~'( t season, hmvever so me may be ill spike or in bloom.Plants wi ll be shipped via U.S. Prio rity Mail Service, pfease add 15% (M IN IMUM $ 10.(0) for packing and shipping costs. VISA & j\·lASTERCi\RD arc accepted. We generally ship Mo nday through Wednesday within two \Veck~ foll owing. receipt of order. During the winter season OUf weather may delay shipping. YOllr (lrdcr wi ll he confirmed ;Jnel shipped as weather pe rmits. B***Visit our new Web site: WWl".gemstoneorchids.com*** Gemstone Orchids-S3 5750 East River Road Phone: () I2J:;7 1-:l:1(J() i"'="'" 1iVfinlle"polis , MN 5:;4:12 ,."" () 12/57 1-4211')~ (~~1 BRAzlfN~RQ~~,k!~E1.5''-..I NEW PRICE LIST 2000 AVAILABLE I~ / / " FLORALIA ORQUIDARIOS REUNIDOS LTDA."~' ~ "'ESTRADA DA FLORALlA, 592 - NITEROI- RJ-24140-210 BRAZIL" '_ PHONE: 55,21·627-7733 FAX 55-21-627'7802j \ ~ Floralia's New e·mail: lIorbra@attglobal.net/ . . " '~ Home Page: www.floralia.com.br/orchids/index.htmlSee us at the following Spring Shows: Santa Barbara Show, Mar. 31, Apr. 1·2,2000,AOS Trustees Meeting Tampa. FL Apr. 26-30, 2000.orchids, choose Agrosun high intensity or Agrosun full spectrum fluorescents. Over 20 years of satisfying orchid growers. Your light-demandingorchids will flourish underthe tropical light anAgrosun®high-intensitysystem provides.For award-winning~a .www.gardenindoors.com (eaturing (j:'·f ,) if )iU if" ' )_ ~'-dtW lw-, ,.""-'nCall for Our FREE COLOR CATALOG or visit one of the locat

Parkside Orchid Nursery2503 Mountaiovkw Drive (Route 563) Onsville, PA 18942 (610) 847-8039Houn: Wednesday thro~ Saturday, lOam to 5pm; Sunday, 120000 (0 5pmE-mail: IiWlic@ln!ix.ne. www.parksideorchil!kgJ.mThe Paphiopedilums of BorneoOn the island can be found a dozen species, we are pleased to offer eight.Papb. dayanum Distinguished by a long white dorsal sepal with apple-green stripes andpurple to dark raspberry-colored petals. Mature plants are small but have beautiful mottledblue-green leaves. Blooming-size plants in 2.5-inch pots $40Papb. bookerae Striking orchid because of its purple-colored petals, contrasting cream andgreen dorsal sepal and distinctly mottled foliage . Blooming-size plants in 3-inch pots $30Papb. koJopakingii Very floriferous plant bearing 6 to 15 greenish-white flowen; with darkred-brown venation on a long arching inflorescence. First flowered in cultivation in 1980, verylarge plants when mature. 20-22 inch lealSpan $45Papb. Jawrenccanum tar. byeanum This albino form ofPaph. lawrenceanum has thetypical coloration for this variety. Very limited 4-inch pots $35Papb. Jowii This elegant multifloral species is most recognized for its raspberry-colored"spatula-shaped" petals with distinct spots centrally . Blooming-size plants $50Papb. pbilippiDmsc The parents of these plants ('Pastel' and var. aureum 'Greenlace')may produce alba forms in this grex of Paph. philippinense. 12 inch lealSpan, 3.5-inch pots $65Papb. rotbscbildianum('Rex' x 'Mont Milais') The size of , Rex' and the coloration of'Mont Milais' promise some fantastic offspring. 16-18 inch leafspan $200Papb. stood VaT. latifolium Reduced purple venation in the dorsal sepal and very broadleaves characterize this variety . Very large blooming size plants $225REDWOODGREENHOUSESAmerica's BEST Values!Shipping and handling are additional.VISA and MasterCard acceptedAl.strCJ!li.lr,OrchidRevICv\/The 55 th Annual Santa Barbara International Orchid Show ~jl' tbpjVl' olle,q/tlwCOllll/('y'.j·,!a{y~A't O/«f./IIU:'

Neofinetia falcata x sib. Mini vanda-like plants that produce a cloud of delicate white tlowers with the fragrance of honeysuckle. 2.50" pats., FS: $15.00 CaHleya aclandiae x sib_ Compact plants that bloom several limes during Ihe year wilh 3" yellow flowers spotted wilh mahogany and a fuchsia lip. Deliciously fragrant! 4" pol, FS: $24.00 Ang,aecum leonis x sib. Succulenl crescenl-shaped leaves in a fan shape, bear delicale slar-shaped crystalline, while ftowers that are fragranl 01 night. 3" pol, FS: $20.00 AOS JANUARY SPECIAL (valid through 02/07/00)Purchase all three plants for $53.95. inc luding shipping cnd handling!(Ord&ring separately, two plant minimum plus $10.00 shipping and handling,odd $1 for each additional plcnUPlease call o r wrife for our Iree color cafalogHaiku Maui Orchids, Inc.1=-='EEl 2612 Pololei Place, Ha'iku, Maui, HI 96708 • Tel./Fax: (8a8) 573-1130ORCHID SUPPLIESTree Fern Fiber, Pots and Slabs. Osmunda Fiber. Coconut Husk Fiber. Fir Barklong-Fibered Sphagnum Moss. Premium Sphagnum Moss. Charcoal. Redwood BarkPETERS FERTILIZERS & RD-20 • GALVANIZED WIRE PRODUCTS SLATTED VANDA BASKETS. SUPERTHRIVE AND DYNA-GRO CLAY ORCHID POTS Please send Long, Self-Addressed, Stamped Envelope for FREE PRICE Listor visit us at www.tropicalplantproducts.comTROPICAL PLANT PRODUCTS, INC.P.o. Box 547754/ Orlando, Fl32854·7754,:-,,';j' YOU'RE INVITED! :- '1_. ,r," '\) 11\" l.V'HAUSERMANN'S ANNUAL OPEN HOUSEA Tradition for the Orchid Enthusiasts In Mid-Amerlca for OVER 30 YEARS. FEBRlJARY 24th tbI'oagb 27th. 2000 • 8:00 AM to 5:30 PM Tour our modem Orchid Range with over 160.000 square feet of growing area. Thousands of hlgb-qua1ity Phalaenopsls In FUlL FlOWERI Beautiful Cattleyas blooming In myriad colors! Cymbidiums In their peak blooming form! Plus a wide selection of many other varieties! Visit our gift shop with orchid Jewelry and other orchid-related accessoriesl There also wiU be Professional Roral Design Demonstrations. Orchid Growing Under LJghts and Orchid Workshops. Complimentary Refreshments Out-of-town guests stay at Courtyard by Marriott (630) 941-9444 (Be sure IQ ask for SpecIal OrchJd Show Rates!) N (- AddI_ RoecI. 2 Wadut2N134~ ""NWIll Pad. .... 60181-1191~,IJP W , -nil 01 NonII Au&.. lit. 64)-nr.t4'oS::-~:_~.......: (630) 543-6855(Jr'- ttI""- YOIj Mond.... - Salurclol/ 9:00 - ••SO, Sunclal/ ",00 -3,00SUNSET ORCHIDS " Odontoglossums Lycastes Miltonias Masdevallias & Draculas SUPER SPECIA LSA. Four diffl"fC'nt coloredOdontoglossum " ,,,u lings . ... ... .$ 75.B. Three dlffercnt coloredLycaste se.cJlings . . . ..... . .. , . ..$ 75.C. Four different coloredMi ltoni"psis seed lings . . .. _ . . . ...$ 75.D. Three J iffc rent selectiYf asde\"alli (1 divisions ... . . • . .. . . $ 75.E. Th ree different selectDracul a divisio ns . . .. . . ........ .$ 75.Eoch grou p $75. plus ,hipping. Check, Vis" o r ,vlasterCJrd to incl ude 15% fo r shipping. C/\ res idents, add 8. 25' ~~ :;nlcs ta x SUNSET ORCHIDS 429 D StrL'et, Colma, CA 94014 phone (650) lJ94-9049 • fa x (650) 754-9860 Send SASE fnr frd.' l b t ll l ~. N l1 r~l' r il' ~ open by urte lor ".8 bo" i" o"lJId pubJitnlion5101., 1.I.dd. ba!~ r.,,, lor ,hI"I.; and hlltldfl'I hll.,..ullo,'\ • Ii .... ... ...... . 11 " UII j ~ .. K I j I ~ • 77

~ . I~ I I;ua__OIIDEIIS< 1-S1i-5S"~, t-.:zM.2664 We sell THE BESTFAX:: 1-30$.258..••51Orebids3" POTS OF COLLECTIBLE ORCHIDSORCHID BOOKSNew4 PHALAENOPSI5-AS5orted (different colors)Old2 MINI CATT1.EYA5-Rosalle (pink with purple lip) 2 SPATHAGlOTll5-plicata (lavender) Used2 ONCIDIlJM.Gower Ramsey (yellow with brown spots)2 DENDROBIUMS·Candy Stripe (plnklwhlte stripes) Rare12 PLANT COLLECTION ......... S48.00 Out-ofPrintISPECIAL CLEARANCE SALEII IMary ~"""" ~GROWERS' WINTER CHQICE • ALLIN 5" POLSNoble's IOxdud3 MINI CATTlEYM'losaIle (pink with purple lip)3 PHALAENOPSIS·Assorted (different colors)2 CYMBtDIU~ Ell (briRlant yellow nower) a:'::::~ Ieujjune~ .2 BlACK JEWEl-Ludisla dlec:olor (beaullful loliage,while blooms)Antique. ~ I10 PLANT COLLECTlON .........$85.00 pnnts -E-mail: mcquerry2@aolocomMiami Orchids www.mcquerryorchidbooks.com221 so SW 147 Avenue' Miami. fl33170 ,SE tIABl.A ESPANoLI McQuerry Orchid BooksIII",.., 0".," 10 th.. public 7 dollS 0 week. 5700 W Salerno Road· Jacksonville. FL 32244U.s. ClJS1""""". add 15~ ,hlppll19 & ~k"!ling (minImum

HYDROPONIC ORCHID PLANTE'RS FOR ALL GENERA with instructions and a FREE year's supply of nutrient I STOP KILLING YOUR ORCHIDS I• healthier roots with • less frequent watering • growing in a sterile media • with a neutral pH • never replace media again SPECIAL THIS MONTHDc;corati vecontdinerBUY TWO GET ONE FREEWil ter-Ievel 6" X 5" PLANTER $ 17.95indiGl torCultule L-2P()t 35.90Clil)' PACKING & POSTAGE + 9.00aggrpg~ ll cFOR THIS SPECIAL IS$ 44.90ORCHIDS AVAI LABLE FOR SHIPPING OR JO tN OUR ORCHID OF THE MONTH CLUBINTERIOR WATER GARDENS615 LONG BEACH BOUlEVARD, SURF CITY, NEW JERSEY 080081 888 GROW HYDRO (1 888476-9493) ........~ (609) 494-1900 FAX (609) 494-5930 ~www.interiorwatergardens.com E-mail orchidannie@interiorwatergardens.comCalling Il ci{oksThe Best of EverythingBy Sandra LeojJoldA new cookbook with 530 recipes conrribured by 150 orchid enthusiastsfrom around the world, including the United States, Australia,Ecuador, Canada and Brazil. Twenty-six orchid cultural tips from wellknowngrowers and II poems are also featured . Great for gift-giving tofriends -and yourself.Spiral-bound softcover • BK9354 • $15.95AOS members rccciw a 10% discOllmONCIDIINAE & MILTONIAWholesale Plugs & FlasksIfyou haven't got ourrFlask and Wholesale Grower's List #8, you could be missing theboat. Minimum order: three flasks and/or one hundred plants.Tbe OrcbtdWorkS(Formerly James McCully Orchidculture. We have changed our name, not our ownership or managcm.m.)www.theorchidworks.com.At e-mail: glen@theorchidworks.comP.O. Box 355, Hakalau, Hawaii, 96710 'At ph: 808.963.6233 'At fax: 808.963.6736r-------------·IIIII!~ .........: __tI"?hrF Our Greenhouses Solve the Problems Others Create••• Our advanc ~d grcCnh()ll SCS transmit Dlorc li ght. provide ffiwe ~ plant growth. reduce condensation. re tain heat better, vent automatically. are stronger and more impact resistant. and offer more advantagt;li for gardeners thaL olhergreenhouses can ' t match - yet ours actually C(lst less than other so-called " prc-Renanthera Yen 'Red Magic', A1VUAOSScarlet redjlowers 01/ majestic [Ollg,branchillg stems. BeautifllilargeI and home-attached . p[allt.~ recelltly awarded by the models. plus our popular SunShed ~~ these I Cx(:cplional greenhouses: • ~lrc easy to in stall A.mericall Orchid Society!miulll' ~ g r~c nh ouscs.Available in manyI sizes of free-standing$74 •.95 (post Paid ContiocntallJ.S. ooly) • require 'H) concreteI .___-...--.,., foundations. come w ith a.Join 10 year warranty and a money·hack risk-free SOROAPLUShom~ trial. Call or writeIfor our FREE L1TERAOur exclusive'I'll RE. Learn hm\ \'ou I can garden W year ~ Frequent Orchid Program"'!I and e njoy greater PailLlELL gardenill!! success!, " An •• It , ' , 1 1 " Fill r , .. ...... . -i l ...--< ; " t ·..·1 .. ·.,

SOUTHERN BURNER CO.~/\cl('Ibe I"" !.,_'fl"C" ,.,,".",. . ..... of \.... se received Phrag. Jason Fischer 'Orchidview'1 u e,.\' . r ··t1l"en lhc"strengthened byEriC "\'llun@. f(lun{\;lUOI\. !:IO • ,.~~OS awards lbe: {o.ow\nl,l. yea . 'W ,. Dyna-Gro Pro-TeKfT M •.I ,,","0 " • ''''' 41' """.""pedl"","' \' .,>'_""" 'h' """, ,~." .h< noW'" ",,« """"" 0"'" ,h" I .... ""n ,p""lnO'1'O ..,Pro-TeKt'M and. . ........l'c:Ki ",d ,be Pure Neem OilscdNOp\ng was cureo.1.1lC \l\ctea Ul ...~you can grow alloe plants diseaseW'J.S lbc OI\\Y c\lO\lW,c \ ma .and pest freeS\f\Cerc\Y.without toxicchemicals.""""..en" ,he ..." n""ct' ... ,he""" ,0

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Has a completeline of supplies for aUyour greenhouse needs.Please call or write forour new winter listing.Im.~n~j,uJFrom Aprons to Humidity Trays, Insecticides to Labels, Mixes toSlug Bait, and Thermometers to Wire Benders. - We've got it all.3301 Plycrs Mill Road Kensington, Maryland 20895 (30 I) 933-0036 FAX (30 I) 933-9441 www. kensingtonorchids.com For Those Who Want More Power in a Smaller CaliberThere really is a big difference between wide a nd full spectrum lights4 x 40 wall Iluorcscent bulbs actually consume 240 wa tts = 12.000 IUlllen s2 x 100 wall micro systems bulbs consume 240 watts = 1l{.OOO lumens50 % More Light!Get a lighting system with Metal Halide for growthand High Pressure Sodium for flowering.Oakwood OrchidsContact Jim France at (937) 293-2972 toThe Orchid Lighting Specialists find out more about thi s increJiblc li ghting1036 Ansel Drive. Kettering OH 45419 systelll . Have your society contact 111\:Fax (937) 293-3 145ahout lighting icCIlIITS.'fEPIDENDRUM SPECIES - 1 A nice selection of Blooming-Size Encyclia & Epidendrum species. Shipped in -pot. Encyclia alata - $25 Encyclia bradfordii - $35 Encyclia chacaoensis - $25 Encyclia kennedyi - $45 Encyclia megalantha - $35 Encyclia oncidiodes - $40 Encyclia parviflora - $35 Encyc1ia spatella - $30 Encyclia larumana - $40 Epidendrum catillus - $40 Epidendrum difforme - $25 Epidendrum fulgens v. alba - $30 Epidendrum polyanthum - $35 Nidema (Epi. ) boothii - $25 Add 10% for shipping anywhere in the USA. COUNTRYSIDE ORCHIDS"Species orchids. Seedlings /0 Blooming Size"PO Box 958 Co rrales, NM 87048Tel: (505) 792-9806 FAX: (505) 792-9807E-mail : billschn@aol.com Web site: http://members.aot.eom/CSOrchidsl MasterCard and Visa accepted. Send for our free catalog of over I 1 00 orchid varieties, mostly species. bloomfieldorchidsSpecializing in fine Paphiopedilums and Phragmipediums Choose from a large selection ofP~ph Spec iesMul tlfloral HybridsPhrag SpeciesMaudiae~Type HybridsParvisepelum Hybrids Sanderlanum HybridsBrachypelalurn Hybrl(ls Ph rag HybridsStandard Complex Hybrids Primary HybridsW e sil ip internatIonal with CITESand PHYlO documents only.251 W. Bloomfield Rd., Pittsford, NY 14534(7161381-4206 • FAX (7161 383-5672E-mail address:bloomfld@frontiernet.netVisit our web sitewww.frontiernet.net/-bloomfldWrite, fax, call or send an e-mail tortlC/IIVIl Ollr /lew, free 1999 catalog.iii.I A I IH I IDnu CATAlOG TODAY55"1 Miami lnternationalOrchid ShowMarch 3, 4 & 5, 2000Coconut Grove Convention Ccntcr, Miami\'ENJ)ORS ~ F Orchid-; I"•.• Ch,hill WudtJ IrIl.,malilm.1 1. Illc . • "!lili"le'll OI\:I;ill (irnwc,",' Rllhcll In (),UIIU,· ,\ W"rW " I Ord1l\ls' \11",,1. & Mcrkcll!ms.• In ... . t-I.(i.i{ ()rchlds Cannel" Ord,ilh , tn,·.• O,k>l1", On:hir(';' a"ld.on Orchids 11.\ R 1\1l,,"e,ic, ' So"," On'hltl, ' Kkhm G,,,,,c,," ' IInr;!l·t C),"'u~ , &. f.,'.'lk, · .,'" Ordtitl t'1""IUIII"" Aukill' O,\·llIIl, · ('arill "I,uII, · Orthi,h hy .\lIi,oll • (;IIltl ("'Ulury 01\1*" • I·. I C; Orch"b' ttuwaii.lII hlall" OrdllI'.'"nfl' tIIld r'rnrir ,,,,-hld'jtor ,a/c/. 11( m,.,',,, ',y "",c,'n'tltiH1!(11 {Pt'(IA11~/).'wml\/I'rHiOlU cmJ u'alJ.,i".-: (Ollr.,T"'d~Cvrnllr infc,mulliCln: IKlHIIIiS-4-l.'*I tOrcbid "'''ik, F~x: I.W:;) ~~17U E·mllil: sflln:hid!!tbe n :@ll1h.n~1 ~ +·· " ':'- "'. !~..0' , f' '1\1.... . :,~ .SHIS ..eh sil ..: bllp://mcmbcrs.tripod.coml-SCl.l()n·hidS(ld.I~·/sro., Utlml

II 'I ~ Q.,., _ nDt"Ulnc: 1~"" . JlJI'l'7\ __ C.£.1 _CDC_.,c.1nThehrOrchid Lovers• White Aluminum Frame• Insulated Double Wall Glazing• Diffused Light for Orchids• Automatic Roof Vents• Many Sizes: 8x8 to 16'x36'• Easy, Do-it·yourself Assemblyee·n__ouseOrchid SuppliesMisting SystemsLighting • Fertilizers"Clear Pots"The Source for Hobby Orchid Grower's hard-to-find itemsOrchid ~l:hOP EmporiumCLASSY TASSY BIARs n .• IIII'!II Snuggle up w ith soft , cuddly, huggable Orchid Maui. Lavender bear, 9 inches tall. $895 MP 130 Laverlder bea l, 17 inches toll. $1295 MP131 PAPHIOPEDILUM PRIMARY HYBRIDSWarm Growing. S ome long-stemmed & m ulti-flowered. From 3 & 4" pots.Lady Isabel (roths. x stonei)Delrosi (roths. x delenatii)Prime Child (roths. x primulinum)Mount Toro (stonei x philippinense)Golden-Prem (Golden Acres x primul.)Recovery (sukhakulii x philippinense)Gloriosum (callosum x Holdenii)Marilyn Hanson (stonei x delenatii)Lemforde Surprise (Maudiae x superb.)Manahawkin (Maudiae x gladuliferum)Frankeanum (curtisii x tonsum)Mount Toro x Dragon WineDivisadero x primulinumVia Alegre x primulinumkolopakingii x haynaldianumkolopakingii x sukhakulii$10.00 each or 12 plants for $100.00-New Orchid Books-Orchid Fever A Horticultural Tale of Love, Lust & Lunacy By Eric Hansen Eric Hansen spent five years exploring the obsessive, outrageous & entertaining orchid world. + Now taking orders + Hardcover $23 .00 Paphiopedilums in Taiwan II - More than 500 color photographs. Hardcover $55.00 All orders shipped bare-root, Federal Express two-day economy unless specifi ed. Packing and shipping charges will be billed at cost. Vi sa, MasterCard, Di scover. THE ORCHID HOUSE 1699 Sage Ave., Los Osos, CA 93402::::=::.,(805) 528-1417 or (800) 235-4139 or FAX (805) 528-7966 :.Web site: www.orchidhouse.com/flJ.{~ hid E-mllil: IIrchid\alllrchidhOllSt-.t·OIllWHITE POLO SHIRT100 percent cotton pre-shrunkshort-sleeve polo shir t with knitcollar ond ribbed sleeve bondshite w ith colorful embroideredAO S emblem. Sizes: M, l Xl, XXL .$39 95 M Pl16•PI,." ·,, "" ,,, ,I,'"'' MPl '14 and MP135 are returnable , ,,I ~ I", I , I." oj ... .tit with M" h New York. MISH NEW YORK111m Cattl€ ya brooch w ith pendan t a ttachmen tin 18k gold set with either gmy or w hitecultured pearl S pe ci~1 gray or wh ite pearl.$3.40000 MP 134*Cattleya earrings in 1 8k gold set with eithergray white or pink cultured pearls. Specifypierced or clip w ith gray whi,te or pink pearl$1 ,850.00 M P135*

Orchid fu:.,.,EmporiumORCHID UMBRELLAColorful orchids now accompany you rain orshine. 100 percent polyester wllh wood shafland handle 48 inches.$29.95 MP128TOTE BAGO rchid tote bog with zipper top15x 16x4 V inches $1 995 MP 129GARDEN JEWELORCHID PINSDetailed with lustrouspink enamel andhand-set vvith crystals,;v',DI21these two pins beorthe Carolee stomp ofauthenticity.1997 second-edition pi n: Bromheodiofinloysoniona lim ited Supply$7500 each MP 1201998 third-ed ition pin Pholoenopsis hybr id$95 00 each MP 121BLUE POLO SHIRT100 percent combed'mllon pique sho rtsleevesh irt, 2·inch side extended toil w ithvents and pearl buttons. Navy blue withcolorful embroidered AOS em blemAvailable Sizes M, L, XL, XXL.$ 39.95 MP 103('t\,...ll~·---~ .·r

Orc h I -d ··:~kShap....EmporiumSWAROVSKI ORCHIDCollectors w il l enjoy this 2-inch-fall full-cu tSwarovski Silver Crystal O rc hid from AustriaPink column. $ 140.00 /ViP 1 13Yellow column $14000 /V\P l1 4..-v.g-mtr1"W.;;It;' 'f: ;k~"("?S ., ,0("*II> " ",.. ',"""':"4.. .' ;"t ~ /' " ~'" .'r*-....."i'•• · ~The+ AquafogAdvantageIf ,~:. ': ft.~,(ORCHID SCARVESHand-pointed 100 percent silk scarves.Slight design variations may occur w iththese original creations.O donloglossum prin t, 4 2x40 inches$3990 /I!\P126Cattleya prin t, 41 x4 1 inches$3990 M P125A TAPESTRY OF ORCHIDSRichly w oven by jacquard looms of 100 percentcotton , thi s frin ged heirloom afghan prOVideslightvveig ht 'vvormth year rou ndN\achine washable 50x65 inches.$70.00 MP 127PHAL·SAFE" ORCHID SUPPORI'SElegant Phal·Sofe'" metal supports, designedfor phalaenopsis, can be used w ith all typesof orch ids They ore reusable and expordoble.23 inches toll Spec rfy gold or silver rill Ish$10 95 eoch M Pl 22111m Cloisonne design (" how(\ uhnvi' 1, [1)Spec iry :Jl ef.'lI, hind .ilv( 1'" willi,: 11111'.1 ,Ii II Mi' l ')'I I i q" "Seed-Grown Species Specialists 8440 West 82nd StreetIndianapolis, IN 46278(317) 291-6269Orchid Flasking Media and Supplies • Orchid Maintenance Medium for SeedSowing and Replating• PhytoTech Orchid Replate Medium-acomplete medium for Replating• Orchid Maintenance Medium w/Char·coal, Agar & Banana• Orchid Multiplication Medium-de·signed for Phalaenopsis Stem Propagation• Terrestrial Orchid Seed Sowing Medium• Agar, Banana Powder, & Coconut Water• Culture Vessels, Flasks, Stoppers• We offer a complete line of Media andSupplies• We accept all major credit cards.• Visit our Web Site:http://www.phytotechlab.comPhyloTechnolog)' Laboratories LLCP.O. Box 13481Shawnee Mission KS 66282·3481Pholle: 1-888-749·8682Pamper your orchidswith clouds of cool fogWe carry a complete line ofquali1r greenhouse humidifiersbacked by a 30 day sa tisfactionguarantee.Aquafogs can easily humiditythe largest of orchid houses.For smaller growing areas. thequiet and durable Hydrofoggersprovide an impressive show ofcloud-like fog.Requ,)st your free color catalogor vis ~t us on the web.lIio-J~'iIl 1I~~~6~Jaybird Manufacturing. Inc.2595- B Clyde Ave. • Slale College. PA 16801 Phone: (8[4) 235-1807 Fax: (81 4) 235-1827 E-mail: info@jaybird-mfg.com web site: www.jaybircl-mfL\.com

KHUONG ORCHIDS LTD.470 Mason Rd., Vista , CA 92084. USA • Tel. 760-941-3093 • Fax 760-941-0830FlaSkin9p~~~J~t~~5~~ai~~~ I: 0:1g.~ ~~f~~~~. ~~i~g~~OJO-;b~: $J~~CP~W:;/~~~~~:crle.fsp.nlisting with color pictures pMntoul i••"ailabl., PI~•.., send S t.oo atong wIth SA!; _.Iop," E-mail. kotld . cwl•. comSS minImum .h

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THE NEW SANDER'S HAS LANDED Sander's List of Orchid Hvbrids,1996-1998, contains registrationsfrom January 1, 1996 toDecember 31,1998, including9,250 new hybrids and 650 newregistrants and their addresses.A must-have reference for everyjudge, commercial grower,serious hobbyist and anyonewanting to know about thelatest hybrids and trends.Hardcover 1,000 pages Order BK511c • $82.00 The AOS BookShoprhe /I, SOU". for th. bost fn o"hld publicatIonsRefer 10 in'5id. butk cover 10f thlpplng and handling informationOrchids ~ustraliaI PROTECTVOUR ORCHIDSWITH..~_ ~-,~\R·D·20®§ tJiiiP; GREENHOUSE(:~~9:-, DISINFECTANT , ',1 'J FOR ORCHIDS a ~ ~ FOR USE AGAINST MILDEW, FUNGAL, BACTERIAL, ALGALg PATENT PENDING & VIRAL PLANT PATHOGENS AND THEIR ODORS~ BIODEGRADABLE. STABLE _ MIXES WELL WITH WATER - DOES NOT SEPARATE§ .A GDOD WETTING AGENT - LEAVES NO RESIDUAL MARKS ON FOLIAGES A Mildewstat, Fungicide, Bactericide, Algaecide, Viricide for Plant. ~ Pathogens registered with Federal and State EPA Agencies. Paphiopedilum rothschildianumI ~ one of the most spectacular of thisnonuseThe plant we illustrate hadOFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AUSTIRALIAN ORCHID COUNCIL lo ul' flowers with a natural spread often inches.92 Pages4632 Paph. rothschildianum 'Janet',Eye-catching ColorFCC/AOS x Paph. rothschildianumSubscription Rates 'Chester Hills', AM/AOS. We can'timagine a better strain of this species.Sea Mail Aus. $44.00 These flower on single growths.Air Mail Aus. $60.00 3.5" p ots (10" + leaf spread), $40.00.2.5" ,pots (8" + leaf spread), $30.00.Check out our home page on the Internethttp://www.infoweb.com.au/orchidsPlease include $10.00 for shipping in U.S.Orchids AustraliaP.O. Box 145, Findon, S.A. 5023Business hours: Carter and J{o[mes OrchidsAustralia8 a.m. - 4 p.m.629 Mendenhall Road, P.O. Box 668(Advise Card Name,Number and I" Q~ Expiry Date) VISA"! ~ Ii!!1;i1.;a~ You don't have to be a Plant Pathologist to have happy, healthy Orchids, SIIf you can't. tell the difference between plant problems caused by fungus, bacteria or~ virus you need R.D.-20. R.D.-20, the 4 in 1 product that controls Orchid fungus, "g~ bacteria, VIrUS and algae problems. Try it, you'll love R.D.-20. It's so easy to mix and 2use. No messy, smelly powders, R,D.-20 is a pleasant smelling, light amber colored ~~ liquid that mixes instantly with water. s:BDISTRIBUTED BY: SIi! Tropical Plant Products, Inc. OFE International, Inc, P.O, Box 547754P.O, Box 161302 Orlando, FL 32854Miami, FL 33116 ~s:Sa~~Visit our web site: www.carterandholmes.comPaph.rothschildianum.ChesterHills.• AM/AOSMonday-SaturdayClosed Sundays Newberry, SC 29108 (803) 276-0579 FAX (803) 276-0588e-mail: orchids@carterandholmes.comWONDERLITE® rows the best orchids~,,~ The Wonderlite' is a patented wide spectrum light with ' \' peaks in the blue,red and far-red rangesto promote healthy,vigorous plant growthand abundant flowering.Highly recommended for orchids! Positionthe Wonderlite 2'-6' from plants (much fartherdistances than f1uorescents). Fits anyregular socket rated for 150 watts. 10,000~hour life, 1 year warranty.Wonderlite, 160 watt flood bulb $49.95Swivelier clamp-on fixture(head rotates 360) $24.95Plus $5 S/H • Visa/MC/Dis.fchecks"I'd had some ofmy mature orchids for up totwo years without bloom. Within a mofllh ortwo after I starled using the Wonderlites, mostofthem bloomed' Wonderlites are great'"Mrs. L.Y. Palo Alto, CAHO()'261 ·:mll • FREE catalog available 1'11 11 '1pl'r lnllll Lighting, Dept AOS I , r IIlv"l I .IW·, I\lIrli n ~Ic)Il, VT 05401 &ttJtt~ ~~U 01 ~tGET A NEW LEAF!Pha!. raida Sleeping, .. , . , ... , . , ......... $10.00 A \"C'ry nice hyhritlu..;ing Pilat. Hiln lip, nO\V(T~ arC hlooll1iJlgwith nlcdiulll shades of lan 'nJer ;Jnd a wilit C' lip! :\Iost of thepl,lllh han: Illonled Ie.;t\'t_'i. Flowering sizt in 4" pot~Dtps. Bronze Idol x Ph"!. Goldberry ........ $10.00TIH:S(.' plants have Ix·•.:n hlooming with attrJcti\c. rOlllld. darkyellows wilh rnahog;IIlY spouing lhroughollt. Lt'J\'(,s art' largtand Wide with lOb ()f s hillt ~ F1o\Vl~ring Silt' ill 4" potsPhal. Baby's Brt.'ath x Phal. White Cay ......... $10.00One of the most Yigorous-growillg whites \\'4.:\( sec:n l Thelcayes are very widt. anu tlO\\"(' 1'$ art hlooming wit.h ;1 shortspikjng hahit. Of (ourSl', th ~ ) ,· rt whitt with a lOud) () fyellow in tilt' thro:.!t. Floweri ng Si l l' in 4" [Jots.[,h (: ~...'t: plams have.: ;t ea tt l o~ \ ·ahft' oJ $:1,'),:;0 with shipping, but ord(T;A1! !tm..~ IlDWfor only ~ 2 f})5 , Slli[Jping inrludtd! Order 110m as this ()ll(~r Il'ff{ I!.tJ)fff' 1m 1/) l/OU If you·d like to r('Cl'jve (Iur coi()r eatalog. [Jlt-aS(.' drop LIS a 110t(..'. or visit our Wtb site at www.mauiorchids.com. Wt' will send you a frET plant with your fir){ ordLT frolll Ollr catalog or th rough lhe intc..:ml't. Our c..'·mail address is txotic@t-link_llct. \Vholcsa!t priCl'," :Hl d society plant table d i$(:(l uIlL ... art Jva il3 blt. '\'ursery is (Jp.cn by appollltillellt only 3141 Ua Noe PI., Haiku, HI 96708Ph: (SOS) 575-2255/FAX (80S) 575-2342

j~I G S P'O.:: PHONE (734) 426-9080 FAX (734) 426-71103BOX!i27AO-DEXTER.MI48130: 9:00 AM TO 5:00 PM EASTERN: www. induorgarden~uPJlljes.c\lmFULL LINE OF INDOOR GARDENING PRODUCTSBAJ.SD4 $640.00'10" lill'" 1is/fU.'','' W 'WIlH•U · ... II" ~ 11.1CALL.~>I~NXl\,KI ·S ANOW ~ LMII"JI 'mi'RIOIA"'~ 11IAH• PLANT TRAYS •• LIGHTED STANDS •• METERS. TIMERS •• PLANTLITES •• ACCESSORIES •oW WATT WS (WIDE Sf'ECl'RlfMI LAMPS:6=S;t6.32 12 = S6J.!1fI 2.1 =.$117.90PRll"ES PREPAID. MICHIGAN RE.~lJl i N"S• .\1>0 "'A SAU ~>; TAXVISA. MAliTERCARD. DISCOVF:R. ClIF.CKS ANt> COf)'S ACCEMT"lFREE C'ATALOGTIl48S $118.60l""l"')flM(tf(fll ~ r....4 '\11*'-1.\'1'.\" I1X " 1 X .' l l'FARM FRESH PHALAENOPSISBare,root seedlings direct from Luxe Ent. TaiwanORPrefinished from our California Luxe FarmIt's your choice.~.. g .. ~.~~~ CALL TODAY ~California Luxe Farm Enterprises Inc.Wholesale Pilaiaeno/)sis Specialists1 16 60 CO L U :-1BE~ AVENU E 1(.:\ ORDER DESK: (408) 6&HX)l18GILRO Y, C A 9,)0 20~ fAX : (408) 686'0

'The Orchid Connection"Quality Mex. Orchid SpeciesP.O.Box 86808,San Diego,Ca 92138TfF (619) 258-2169E-mail: Orchidcon@aol.comEpi. difforme potted $15.00Epi. polyanthum $20.00Epi. raniferum $30.00Isochilus linearis $15.00Laelia albida $15.00Laelia anceps $16.00L.autumnalis vr.atrorubens $18.00L. furfuracea mounted $16.00L. gouldiana potted $20.00L. rubescens mounted $15.00L. speciosa potted $16.00Lemb.apterum " $20.00Lem b.bictoniense $18.00All plants blooming size.Minimum order 3 plants or $50.00Send for Free Price Ust.We accept Visa,MasterCardPlease include $15.00 for shipping.THE ARTISTRY OF ORCHIDSJANUARY 22 - MARCH 26, 2000orchids, and the art th ey inspirepresented by t he Smithsonian Institutionand the U.S. Botanic GardenSmithsonian Institution Arts and Industr ies Building. gOO JC' fferson Dr. SW Washington. D.C. 2056020j!-35 7-27(11) E-mail: orchids@WildcattData.comPhone:Fax:(515)(515)232-4720233·8445~'Id 0 h'd'WWW.wildcattData.comICattrc I San orchid databaseUncover the buried treasure in Sander's and Awards Quarterly!Now updated to include aU registration data published through August 1999. Just $159.95 + $5.00 shipping and handling. Iowa residents add 5% sales tax. System requirements : 386 or higher, 8 meg RAM (16 meg recommended). Windows 3.1x195. Visit our web site for detailed information about Wildcatt! Wildcatt Database Co. 5614 Valley Rd. Ames IA 50014 Visa or MasterCard accepted'MJe J-{ope 'To See 9"ou J'l.t ...m~Ut VOU~ D~U~ID\ ~ ~PPV WIT~The AOS Binder ~ It is the perfect solution for your growing Orchidscollection. This hardcover magazine binder will hold any 12issues of Orchids (formally J1 OS Bulletin) from 1959 to thepresent. Dark blue with The American Orchid Society ~M agazine in gold lettering on the spine. BK901 $20.00

I i i J fl \ J.\ , I ~ I ;!I J i ll ,\ 1\ 111, 11 A! \11 . I I IJ""~ lI ~ l lSANTA BARBARA ORCHID ESTATEo h Sh 1250 ORCHID DRIVE , SANTA BARBARA , CALIFORNIA 93111 '; I;~IOO·" TELEPHONE (800) 553 - 3387 • FAX (805) 683 - 3405 Orchid FairWeb site: www.sborchid.com E-mail: sboe@sborchid .com 7115/00Sarcochilus hartmaniiCymbidium Rumours'Blue Knob', HCC/AOS'Santa Barbara', HCCIAOSFamous, large flowered formBeautiful rose-red flowers withof this hardy native fromdark red striations.Blue Knob Mountain,Lip is yellow with red dots.N.S.W., Australia. In Spike!$35 in spike$35.00 plus $10 s&h plus $12 s/hORCHIDS PREVIEWFEBRUARYH &. R Nl.lRSERIES ORCIDD PRl(~E 141STIf you are not. yet on our mailing list ... or if you have moved , please \\Titeor call for our current. Orchid Price List and ( 'clll)r ("' nalo,-!. \Vc prepareUUTe extensive lbts: Spring (Mar...June); SU1I1mer (Ju.ly - SepL); andFall/Wint.er (OcL - Feb.). This assures availahility or items oflered,accurate sizing and additions of new [mel int.eresting orchids. Please printyour name and aduress dearly 011 a postcard..U & R NIU'Wt:..ic!IIIl 1"11: (NON) i!:m-!J626 F'\.~ (~)4 . 1 - ~ ·ro I ..b'nwn.. Strc~•• Wuina.waaJ ... lIa~,"niJ . ('S.\. !HI7HliNew Oncidium Alliance Dug..upsfrom Orchidheights429 Odbrs. Pisgah Recluse = Brs. Mem. Fritz Boedecker 'Newberry' x Odbrs.Kenneth Bivin 'Santa Barbara', AM/AOS. First plants to bloom have had significantlylarger fl owers than the Odbrs. Kenneth Bivin plants with the same type dark markjngs.Excel lent growe rs. Spider-shaped burgundy and green with white lip.543 Colm. Wildcat 'Black Velvet' x Odcdm. Tiger Hambuhren 'Pisgah Heights'. TheCohn. Vlildcal 'Black Velvet' is a solid, very dark red with a long, branching spike wh ich wecrossed onto the 4" yellow Odcdm. Tiger HamiJuhrcn.550 Odcdm. Tiger Night x Odcdm. Tiger Hamhuhren 'Pisgah Heights'. We ex pect long,branchi ng sp ikes with 23/4" to 3 1 /2" yellow with reddish brown sported flowers.557 One. Macmex 'Orchidheights' x Odcdm. Crowborough 'Spice Island', HCC/AOS.This cross should give 2" to 2 112" yellows to gold flowers on verI' long, heavily branched spikes.564 Odcdm. Tiger Crow = Odcdm. Tiger Hambuhren 'Pisgah Heights' x Odcdm.Crowborough 'Spice Island', HCC/AOS. This should give 3" ro 4" yeJLow-gold flo werson. long, branching spikes. These plants, dug-up From flats, arc ready to be potted into 4"pots. Shipped bare-roar via prioriry mail. 5 for $37.50, 10 for $70.00,20 for $1.30.00.Add $8.00 shipping/handling per order.e~ eR~DS,LLCPO Box 365, Pisgah Forest, NC 28768(828) 877-3313 • e-mail: owensorchids@citcom.net • Fax (828) 884-5216Check out our web site: http://www.owensorchidsllc.comL(x:aled o(rus /--IW.lj. r>4 hclwcen Brcmrd illld /--ICfl(I(',-';oll"ill('Gothic ArchGreenhousesServing the Horticulture Industry Since 1946PO BOX t 564-AOS • MOBILE, AL 36633www.zebra.net/-gothicT. ORCHIDSP.O. BOX 79, LAKSI POST OFFICE BANCKOK /oLIO. tHAilAND rAX (661) .173- 7747 TEl.. (661) 573-9645 ORCHIDS FROMTHAILANDTHAI SPECIESVANDACEOUSONCIDIUMINTERGENERICSDENDROBIUMSCATTLEYASETC.ATIRACTIVE COlORFUL CATALOG AND PRICE LIST AVAILABLE ON REQUEST AT US$5.00 POSTAGE. THIS IS THE 9TH ISSUE CATALOG. PLEASE CONSULT OUR PRICE LIST Nursery : 77/3 Chaengwoltano Rd .. Rim Klong Prapa. Pak-kred Nonlhoburi. Thailand E·mail : lore h Idl@loxlnfo.co.lh Web Slle : bkk lo)(lnlo.co.lh/~lorchlds ONLY THE BESTSpecial AOS Judging AwardsHOW TOBuild a GreenhouseMASDEVALLIASStudy in PeruAFRICAN ORCHIDSSpecics Naturalized in Florida... AND MOREzoUla.Orchids 15I....

American Orchid SocietyhllOn South Olive Avenue, West Palm Beach, FL 33405-4199M,lin Olj i c~ Sf>1-5SS-R666 Fax 561-585-0654111 ,111 I hl·!\O 'i ~ " "'"I1 I' " ~ ( · rVI:. r olll Web site nrchidweb.lIrg1I 11 111 ~ ; Ii .111 ' :!·1J! Il!!!., 1'1, 1\II1I~ "I.I.l' 1I1I:llli)_:h...Frid.tyAHiliilt('d SoclE, til' :>rcrri Ri,"c r.)II Wllrds Qlfartl' r/ll ( ;ll~o sec Pllb li c~ltillns )Ed ito riJI.· .......................... 1::. Sh

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