NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH Introduction Let ...

SBORNlK PRACl FILOZOFICKfi FAKULTY BRNENSKE UNIVERZITYSTUDIA MINORA FACULTATIS PHILOSOPHICAE UNIVERSITATIS BRUNENS1SS 4, 1998 — BRNO STUDIES IN ENGLISH 24JOSEF HLADKYNOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISHIntroductionLet us start this study with a few quotations showing the use of reduplicativesin informal English: 'Celia's got a funny way of talking.' 'Do you mean funnyha-ha or funny peculiar?' (SWAN, Practical English usage, p.208), The resultis a ragbag of architectural terms, pseudo-sociological mumbo-jumbo andoften frankly useless information (from a review of a book on country houses,Evening Standard, 8 September, 1996, p. 26), The jerry-red bus [the LondonRoutemaster] was affectionately known as the jo-jo (jump on, jump off).{Evening Standard, 8 September, 1996, p. 6).The first book dealing with reduplication was written by August FriedrichPOTT and published in 1862. Pott devoted 304 pages of his Doppelung(Reduplikation, Gemmination) als eines der wichtigsten Bildungsmittel derSprache to reduplication in many languages, mostly non-Indo-European. Hecollected thousands of reduplicatives referring to sounds, colours, changes inproperty and also fulfilling grammatical functions, eg the weak preterite inGothic and the Latin mihi — tibi — sibi, nobis — vobis. His English examples,scattered under various thematic headings, include crinkum-crankum, dillydally,ding-dong, firry-farry, flim-flam, gee-gaw, griff-graff, habnab, hairumscairum,helter-skelter, hiddy-giddy, hiltie-skiltie, hodge podge, hoity-toity,hubbub, hubble-bubble, hugger-mugger, hum drum, hurdy-gurdy, hurly-burly,hussle-bussle, jingle-jangle, knick-knack, riff-raff, shag bag, shim sham, slipslop, tag-rag, ting-tang, titter-totter, tow mow, tuzzy-muzzy, twittle-twattle,widdle-waddle. Although Pott's English reduplicatives are not very numerous,they reveal features known from later studies based on higher numbers of cases,ie the high proportion of initial h- in rhymes (hurly-burly) and the preponderanceof the / — a ablaut in alliterative pairs (griff-grqff). Pott even draws onDobrovsky and gives a few Czech words: kukadka, zezulka, hat' mat', plesk tfesk,tintidlo. One of his examples from Austrian German, dechtl mechtl, is alsoknown as a Czech borrowing.

34 JOSEF HLADKYThe importance of Pott's study for modern research can be seen perhaps lessin the relatively small number of English words, all of which appeared later inWheatley 1866, but more in the large number of examples from non-Europeanlanguages. It is in these languages that reduplication can be regarded as 'einesder wichtigsten Bildungsmittel der Sprache'. This is supported by a number ofwords taken over from these languages into European languages (agar-agar,beriberi, tsetse) and into Australian, New Zealand and other varieties of Englishin close contact with the non-European languages (kaikai, lomo-lomi, miamia).The first, and the last dictionary of reduplicatives was compiled by Henry B.WHEATLEY and published in 1866. Wheatley claims that his dictionary containsmore than six hundred words but his numbers are based on eg dingle-danglebeing counted once as an adjective, then again as a verb, etc. If cases like thatare counted only once, the number of reduplications in Wheatley is 557, out ofwhich 305 words are rhymes (hocus-pocus) and 252 words are ablauts (dingledangle).Wheatley did not include pure reduplications, called echo-formationsor echoes in the present paper, like din-din although he says that 'we have onlyto listen to the talk of nurses how natural is their construction' (1866.4). Both inthe rhymes and in the ablauts we again meet with patterns described in morerecent studies: more than one third of the rhyming compounds has h- in the firstcomponent and nearly all the ablaut formations have [i] in the first component.While 29 out of 35 Pott's English words (ie 83 percent) appear in the SOD corpushere, Wheatley's list contains a number of rare words or nonce words: onlyabout 38 per cent of his reduplicatives are recorded in the Shorter Oxford Dictionary.After Pott and Wheatly reduplication in English was treated in grammars(JESPERSEN 1942, QUIRK et al. 1985), in books on word formation (KOZIOL1937, MARCHAND 1969, HANSEN et al. 1982, PEPRNiK. 1992), and in a number ofstudies published in periodicals (KIRCHNER 1956 and 1959, HANSEN 1964). NilsTHUN published a monograph devoted to reduplicative words in 1963. His listcontains more than 1,700 words, arranged under thematic headings, eg sound,motion, high degree, mental instability. About one half of this book is devotedto the meaning of English reduplicatives but he also discusses their form andorigin. A study comparing reduplicatives in English, Czech and Russian waspublished by Renata BLATNA and Czech and English reduplicative words werecompared in a paper by the present author.With all the studies, books and chapters devoted to reduplicatives the questionarises whether any other study is needed. The aim of the present notes istherefore very modest: (i) to make a list of all the reduplicatives quoted in all theavailable studies, and (ii) to define their stylistic meaning.Not every word mentioned in a study by another scholar, however, has beenincluded in the following lists. The missing words are those regarded as noncentral,peripheral or borderline types of reduplication. The following types areregarded as central:(a) exocentric compounds, eg black-back 'black-backed gull',

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 35(b) compounds with a semantic shift in one of the elements, eg dry fly'artificial fly' (the opposite is not a wet fly), in contrast to non-central nightlight, bed-stead,(c) compounds with transferred meaning, eg hot spot 'night club' (the originalmeaning being 'an area of the human body'),(d) compounds with grammatical irregularities, eg no-go,(e) compounds with full rhymes, eg brain drain, as opposed to non-centralcompounds with partial rhymes, eg hot rod, hitty missy, jiggery-pokery,whipper-snapper, handie-talkie,(f) compounds with regular syllable patterns, eg hip-hop, jeepers-creepers, asopposed to ricky-tick, clickety-click, hooey-balooey, chock-a-block, highand dry (for the last type, see KLEGR 1991),(g) compounds which are not based on alliteration only, as opposed to blueblood, creepy-crawly, freeze frame, topsy-turvy.ListsSeveral lists of reduplicatives are to be used for the basic statistics, ie for thepercentages of ablauts (A), rhymes (R) and pure reduplicatives (E for 'echoformations, or echoes'), and for the establishment of the main features of thesethree types. The central corpus is that based on the latest edition of the ShorterOxford Dictionary (= SOD, SO). Although no page-by-page search has beenmade of the dictionary, it is hoped that nearly all cases of reduplications recordedthere have been noticed. This kind of hope is based on the fact a list ofmore than two thousand words collected by scholars beginning with Pott hasbeen checked in the SOD and also in the OED.The five major lists to be presented here are the following:List A: 2,418 reduplicatives collected by other scholars, with a few additionsof my own.ListB: 1,283 „no-dictionary words".List C: 861 reduplicatives found in the OED.List D: 591 reduplicatives found in the SOD .List E: 215 slang expressions.List AThis list should serve as a directory to other lists. It contains only the words,and further information about their sources, meaning etc can be found in List Bor in the OED, SOD, and SLANG lists. List A includes a number of spellingvariants, eg chimcham is listed as a separate entry, with reference to kimkam onthe SOD list. On the SOD list, however, only kimkam is listed and chimcham ismentioned in the same entry as a variant. Two reasons may be offered for thisarrangement: to make List A as much complete as possible, and to make the sta-

36 JOSEF HLADKYtistical data for the other lists as precise as possible. This arrangement meansthat the sum of items on lists B to E is lower than the number of items on List A(2,356 and 2,418, respectively).a-ba B • abaa B • AC/DC SOD + SLANG • ack-ack SOD • agar-agar, agar SOD • airy-fairy SOD •aizam-jazam B • Ally Pally OEDA • ample trample SLANG • Andy-Wandy = Androcles B •anky-pranky B • Anny-Panny B • anting-anting OED • antsy-pantsy OED • apit-apat B • arf-arfB • argol-bargol = argy-bargy SOD • argy-bargy, ~ie-~gie, argle-bargle SOD • arley-parley B •arsy-versy, ~ie—ie, ~y—ey SOD + SLANG • arty-crafty, artsy-craftsy SOD • arty-farty, artsyfartsySOD • asey-casey B • auly-auly B • auly-cauly B • auly-crauly B • aunty-paunty B •aunty-praunty B • aye-aye SOD •ba(a)-ba(a) B • baba 1 SOD • baba 2 OED • baba 3 OED • ba-ha B • back-crack B • back-rac(k) OED• back-tack OED • back-track SOD • bandstand SOD • bandy-bandy SOD • bang-jang B • bangswangB • barbar B • barmy-army SLANG • battle-rattle SLANG • baw-baw B • baw-waw OED• beanie-wienie B • beat feet SLANG • beddie-weddie B • beebee = peepee 1SOD • beezyweeziesB • bee's knees SLANG • beriberi SOD • bibbery-bobbery B • bibble-babble, pibblepabbleSOD • biddle-baddle B • biddy-biddy, bidgee-widgee SOD • bidgee-widgee SOD • bigwigSOD • bim-bom 1B • bim-bom 2 B • bincum-bancum, -nk- B • bine-bine B • bing-bang OED• bingle-bangle OED • bit-bat B • bitchen-twitchen SLANG • bitsy-witsy, bitty-witty OED •bittle-battle B • bitty-witty = bitsy-witsy OED • bizzy izzy B • blab-blab B • black-back SOD •black-jack SOD • black-mack OED • blahblah, blah SOD • blah-flah B • blamby-pamby B •blang-blang-blang B • bfang-whang B • bleak-bleak B • blew-blaw B • blib—blab B • blibberblabberB • blibber-blubber B • blink-blonk, plink-plonk B • blish-blash B • blitter-blatter B •bloop soup SLANG • blue-blaw, blew-blaw OED • bob flop SLANG • bob mop SLANG • bobpop SLANG • bob-bob B • bobshop SLANG • bobtop SLANG • bogey-bogey B • boho B • bolus-nolusB • bon-bon SOD • bong song B • bong-bong B • boo-boo SOD • boob tube SLANG •boogie-woogie SOD • boohoo SOD • book-gook B • boola-boola SLANG • booloo B • boomboomB • boozy-woozy B • bopper-topper SLANG • boris noris B • borus-snorus B • boubou,bubu SOD • bouncy-bouncy SLANG • bow-row B • bow-tow B • bow-wow SOD • boz-woz B •brack-back B • brag rags SLANG • brain drain SOD • bribble-brabble OED • bringle—brangle B •brittle-brattle OED • broom-broom SLANG • brush mush SLANG • bubble-bubble B • buggerluggerSLANG • buibui SOD • bulbul SOD • buln-buln, bullen-bullen SOD • bum chum SLANG• bum numb SLANG • bum-bum B • bump-bump B • bunch punch SLANG • bunya-bunya SOD• butt-shut B • buz fiiz B • buzz-buzz B • bye-bye' SOD • bye-bye 2SOD • byochy-byochy B •bzzzbzzz B•cagmag SOD • can-can SOD • cancer-schmancer SLANG • canny-nanny B • caracara SOD • carrywarryB • cat chat SLANG • cat flat SLANG • cat scat SLANG • cat-fat B • cat-frat B • catterbatterB • catty-watty B • caury-maury OED • cavie-davie B • caw-caw B • cawdaw B • cawdymawdyB • cellar-smeller SLANG • cha-cha, cha-cha-cha SOD • chac-chac OED • chack-chackOED • chalk talk SOD • charivari SOD • Charlie-parlie B • Charlie-Warlie B • chase-grace B •chatter-chitter OED • chatter-watter B • chaut-chaut B • chawdaw B • chawly-chowly B •cheapo-cheapo SLANG • chee-chee = chi-chi 2SOD • cheep-cheep B • cheerful earful SLANG •cheezle-peezle B • chemp-champ B • cherry-churry B • cherry-derry B • cherry-merry OED •chi-chi 2 , chee-chee SOD • chichi 1SOD • chick-chack B • chick-chick B • chick-chock B • chiffchaff2 B • chiffchaff 1 SOD • chiffer-chaffer B • chiller-diller B • chim-cham = kim-kam SOD •

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 37chim-chim B • chinchin 1 SOD • chinchin 2 SLANG • chink-chink B • chip-chip B • chip-chopOED • chit-chat SOD • chitter-chatter SOD • chitterie-chatterie B • chocho, choko SOD • chokoSOD • choc—choo SOD • chop-chop 1 SOD «\:hop-chop 2 B • chow-chow SOD • chu-chu = chochoSOD • chuck-luck B • chucky-chucky B • chuff-chuff, chuff SOD • chuffe-chaffe OED •chug-chug, chug SOD • chug-drug B • chunk-chunk OED • churchy-wurchy B • chut-chut B •clack-clack(-clack) SOD • clamp-clamp B • clang-bang B • clang-clang OED • clank-clank B •clap-clap B • clap-trap SOD • clarty farty B • clatter-clutter B • clatter-patter B • clever-cleverSOD • clichity-clachity B • click-clack SOD • click-click OED • click-clock OED • click-nick B• cling-clang B • clink-clank SOD • clink-clink B • clinkum-clankum OED • clip-clip B • clipclopSOD • clipper-clapper OED • clippity—lippity B • cliquey-triquey B • clish-clash SOD • clitclatB • clitter-clatter SOD • clitterly-clatterly B • clitterty-clutterty B • Clivy-pivy B • clockclockB • clomp-clomp OED • clop-clop, clop SOD • club—drub OED • cluck buck SLANG •cluck cluck B • clump-clump B • clunk-clunk B • clush-clash OED • clutter-clutter OED • ClydieMydie B • cobble-nobble B • Cobby Nobby B • cobwob B • cock-clock B • cock-rock SLANG •cocky-locky B • coddy-moddy OED • codge-bodge B • colli-molly, —mollie OED • come comeB • compus-bompus B • conny-shonie B • coo-coo OED • cookbook SOD • coothery-oothery B •cop shop SOD + SLANG • copper dropper SLANG • cou-cou SOD • court short B • couscous 1 ,kouskous SOD • couscous 2 = cuscus 2 SOD • cow-bow B • cow-cow B • cow-how B • cow-ow B• cow-sow B • cow-wow B • cowley-wowley B • coxy-loxy, coxy-roxy B • coxy-roxy = coxyloxyB • crack-rack OED • cram-jam SOD • cranie-wany, crannie-wannie B • crapple-mapple B •craw-craw, kraw-kraw SOD • craw-shaw B • crawly-mawly B • creature-feature SLANG •creepie-peepie B • creesy-creesy B • crick-crack SOD • crickle-crackle SOD • crim-cram B •cringle-crangle OED • crink-crank B • crinkelty-crankelty B • crinkie-winkie B • crinkle-crankleSOD • crinkle-crunkle B • crinkley-crankley B • crinkum-crankum SOD • crish-crush B • crisscross,crisscross SOD • crow-row B • crowdy-mowdy OED • Crump Bump, the SLANG • crushcrashOED • cuddle-duddle B • cuddle-muddle B • cugger-mugger B • culture vulture SOD •cum-strum B • curl girl SLANG • curly-burly B • curly-merly B • curly-murly OED • curlywurly,~ie—ie SOD • cumie-wumie B • currie-wirrie B • currie-wurrie B • cuscus" SOD • cuscus2 , couscous 2SOD • cuscus 3 , khus-khus SOD • cush-cush SOD • cush-mush B • cushle-mushleB»da-da 2 SOD • dab-dab B • Dada 1 SOD • daily-daily SLANG • dame frame SLANG • damp lampSLANG • dandy-candy B • dang-swang B • dashy-trashy SLANG • date bait SLANG • date mateSLANG • dauby-sauby B • dead-head SOD • deda B • dee-gee B • deedle-doddle B • deedledoodleB • deeshy-doshy B • deetle-dottle B • Delhi belly SOD + SLANG • demi-semi SOD •des-res SOD • devoto-bloato B • dhirum-dharum B • dibber-dabber B • dibble-dabble OED •didder-dadder B • didder-dodder B • diddery-doddery B • diddle-daddle OED • diddle—diddleSOD • dik-dik SOD • dill-doll B • dilly-dally SOD • dim sim SOD • dimber-damber OED •dimmy-simmy B • din-din, din-dins SOD • dindle-dandle OED • ding-dong, dingdong SOD •ding-dang B • ding-ding 1 OED • ding-ding 2 B • dingle-dangle SOD • dingle-dongle OED •dinglum-danglum B • dirdum-dardum B • dish-dash B • divi-divi SOD • dixie-fixie B • dizzyLizzie SLANG • dizzy-wizzy B • Doasey-Cosey B • doddle-doddle B • doh-doh B • dojo SOD •Dolly-Poly B • doo-doo B • double-bubble (fuselage) OED • downtown SOD • drape shapeSLANG • drazil-drozzle B • dream beam SLANG • dribble-drabble B • driggle-draggle OED •drill-drolls B • drilly—drally B • drip-drip SOD • drip-drop SOD • drippity-droppity B • drizzledrazzleB • droolie schoolie SLANG • droop goop SLANG • dry-fly SOD • dub-dub B • duc-ducs

38 JOSEF HLADKVSLANG • duckywucky B • duk-duk SOD • dum-dum 2 SOD + SLANG • dum-scum B • dumdum 1SODeasie-osieB • eastie-wastie B • easy-peasy SOD + SLANG • eat-meat B • eckle-feckle B • edleymedleyB • eechie-ochie B • eedle-deedle B • eeksie-peeksie B • eelie-allie B • eendy-beendy B •eetle otle B • egg-peg OED • eggs-eggs B • equal-aqual B • em-fern B • even Stephen(s) SOD •eyvy-keyvy B •fa-la SOD • face-case SLANG • face lace SLANG • fag drag SLANG • fag tag SLANG • fag-hagSLANG • fair-hair OED • fal-lal SOD • fan-dan B • fan-tan SOD • Fanny-Nanny B • fat cat SOD+ SLANG • fave rave SOD + SLANG • faxwax B • feerie-fary, fiery-fary OED • feck-fack B •fed-bed B • fee-fue B • feeble greeble SLANG • feedle-faddle B • feghie-leghie B • fem-sem,femme-sem SLANG • fency-schmency SLANG • fender-bender SOD + SLANG • fexwex = faxwaxB • fible-fable SOD • fick-fack B • fickie-fickie B • fid-fad SOD • fiddle-diddle B • fiddlefaddleSOD • fiddle-fuddle B • fiddy-faddy B • fidge-fadge B • fie-fie SOD • fiery-fary = feeriefaryOED • fifty-fifty SOD • fig-fag B • figgle-faggle B • fill mill SLANG • filly-folly OED •fimble-famble B • fing-fangs B • finger wringer SLANG • fingle-fangle SOD • finter-fanter OED• firly-farly B • firry-farry B • fish-fash B • fix-fax OED • fizz-fuzz B • flag-wag B • flak shackSLANG • flap-trap B • Flaver-Saver (Company) B • fleechie-flechies B • fleery-flary B • fleetfeetSLANG • flibber-gibber OED • flibberty-gibbety SOD • flicflac SOD • flick-flock B •flicker-flicker B • flimflam, flim-flam SOD • flimmery-flammery B • flimsy-Wimzy B • flingwing SLANG • fling-strings B • flip quip SLANG • flip-flap SOD • flip-flop SOD • flippertyfloppertyOED • flish-flash OED • flitter-flutter SLANG • float-boat SOD • flop-flop B • floptopB • flop-whop B • flubdub SOD • fluff-fuff SLANG • flum-flam B • flum-gum B • flurryscurryB • flush-flash OED • fluster-bluster OED • flybie-skybie B • fol-lol B • Folly dollySLANG • foo-foo, fufu SOD • footer-footer B • footsy-wootsy B • footy-footy SOD • forumsnorumB • foxy-woxy B • frame dame SLANG • frank bank OED • franky-panky B • freakydeakySLANG • freebie, freebee SLANG • freelie-frailies B • fribble-frabble OED • frig pig B •frig-frog B • friggle-fraggles B • frigid midget SLANG • frim fram OED • frimple-frample B •frimsy-framsy B • frincy-francy B • frip-fraps B • frish-frash B • frobly-mobly B • frou-frouSOD • fuck truck SLANG • fucky-fucky SLANG • fuddle-muddle B • fuddy-duddy SOD +SLANG • fufu = foo-foo SOD • fum-fum OED • funny money SOD • fusty-rusty B • fuzzy-guzzyB • fuzzy-wuzzy SOD • fyke-fack B • fyxfax B •ga-ga SOD + SLANG • gabbie—labbie B • gain-pain, gaynepayne OED • galegale OED • gang bangSOD + SLANG • gang-gang SOD • gaw-gaw B • gaw-haw B • gaw-maw B • geck-neck B • geegeeSOD • geepie-gawpie B • gender-bender SLANG • gender-blender SLANG • Georgy-Porgy,~ie—ie B • gewgaw SOD • gibber-gabber B • gibbie-gabbie, —ge~ B • gibble-gabble SOD •gid-gad B • giddle-gaddle B • giddy-gaddy OED • giff-gaff SOD • giffle-gaffle B • giggle-gaggleB • gilgal B • gilly-gilly B • gilty galty B • gingle-gangle B • gip-gip B • girly-burly B • girlygirlySOD • glad lad SLANG • glairy-fairy B • glairy-flairy B • glibber-glabber B • glim-glam B •glim-glaum B • gluck-gluck OED • glug-glug OED • glut-glut OED • go-go 1SOD • gob jobSLANG • gobble-gobble B • gobo SOD • God squad SOD + SLANG • Goglefogle B • Gogo 2SOD • gol-mol B • gol-pol OED • goldy-woldy B • gong-gong SOD • goo-goo SOD + SLANG •goody-goody SOD • goona-goona B • goosey-poosey B • greegree, gris-gris SOD • gri-gri =grugru SOD • griff-graff B • gris-gris = greegree SOD • groo-groo = grugru SOD • grougrou =grugru SOD • groupy-croupy B • gruesome twosome SLANG • grugru, groo-groo, gri-gri SOD •grumbly-grumbly B • grumpy frumpy B • gu-gu B • guch-guch B • gug-gug B • gug-mug B •

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 39guidguid = huet-huet SOD • guk-guk OED • gul-gul B • gulli-gulli = gulty-gully SOD • gulliewullieB • gully-gully, gulli-gulli SOD • gum-gum SOD • gun[g]-gun[g] B • gurr-gurr B • gurrywurryB • gweek-gwak B •ha-ba B • ha-ha' SOD • ha-ha 2 , haw-haw 2SOD • ha-ho B • habber-glabber B • habbie-gabbie B •habble-hobbie B • habdabs SOD + SLANG • habnab = hobnob 2SOD • hack-back B • hack-jackB • hackum-plackum, ~nk nk~ B • haddy-daddy B • haffle-caffle B • haffle-maftle B • hagbagSLANG • haggarty-taggarty, ~ger ger~ B • haifty-kaifty B • haig-raig B • haihow B •haily—daily B • haily-gaily B • hair-care B • hala B • halloo-balloo OED • haly-caly B • hamgam(s)B • ham-sam B • ham-scram B • ham-stram B • hammer-glammer B • han-span B • hanchum-scranchumB • hand-band OED • handy-andy B • handy-bandy OED • handy-dandy SOD• handy-pandy OED • handy-spandy OED • hang-slang B • hangy-bangy B • hankum-plankum =hackum-plackum B • hanky-panky SOD • hanky-spanky B • hansy-janzies B • hapsher-hapsherB • hapsher-rapsher B • har-har B • hardy-dardy OED • hargle-bargle B • hari-kari OED • harkhark B • Harry Parry B • harry-carry OED • harum-scarum SOD • harum-starum B • hash-mash B• hash-smash B • hashie-bashie B • hasum-jasum B • Hau Hau 1 SOD • hau-hau 2 OED • haucheepaucheeB • haukum-plaukum B • hauly-cauly B • haunk-haunk OED • hauvy-gauvy. ~ey—ey B• havey-cavey B • havey-quavey B • havey-scavey B • havy-gavy B • haw-baw B • haw-gaw B •haw-haw' SOD • haw-haw 2 = ha-ha 2 SOD • hawkery-pawkery B • hawley-auley B • hay-bay B •hayty-tayty B • haze-baze B • haze-gaze B • hazy-dazy B • hazy-gazy B • he, he B • he-haw =hee-haw SOD • he-he OED • hear-hear SOD • heavely-keavely = havey-cavey B • heckampeckamB • heckery-peckery B • heckum-peckum OED • hedley-medley OED • hee-haw SOD •hee-hee SLANG • heebie-jeebie, ~y—y, ~ie—~ies SOD • heegle—haggle B • heetie-kneetie B •heevy-skeevy B • heezie-hosie, ~zie—zie B • Heezlum Peezlum B • hefty-kefty = havey-cavey B• heg-beg B • heg-peg B • heich-skeich B • heigh-ho, hey-ho SOD • heivy-keivy B • hell's bellsSOD + SLANG • helter-belter B • helter-kelter B • helter-skelter SOD • hen pen B • henky-penkyB • henny-penny B • heppy-peppy SLANG • herky-jerky SOD + SLANG • hi-fi SOD • hi-hi B •hi-how B • hi-spy = I-spy SOD • hi-yi B • hibber-gibber OED • hibbledy-hobbledy B • hiccupsnickupB • hick-pic SLANG • hickerty-pickerty B • hickery-pickery SOD • hickety-bickety B •hickety-crickety B • hickety-hackety B • hickety-hockety B • hickety-pickety B • hickle-hackle B• hickle-pickle B • hickledy-pickledy, -by—by B • hicklety-picklety = higgledy-piggledy SOD •hickory-dickory B • hickup-snickup B • hicky-picky B • hicra-picra OED • hiddie-kiddie B •hiddlies—piddlies B • hiddy-giddy, ~ie—ie OED • hiffle-haffle B • higgle-haggle OED • higgle—piggle B • higgledy-piggledy SOD • higgiety—pigglety = higgledy-piggledy SOD • high-spry B •higher-higher SLANG • highsty-tighsty B * highter-blighter B • highty—flighty B • highty—tighty= hoity-toity SOD • higly-pigly = higgledy-piggledy SOD • higry-pigry OED • hiho OED •hildie—gildie = hiddy-giddy OED • hildy-wildy B • hillgill B • hilter—skilter Scot. = helter-skelterSOD • hilter-wilter B • hiltie—skiltie B • himper-hemper B • hinch-pinch OED • hinchy-pinchy B• hingum-tringum B • hink-hank B • hink-pink B • hink-skink B • hinky-dinky B • hinter-tinterB • hinx-minx B • hip flip SLANG • hip-hip B • hip-hop 1 SOD • hip-hop 2 SOD • hip-zip B •hipalhie-hapathie B • hipperly-tipperly B • hipperty-skipperty B • hipperty-tipperty B • hippetyhappelyB • hippety-hoppety SOD • hippety-pippity B • hippie-dippie B • hipsy-dipsy = hippie—dippie B • hirdie—girdie B • hirdum-dirdum B • hirdy-girdy SOD • hirrie-harrie OED • hiseyprisey= hizi-prizy B • hish-hash B • hish-hish B • hist-hast B • histy-fisty B • hitch-hatch B •hitherum-ditherum B • hithom-tithom B • Hitty Pitty B • hitty—titty B • hity-tity = hoity-toitySOD • hiver-hover B • hivie skivy OED • hixy-pixy B • hizey-pizey B • hizy-prizy B • ho! ho! B

40 JOSEF HLADKY• ho-ho 1 SOD • ho-ho 2 OED • hoad-road B • hob-gob B • hob-job OED • hob-lob B • hob-nob 1SOD • hob-nob 2SOD • hobber-nobber OED • hobbity-bobbity B • hobble-bobble = hubblebubbleSOD • hobble-gobble B • hobby-tobby B • hobnob SOD • hobo SOD • hobs-bobs B •Hobson-Jobson SOD • hocke-dock B • hocker-mocker = hugger-mugger SOD • hocker-poker B• hockerty-cockerty B • hockerty-crockerty = hockerty-cockerty B • hockery-pockery, haw—paw- B • hockey-dockies B • hockler-ockler B • hocksy-vocksy B • hocos-pocos B • hocusfocusB • hocus-pocus SOD • hod-dod B • hod-rod B • hoddy-doddy SOD • hoddy-noddy SOD •hoder-moder = hudder-mudder SOD • hodgepodge = hotchpotch SOD • hodman-dodman B •Hogen Mogen, Hogan Mogan SOD • hogo SOD • hogry-mogiy B • hoi hoy B • hoity-poity B •hoity-toity, highty—tighty SOD • hokee-pokee OED • hoker-moker = hugger-mugger SOD •hokey-cokey SOD • hokey-pokey SOD • hollis—bollis B • holly-golly B • holsie-jolsie B •holums-jolums B • holuns-boluns B • holus-bolus SOD • hommilty-jommmelty B • homson B •honder-sponder B • honey-bunny SLANG • honk-honk, honk SOD • honka-donka B • hoo-flooB • hoo-ha SOD • hoo-hoo, hoo SOD • hoo-poo = hoopoe SOD • hoo-shoo B • hoobly-goobly B• hoodoo SOD • hooky-crooky OED • hoopie-scoopie B • hoopoe SOD • hoorikooris B • hooroo,hurroo SOD • hoot toot B • hootchy-kootchy, ~ie—ie, ~y-cootchy SOD • hoots-toots B •Hootsy-Tootsy B • hoozy-poozy B • hop-hop B • homer-scomer B • homy-domey B • horrellorrelB • horum-scorum B • hossy-gossy B • hot spot SOD • hot squat OED + SLANG • hot-botB • hotchie-potchie B • hotchpotch, hodgepodge SOD • hotpot SOD • hotshot SOD • hotsie-totsieSLANG • hotsy-totsy SOD • hottie-tottie' SOD + SLANG • hottie-tottie 2B • hotty-totty = hoitytoitySOD • houchty-pouchty B • houghen-moughen B • houlder-moulder B • houncy-jouncy B •housey-housey, ~ie—ie SOD • hout-tout B • houtie-croutie B • houtou B • how-cow B • howhowB • how-row B • how-skrow B • how-strow B • howdy-dowdy B • howdy-towdy B • howkchowkB • howthery-towthery B • hoxter-poxter B • hoylens-voylens B • hubba-hubba SOD +SLANG • hubble-bubble SOD • hubble-shubble OED • hubbub SOD • hucker-mucker = huggermuggerSOD • huckie-buckie B • huckle-duckle B • huckmuck B • hudder-mudder SOD • huddie-duddie= hoddy-doddy SOD • huddle-duddle OED • huddle-muddle B • huddy-wuddy B •hudge-mudge B • hudgie-drudgie B • huet-huet, guidguid SOD • huff-duff SOD • huff-muffOED • huff-puff OED • huff-snuff OED • huff-stuff B • huffle-scuffle B • huftie-tuftie, ~y—yOED • hugger-mugger, hucker-mucker SOD • hugger-smugger B • huggle-duggle B • huggrymuggryB • huhu SOD • hula-hula, hula SOD • hull-gull B • hullie-bullie B • hulloo hulloo B •hully gully 1 SOD • hully-gully 2 = holy-golly B • hum-trum OED • humble-jumble SOD • humdrumSOD • humhum SOD • hummel-bummel OED • hummel-drummel B • hummel-jummel B •humperdee clumperdee B • humph humph B • humpsy-crumpsy B • humpty dumpty SOD •Humpty Dumpty SOD • humpty-jumpety B • humpy-grumpy B • humstrum SOD • hun-pun B •hunchery-munchery B • hunge-pluhge B • hunge-splunge B • hunker-chunker B • hunkumbunkumB • hunky-munky B • hurdy-durdy B • hurdy-gurdy SOD • hurkle-durkle B • hurlyburlySOD • hurly-gurly B • hurr-burr OED • hurroo = hooroo SOD • hurry-burry OED • hurrycurryOED • hurry-durry OED • hurry-gurry B • hurry-scurry SOD • hush-cush B • hush-hushSOD • hush-mush B • hushel-bushel B • huschle-muschte B • hustle-bustle B • hut tut B • hutentruten= hutn-trutn B • huther-muther = hudder-mudder SOD • hutherie-tutherie B • hutie-cuittieB • hutn-trutn, huten-truten B • huzz-buzz B • hy-spy = I-spy SOD • hynd-wynd B • hynnypynnyB • hyssy-pyssy = hynny-pynny B • hyte-styte B • hyter-styter B •1-spy, hi-spy, hy-spy SOD • ibsy-wibsy B • ickitty—pickitty B • ickle-ockle B • icky-dicky B •icky-Vicki B • iddy-oddy B • igsy-pigsy B • iky-piky B • ilang-ilang = ylang-ylang SOD • ill

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 41will SOD • imaky-amaky B • inchy-pinchy B • incey-wincey B • inker-pinker, inky-pinky OED •inkum-jinkum B • inky-dinky SLANG • inky-pinky = inker-pinker OED • ish-wish B • itsybitsy,itty—bitty SOD • itsy-witsy B • ixey-pixey B • izey-tizey B • izy-prizy B • izzum-wizzum Bjab-jab B • jack-back OED • jakesey-jooksey B • jam ham SLANG • jam-cram B • jammedcrammedB • jaracara B • jaw-jaw SLANG • jedderty-jidderty B • jeepers-creepers SOD +SLANG • jelly-belly SOD + SLANG • jeminy-creminy B • Jenny-Penny B • jet-set SOD • jibber-jabberSOD • jidderty-jadderty B • jiff—jaffs B • jiffle—jaffle B • jig-jig 1 , jig-jog SOD • jigjig2 = zig-zig SLANG 'jig-jog = jig-jig 1 SOD • jiggety-joggety B - jiggle-juggle B • jiggy-joggyOED • jimjam(s) SOD • jingle-jangle SOD • jingle-jingle OED • jitty—jetty B • jo-jo 1SOD • jojo2 B • jo-jos SLANG • jobsie-wobsie B • Jodo SOD • Joe Blow 1 SOD • Joe blow 2 B • Joe Doe B• Joe Dough B • Joe Schmo SLANG • jog-jog SOD • john-john SOD • joint-joint SLANG • JojoB • jolasy-wolasy B • Jorjy Porjy B • joukery-cookery OED • joukery-pawkery SOD • joy boySLANG • ju-ju 1 SOD • ju-ju 2 SOD + SLANG • Jubb-Jubb B • Judy-pudy B • jug-jug 1 SOD •jug-jug 2SOD • jumpy-wumpies B •kaa-waa B • kabbie-labby B • kai-kai, kai SOD • kaw-waw B • kawakawa 1 SOD • kawakawa 2 SOD• ke-hee B • kebbie-lebbie B • keckle-meckle OED • kee-gee B • kee-kaw B • kee-kee = kiekieSOD • keemc—kimo B • keen teen SLANG • keg-meg = cagmag SOD • kerimeri = kerry-merry •kerley-merley = curly-murly OED • kerly-berlys = curly-murly OED • kerry-merry(-buff), kyrymyryB • khaki-wacky B • khus khus = cuscus 3SOD • ki-hi OED = ki-yi SOD • ki-ki SLANG •ki-yi SOD • kib-keb B • kibble-cobble B • kibble-kabble B • kibty-cobty B • kickie-wickie SOD• kicksy-wicksy = kickie-wickie SOD • kiddie-widdie B • kiddle-kaddle B • kiddle-kittle B •kidvid SLANG • kiekie SOD • kiggle-kaggle B • killer-diller SOD + SLANG • killum-callum B •kim-kam SOD • kinkin OED • kina-kina B • kinch-pinch B • kind-blind OED • King Kong SOD• kingle-kangle B • Kingy Wingy B • kiow-ow B • kissie-wissie B • kissy-kissy SLANG • Kit-catSOD • kitch-witch B • kittle cattle SOD • kittlie—wittly B • kitty-katty B • kiwi SOD • kiwi-kiwi B• klop-klop OED • knap-knap B • knapscap OED • knick-knack, nick-nack SOD • knickyknackyB • kniff-knaff OED • knip-knap B • knit-knot OED • knock-knock OED • koodoo =kudu SOD • kouskous = couscous 1 SOD • kow-how, cow-how B • kowtow SOD • kraw-kraw =craw-craw SOD • kringlety-kranglety B • kudu, koodoo SOD • kumur B • kyry-myry = kerrymerryB •la-la 1 SOD • la-la 2 SOD • lab-dab B • lablab SOD • lake-wake OED • lambsy-wamsy B • langiespangieB • lap-clap B • lap-lap SOD • lap-tab B • lardy-dardy SOD • large charge SLANG •lattat B • lau-lau SOD • laughter-lifter B • lava-lava SOD • learbeer B • leet-lyte B • leggy-peggyB • leirichie-larichie B • leng-long B • lie-by B • Li-Lo, Lilo SOD • Lib-Lab SOD • lifre-lofre B• liglag B • lilly-pilly SOD • limo-limo B • limp' scrimp B • lin-pin OED • ling-long OED •liony-piony B • lip-clap B • lip-clip OED • lippity—clippity B • liquorice-stickorice B • litterlatterB • little-little OED • Lizzie-Mizzie-Wizzie B • lock-lock B • locofoco SOD • lomi-lomiSOD • loosey-goosey OED • loshie-goshie B • lovey-dovey SOD • lulu SOD + SLANG •lumperdee-clumperdee OED • lumpy-gumpy-humpy B • lush mush SLANG • lush thrushSLANG • lusty-fusty B • lyke-wake = lake wake OED •mack-lack B • maimai, mai mai SOD • maisie-maisie B • makomako, make—mako, mako SOD •mal-scral B • mamma SOD + SLANG • marly-scrarly = mal-scral B • mart-cart B • mata-mata 1SOD • matamata 2SOD • mau-mau SOD + SLANG • mawl-scrawl = mal-scral B • meachy-teachyB • mean bean SLANG • mean-green SLANG • meckle-keckle B • mee-maw B • meepy-moppy

42 JOSEF HLADKYB • meeschle-maschle B • meesh-mash B • mel-pell OED • mell-well OED • mellow fellowSLANG • mellow yellow SLANG • mercy-percy B • merry-deny B • mew-mew B • mia-miaSOD • mick-mick B • midge-madge B • miff-maffB • miggle-maggle B • mike-mike SLANG •mil-mil B • mill-kill B • mim-mam B • miminy-piminy SOD • mimpsy-pimpsy B • mincingpincingOED • ming-mang B • mingimingi, micky-mick SOD • mingle-mangle SOD • mingledypingledyB • minikin-finikin B • mishmash, mish-mash SOD • mixty-maxty, ~ie—ie, ~er—erSOD • mixy-maxy = mixty-maxty SOD • mizmaze SOD • mizzy-mozzy B • moco-moco, muckamuckaSOD • moddle-coddle, ~ey—ey B • mojo 1 SOD • mojo 2 SOD + SLANG • moko-moko,moki-moki SOD • mole-hole B • molly-dolly B • money honey SLANG • mooey-wooey B •mop-top SLANG • motmot SOD • mousey-pousey B • mu-mu = muu-muu SOD • mubblefubble(s),mumble-fumble(s) OED • muckluck 1 = mukluk SOD • muck-luck 2 B • muck-struck B •mucka-mucka = moco-moco SOD • muffle-maffle B • mugbug SLANG • mukluk, muckluck 1SOD • mulmull SOD • mum-mum B • mumble-fumble(s) = mubble-fubble(s) OED • mumblejumbleOED • mumblement-jumblement B • mumbo-jumbo SOD • mumsie-wumsie OED •munge-munge B • mush brush SLANG • muster-master SOD • musty-fusty B • muu-muu, mumuSOD • muxter-maxter B • myow-wow B •nag-drag B • nag-nag B • namby-pamby SOD • nasty-pasty B • nay-say SOD • near-beer SOD •neejee, nitchie, ~y OED • neek-nack B • nene SOD • never-never SOD • nibble-nabble B •nibby-gibby B • nicey-picey B • nick-nack = knick-knack SOD • nick-nick B • nick-stick SOD •nickety-nackety B • nickle-nackle B • nid-nod SOD • niddle-naddle B • niddle-noddle SOD •niddlety-noddlety B • niddy-noddy SOD • niff-naffSOD • niffle-naffle B • niffy-naffy SOD • nigpig B • nig-nag B • nig-nog 1 SOD + SLANG • nig-nog 2 SOD + SLANG • niggers-noggers OED •niggle-naggle B • niggly-naggly B • night-night OED • nilder-nalder B • nildy-wildy B • nillywilly- willy-nilly SOD • nimble-wimble B • niminy-piminy SOD • nimmy-pimmy B • nimpypimpy= niminy-piminy SOD • nimpy-primpy B • nincety-fincety OED • ning-nang OED • ningnongSOD • ninny-nanny B • ninny-nonny B • nippertyMipperty B • nitchie = neejee OED •nitherty-notherty B • nitnit SLANG • nitty-gritty SOD • nitwit SOD • niz-priz B • nizy-prizy B •nizzle-nozzle B • no-go SOD • no-no SOD • noity-doity B • nolens volens SOD • nolum wolumB • nolus-bolus B • non-con SOD • nonny-nonny SOD • nosey-posey B • nosy-posy B • nownow SOD • nulla-nulla SOD • num-num 1 SOD • num-num 2 SOD • numb-plump B • nut-cutSOD • nutty-nutty B •ockerdocker B • oddie-doddie B • offscroff B • oilins-boilins B • okey-dokey SOD • okey-pokey B• okle-dokle = okey-dokey SOD • oodle-doodle B • ooh-ooh OED • oojie-woojie B • oolydroolyB • oompah-oompah OED • oompus-boompus B • ootsie-wootsie B • oozi-poozi B • opple—scoppleB • orgy-porgy B • ormy-gormy B • orty-warty B • othem-upothem B • otty-motty B•paalie-maalie B • pack-sack SOD • pack-wack B • pad-pad OED • pag-mag B • pag-rag B • painemaineB • paise-waise B • pall-mall SOD • pallall OED • palsy-walsy SOD + SLANG • partyheartySLANG • passe-passe OED • pat-pat OED • patchy-blatchy B • patha-patha SOD • pattpattB • patter-patter B • pattle-pattle B • pattoo-pattoo B • paw-paw 1 SOD • paw-paw 3 SOD +SLANG • Pawpaw 2SOD • paxwax, taxwax SOD • paxy-waxy B • pay-day SOD • pay-way OED •paynmayn B • pease-wease B • pech-pech B • pecker-checker B • pee-dee B • pee-hee B • peepee1 SOD • pee-pee 2 SOD • peeky-weeky B • peep-peep B • peepie-creepie OED • peepieweepieB • peer queer SLANG • peerie-weerie, ~y—y B • peesy-weesy B • peetweet SOD • peewee,peeweep SOD • peezy-weezies B • peggy-weggy B • pegleg OED • pell-mell 1SOD • pell-

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 43mell 2= pall-mall SOD • pelly-melly OED • pelvis-elvis B • petsy-wetsy OED • petty-patty B •pey-swey B • pey-wey B • phut-phut = put-put SOD • pibble-pabble = bibble-babble SOD •pic(k) crick, pix crix SLANG • pick-pack OED • picklick B • pickwick SOD • picnic SOD • pid—pad OED • piddle-paddle B • piff-paff, piff SOD • piggin-riggin B • piggledy-higgledy B • piggly-wigglyOED • piggy-wiggy, ~ie—ie SOD • pill-gill B • pimple-pamples B • pin-swin B •pinc-pinc OED • pindy-pandy B • pine-wine B • piney-whiney, ~y—y B • ping-ping OED •ping-pong SOD • ping-wing SOD • pink-pank B • pink-pink OED • pink-twink B • pinkiepankieB • pinkie-winkie B • pinkle-pankle B • pinky-winky B • pinny-ninny B • pintle-pantle B• pintledy-pantledy B • piou-piou SOD • pip-pip SOD • pip-pop OED • pipple-papple B • piripiri2 SOD • piripiri 1 SOD • pise-wise B • pish-pash, pish-posh SOD • pish-posh = pish-pashSOD • pisha paysha SOD • pishery-pashery OED • pishty-wishty B • piss-whiz B • pit-pat SOD •pit-pit B • pitch-patch B • pitchy-patchy B • pither-pather B • pitter—litter OED • pitter-patterSOD • pittle—pattle = pitter-patter SOD • pitty-patty = pit-pat SOD • piupiu SOD • pix-crix B •placket-racket B • pleck-pleck B • plick-plock B • plink-plonk = blink-blonk B • plish-plash B •plish-plosh B • plit-plat B • plitch-platch B • plod-plod OED • plop-plop SOD • plot-hot B •plotty-plotty B • plup-plup B • poa-poa B • pob-bob B • pock-tock B • pocketa-pocketa SOD •poco loco SLANG • pody cody OED • pog-wog B • pokenoke B • pokey-hokey B • pom-pom 1SOD • pompom 2SOD • pongy-bongy B • poo-poo, pooh-pooh SOD • poolsie-woolsie B •pooly-wool(l)y B • pooper-scooper SOD • poopsy-woopsy B • pop bop SLANG • poppa-stoppaSLANG • popshop SOD + SLANG • popsy-wopsy B • porps! porps! B • posy-wosy B • pot-shotSOD • pottle-bottle B • powwow SOD • Pragger-Wagger B • prap-prap B • pray-pray OED •preachy-preachy B • pretty-pretty SOD • pribble-prabble SOD • prid-prad B • priminy-miminy B• prinkum-prankum, -nc- SOD • prit-prat B • prittle-prattle SOD • prop shop B • pu-pu KIR =pooh-pooh SOD • pud-dud B • pudgy-wudgy B • pudu SOD • puff-puff SOD • pug bug SLANG• pum-jum B • pum-pum B • push-push OED • pussy posse SOD + SLANG • put-put SOD • pyhy OED •quack-quack SOD • quagger-pragger B • quark-quark B • quavery-mavery OED • quavery-waveryB • quee-quaw B • quhilly—billy B • quhilly—lilly B • quish-quash B • quick-stick(s) OED • quitquitB • quius kius B •rack-jack OED • racket jacket SLANG • rag-bag SOD + SLANG • rag-mag B • rag-snag B • ragstagB • raggle-taggle SOD • rags-jags B • ragtag SOD • rah-rah, rah SOD • rail-trail B • ram-jamSOD + SLANG • ram-stam SOD • ram-stram B • ram-tam B • ramble-scramble OED • ramblinggamblingB • ramp-ramp B • ran-dan' SOD • ran-dan 2SOD • ran-shan B • ran-tan SOD • randem-tandemB • Randy Mandy SLANG • Randy Pandy B • randy-dandy B * rantum-scantumSOD • ranty-tanty B • rap-tap OED • rasher-splasher B • raspy-gaspy B • rat-tat SOD • razzledazzleSOD • reavel-ravel OED • reco-reco SOD • red lead SOD • Red Ned, red ned SOD +SLANG • red-red B • redhead SOD • ree-raw. reel-rail SOD • reeble-rabble B • reel-rail = reerawSOD • reemle—rammle B • reet meet SLANG • ren-ten B • repple depple SOD + SLANG •rewa-rewa, rewarewa SOD • rhimery-chimery B * ribble-rabble SOD • ric-sic B • rich-rich OED• rick-stick OED • rickety-dickety B • rickety-rackety SOD • ricky-ticky, ~ie—ie SOD • rickrack,ricrac SOD • rictum-tictum B • riddlemy-riddlemy OED • riff-raff SOD • rim-ram OED • rimblerambleB • rimble-ramble OED • Rimini-pimini B • ring-ding SLANG • ringat-rangat OED •rink-stink B • riprap, rip-rap SOD • rittle—rattle OED • riz-raz B • ro-ro SOD • road-coachSLANG • rob-dob B • robble-bobble B • robble-hobble B • Roddy-doddy B • Roger DodgerSLANG • rogum pogum E • Roister-Doister OED • roily—polly B • rolly-volly B • roly-poly SOD

44 JOSEF HLADKV• rom-tom B • rongo-rongo SOD • roo-doo B • rooley-booley B • rootin'-tootin' SLANG •rooty-tooty B • roquet-croquet B • roty-tory OED • rosey-posey, ~y—y B • roucou SOD • roughstuff SOD • rough-scruff, rough-scuff SOD • round-ground B • round-sound B • rout-out B •routie-voutie B • rouzie-bouzie OED • row-chow B • row-dow'-dow) OED • row-dow 2B •rowdy-dowdy SOD + SLANG • rowley-powley = roly-poly SOD • royster-doyster B • rub-rub B• rucklety-tucklety B • ruff-cuff B • ruff-raff B • ruffy-tuffy B • rufty-tufty, ~ie—~ie OED • rugbug SOD • rugger-bugger SLANG • ruggle-buggle B • ruggy-duggy B • rumbum SLANG • rumslumB • rum-strum OED • rum-tum SOD • rumble-bumble B • rumble-jumble B • rumbletumbleB • rumdum, rumdumb SOD + SLANG • rumple-tumple B • rumpum-scrumpum B •rumpy-pumpy SOD • rush-rush B • rusty-dusty B • rusty-fusty B • Ryukyu SOD •sa-ha SOD • sacky-dacky B • sad bad B • sadly badly B • sahli-fahly B • sahli—pahli B • Sally PallyB • sauby-dauby B • savory- flavory B • say-nay OED • scaff-raff OED • scale-quail OED • scatcat SLANG • scope dopes SLANG • scouking-looking B • scratch-scratch B • screwtonnewton(s)B • scribble-scrabble SOD • scribble-scribble B • scribble-scrobble B • scriff-scraff B •scrimpum-scrampum B • scrip-scrap OED • scritch-scratch SOD • scrittle-scrattle B • scrow-rowB • scrummy-yummy B • scurrie-whurrie, skirry-whirry B • sea flea OED • sea-pea OED • seesawSOD • seesee, sisi SOD • seldesey-weldesey B • semi-demi SOD • set-net OED • shabushabuSOD • shack-back B • shady lady SLANG • shag-bag SOD • shag-rag SOD • shallal OED •shally-gallee B • shally-wally B • sham Abra(ha)m SLANG • sham-damn SOD • shape drapesSLANG • shay-shay = shey-shey SOD • sheaffie-shaffy B • shey-shey, shay-shay SOD • shickshackOED • shiffle-shaffle B • shiffle-shuffle OED • shig-shag B • shig-shog B • shil-shal B •shill-hill B • shilly-shally SOD • shim-sham SLANG • shine-shine B • shog-bog B • shog-shogB • shoo-hoo B • shoogie-shagie B • shoop-choop B • short snort(er) SLANG • showdy-towdy B• shoy-hoy OED • shrewd dude SLANG • shriek-shriek B • shuck-shack B • shush-shush OED •shy-sly B • sicsac = ziczac SOD • siddle—siddle B • siggy-wiggy B • silly billy SOD • silly fillySLANG • silly Willy B • sim-sim SOD • simsam B • sin bin SOD + SLANG • Sing Sing 1SOD •sing-sing 2 SOD • singsing 3 SOD • singsong SOD • sinny-fynnie B • sinter-santer B • sintersaunterB • sip-sap B • sisi = seesee SOD • sittie—fittie B • skelter-helter B • skerry-merry B •skerry-werry B • skewgy-mewgy OED • sk(w)eegee B • skid-lid SLANG • skimble-skamble SOD• skimper-skamper B • skirry-whirry = scurrie-whurrie B • skirt-nerts B • skirty—flirty SLANG •skitwit B • skleet-sklyte B • skuil-bruil B • slab-dab B • slack-back B • slam-jam B • slam-slamB • slambam SOD • slangwhang SOD • slawsy-gawsy OED • slibber-slabber B • slibberyslobberyB • slick chick SLANG • slick-stick B • slide-guide B • slightly-tightly B • slim jimSLANG • slip-slap SOD • slip-slip B • slip-slop, slipslop SOD • slipper-slopper B • slippettysloppettyB • slop-shop SOD • slitherum-slatherum B • slumgum OED • smick-smack B • smicksmockB • smish-smash B • smit-smats B • smock-frock SOD • smoopoo B • smut slut SLANG •smut-butt SLANG • snaily-baily B • snarly-barly B • snarly-yarly B • snatch-blatch B • sneakins-meakinsB • snick-snack B • sniffle-snuffle B • snip-snap SOD • snip-snip B • snippersnapperSOD • snob mob SLANG • snooksy-wooksy B • snootie cutie SLANG • snorus-vorus B •snuggly-wuggly B • so-ho SOD • so-so OED • sock frock SLANG • softly-softly SOD • SohoSOD • soogee-mooge SOD + SLANG • sou-sou, susu 2SOD • souji-mouji = soogee-moogeeSOD • space-case SLANG • spigot bigot SLANG • spine-swine B • spink-wink B • spit kitSLANG • spit-bit SLANG • spitter-spatter B • splash flash SLANG • splash-dash OED • splish—splash SOD • splishy-splashy SOD • splitter-splatter B • splitter-splutter B • splotchy-blotchy B •spoony-moony B • spruce goose B • spuly-spowly B • squawky-talkie B • squee-pee B • squee :

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 45gee SOD • squeek-week B • squimble-squamble = skimble-skamble SOD • squirrly-wirly B •squish-squash SOD • stag-mag B • stag-rag B • stam-ram B • stark-dark B • starvie-warvie B •steiny-weiny B • stibber-gibber B • stick flick SLANG • stick-stock B • stickly-prickly B • stipstepB • stitty—stitty OED • stock-lock SOD • stoorie-woorie B • strim-stram SOD • strim-strumB • strumstrum SOD • stubble trouble SLANG • sump-pump B • super-duper SOD • susu 1SOD •susu 2= sou-sou SOD • swap shop, swop shop OED • sway-gay B • sway-swaw B • sway-sway B• swee-sway B • swee-swee OED • Sweetie-Weetie B • sweetmeat SOD • swig-swag B • swillswalB • swing wing SOD • swing-swang SOD • swingledome—swangledome B • swinkumswankumB • swish-swash SOD • swish-swish SOD • swishy-swashy B • switter-swatter OED •swoon goon SLANG • swooner-crooner B •ta da(h) SOD • ta-ta 1 SOD • ta-ta 2 B • tabnab(s) SOD + SLANG • tacky-lacky B • tag-lag B • tagmagB • tagrag SOD • taily-waily B • Taki-Taki SOD • talkee-talkee SOD • talky-talky SOD •tarn rag SLANG • tam-tam SOD • tarn-tram B • tamboo-bamboo SOD • tame dame SLANG •tan-tan OED • tan-tin OED • tang-rang B • tanty-ranty B • tap-lap B • tap-tap SOD • tappitytappitySOD • tappy-lappy B • tar-mar B • tarsy-warsy B • tat-tat OED • tatesy-watesy B • taxwax= paxwax SOD • taxy-waxy B • tck-tck OED • team cream SLANG • tee-hee SOD • tee—tee 1SLANG • teensy-eensy B • teensy-weensy = teeny-tiny SOD • teenty-tointy, teenty-taunty OED •teeny-tiny, teeny-weeny SOD • teeny-weeny = teeny-tiny SOD • teepee SOD • teesty-tosty =tisty-tosty B • teetee 2 = titi 1SOD • teeter-totter SOD • tehee = tee-hee SOD • tender-tinder OED •terry-rerry B • tersy-versy B • teuf-teuf SOD • teut-meut B • tew-taw OED • thax-wax B • thickMick B • thick-dick B • thingum-thangum, ~nk—nk~ OED • thinskin B • thriller—diller B •thrilly-dilly B • throb-throb B • thrum-thrum B • thuk-thuk OEDA = tuk-tuk SOD • thumpthumpB • thurgy-lurgy B • thuzzy-muzzy B • thwick-thwack SOD • tic-tac = tick-tack SOD •tick-tack, tic-tac SOD • tick-tick SOD • tick-tock SOD • ticksy-wicksy B • ticky-tacky SOD •tiddle taddle B • tiddle-toddle B • tiddy-iddy OED • tie-tie OED • tiffety-taffety OED • tiffletaffleB • tiffy-taffy B • tig-rig(s) B • tig-tag OED • tiggle-taggle B • til—tha—lil—tha B • tilliwhillieB • tilly—willy, twilly-willy B • ting-tang SOD • ting-ting SOD • ting-tong B • tingle-tangle 1SOD • tingle-tangle 2SOD • tink-tank OED • tinkel-tankel B • tinkle-tankle SOD • tinkle-tinkleOED • tinny-winny B • tinsy-winsy B • tiny-winy B • tip-tap SOD • tipsy-topsy B • tiptop SOD •tirlie-whirlie SOD • tirly mirly B • tirr-whirr, tirr-wir B • tirra-lirra SOD • tirry-mirry B • tissywissyB • tisty-tosty, teesty-tosty B • tit-tat B • titbit SOD • titbo-tatbo, titbore-tatbore B • titbore—tatbore= titbo-tatbo B • titi 1 , teetee SOD • titi 2 SOD • titi 3 SOD • titter-tatter B • titter-totterSOD • titter-witter B • tittle-tattle SOD • titty-totty SOD • tock-tock, tock SOD • tod-brod B •toe-toe = toi-toi SOD • tohu-bohu SOD • toil-moil B • Toily Oily B • toitoi, toi-toi SOD • tol-lolSOD • tolly-polly B • tom-tom SOD • tong-tong = tom-tom SOD • tongaree-wongaree B • toohooOED • too-too 1 SOD • too-too 2 SOD • too-too 3 SOD • too-whoo OED • too-zoo B • toodleloodleOED • toodle-toodle OED • tooral-looral B • tooral-ooral B • toot-moot B • toot-tootOED • tootelus-bootelus B • toothy-froothy B • tootle-tootle OED • tootsums wootsums = tootsywootsySOD • tootsy-wootsy SOD • top-shop B • tory-rory SOD • tosy-mosy, tozy-mozy B •tot-quot OED • toto 1 SOD • toto 2 SLANG • tough-gruff B • tousy-pousie B • tow-lowe B • towmowB • tow-pows B • tow-row SOD • towdy-mowdy B • town clown SOD + SLANG • towrylowryOED • toy boy SOD • tozy-mozy = tosy-mosy B • tra-ra SOD • tramp-tramp B • tric-tracSOD • trick-flick SLANG • trick-track = tri-trac SOD • tricky Vicky SLANG • triddle-traddle B •triff-traff OED • trill-rill OED • trill-trill OED • trillill B • trim-tram SOD • trin tran B • tringham-tranghamB • tringum-trangum B • trinkum-trankum SOD • trip-slip OED • trip-trap B •

46 JOSEF HLADKVtrish-trash OED • trit-trot SOD • trittle-trattle OED • tro-tro SOD • trolloll OED • trolly-lollySOD • trot-trot B • trush-trash OED • tsetse SOD • tsk-tsk SOD • tuco-tuco, tucutucu SOD •tuff-tuff SOD • tug-slug B • tuilyie-muilyie B • tuk-tuk SOD • tum-tum 1 SOD • turn-turn 2 SOD •turn-turn 3 SOD • tum-tum 4 SOD • tump-tump SOD • tun-dun OED • tunety-tinety B • turkeylurkeyB • turry-wurry = tirr-whirr B • turtle-wurtle B • turtur OED • tury-lury = towry-lowryOED • tush-tush B • tussie-mussie = tuzzy-muzzy SOD • tut-gut B • rut-mute B • tut-tut SOD •tutie-tatie B • tutti-frutti SOD • tutti-tatti B • tutu 1 SOD • tutu 2 SOD • tuzzy-muzzy, tussiemussieSOD • rwankle-twankle B • tweedle-tweedle B • tweet-tweet HAL B • twenty-twenty,20/20 SOD • twiddle-diddles B • twiddle-twaddle SOD • twiddleum-twaddleum B • twilly-willy= tilly-willy B • twing-twang SOD • twingle-twangle SOD • twinkum-twankum OED • twirlywhirlyB •'twisty-wisty OED • twit-twat, twit-twot B • twit-twit SOD • twit-twot = twit-twatOED • twittle-twattle SOD • twitty-twatty B • tzing-tzing B •ubble-gubble B • uggledy-muggledy B • uh-uh SOD • unh-unh B • uncanny Fanny SLANG •unky-dunky B •very-very B • voodoo, vaudoo SOD • vorus-snorus, vorlus-snorlus B • vroom-vroom OED •wa-wa 1 = wah-wah 1 SOD • wa-wa 2 = wow-wow SOD • wagga wagga B • wagger pagger baggerSLANG • waggle-waggle B • wah-wah 1 , wa-wa 1 SOD • wah-wah 2 = wow-wow SOD • Wai-WaiSOD • wake-cake B • wake-snakes B • wakey-wakey SOD • waley-galey B • walkie-talkie, ~y-~y SOD • wampam OED • Wavy Navy SOD • waw-waw OED • wawa 3 , way-way OED • wayway= wawa 3• waylay SOD • waynpain OED • weaverty-waverty B • wee-hee = wehee SOD •wee-jee B • wee-waw B • wee-wee 1 SOD • wee-wee 2 SOD • wee-wow B • weet-weet 1 SOD •weet-weet 2SOD • wehee, wihy SOD • well well B • wey-hey B • whaap-whaup B • whack-smackB • whack-whack B • wham bam, wham-bang SOD + SLANG • whangee-tangee B 1• whee-wheeB • wheegee B • wheeler-dealer SOD • wheetle-wheetle OED • whey-sey B • which-which B •whick-whack B • whiff-sniff B • whiffle-whafTle B • whiffo-whaffo B • whiffy-whaffy B • whigmigB • whillie-whallie B • whilly—billy B • whilly-lilly B • whilly—nilly B • whiltie-whaltie B •whim-wham SOD • whim—whom, whim-worn OED = whim-wham SOD • whimsy-whamsy SOD• whing-whang B • whining-pining B • whinny-whanny OED • whintin B • whiny-piny, ~ey—~eyB • whir-whir B • whirly-birly B • whirly-whirly SOD • whish-whish, whisht-whisht B • whiskyfriskySLANG • whisky-whasky B • whist-whist = whish-whish B • whister-clister OED • whister-twisterOED • whitter-whatter OED • whittie-whattie SOD • whitwhat B • whiz-whiz B •whizz-quizz B • whoosh-whoosh OED • whurlie-birlie B • wi-wi 2SOD • wib-wob B • wibblewobbleOED • wibbledy-wobbledy B • wibblely-wobblely B • wibblety-wobblety OED • wibblywobblySOD • widdle-waddle SOD • widdy-waddy B • wifey-pifey B • wiff-waff B • wifflewaffleB • wiffie-woffle B • wig trig SLANG • wig-wag SOD • wigga-wigga B • wiggerywaggeryB • wiggle-waggle, wiggle-woggle SOD • wiggle-woggle = wiggle-waggle SOD • wigglety-waggletyB • wiggly-waggly, wiggly-woggly SOD • wiggly-woggly = wiggly-waggly SOD• wihy = wehee SOD • will-gill, will—jill OED • will—jill = will-gill OED • willie-wellie SLANG •willy-nilly, nilly—willy SOD • willy-wally B • willy-whirly B • willy-willy SOD • wilsonypilsonyB • wim-wam = whim-wham SOD • wim-wom = whim-wham SOD • wimble-wambleSOD • wimbly-wambly SOD • wimmeny-pimmeny B • wims-wams SLANG • wing-wang B •wingding SOD + SLANG • wingle-wangle B • wink-spink B • winkelty-binkelty B • winkypinkyB • winky-spinky B • winky-wanky B • wippity-woppity B • wirrwarr SOD • wirsle-warsleB • wish-wash SOD • wishy-washy SOD • wisky-frisky B • witch-stitch OED • wither-wather B• witsy-bitsy B • witty-bitty B • wiw-wow B • wiwi 1 SOD • wo ho B • wo-wo B • woa-woa =

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 47wo-wo B • wobbly-pobbly B • wonga-wonga SOD • woc—poo B • woo-wah B • woo-woo OED •woofle-woofle B • woop woop SOD • wootsy-tootsy B • wop-wops, the SOD • wow-wow 1 , wahwah2 , wa-wa 2 SOD • wow-wow 2 OED • wow-wow 3 OED • woy-woy = wo-wo B • wraggletaggle= raggle-taggle SOD • wrig-wrag OED • wriggle-wraggle B • wringle-wrangle OED •ya-ye B • yack-tack SOD • yackety-yackety OED • yalp-yalp B • yap-yap B • yari-yari OED •yatch-match B • yaw-haw SOD • yaw-yaw SOD • yay-nay B • y6-ye\ yeah-yeah SOD • yeaffeyaffeB • yen-yen SOD + SLANG • yickie-yawkie B • yiff-yaff B • ying-yang SLANG • yip-yapB • yip-yop B • ylang-ylang, ilang-ilang SOD • yo-hp SOD • yo-yo SOD • yoicks-yoicks B •yolp-yalp B • yoohoo SOD • yow-yow SOD • yum-yum SOD •za-za B • zeenty-teenty B • ziczac, sicsac, ziczic SOD • ziczic = ziczac SOD • zig-zag SOD • zigzig,jig-jig 2SLANG • ziggety-zaggety B • zip-zip OED • zoo-zoo B • zoople-zoople B • zoot suitSOD*ListBThis list contains reduplicatives which have not been found in standard dictionaries,starting from the OED and Third Webster or in dictionaries of slang.The list gives only the words, just as List A, and further information about themcan be found in the studies by other scholars. The abbreviations refer to worksquoted in the references.a-ba THU • abaa THU • aizam-jazam THU • Andy-Wandy = Androcles JES HAZ 20 • ankyprankyTHU • Anny-Panny HAZ • apit-apat THU • arf-arf THU • arley-parley KIR = argy-bargySOD • asey-casey KIR • auly-auly THU • auly-cauly THU • auly-crauly THU • aunty-pauntyTHU • aunty-praunty THU •ba(a)-ba(a-) THU • ba-ha KIR • back-crack KIR • bang-jang KIR • bang-swang KIR • barbar THU• baw-baw THU • beanie-wienie KIR • beddie-weddie HAZ 20 • beezy-weezies KIR • bibberybobberyHAZ • biddle-baddle THU • bim-bom 1 WHE THU • bim-bom 2 THU • bincum-bancumWHE THU, -nk- HAZ 18 • bine-bine THU • bit-bat THU • bittle-battle THU • bizzy izzy JESKIR • blab-blab KIR • blah-fiah THU • blamby-pamby JES KIR • blang-blang(-blang) JES THU• blang-whang KIR 19 • bleak-bleak THU • blew-blaw THU • blib-blab THU • blibber-blabberTHU • blibber-blubber THU • blink-blonk, plink-plonk HAZ THU 20 • blish-blash WHE THU19 • blitter-blatter WHE THU • bob-bob KIR • bogey-bogey KIR • boho THU • bolus-nolus KIR• bong song KIR 20 • bong-bong • book-gook KIR • booloo KIR • boom-boom KIR • boozywoozyKIR • boris noris, borus-snorus WHE KIR HAZ • borus-snorus = boris noris • bow-rowKIR • bow-tow KIR • boz-woz KIR • brack-back KIR • bringle-brangle WHE THU • bubblebubbleJES • bum-bum MAR • bump-bump KIR • butt-shut KIR • buz fuz KIR 19 • buzz-buzzTHU • byochy-byochy THU • bzzzbzzz THU •canny-nanny JES KIR • carry-warry WHE THU • cat-fat KIR • cat-frat KIR THU • catter-batterWHE KIR THU • catty-watty KIR THU • cavie-davie THU • caw-caw KIR • cawdaw WHE KIRTHU 15 • cawdy-mawdy WHE KIR THU • Charlie-parlie JES KIR THU • Charlie-Warlie HAZ •chase-grace KIR THU • chatter-watter WHE THU • chaut-chaut KIR • chawdaw KIR THU •chawly-chowly THU • cheep-cheep KIR • cheezle-peezle KIR • chemp-champ WHE THU •cherry-chuny WHE THU • cherry-deny JES KIR • chick-chack THU • chick-chick KIR • chick-

48 JOSEF HLADKVchock THU • chiff-^haff 2THU • chiffer-chaffer THU • chiller-diller KIR 20 • chim-chim THU •chink-chink THU • chip-chip JES THU • chitterie-chatterie THU • chop-chop 2THU • chuckluck,chuck-a-luck KIR THU 19 • chucky-chucky KIR • chug-drug THU HAZ 19 • churchywurchyKIR • chut-chut JES 19 • clamp-clamp MAR • clang-bang KIR • clank-clank JES • clapclapTHU • clarty farty KIR THU • clatter-clutter WHE THU • clatter-patter JES KIR • clichityclachityTHU • click-nick HAZ • cling-clang WHE THU • clink-clink MAR • clip-clip THU •clippity—Hppity KIR • cliquey-triquey KIR HAZ • clit-clat WHE HAZ • clitterly-clatterly HAZ •clitterty-clutterty WHE HAZ • Clivy-pivy THU • clock-clock JES • cluck cluck KIR • clumpclumpJES MAR • clunk-clunk JES MAR THU • Clydie Mydie JES THU 20 • cobble-nobbleKIR THU • Cobby Nobby KIR 17 • cobwob KIR • cock-clock KIR • cocky-locky BLA • codgebodgeTHU • come come KIR • compus-bompus HAZ • conny-shonie KIR • coothery-ootheryKIR THU • court short HAZ • cow-bow KIR • cow-cow THU • cow-how, kow-how WHE KIRTHU • cpw-ow KIR • cow-sow KIR • cow-wow KIR THU • cowley-wowley HAZ • coxy-loxy,coxy-roxy WHE KIR THU • coxy-roxy = coxy-loxy • cranie-wany, crannie-wannie WHE KIRTHU • crapple-mapple KIR THU • craw-shaw KIR • crawly-mawly WHE KIR THU • creepiepeepieMAR • creesy-creesy THU • crim-cram THU • crink-crank THU • crinkelty-crankeltyTHU • crinkie-winkie WHE KIR THU • crinkle-crunkle WHE THU HAZ • crinkley-crankleyTHU • crish-crush WHE THU HAZ • crow-row THU • cuddle-duddle WHE • cuddle-muddleWHE KIR THU • cugger-mugger KIR THU • cum-strum KIR • curly-burly THU • curly-merlyTHU • curnie-wumie THU • cume-wirrie THU • cume-wurrie WHE KIR THU • cush-mushTHU • cushle-mushle WHE KIR THU •dab-dab THU • dandy-candy KIR • dang-swang KIR THU • dauby-sauby KIR THU • deda THU •dee-gee KIR • deedle-doddle THU • deedle-doodle THU • deeshy-doshy THU • deetle-dottleTHU • devoto-bloato HAZ • dhirum-dharum THU • dibber-dabber WHE THU • didder-dadderTHU • didder-dodder WHE THU HAZ • diddery-doddery HAZ • dill-doll THU • dimmy-simmyKIR • ding-dang WHE THU HAZ 20 • ding-ding 2KIR • dinglum-danglum THU HAZ • dirdumdardumWHE THU HAZ • dish-dash THU • dixie-fixie WHE KIR THU • dizzy-wizzy HAZ 20 •Doasey-Cosey KIR • doddle-doddle THU • doh-doh THU • Dolly-Poly HAZ • doo-doo THU •drazil-drozzle WHE • dribble-drabble THU • drill-drolls THU • drilly-drally THU • drippitydroppityTHU HAZ • drizzle-drazzie MAR HAZ 20 • dub-dub KIR THU • duckywucky KIR •dum-scum KIR THU •easie-osie THU • eastie-wastie WHE KIR • eat-meat KIR • eckle-feckle WHE KIR THU • edleymedleyKIR • eechie-ochie THU • eedle-deedle THU • eeksie-peeksie WHE KIR • eelie—allieTHU • eendy-beendy THU • eetle otle THU • eggs-eggs THU • equal-aqual THU • em-fern KIR• eyvy-keyvy KIR = havey-cavey •fan-dan THU • Fanny-Nanny THU HAZ 19 • faxwax = paxwax SOD • feck-fack THU • fed-bedKIR 16 • fee-fue THU • feedle-faddle = fiddle-faddle SOD • feghie-leghie WHE KIR THU •fick-fack WHE THU • fickie-fickie THU • fiddle-diddle WHE KIR • fiddle-fuddle THU • fiddyfaddyTHU HAZ • fidge-fadge THU • fig-fag WHE THU • figgle-faggle WHE THU • fimblefambleWHE THU • fing-fangs THU • firly-farly WHE THU • firry-fany POT • fish-fash THU •fizz-fuzz HAZ 20 • flag-wag KIR 19 • flap-trap KIR 19 • Flaver-Saver Company KIR 20 •fleechie-flechies THU • fleery-flary WHE • flick-flock JES • flicker-flicker KIR • flimmeryflammeryJES • flimsy-Wimzy BLA • fling-strings KIR THU • flop-flop JES • flop-top KIR THU• flop-whop THU • flum-flam WHE THU • flum-gum THU • flurry-scurry KIR 19 • flybieskybieJES • fol-lol WHE • footer-footer THU • footsy-wootsy KIR • forum-snorum KIR • foxy-

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 49woxy BLA • franky-panky HAZ • freelie-frailies THU • frig pig WHE KIR THU • frig-frog WHE• friggle-fraggles WHE THU • frimple-frample THU • frimsy-framsy THU • frincy-francy THU •frip-fraps THU • frish-frash JES • frobly-mobly WHE KIR THU • fuddle-muddle WHE • fustyrustyJES KIR • fuzzy-guzzy THU • fyke-fack THU • fyxfax THU •gabbie-labbie WHE KIR • gaw-gaw THU • gaw-haw KIR THU • gaw-maw THU • geck-neck KIR• geepie-gawpie THU • Georgy-Porgy, ~ie-~ie JES THU HAZ 19 • gibber-gabber WHE THU •gibbie-gabbie THU • gibbie-gebbie THU = gibbie-gabbie • gid-gad THU • giddle-gaddle THU •giffle-gaffle WHE THU • giggle-gaggle WHE THU HAZ • gilgal THU • gilly-gilly KIR • giltygalty THU • gingle-gangle WHE THU • gip-gip THU • girly-burly KIR • glairy-fairy KIR •glairy-flairy WHE THU • glibber-glabber WHE THU • glim-glam WHE THU • glim-glaum THU• gobble-gobble JES THU • Goglefogle KIR 20 • gol-mol WHE KIR THU • goldy-woldy HAZ •goona-goona THU • goosey-poosey BLA • griff-graff POT 17 • groupy-croupy KIR HAZ •grumbly-grumbly KIR • grumpy frumpy JES • gu-gu KIR • guch-guch THU • gug-gug THU •gug-mug KIR • gul-gul KIR • gullie-wullie THU • gun[g]-gun[g] THU • gurr-gurr THU • gurrywurryTHU • gweek-gwak THU •ha-ba KIR THU • ha-ho THU • habber-glabber THU • habbie-gabbie KIR THU • habble-hobbleTHU • hack-back KIR • hack-jack KIR • hackum-plackum, ~nk nk~ WHE KIR THU • haddydaddyTHU • haffle-caffle THU • haffle-maffle KIR THU • haggarty-taggarty, ~ger ger~WHE JES KIR THU • haifty-kaifty THU • haig-raig KIR THU • haihow THU • haily-daily WHE• haily-gaily WHE • hair-care KIR 20 • hala THU • haly-caly KIR THU • ham-gam(s) KIR THU• ham-sam WHE KIR THU • ham-scram THU • ham-stram WHE KIR THU • hammer-glammerTHU • han-span KIR • hanchum-scranchum KIR THU • handy-andy W3 • hang-slang KIR •hangy-bangy KIR THU • hanky-spanky THU • hansy-janzies KIR THU • hapsher-hapsher THU •hapsher-rapsher THU • har-har THU • hargle-bargle THU • hark hark KIR • Harry Parry THUHAZ • harum-starum THU • hash-mash THU • hash-smash THU • hashie-bashie THU • hasumjasumKIR THU • hauchee-pauchee WHE KIR THU • haukum-plaukum THU • hauly-cauly KIRTHU • hauvy-gauvy, ~ey-~ey WHE KIR THU 19 • havey-cavey, havey-quavey, havey-scavey,heavely-keavely, hefty-kefty, eyvy-keyvy KIR • havey-quavey KIR = havey-cavey • haveyscaveyWHE THU = havey-cavey • havy-gavy WHE • haw-baw KIR THU • haw-gaw KIR THU• hawkery-pawkery THU • hawley-auley THU • hay-bay KIR THU • hayty-tayty WHE KIR •haze-baze KIR THU • haze-gaze KIR THU • hazy-dazy KIR THU • hazy-gazy KIR • he, he THU• heckam-peckam THU • heckery-peckery KIR THU • heegle-haggle THU • heetie-kneetie KIRTHU • heevy-skeevy WHE THU • heezie-hosie, heezie-hozie THU • Heezlum Peezlum KIRTHU • heg-beg KIR THU • heg-peg KIR • heich-skeich THU • heivy-keivy WHE THU • helterbelterKIR 20 • helter-kelter KIR THU • hen pen KIR THU 20 • henky-penky THU • hennypennyBLA • hi-hi KIR • hi-how THU • hi-yi KIR • hibbledy-hobbledy THU HAZ • hiccupsnickupKIR • hickerty-pickerty WHE KIR • hickety-bickety KIR THU • hickety-crickety KIR •hickety-hackety THU • hickety-hockety HAZ • hickety-pickety WHE • hickle-hackle THU •hickle—pickle THU • hickledy-pickledy, hickleby-pickleby WHE THU • hickory-dickory BLA •hickup-snickup WHE THU • hicky-picksy HAZ • hiddie-kiddie THU • hiddlies-piddlies THU •hiffle-haffle THU • higgle-piggle THU • high-spry KIR • highsty-tighsty THU • highter-blighterWHE • highty-flighty WHE KIR THU • hildy-wildy WHE KIR THU • hillgill THU • hilter-wilterKIR THU • hiltie—skiltie POT • himper-^iemper WHE 16 • hinchy-pinchy KIR THU • hingumtringumKIR THU • hink-hank THU • hink-pink KIR 19 • hink-skink KIR THU • hinky-dinkyKIR 20 • hinter-tinter THU • hinx-minx THU • hip-hip KIR • hip-zip KIR 20 • hipathie-hapathie

50 JOSEF HLADKYWHE 17 • hipperly-tipperly KIR • hipperty-skipperty, ~ie— ie WHE KIR THU • hippertytippertyWHE THU HAZ • hippety-happety THU • hippety-pippity KIR • hippie—dippie, hipsydipsyKIR THU • hirdie-girdie WHE • hirdum-dirdum KIR THU 18 • hish-hash THU • hish-hishJES THU • hist-hast WHE THU • histy-fisty KIR THU • hitch-hatch THU • hitherum-ditherumTHU • hithom-tithom KIR • Hitty Pitty THU • hitty-titty WHE KIR • hiver-hover THU • hixypixyTHU • hizey-pizey THU • hizy-prizy, hisey-prisey WHE KIR THU • ho! ho! THU • hoadroadTHU • hob-gob KIR THU • hob-lob KIR THU 16 • hobbity-bobbity THU • hobble-gobbleWHE KIR THU • hobby-tobby WHE KIR THU • hobs-bobs KIR • hocke-dock THU • hockerpokerTHU • hockerty-cockerty, —cro~ WHE JES KIR THU • hockerty-crockerty = hockertycockerty• hockery-pockery, hawkery-pawkery JES KIR • hockey-dockies HAZ 19 • hocklerocklerKIR THU • hocksy-vocksy KIR THU • hocos-pocos BLA • hocus-focus KIR • hod-dodWHE THU • hod-rod KIR THU 17 • hodman-dodman WHE 18 • hogry-mogry WHE • hoi hoyTHU • hoity-poity KIR THU = hoity-toity SOD • hollis-bollis THU • holly-golly, hully-gully 2KIR HAZ • holsie-jolsie WHE KIR THU • holums-jolums KIR THU = holus-bolus SOD • holuns-bolunsTHU • hommilty-jommmelty, -mel- WHE THU LIR • homsom KIR • hondersponderWHE KIR 17 • honka-donka KIR THU • hoo-floo KIR • hoo-shoo THU • hooblygooblyKIR 20 • hoopie-scoopie HAZ 20 • hoorikooris KIR • hoot toot KIR THU • hoots-tootsWHE 19 • Hootsy-Tootsy KIR 20 • hoozy-poozy THU • hop-hop HAL • horner-scomer KIRTHU • homy-domey THU • horrel-lorrel WHE KIR THU • horum-scorum WHE • hossy-gossyKIR = holsie-jolsie • hot-bot THU • hotchie-potchie THU • hottie-tottie 2= hoddy-doddy SOD •houchty-pouchty KIR THU 18 • houghen-moughen THU • houlder-moulder KIR THU • houncyjouncyWHE KIR THU • hout-tout WHE 19 • houtie-croutie KIR THU • houtou KIR • how-cowKIR • how-how THU • how-row THU • how-skrow KIR THU • how-strow WHE KIR THU •howdy-dowdy THU • howdy-towdy KIR THU • howk-chowk KIR THU • howthery-towtheryKIR THU • hoxter-poxter KIR THU • hoylens-voylens KIR THU • huckie-buckie WHE KIRTHU • huckle-duckle WHE THU HAZ • huckmuck WHE KIR THU 15 • huddle-muddle WHEKIR THU 16 • huddy-wuddy THU • hudge-mudge WHE KIR THU • hudgie-drudgie KIR THU •huff-stuff KIR • huffle-scuffle WHE KIR THU • hugger-smugger THU • huggle-duggle WHE •huggry-muggry KIR THU • hull-gull KIR • hullie-bullie WHE KIR THU • hulloo hulloo KIR •hummel-drummel WHE KIR THU • hummel-jummel KIR 16 • humperdee clumperdee JES KIR20 • humph humph KIR • humpsy-crumpsy KIR • humpty-jumpety KIR THU • humpy-grumpyWHE KIR THU • hun-pun THU • hunchery-munchery KIR THU • hunge-plunge THU • hungesplungeKIR THU • hunker-chunker KIR • hunkum-bunkum JES KIR • hunky-munky WHE •hurdy-durdy WHE THU • hurkle-durkle WHE KIR THU • hurly-gurly KIR THU • hurry-gurryTHU • hush-cush KIR THU • hush-mus(c)h WHE KIR THU • hushel-bushel, hus(c)hlemus(c)hleWHE KIR THU • hustle-bustle KIR • hut tut THU • hutherie-tutherie THU • hutiecuittieWHE KIR THU • hutn-trutn, huten-truten KIR THU • huzz-buzz THU • hynd-wyndWHE KIR THU • hynny-pynny, hyssy-pyssy WHE KIR THU • hyte-styte KIR THU • hyterstyterKIR THU •ibsy-wibsy KIR • ickitty-pickitty KIR THU • ickle-ockle THU • icky-dicky KIR • icky-Vicki KIR •iddy-oddy WHE • igsy-pigsy KIR THU • iky-piky KIR • imaky-amaky THU • inchy-pinchy KIRTHU • incey-wincey BLA • inkum-jinkum KIR • ish-wish KIR THU • itsy-witsy KIR = itsy-bitsySOD • ixey-pixey KIR • izey-tizey WHE KIR THU • izy-prizy THU • izzum-wizzum KIR THU •jab-jab KIR • jakesey-jooksey HAZ 20 • jam-cram THU • jammed-crammed KIR 20 • jaracaraTHU • jedderty-jidderty THU • jeminy-creminy WHE THU • Jenny-Penny HAZ • jidderty-

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 51jadderty THU • jiff-jaffs THU • jiffle-jaffle THU • jiggety-joggety JES • jiggle-juggle THU HAZ• jitty-jetty THU • jo-j° 2 K l R * jobsie-wobsie HAZ 20 • Joe Dough KIR • Joe blow 2 KIR • JoeDoe KIR • Jojo THU • jolasy-wolasy HAZ • Jorjy Porjy JES • Jubb-Jubb KIR • Judy-pudy HAZ •jumpy-wumpies THU •kaa-waa THU • kabbie-labby THU • kaw-waw THU • ke-hee KIR • kebbie-lebbie WHE THU •kee-gee THU • kee-kaw WHE 19 • keemo-kimo WHE • kerly-berlys KIR THU = curly-murlyOED • keny-merry(-bufi), kerimeri, kyry-myry WHE KIR THU 16 • khaki-wacky KIR THU •kib-keb THU • kibble-cobble WHE THU • kibble-kabble THU • kibty-cobty WHE THU • kiddie-widdieJES KIR 20 • kiddle-kaddle THU • kiddle-kittle WHE • kiggle-kaggle THU • killumcallumTHU • kina-kina, kina-kin 17 • kinch-pinch KIR THU • kingle-kangle WHE THU •Kingy Wingy HAZ • kiow-ow KIR • kissie-wissie JES KIR • kitch-witch WHE KIR THU • kittlie-wittlyJES KIR • kitty-katty HAZ • kiwi-kiwi KIR THU • knap-knap THU • knicky-knackyHAZ • knip-knap THU 16 • kringlety-kranglety THU • kumur KIR •lab-dab KIR THU • lambsy-wamsy KIR THU • langie-spangie KIR THU • lap-clap KIR THU •lap-tab KIR • lattat KIR • laughter-lifter HAZ 19 • learbeer KIR • leet-lyte THU • leggy-peggyKOZ THU HAZ 19 • leirichie-larichie WHE THU • leng-long THU • lie-by KIT • lifre-lofreWHE • liglag WHE THU • limo-limo THU • limp' scrimp THU • liony-piony JES KIR 20 • lipclapWHE • lippity—clippity KIR 20 • liquorice-stickorice THU • litter-latter THU • Lizzie-Mizzie-Wizzie HAZ • lock-lock THU • loshie-goshie WHE THU • lumpy-gumpy-humpy HAZ •lusty-fusty WHE •mack-lack WHE THU • maisie-maisie THU • mal-scral, mawl-scrawl, marly-scrarly KIR THU •mart-cart KIR • meachy-teachy HAZ • meckle-keckle KIR THU • mee-maw THU • meepymoppyTHU • meeschle-maschle THU • meesh-mash THU • mercy-percy KIR • merry-denyWHE • mew-mew KIR • mick-mick THU • midge-madge THU • miff-maff WHE THU • migglemaggleTHU • mil-mil THU • mill-kill KIR • mim-mam WHE THU • mimpsy-pimpsy KIR THU• ming-mang THU • mingledy-pingledy KIR THU • minikin-finikin THU • mizzy-mozzy THU •moddle-coddle, ~ey—ey KIR THU • mole-hole KIR 17 • molly-dolly JES KIR 20 • mooeywooeyKIR • mousey-pousey KIR THU • muck-luck 2KIR • muck-struck WHE KIR • mufflemaffleWHE • mum-mum KIR • mumblement-jumblement KIR • munge-munge THU • mustyfustyKIR 19 • muxter-maxter THU • myow-wow THU •nag-drag KIR THU • nag-nag KIR • nasty-pasty THU • neek-nack THU • nibble-nabble THU •nibby-gibby KIR THU • nicey-picey HAZ • nick-nick JES • nickety-nackety WHE • nicklenackleTHU • niddle-naddle WHE THU • niddlety-noddlety WHE HAZ • niffle-naffle WHETHU • nig pig THU • nig-nag WHE THU • niggle-naggle WHE THU • niggly-naggly THU •nilder-nalder THU • nildy-wildy WHE THU • nimble-wimble WHE 18 • nimmy-pimmy JESKIR • nimpy-primpy THU • ninny-nanny THU HAZ • ninny-nonny WHE THU • nipperty—tipperty WHE KIR THU • nitherty-notherty THU • niz-priz WHE THU • nizy-prizy THU • nizzle-nozzleTHU • noity-doity WHE • nolum wolum THU • nolus-bolus WHE THU • noseyposeyHAL • nosy-posy JES KIR HAZ • numb-plump JES KIR • nutty-nutty THU •ockerdocker KIR THU • oddie-doddie WHE THU • offscroff KIR • oilins-boilins THU • okey-pokeyHAZ 20 • oodle-doodle KIR THU • oojie-woojie KIR 20 • ooly-drooly KIR THU • oompus-boompusHAZ 20 • ootsie-wootsie KIR THU • oozi-poozi KIR • opple-scopple KIR THU • orgy-porgy HAZ 20• ormy-gormy KIR THU • orty-warty THU • othem-upothem WHE • otty-motty KIR THU •paalie-maalie THU • pack-wack WHE THU • pag-mag KIR THU • pag-rag WHE THU • painemaineWHE 16 • paise-waise THU • patchy-blatchy HAZ 20 • patt-patt KIR • patter-batter THU

52 JOSEF HLADKV• pattle-pattle THU • pattoo-pattoo 18 • paxy-waxy THU • paynmayn, payne mayne KIR 15 •pease-wease WHE THU • pech-pech THU • pecker-checker KIR 20 • pee-dee KIR THU • peeheeTHU HAZ 20 • peeky-weeky HAZ 19 • peep-peep KIR • peepie-weepie KIR THU • peerieweerie,~y-~y WHE KIR THU • peesy-weesy JES KIR • peezy-weezies THU • peggy-weggyTHU • pelvis-elvis KIR • petty-patty THU • pey-swey THU • pey-wey THU • picklick KIR THU• piddle-paddle THU • piggin-riggin KIR THU • piggledy-higgledy KIR • pill-gill KIR THU •pimple-pamples THU • pin-swin KIR 20 • pindy-pandy WHE JES • pine-wine KIR • pineywhiney,~y—y WHE KIR THU • pink-pank THU • pink-twink KIR THU • pinkie-pankie JES •pinkie-winkie WHE JES THU • pinkle-pankle WHE THU • pinky-winky WHE THU • pinnyninnyKIR THU • pintle-pantle THU • pintledy-pantledy WHE • pipple-papple THU HAZ • pisewiseTHU • pishty-wishty KIR THU • piss-whiz KIR • pit-pit W3 • pitch-patch THU • pitchypatchyTHU • pither-pather THU • pix-crix THU • placket-racket WHE THU • pleck-pleck THU• plick-plock THU • plish-plash WHE THU • plish-plosh THU • plit-plat THU • plitch-platchTHU • plot-hot KIR • plotty-plotty THU • plup-plup JES • poa-poa THU • pob-bob KIR THU •pock-tock KIR • pog-wog THU HAZ 20 • pokenoke MAR • pokey-hokey KIR THU • pongybongyWHE THU • poolsie-woolsie HAZ 20 • pooly-wool(l)y WHE KIR THU • poopsy-woopsyKIR THU • popsy-wopsy JES THU 19 • porps! porps! KIR • posy-wosy KIR THU • pottle-bottleKIR • Pragger-Wagger KIR HAZ 20 • prap-prap THU • preachy-preachy THU HAL • prid-pradTHU • priminy-miminy KIR THU • prit-prat THU • prop shop KIR • pud-dud KIR THU •pudgy-wudgy KIR • pum-jum KIR THU • pum-pum KIR THU •quagger-pragger HAZ 20 • quark-quark THU • quavery-wavery WHE KIR THU 18 • quee-quawTHU • quhilly—billy WHE THU • quhilly-lilly THU • quish-quash WHE 17 • quit-quit THU •quius kius THU HAZ •rag-mag THU • rag-snag KIR • rag-stag THU • rags-jags WHE KIR THU • rail-trail KIR 20 •ram-stram KIR THU = ram-stam SOD • ram-tarn WHE KIR THU = ram-stam SOD • ramblinggamblingMAR • ramp-ramp JES THU • ran-shan KIR • randem-tandem WHE KIR THU •Randy Pandy HAZ • randy-dandy WHE THU • ranty-tanty WHE JES KIR THU 18 • rashersplasherHAZ 20 • raspy-gaspy HAZ 20 • red-red KIR • reeble-rabble HAZ = ribble-rabble SOD• reemle-rammle THU • ren-ten THU • rhimery-chimery WHE THU • ric-sic KIR THU • ricketydicketyWHE KIR THU • rictum-tictum WHE THU • rimble-ramble THU • Rimini-pimini KIR19 • rink-stink KIR 20 • riz-raz THU • rob-dob BLA • robble-bobble WHE KIR THU 19 • robble-hobbleKIR 16 • Roddy-doddy HAZ 20 • rogum pogum WHE THU HAZ 18 • rolly-pollyTHU • rolly-volly WHE • rom-tom KIR THU • roo-doo THU • rooley-booley THU • rooty-tootyKIR THU • roquet-croquet KIR • rosey-posey, rosy-posy JES KIR HAZ 20 • round-ground KIR• round-sound KIR • rout-out KIR • routie-voutie KIR • row-chow KIR • row-dow 2 , roo-dooKIR THU • royster-doyster WHE 16 • rub-rub KIR • rucklety-tucklety KIR • ruff-cuff KIR •ruff-raff WHE THU • ruffy-tuffy THU HAZ 19 • ruggle-buggle KIR THU • ruggy-duggy KIRTHU • rum-slum THU • rumble-bumble JES KIR THU 20 • rumble-jumble KIR THU 19 • rumble-tumbleKIR THU • rumple-tumple KIR THU • rumpum-scrumpum KIR THU • rush-rushKIR • rusty-dusty HAZ 16 • rusty-fusty HAZ 17 •sacky-dacky KIR • sad bad WHE • sadly badly WHE • sahli-fahly KIR THU • sahli-pahli KIR THU• Sally Pally HAZ 20 • sauby-dauby THU • savory-flavory KIR 20 • scouking-looking KIR •scratch-scratch THU • screwton-newton(s) KIR THU HAZ • scribble-scribble KIR • scribblescrobbleWHE THU • scriff-scraff THU • scrimpum-scrampum WHE HAZ • scrittle-scrattle THU• scrow-row KIR • scrummy-yummy BLA • scurrie-whurrie, skirry-whirry WHE KIR THU •

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 53seldesey-weldesey HAZ • shack-back THU • shally-gallee KIR THU • shally-wally WHE KIRTHU • sheaffie-shaffy THU • shiffle-shaffle THU • shig-shag THU • shig-shog WHE THU •shil-shal THU • shill-hill KIR • shine-shine KIR • shog-bog KIR • shog-shog THU • shoc-hooTHU • shoogie-shagie THU • shoop-choop THU • showdy-towdy THU • shriek-shriek KIR •shuck-shack THU • shy-sly KIR 20 • siddle-siddle THU • siggy-wiggy KIR THU • silly WillyKIR THU 17 • simsam THU • sinny-fynnie WHE KIR THU • sinter-santer THU • sinter-saunterTHU • sip-sap THU • sittie—fittie WHE KIR THU • sk(w)eegee KIR • skelter-helter KIR • skerrymerryKIR 17 • skerry-werry KIR THU • skimper-skamper WHE THU • skirt-nerts THU • skitwitTHU • skleet-sklyte THU • skuil-bruil KIR • slab-dab KIR THU 18 • slack-back KIR • slam-jamKIR 20 • slam-slam THU • slibber-slabber WHE THU • slibbery-slobbery HAZ • slick-stick KIR• slide-guide KIR • slightly—tightly THU HAZ • slip-slip KIR • slipper-slopper 19 • slippettysloppettyTHU HAZ • slitherum-slatherum WHE THU • smick-smack WHE THU • smick-smockTHU • smish-smash WHE • smit-smats THU • smoopoo KIR • snaily-baily THU HAZ • snarlybarlyKIR THU • snarly-yarly KIR • snatch-blatch WHE • sneakins-meakins KIR • snick-snack20 • sniffle-snuffle HAZ 19 • snip-snip JES • snooksy-wooksy KIR THU • snorus-vorus KIR •snuggly-wuggly KIR THU 20 • spine-swine KIR 20 • spink-wink THU • spitter-spatter WHETHU • splitter-splatter WHE THU HAZ • splitter-splutter WHE THU • splotchy-blotchy HAZ 20• spoony-moony KIR THU • spruce goose KIR • spuly-spowly THU • squawky-talkie KIR HAZ •squee-pee HAZ 20 • squeek-week KIR • squirrly-wirly KIR THU • stag-mag THU • stag-ragKIR • stam-ram KIR THU • stark-dark KIR • starvie-warvie HAZ 20 • steiny-weiny HAZ • stibber-gibberTHU HAZ 16 • stick-stock WHE THU • stickly-prickly HAZ 20 • stip-step WHETHU • stoorie-woorie KIR THU • strim-strum THU • sump-pump KIR • sway-gay KIR THU •sway-swaw THU • sway-sway THU • swee-sway THU • Sweetie-Weetie JES KIR • swig-swagTHU • swill-swal THU • swingledome-swangledome JES • swinkum-swankum THU HAZ •swishy-swashy THU • swooner-crooner HAZ 20 •ta-ta 2KIR • tacky-lacky KIR THU • tag-lag KIR • tag-mag KIR • taily-waily HAZ • tarn-tram KIRTHU • tang-rang KIR THU • tanty-ranty KIR THU 19 • tap-lap KIR • tappy-lappy WHE KIRTHU • tar-mar KIR • tarsy-warsy THU • tatesy-watesy HAZ • taxy-waxy KIR THU • teensyeensyKIR • teesty-tosty = tisty-tosty • terry-rerry WHE THU • tersy-versy KIR THU • teut-meutTHU • thax-wax THU • thick Mick KIR 19 • thick-dick KIR • thinskin KIR • thriller-diller HAZ20 • thrilly—dilly KIR 20 • throb-throb THU • thrum-thrum THU • THU 17 • thump-thump KIRJES MAR • thurgy-lurgy KIR THU • thuzzy-muzzy THU HAZ 19 • ticksy-wicksy WHE THUHAZ • tiddle taddle WHE JES • tiddle-toddle HAZ 19 • tiffle-taffle THU • tiffy-taffy WHE THU• tig-rig(s) KIR THU • tiggle-taggle WHE THU • til-tha-lil-tha THU • tilliwhillie KIR • tillywillyWHE THU, twilly-willy KIR • ting-tong WHE THU • tinkel-tankel THU • tinny-winnyTHU • tinsy-winsy KIR THU • tiny-winy THU • tipsy-topsy THU HAZ • tirly mirly WHE KIRTHU • tirr-whirr, tirr-wir, turry-wurry WHE KIR THU • tirry-mirry KIR THU • tissy-wissy KIRTHU • tisty-tosty, teesty-tosty WHE JES THU • tit-tat THU • titbo-tatbo, titbore-tatbore WHETHU • titter-tatter THU • titter-witter JES KIR • tod-brod KIR • toil-moil WHE • Toily Oily KIR20 • tolly-polly WHE THU • tongaree-wongaree WHE • too-zoo KIR THU • tooral-looral THU •tooral-ooral KIR • toot-moot WHE KIR THU • tootelus-bootelus JES KIR • toothy-froothy KIRTHU • top-shop KIR • tosy-mosy, tozy-mozy WHE JES KIR THU • tough-gruff KIR 20 • tousypousieKIR THU • tow-lowe KIR THU • tow-mow POT • tow-pows WHE KIR 19 • towdymowdyKIR • tramp-tramp KIR • triddle-traddle JES • trillill THU • trin tran THU • tringhamtranghamWHE THU • tringum-trangum WHE JES THU • trip-trap WHE THU • trot-trot KIR •

54 JOSEF HLADKYtug-slug KIR THU • tuilyie-muilyie WHE KIR THU • tunety-tinety THU • turkey-lurkey BLA •turtle-wurtle THU • tush-tush KIR • tut-gut KIR THU • tut-mute WHE • tutie-tatie WHE THU •tutti—tatti WHE THU • twankle-twankle THU • tweedle-tweedle THU • tweet-tweet HAL • twiddle-diddlesJES KIR THU 18 • twiddleum-twaddleum WHE THU • twilly-willy = tilly-willyWHE KIR • twirly-whirly KIR • twit-twat THU • twitty-twatty WHE • tzing-tzing KIR •ubble-gubble HAZ 20 • uggledy-muggledy KIR THU • unh-unh 20 • unky-dunky THU •very-very KIR • vorus-snorus, vorlus-snorlus KIR •wagga wagga KIR • waggle-waggle THU • wake-cake KIR • wake-snakes KIR • waley-galey KIRTHU • weaverty-waverty THU • wee-jee THU • wee-waw THU • wee-wow THU • well well KIR• wey-hey THU • whaap-whaup THU • whack-smack THU • whack-whack KIR • whangeetangeeTHU • whee-whee KIR • wheegee KIR THU • whey-sey KIR • which-which JES • whickwhackTHU • whiff-sniff KIR 20 • whiffle-whaffle WHE THU • whiffo-whaffo WHE • whiffywhaffyTHU HAZ • whig-mig KIR • whillie-whallie WHE THU • whilly-billy KIR • whilly-lillyKIR THU • whilly-nilly THU • whiltie-whaltie WHE THU • whing-whang THU • whiningpiningKIR 20 • whintin KIR • whiny-piny, ~ey—ey WHE KIR THU • whir-whir KIR • whirlybirlyKIR • w(h)ish-w(h)ish, whisht-whisht KIR THU • whisky-whasky WHE THU • whist-whistKIR = w(h)ish-w(h)ish • whitwhat THU • whiz-whiz KIR • whizz-quizz KIR 20 • whurlie-birlieWHE THU • wib-wob THU • wibbledy-wobbledy HAZ • wibblely-wobblely THU • widdywaddyWHE THU • wifey-pifey JES KIR 20 • wiff-waff THU • wiffle-waffle THU • wifflewoffleWHE JES THU • wigga-wigga THU • wiggery-waggery THU • wigglety-wagglety THU •willy-wally THU • willy-whirly THU • wilsony-pilsony HAZ • wimmeny-pimmeny JES KIRTHU 19 • wing-wang WHE THU • wingle-wangle THU • wink-spink KIR THU • winkelty rbinkelty KIR • winky-pinky WHE KIR THU • winky-spinky KIR THU • winky-wanky THU •wippity-woppity HAZ • wirsle-warsle THU HAZ • wisky-frisky WHE • wither-wather THU •witsy-bitsy KIR THU • witty-bitty THU • wiw-wow WHE • wo ho THU • wo-wo, woa-woa,woy-woy KIR • wobbly-pobbly JES KIR 20 • woo-poo KIR • woo-wah THU • woofle-woofleTHU • wootsy-tootsy KIR • wriggle— wraggle WHE THU •ya-ye W3 • yalp-yalp THU • yap-yap THU HAL • yatch-match KIR • yay-nay WHE KIR • yeaffeyaffeWHE • yickie-yawkie WHE THU • yiff-yaff WHE THU • yip-yap THU • yip-yop THU •yoicks-yoicks KIR • yolp-yalp WHE THU •za-za THU • zeenty-teenty KIR THU • ziggety-zaggety 20 • zoo-zoo THU • zoople-zoople THU •In List B the number of spelling variants entered as separate entries has beenreduced to cases where the ablaut or the rhyme differ from the basic form of theword. Thus feedle-faddle and coxy-roxy are listed separately from fiddle-faddleand coxy-loxy while plink-plonk and kyry-myry are listed under blink-blonkand kerry-merry. (In List A, the directory, plink-plonk and kyry-myry havetheir own entries, of course.) In the statistics, blink-blonk and plink-plonk arecounted as one case of the /i - o/ ablaut, and kerry-merry and kyry-myry as onecase of the Ik- m-l type of rhyme.List B also includes spelling variants to entries in the SOD and the OED, egholums-jolums is quoted by Kirchner as a variant of holus-bolus, which is inthe SOD. The first form, which is not in the SOD, then figures in the statisticsfor List B, and the second form is an item in List D (SOD).

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 55Homonyms are treated as independent entries, eg there are two entries forbim-bom: bim-bom' 'bells' THU and bim-bom 2'kind of jest' THU.There are 1,283 entries in List B, out of which 807 (62.9 per cent) arerhymes, 318 (24.8 per cent) ablauts, and 158 (12.3 per cent) echo-formations.The proportions of these three types will be discussed later when the percentagesfor other lists are known. Two features of the lists are not surprising becausethey were described in previous studies: the majority of the /i — c7 patternin the ablauts and the high number of the /h-/ type of rhymes. In List B the /i —6/ pattern is present in 57 per cent of the words and all the different patternswith the initial I'll form 89 per cent of the ablaut list. Among the rhymes, 27.6per cent of the words have lh-1 in the first part of the word, followed by lk-1,spelled either c- or k-, and by Is-, t-, p-, r-/, ranging from 8.8 to 6.8 per centeach. Inside the lh-1 group, the most frequent combination is Ih- p-l, followedby Ih- b-l, Ih- t-l, Ih- d-/, Ih- g-l, and Ih- k-l. Thus more than a half of thisgroup is based on the combination 'lh-1 plus a plosive'. Initial ls-1 is also frequent,mostly in consonant clusters.ListCThis is an auxiliary list because when the statistics for the OED are givenlater on, they will be based on the combination of this list and of the SOD list.Moreover, it is likely that there are still some reduplicative words in the OEDnot mentioned in any of the previous studies. No systematic search of the OEDhas been made.Ally Pally OEDA colloq. 20 • anting-anting THU OED 19 • antsy-pantsy OED US colloq. 19 •baba 3„papa" TU OED 19 • back-rac(k) THU OED 17 • back-tack KIR OED • baw-waw WHEOED 16 • bing-bang HAZ OED 20 • bingle-bangle THU OED dial. 19 • bitsy-witsy, bittywittyKIR OED 20 • black-mack KIR OED obs. 16 • blue-blaw, blew-blaw WHE THU OED •bribble-brabble THU OED obs. 17 • brittle-brattle WHE THU OED obs. 16 •caury-maury THU KIR OED obs. 13 • chac-chac THU OED 19 • chack-chack KIR OED 20 •chatter-chitter • cherry-merry THU KIR OED coll., slang 18 • chip-chop WHE THU OED 17 •chuffe-chaffe WHE OED 16 • chunk-chunk KIR OED 19 • clang-clang THU OED 19 • clickclickJES, MAR OED 18 • click-clock OED 20 • clinkum-clankum WHE JES HAZ OED 17 •clipper-clapper OED 19 • clomp-clomp OED • club-drub KIR OED 19 • clush-clash THU OED16 • clutter-clutter THU OED 17 • coddy-moddy WHE THU KIR OED dial. 17 • colli-molly, —mollie WHE THU KIR OED obs., rare 17 • coo-coo KIR OED 19 • crack-rack THU KIR OEDobs. 16 • cringle-crangle OED 17 • crowdy-mowdy WHE THU KIR OED 16 • crush-crash OED16 • curly-murly (+ KIR kerly-berly, kerley-merley) obs. 18 •dibble-dabble WHE THU OED coll., dial. • diddle-daddle WHE THU HAZ OED • dimber-damberWHE THU JES OED 17 • dindle-dandle THU OED 16 • ding-ding 1KIR OED 16 • dingledongleTHU OED 19 • double-bubble (fuselage) OED 20 • driggle-draggle WHE THU JES OEDobs., dial. 16 •egg-peg THU OED •

56 JOSEF HLADKVfair-hair KIR OED Sc. • feerie-fary, ferie-farie, fiery-fary WHE THU OED 16 • filly-folly WHETHU OED 16 • finter-fanter OED 14 • fix-fax OED 18 • flibber-gibber WHE THU JES KIROED obs., rare 16 • flipperty-flopperty WHE THU JES HAZ OED 19 • flish-flash OED 17 •flush-flash WHE THU OED obs., rare 16 • fluster-bluster WHE KIR OED 17 • frank bank KIROED 17 • fribble-frabble THU OED 19 • frim fram WHE THU OED 17 • fum-fum THU OED 17gain-pain, gaynepayne KIR OED obs. 15 • galegale THU OED obs. 13 • giddy-gaddy THU OEDobs. 17 • gluck-gluck OED 19 • glug-glug THU OED 18 • glut-glut THU OED obs., rare 17 •gol-pol THU OED obs. 16 • guk-guk THU OED •halloo-balloo WHE THU KIR OED 18 • hand-band KIR OED obs. 15 • handy-bandy WHE THUKIR OED = handy-dandy SOD • handy-pandy WHE THU OED = handy-dandy SOD • handyspandyWHE THU KIR OED = handy-dandy SOD, 16 • hardy-dardy THU KIR OED obs. 16 •hari-kari THU OED • harry-carry KIR OED obs. 15 • hau-hau 2THU KIR OED 20 • haunkhaunkTHU OED 19 • he-he OED 19 • heckum-peckum KIR OED 19 • hedley-medley WHETHU HAZ OED obs. 17 • hibber-gibber THU KIR OED obs. 16 • hicra-picra THU OED 19 •hiddy-giddy, hiddie-giddie, hildie-gildie WHE POT THU JES KIR OED Sc. 15 • higgle-haggleWHE THU KOZ OED 19 • higry-pigry THU KIR OED 18 • hiho THU OED 17 • hinch-pinchTHU OED 17 • hirrie-harrie WHE THU OED 16 • hivie skivy WHE THU OED obs., rare 17 •ho-ho 2OED 20 • hob-job WHE THU JES KIR OED dial., slang 19 • hobber-nobber THU OED19 • hokee-pokee THU OED rare 19 • hooky-crooky THU KIR OED 19 • hot squat KIRUSSL 20OED • hubble-shubble THU OED obs., rare 16 • huddle-duddle WHE THU KIR OED obs., rare16 • huff-muff THU KIR OED obs. 17 • huff-puff WHE THU KIR OED obs. 16 • huff-snuffWHE THU KOZ OED obs. 16 • huftie-tuftie, hufty-tufty THU JES KIR OED obs. 16 • hummelbummelWHE THU KIR OED obs. 16 • hum-trum = humdrum SOD • hurr-burr KIR OED 18 •hurry-burry WHE THU KIR OED 18 • hurry-curry THU KIR OED obs. 16 • hurry-durry THUKIR OED obs., rare 17-inker-pinker, inky-pinky, inkie-pinkie THU KIR OED 19 •jack-tack THU KIR OED • jiggy-joggy THU JES HAZ OED 17 • jingle-jingle THU KIR OED 17• joukery-cookery WHE THU OED = joukery-pawkery SOD •keckle-meckle WHE THU KIR OED obs. 18 • ki-hi THU OED (= ki-yi SOD) • kinkin smallbarreir, Scot, obs., 16 • kind-blind KIR OED 17 • klop-klop THU KIR OED 19 • knapscap THUOED Sc., obs. 19 • kniff-knaff THU OED obs., slang 17 • knit-knot OED 18 • knock-knock THUKIR OED 20 •lake-wake, lyke-wake WHE KIR OED 18 • lin-pin WHE KIR OED obs., dial. 14 • ling-long THUOED 19 • lip-clip WHE OED • little-little OED • loosey-goosey W3 • lumperdee-clumperdeeTHU KIR OED 16 •mel-pell KIR THU 17 • mell-well KIR OED obs. 17 • mincing-pincing OED 19 • mubblefubble(s),mumble-fumble(s) OED obs., slang 16 • mumble-jumble WHE THU KIR OED 19 •mumsie-wumsie OED •neejee, nitchie, ~y OED • niggers-noggers THU OED obs., rare • night-night KIR OED 19 • nincety-fmcetyTHU KIR OED obs. 16 • ning-nang = ning-nong SOD •ooh-ooh OED • oompah-oompah OED •pad-pad JES MAR OED • pallall THU KIR OED Sc., north, dial. 19 • passe-passe THU OED obs.17 • pat-pat OED 19 • pay-way THU OED Sc. • peepie-creepie MAR OED 20 • pegleg KIR OED19 • pelly-melly THU OED obs., rare 15 • petsy-wetsy HAZ OED 20 • pick-pack WHE THU

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 57JES OED 16 • pid-pad THU HAZ OED 20 • piggly-wiggly THU KIR OED 20 • pinc-pinc THUOED 19 • ping-ping THU OED • pink-pink THU OED • pip-pop THU OED 20 • pisherypasheryWHE THU JES OED obs. 17 • pitter-litter JES, KIR OED rare 20 • plod-plod JES OED20 • pody cody WHE THU OED 17 • pray-pray THU OED obs. 18 • push-push THU KIR OED20 • py hy THU OED obs. 16 •quavery-maveiy THU KIR OED rare 19 • quick-stick(s) THU KIR OED 19 •rack-jack THU OED obs.. rare 16 • ramble-scramble THU KIR OED 19 • rap-tap WHE THU KIROED 19 • reavel-ravel WHE THU OED obs. 17 • rich-rich OED 18 • rick-stick KIR OED 17 •riddlemy-riddlemy THU OED obs., rare 17 • rim-ram WHE THU OED 16 • rimble-ramble OED16 • ringat-rangat THU OED Sc., obs. 16 • rittle-rattle THU HAZ OED rare 16 • Roister-DoisterTHU KIR OED obs. 16 • roiy-toiy WHE THU KIR OED dial. 19 • rouzie-bouzie WHE THUOED obs. 17 • row-dow't-dow) WHE THU KIR OED 19 • rufty-tufty THU KIR OED obs. 17 •rum-strum v, n (= ram-stam SOD) THU KIR OED 19 •say-nay THU OED • scaff-raff WHE THU KIR OED Sc. 19 • scale-quail KIR OED • scrip-scrapWHE THU OED 19 • sea flea KIRUSSL OED 20 • sea pea • set-net KIR OED • shallal THUOED dial. 19 • shick-shack WHE THU OED 19 • sniffle-shuffle HAZ OED 19 • shoy-hoy KIROED 19 • shush-shush OED • skewgy-mewgy (= soogee-moogee SOD) THU OED • slawsygawsyTHU KIR OED 16 • slumgum 'residual wax' US, 19 • so-so KIR OED 16 • splash-dashadv. 'in a headlong manner', 19 • stitty—stitty THU OED 17 • swap shop, swop shop • swee-sweeTHU OED 19 • switter-swatter WHE OED 17 •tan-tan THU KIR OED 17 • tan-tin THU OED obs. 18 • tat-tat THU OED 18 • tck-tck KIR OED19 • teenty-tointy, teenty-taunty THU OED 19 • tender-tinder THU OED 16 • tew-taw WHEOED 17 • thingum-thangum, thinkum-thankum THU HAZ OED 17 • tiddy-iddy THU KIR OED19 • tie-tie THU OED 19 • tiffety-taffety WHE THU OED 16 • tig-tag WHE THU JES OED 17 •tink-tank THU OED • tinkle-tinkle OED 17 • too-hoo KIR OED • too-whoo THU OED • toodleloodleWHE THU HAZ OED 16 • toodle-toodle THU HAZ OED 16 • toot-toot OED 19 • tootletootleOED 19 • tot-quot KIR OED obs. 16 • towry-Iowry, tury-lury THU KIR OED dial. • trifftraffOED16 • trill-rill THU OED 19 • trill-trill THU OED 19 • trip-slip OED 20 • trish-trashWHE THU OED obs. 16 • trittle-trattle THU OED 16 • trolloll THU OED 18 • trush-trash OED16 • tun-dun, turn-dun KIR OED 19 • turtur THU OED 9 • twinkum-twankum THU OED obs.,rare 18 • twisty-wisty THU JES KIR OED 19 • twit-twat, twit-twot OED obs., rare 17 • twittwot- twit-twat •vroom-vroom OED 20 •wampam THU OED • waw-waw KIR OED 19 • wawa 3 , way-way 'goose' KIR OED 18 • waynpainOED obs. 14 • wheetle-wheetle OED 19 • whim-whom, whim-worn = whimwham SOD •whinny-whanny THU OED obs. 17 • whister-clister WHE THU KIR OED dial, slang • whistertwisterWHE THU OED 19 • whitter-whatter WHE THU OED 19 • whoosh-whoosh OED • wibble-wobbleOED coll. 19 • wibblety-wobblety THU OED 19 • will-gill, will—jill THU KIR OEDdial. 17 • witch-stitch KIR OED 19 • woo-woo KIR THU OED 19 • wow-wow 2'bird' • wowwow3'sauce' • wrig-wrag THU OED obs., rare 16 • wringle-wrangle THU OED rare 19 •yackety-yackety OED • yari-yari THU OED 19 •zip-zip THU OED •

58 JOSEF HLADKVListDThe following list is based on the SOD. The first version of the SOD list waschecked first in the Collins English Dictionary (= CED) and then again in fiveAmerican collegiate dictionaries (Merriam Webster 10 , Webster's new world dictionary3 , Random House Webster's dictionary, The American heritage dictionary,Funk & Wagnall's standard college dictionary (= MW, WW, RH, AH, FW,respectively) and in five British learner's dictionaries {Cambridge internationaldictionary of English, Collins Cobuild English dictionary, Harraps's essentialEnglish dictionary, Longman dictionary of contemporary English, Oxford advancedlearner's dictionary (= CI, CC, HE, LC, OA), respectively); the search ofthe smaller dictionaries proved useful because there were a few reduplicatives inthe CED which were not found in SOD (eg boubou, buibui, coucou) and therewere a few reduplicatives in the learner's dictionaries which were not found inthe CED (eg hobo, Joe Blow, tsk-tsk, wakey-wakey).AC/DC a. 'bisexual' (slang SO), 20 • ack-ack a. 'antiaircraft, AA' (WWI syllable for a), 20 • agaragar,agar n. 'a seaweed' (f. Malay), 19 • airy-fairy a. 'delicate, light' (based on Tennyson'sLilian, 1830, 'Airy, fairy Lilian'; colloq.), 19 • argy-bargy, ~ie—ie, argle-bargle, (+ OED argolbargol,+ KIR arley-parley) n., v. 'wrangle' (alt. & redupl. of argue; dial., colloq), 19 • arsyversy,~ie—le, ~ey-varsey adv., a. 'perversely' (arse + versus; dial, slang SO), 16 • arty-crafty,arty-and-crafty, artsy-craftsy, artsy-and-craftsy a. 'characteristic of the arts and crafts movement),19 • arty-farty, artsy-fartsy a. 'pretentiously artistic' (colloq.), 20 • aye-aye n. 'a rare primateof Madagaskar' (f. Fr., f. Malagassy, prob, imit), 18 •baba' n. 'a rich sponge cake' (f. Fr., f. Polish baba), 19 • Baba 2n. 'a Straights-bom person ofChinese origin' (f. Malay), 19 • back-track v. 'return' (orig. US), 18 • bandstand n. 'coveredoutdoor platform', 19 • bandy-bandy n. 'an Australian snake' (Aborig.) 20 • beriberi n. 'a disease'(f. Sinhalese), 18 • bibble—babble(+ pibble-pabble, pibble-babble, rare) n. 'idle talk'(redupl. of babble), 16 • biddy-biddy, bidibidi, biddy-bid, bidgee-widgee n. '(the bur of) piripiri'(alt. of Maori piripiri; NZ), 19 • bidgee-widgee (Austr.) = biddy-biddy • bigwig n. 'an importantperson' (colloq.), 18 • black-back n. 'greater black-backed gull', 19 • black-jack n. 'leather jugfor beer etc' (jack 'vessel'), 16 • blah blah, blah n., v., a. 'meaningless talk' (redupl. of blah, imit.;colloq.), 20 • bon-bon n. 'a sweet' (f. Fr. bon-bon 'good-good'), 18 • boo-boo n. 'a prank, trick'(prob. f. boob; orig. US), 20 • boogie-woogie n. 'style of playing blues' (prob. redupl. of boogie'party'), 20 • boohoo int., n., v. 'weeping' (imit.), 16 • boubou, bubu n. 'a garment worn in Mali'(f. a native name in Mali), • bow-wow int., n., v. 'sound of dog barking' (imit.), 16 • brain drainn. Moss of qualified people by emigration' (colloq.), 20 • buibui n. 'a piece of black cloth worn byMuslim women in E. Africa' (f. Swahili), • buibui n. 'an Asian or African song-bird' (imit., f.Persian), 17 • buln-buln, bullen-bullen n. 'the lyre-bird' (f. Aborig., imit.; Austr), 19 • bunyabunya,bunya n. 'a tall Australian tree' (f. Aborig.; Austral.), 19 • bye-bye' int. 'good-bye' (var.of good-bye; colloq.), 18 • bye-bye 2 , bye-byes n. 'sleep, a bed' (f. a refrain in lullabies), 16 •cagmag, (+ OED keg-meg) n., v. 'tough old goose' (origin unkn.; dial.), 18 • cancan n. 'a dance'(f. Fr.; redupl. of canard 'duck'), 19 • caracara n. 'a neotropical raptor related to the falcons' (f,Sp. or Port., f. Tupi-Guarani, imit.), 19 • cha-cha, cha-cha-cha n., v. 'a type of dance' (f. Sp.),20 • chalk talk n. 'lecture in which the speaker uses blackboard and chalk' (US), 19 • charivari n.

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 59'mock serenade; noise' (f. Fr., origin, uncertain), 17 • chichi 1 a., n. 'fussy; stylish' (f. Fr.), 20 •chi-chi 2 , chee-chee a. 'half-caste' (perh. f. Hindi chi-chi; Anglo-Ind.), 18 • chiffchaff n.'common warbler' (imit.), 18 • chin-chin' int., v. 'greeting, toast' (f. Chinese qing-qing 'pleaseplease';colloq.) 18 • chit-chat n., v. 'light conversation' (redupl. of chat), 17 • chitter-chatter n.'light gossip' (redupl. of chatter), 18 • chocho, (+ OED chuchu), Austr., NZ choko n. 'a chayote,a vine of tropical America' (Sp., of Amer. Indian origin), 18 • choko = chocho • choo-choo n.'railway train or locomotive' (imit.; nursery, colloq.), 20 • chop-chop' adv., int. 'quick, quickly,hurry up!' (f. Chinese kuai-kuai; Pidgin, colloq.), 19 • chow-chow, chow n. 'a breed of dog;medley' (f. Pidgin English; ultim. origin unkn.), 19 • chuff-chuff, chuff n., int., v. 'steam engine'(imit.; nursery, colloq.), 20 • chug-chug, chug n., int., v. 'sound of an engine' (imit.), 19 • clackclack(-clack),clack n., int. 'loud talking etc' (redupl. of clack), 15 • clap-trap n. 'empty assertions,nonsense', 18 • clever-clever a. 'ostentatiously clever', 19* click-clack n., v. 'repeatedsound' (redupl. of click, imit.), 18 • clink-clank n., v. 'repeated sound' (clink + clank), 18 • clipclop«., v. 'sound of hoofs' (imit.), 19 • clish-clash «., int. 'clash of weapons' (redupl. of clash),16 • clitter-clatter n. 'repeated clatter' (redupl. of clatter), 16 • clop-clop, clop n., v. 'sound ofheavy shoes or hoofs' (redupl. of clop), 20 • cookbook n. 'cookery book', 19 • cop-shop n. 'policestation' (slang, LC: informal), 20 • cou-cou n. 'kind of food eaten in the West Indies' (originunkn.), • couscous', kouskous, couscousou n. 'a spicy N. African dish' (f. Fr., f. Arabic), 17 •cram-jam v., adv. 'fill' (cram + jam; colloq., dial), 19 • craw-craw, kraw-kraw n. 'a skin diseasein W. Africa' (f. Dutch kraauwen) 18 • crick-crack n., int. 'sharp noise' (redupl. of crack),16 • crickle-crackle n. 'repeated crackling' (redupl. of crackle; rare), 17 • crinkle-crankle n., a.,adv. 'zigzag' (redupl. of crankle; dial.), 16 • crinkum-crankum n., a. 'a convoluted thing'(redupl. of crank), 17 • criss-cross, crisscross n., a., adv., v. 'network, crosswise' (f. Christcross),17 • culture vulture n. 'a person who devotes much time to culture' (joe), 20 • curlywurly,~ie-~~ie n., a. 'curling ornament' (redupl. of curly), 18 • cuscus' n. 'a grain' (Arabickuskus), 16 • cuscus 2 , couscous 2n. 'a phalanger' (f. Moluccas), 17 • cuscus 3 , khus-khus n. 'agrass' (f. Urdu and Persian kaskas), 19 • cush-cush n. 'a yam' (perh. of African origin), 19 •da-da 2int. 'goodbye' (origin unkn.; obs.), 17 • Dada' n., a. 'a movement in art and literature' (f.Fr., lit. 'hobby-horse'), 20 • dead-head n., v. 'unmoving mechanical part etc', 16 • Delhi belly n.'upset stomach' (slang SO, BL), 20 • demi-semipref., a. 'quarter' (often derog.), 19 • des res n.'desirable residence', 20 • diddle-diddle, diddle n., int. 'sound of a fiddle', 16 • dik-dik n. 'a kindof antelope' (East African name of imit. origin), 19 • dilly-dally n., v. 'vacillate' (redupl. of dally),17 • dim sim, dim sum n. 'dish of steam meat in dough' (f. Chinese; Australian), 20 • din-din,din-dins n. 'dinner' (redupl. of dinner; nursery, colloq.), 19 • ding-dong, dingdong int., adv., n.,a., v. 'sound of a bell' (imit.), 16 • dingle-dangle adv., n., v., a. 'hanging loosely' (redupl. of dangle),16 • divi-divi n. 'a flowering tree of tropical Africa' (f. Amer. Sp., f. Carib.), 19 • dojo n. 'aroom for judo' (f. Jap.), 20 • downtown adv., a., n. 'town or city centre' (US), 19 • drip-drip int.,n. 'continuous dripping', 20 • drip-drop n., v. 'continuous dripping', 19 • dry-fly n., v. 'artificialfly', 20 • duk-duk n. 'a secret society in Papua' (f. a local name), 19 • dum-dum 2 , dumb-dumbn. 'stupid person'(s/c«g SO), 20 • dumdum', dum-dum n. 'soft-nosed bullet' (after a town inIndia), 19-easy-peasy a. 'very simple' (Sc. & north.; school slang SO), 20 • even Stephen(s) n., a. 'an evenchance' (f. evens; colloq.), 18 •fa-la n. 'a kind of madrigal' (f. a meaningless refrain), 16 'fal-lal n., a., v. 'a piece of finery'(perhaps f.falbala 'trimming'; arch.), 18 • fan-tan n. 'Chinese gambling game' (f. Chinese), 19

60 JOSEF HLADKT?'fat cat n. 'wealthy person' {slang BL SO, inform. OA), 20 • fave rave «., a. 'favourite person orthing* (abbr.; orig. US slang BL SO OXF), 20 • fender-bender n. 'minor collision' (chief. N.Amer slang SO, BL), 20 • fible-fable n. 'nonsense' (redupl. of fable; obs., dial., rare), 16 •fidfadn., a. 'fusspot; trifle' (abbrev. f. fiddle-faddle; rare), 18 • fiddle-faddle n., a., v., int. 'triflingmatter' (redupl. of fiddle), 16 • fie-fie a., v. 'improper' (arch, or joe), 19 'fifty-fifty a., adv.(colloq.), 20 • flngle-fangle n. 'trifle' (redupl. of fangle; arch.), 17 • fltbberty-glbbety a.'irresponsible' (f. flibbertygibbet; rare), 19 • fllcflac n. 'a lashing movement of the legs' (f. Fr.,imit.), 18 • flimflam, flim-flam n., a., v. 'trifle; frivolous' (symbolic redupl.), 16 'flip-flap n.,adv., v., a. 'somersault' (redupl. offlap), 16 • flip-flop n., v., adv. 'sandal; somersault' (redupl. offlop), 17 • float-boat n. 'a ship's long boat; raft' (obs.), 14 • flubdub n. 'nonsense' (origin unkn.;chiefly US), 19 • foo-foo,fufu n. 'dough made f. boiled plantain' (f. Twi jufuu; Ghana), 18 •footy-footy, footy n. 'amorous play with the feet' (dim. of foot; colloq.), 20 'frou-frou n., v.'rustling of skirts' (f. Fr.), 19 • fuddy-duddy, fuddydud n., a. 'old-fashioned person' (originunkn.; slang SO), 20 'funny money n. 'finances amassed by dubious methods etc\ 20 • fuzzywuzzyn. 'a Black person' (redupl. offuzzy), 19 •ga-ga, gaga a., n. 'senile' (f. Fr.; slang SO BL), 20 • gang bang «., v. 'group sex' (slang CE SOBL), 20 • gang-gang, gangan n. 'a small grey cockatoo, native to SE Australia and Tasmania' (f.Aborig.), 19 • gee-gee n. 'horse' (nursery, colloq.), 19 • gewgaw n., a. 'plaything, ornament'(origin uncertain), 15 • gibble-gabble n. 'senseless chatter' (redupl. of gabble), 17 • giff-gaff n.'mutual giving, help' (redupl. of give; Sc. & north.), 16 • girly-girly a., n. 'affectedly girlish', 19 •go-go' a. 'energetic' (redupl. of go; colloq.), 20 • gobo n. 'portable screen' (origin unkn.), 20 •God squad, godsquad n. 'evangelical Christian group' (slang SO OXF), 20 • Gogo 2 n., a. 'Bantuspeakingpeople in Tanzania' (perh. f. Nyamwezi), 19 • gong-gong n. 'a simple percussion instrument'(redupl. of Malay gong), 18 • goo-goo a., n. 'amorously adoring' (perhaps f. goggle;slang SO), 20 • goody-goody a., n. 'sentimentally virtuous person', 19 • greegree, gris-gris n. 'anAfrican charm' (f. Fr. grigri, grisgris, of W. African origin), 17 • grugru, groo-groo, gri-gri(+OED grou-grou) n. 'a kind of palm' (f. Amer. Sp. f. Carib. grugru), 18 • gully-gully, gulli-gulliint. 'conjuror's catch-word' (origin unkn.), 20 • gum-gum n. 'a musical instrument' (prob. f. Malay;rare), 18 •ha-ha', ha-ha-ha n. 'sound of laughter' (natural exclam.), 18 • ha-ha 2 , haw-haw 2 n. 'a ditchvisible f. a close proximity'(f. Fr.), 18 • habdabs n. 'nervous anxiety' (origin unkn.; slang SO),20 • handy-dandy, (+ OED -—bandy, —pandy, —spandy) n., adv. 'children's game' (redupl. ofhandy), 15 • hanky-panky n. 'underhand dealing' (rel. to hocus-pocus), 19 • harum-scarumadv., a., n. 'reckless, wild' (prob. hare + scare; colloq.), 17 • Hau Hau' n. 'a follower of the Pai-Marire religion' (f. Maori), 19 • haw-haw 1n., a., v. 'sound expr. hesitation' (imit.), 19 • hearnearn., v. 'cheer with cries of hear! hear!' (orig. hearm him), 18 • hee-haw, (+ OED he-haw) n.,v. 'donkey's bray' (imit.), 19 • heebie-jeebie, ~y—y, ~ie—~ies n. 'nervous fear' (SO: origin unkn.;CE: coined by William De Beck, 1890-1942, Amer. cartoonist), 20 • heigh-ho, hey-ho int., n., v.'boredom' (heigh + ho), 15 • hell's bells int. 'exclamation of anger' (slang SO OXF), 20 • helterskelter^Scot, hilter-skilter) adv., n., a. 'in disordered haste' (imit.), 16 • herky-jerky n.'spasmodic' (redupl. of jerky; slang SO), 20 • hi-fi a., n. 'high fidelity sound', 20 • hi-spy, hy-spy= I-spy • hickery-pickery n. 'purgative' (f. med.L. hiera picra; rare), 19 • higgledy-piggledy, (+OED ~ty—ty, hicklety-picklety, higly-pigly) adv., n., a. 'without any order' (prob. rhyming jingleon pig), 16 • hip-hop', hip hop adv. 'with a hopping movement' (hip + hop), 17 • hip-hop 2 , hiphop n. 'young people's subculture' (redupl. of hip), 20 • hippety-hoppety, hippity-hoppity, hip-

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 61pety-hop adv., n. 'with a hopping movement' (f. hip-hop', 19 • hirdy-girdy n., adv. 'uproar, disorder'(imit.; Sc. & north), 16 • ho-ho' int. 'expr. derision' (redupl. of ho), 16 • hob-nob 2 , habnab,habs-nabs adv. 'anyhow' (f. hab, f. OE hcbbe; obs., dial), 16 • hobnob 1 , hob-nob v., n.'drink to each other' (f. hob or nob), 18 • hobo n. 'wandering man' (origin unkn.; chiefly N.Amer), 19 • Hobson-Jobson(+ KIR hossy-gossy, + OED holsie-jokie) n. 'folk etymology.' (titleof a dictionary, f. Arab Y_ Hasan! Y_ Husayn!), 17 • hocus-pocus n., a., v. 'conjuror etc.'' (f.pseudo-L. formula hax pax max deus adimax), 17 • hoddy-doddy(+ KIR hottie-tottie 2 , huddieduddie)n., a. 'simpleton; drunk' (perhaps nursery redupl. of dod in dodman; obs., dial.), 16 •hoddy-noddy n. 'fool' (redupl. of noddy; rare), 17 • Hogen Mogen, Hogan Mogan n., a. 'Dutch;strong' (f. Du. Hoogmogendheiden 'High Mightiness'), 17 • hogo n. 'strong favour; stink' (f. Fr.haut-gout), 17 • hoity-toity, highty-tighty(+ KIR THU hoity-poity, hotty-totty, + THU hity-tity)n., a., int. 'haughty behaviour' (redupl. of hoit), 17 • hokey-cokey n. 'a kind of dance' (originunkn.), 20 • hokey-pokey n. 'trickery; cheap ice-cream' (alt. of hocus-pocus), 19 • holus-bolus(+KIR holums-jolums) adv. 'all in a lump' (origin uncertain), 19 • honk-honk, honk n. 'sound of amotor horn', 20 • hoo-ha n. 'noisy commotion' (origin unkn.; colloq.), 20 • hoo-hoo, hoo int., v.,n. 'expr. surprise' (imit. + natural exclamation; already in OE), 15 • hoodoo n., a., v. 'bad luck'(app. alt. of voodoo), 19 • hoopoe (+ OED hoopoo) n. 'a bird' (alter, of hoop + Lat upula), 17 •hooroo, hurroo int. 'goodbye' (alt. of hooray, hurrah; Austral, colloq.), 20 • hootchy-kootchy,~ie—ie, ~y-cootchy n., a. 'erotic dance' (origin unkn.), 19 • hot spot n. 'a lively nightclub etc',20 • hotchpotch, hodgepodge n., a., v. 'mixture' (f. hotchpot 'mixed stew'), 15 • hotpot n. 'hotdrink; stew', 17 • hotshot v., a. n. 'reckless shooter etc', 16 • hotsy-totsy a. 'splenid, just fine'(formed f. hot by William de Beck, 1890-1942, American cartoonist), 20 • hottie-tottie 1n. 'hotwaterbottle' (nursery; slang BL), 20 • housey-housey, ~ie-~ie n. 'bingo, lotto' (f. the call'house' announcing the prize), 20 • hubba—hubba int., n. 'nonsense' (origin unkn.; N. Amer. slangSO OXF), 20 • hubble-bubble(+ WHE KIR THU hobble-bobble) n. 'confused talk' (imit. redupl.of bubble), 17 • hubbub n. 'confused noise' (perh. f. Irish), 16 • hudder-mudder (+ OED hodermoder,huther-muther) n. 'secrecy' (prob. redupl. of hoder; obs.), 15 • huet-huet, guidguid n. 'aSouth American bird' (imit.), 19 • huff-duff n. 'a type of radar' (f. h.f.d.f. = high frequency directionfinder), 20 • hugger-mugger, huggermugger, hucker-mucker (+ OED hocker-mocker,hoker-moker) n., adv., a. 'secrecy' (prob. f. huddle + mucker), 16 • huhu n. 'a kind of beetle' (f.Maori; NZ), 19 • hula-hula, hula n. 'a Hawaiian dance' (f. Haw.), 19 • hully gully n. 'a dance'(origin unkn.), 20 • humble-jumble n. 'jumble' (rhyming formation on jumble; rare), 16 • humdrum(+OED hum-trum) a., n. v. 'monotonous' (prob. redupl. of hum), 16 • humhum n. 'coarseIndian cotton cloth' (origin unkn.; obs.), 17 • humpty dumpty n. 'a drink of ale and brandy'(origin unkn.), 17 • Humpty Dumpty n. 'short fat person' (perh. f. humpy + dumpy), 18 • humstrumn. 'an out of tune musical instrument; hurdy-gurdy' (hum + strum; rare), 18 • hurdy-gurdyn. 'a barrel-organ' (prob. imit.), 18 • hurly-burly n., adv., v., a. 'commotion' (redupl. of hurl), 15• hurry-scurry adv., a., n., v. 'disorderly haste' (redupl. of hurry), 18 • hush-hush a., v. 'highlysecret' (redupl. of hush, int.; colloq.), 19 •I-spy, hi-spy, hy-spy n. 'various children's games', 18 • /// will n. 'ill feeling', 14 • itsy-bitsy, ittybitty(+KIR itsy-wltsy) a. 'small' (f. childish form of little + bitsy; colloq.), 20 •jeepers-creepers, Jeepers int. 'expr. enthusiasm' (f. Jesus; slang SO), 20 • jelly-belly n. 'fat person'(slang SO BL), 19 • jetset n., a. 'rich and fashionable people', 20 • jibber-jabber v., n. 'senselesstalk' (redupl. of jibber, imit. gibber), 19 • jig-jig', jig-jog, jig-a-jig a., adv., n., v. 'a jigging orjogging motion' (jig + jog), 17 'jig-jog = jig-jig 1• jimjam(s) n. 'trivial article, rare; nervous

62 JOSEF HLADKVtension' (redupl. of jam; colloq.), 16 • jingle-jangle n., v. 'alternating sound' (redupl. of jingle),16 • jo-jo 1 n. 'London Routemaster bus' (abbr. ofjump on jump off), 20 • Jodo n., a. 'a JapaneseBuddhist sect' (f. iwp.jdo 'pure land'), 18 • Joe Blow' n. 'hypothetical average man' (SO: UScolloq., slang BL), 20 • jog-jog adv., a. 'with a jogging motion', 18 • john-john n. 'car' (WestIndian slang PEN), 20 • joukery-pawkery(+ OED joukery-cookery) n. 'clever trickery' (f. pavik,northE & Scot.), 19 • ju-ju', juju n. 'an amulet of some W. African people' (prob. f. Fr.joujou'plaything', redupl. of jouer 'to play'), 17 • ju-ju 2n. 'marijuana cigarette' (redupl. abbrev. ofmari-ju-ana; slang SO), 20 'Jug-jug 1 , jug int., n. 'the sound made by the nightingale' (imit.), 16'jug-Jug 2 ! jug n - < asavoury Barbadian dish' (origin unkn.), 20 •kai-kai, kai n. 'food' (f. Maori; NZ colloq.), 19 • kawakawa' n. 'a NZ shrub; a variety of nephrite'(f. Maori), 19 • kawakawa 1 n. 'a kind of tuna' (Haw.), 19 • ki-yi, (+ OED ki-hi) v., n. 'howl; dog'(imit.; US. colloq.), 19 • kickie-wickie( + WHE THU kicksy-wicksy) n. 'wife' (origin unkn.; onlyin Shakespeare; rare), 17 • kiekie,(+ OED kee-kee) n. 'a climbing plant' (f. Maori), 19 • killerdillern.,a. 'impressive person' (redupl. of killer; slang SO), 20 • kim-kam, (+ OED chim-cham)a., arfv.''crooked(ly)' (app. redupl. of cam; dial.), 16 • King Kong n. 20 • Kit-cat, Kit-Cat, Kitkatn., a. 'a club in London; a size of portrait' (f. Kit Cating), 18 • kittle cattle, kittle n., a.'capricious people, animals' {kittle + cattle), 19 • kiwi n. 'a bird; a fruit' (f. Maori, imit.), 19 •knick-knack, nick-nack n. 'trinket' (redupl. of knack), 16 • kowtow, kotow n., v. 'touching theground with the forehead' (f. Chin.), 19 • kudu, koodoo n. 'an antelope' (f. Afk. f. Xhosa), 18 •la-la' a. 'so so, not very good' (redupl. of la; rare, obs.), 18 • la-la 2v. 'sing or say {a' (f. la-la, a.),20 • lablab n. 'a plant' (f. Arab.), 19 • lap-lap v., n. 'repeated lapping sound', 19 • laray-dardya. 'affected' (f. la-di-da; colloq.), 19 • lau-lau n. 'Hawaiian meal' (f. Haw.), 20 • lava-lava n. 'agarment worn by Polynesians' (f. Samoan), 19 • Li-Lo, Lllo n. 'inflatable mattress' (lie + low), 20• Lib-Lab a., n. 'Liberal-Labour', 20 • lilly-pilly, lilli-pilli n. 'an Australian evergreen tree'(origin unkn.), 19 • locofoco n., a. 'member of the Democratic Party' (invented, prob. f. loco + It.fuocSO, Sp. fuogo 'fire; US), 19 • lomi-lond n. 'a type of massage' (f. Haw.; foreign), 19 • loveydoveyn., a. 'sweetheart' (lovey + dovey), 19 • lulu n. 'a remarkable person or thing' (perh. f. Lulu= Louise; slang SO), 19 •maimai, mai mat n. 'makeshift shelter' (f. Aborig. miamia), 19 • makomako,mako-mako, mako n.'a tree' (fr. Maori; NZ), 19 • mamma n. 'mother, woman' (redupl. of infants' ma; US slang SO),16 • mata-mata' n. 'police in Malaysia' (f. Malay), 20 • matamata 2 n. 'a S. American turtle'(prob. of S. American origin), 19 • mau-mau v. 'terrorize' (f. Mau Mau; slang SO), 20 • mia-mian. 'an Aboriginal hut; a temporary shelter' (f. Aborig. miam miam; Austral.), 19 • miminy-piminya. 'ridiculously affected' (f. mim a niminy-piminy), 19 • minglmingi, micky-mick n. 'a New Zealandevergreen shrub' (f. Maori), 19 • mingle-mangle n. 'confused mixture' (redupl. of mingle),16 • mishmash, mish-mash n., v. 'confused mixture' (redupl. of mash), 15 • mixty-maxty, ~ie—~ie, mixter-maxter, (+ OED mixy-maxy) n., a. 'incongruously mixed' (redupl. of mixt; Sc. &dial.), 18 • mizmaze n. 'labyrinth' (redupl. of maze), 16 • moco-moco, mucka-mucka n. 'a tallplant of Guyana' (f. Galibi), 18 • mojo' n. 'magic' (prob. of African orig.; US local), 20 • mojo 2 n.'morphine' (origin unkn.; US slang SO), 20 • moko-moko, moki-moki n. 'a lizard' (f. Maori;NZ), 19 • motmot n. 'a bird' (f. Amer. Sp.; imit.), 19 • mukluk, muckluck 1n. 'a high boot of sealskin'(f. Eskimo maklak), 19 • mulmull n. 'a thin variety of muslin' (Hindi maimai), 17 • mumbojumbon. 'idol; obscure talk, ritual' (prob. f. Mande mama dyumbo, name of a god in W. Africa),18 • muster-master n. 'officer responsible for the muster-roll', 16 • muu-muu, mu-mu n. 'adress worn by women in Hawaii' (f. Haw.), 20 •

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 63namby-pamby a., n. 'sentimental' (nickname of Ambrose Philips, d. 1749), 18 • nay-say n., v.'refusal' (nay + say), 17'• near-beer n. 'beverage resembling beer etc' (orig. US), 20 • nene,nine", ne-ne n. 'a goose native to Hawai' (f. Haw.), 20 • never-never adv., n., a. 'hire-purchase',20 • nick stick n. 'tally, reckoning stick' (nick + stick; obs.), 17 • nid-nod v., a. 'nod repeatedly'(redupl. of nod), 18 • niddle-noddle a., v. 'unsteady' (redupl. of nod), 18 • niddy-noddy n., v., a.'frame; unsteady' (redupl. of nod), 17 • niff-naff v. 'trifle' (origin unkn.; Sc. & north.), 18 • niffynaffya. 'trifling' (f. niff-naff), 18 • nig-nog' n. 'a Black' (f. nig, abbr. of nigger; slang SO), 20 •nig-nog 2n. 'foolish person' (origin unkn.; slang SO), 20 • nilly-willy = willy-nilly • niminypiminy(+ OED nimpy-pimpy) a. 'affected' (f. namby-pamby), 18 • ning-nong, (+ OED ningnang)n. 'fool' (origin unkn.; Austral, slang SO), 19 • nitty-gritty n. 'basic facts' (origin unkn.;colloq.), 20 • nitwit n. 'silly person' (perh. f. nit + wit; colloq.), 20 • no-go n.. a. 'impractiblesituation; impossible; not functioning', 19 • no-no n. 'thing that must not be done' (redupl. of no;colloq.), 20 • nolens volens adv. 'whether willing or unwilling' (Lat.), 16 • non-con, Non-Conn., a. 'not a conformist' (non + con; colloq.), 17 • nonny-nonny n., int. 'words of a refrain'(origin unkn.; obs.), 16 • now now int. 'reprimanding, pacifying' (redupl. of now), 19 • nullanulla,nullah-nullah n. 'a club used as a weapon' (f. Aborig.; Austral.), 19 • num-num' n. 'a S.African shrub' (f. Afk. noem-noem, perh. f. Nama), 19 • num-num 2 , num n., int. 'expr. pleasurefrom eating' (var. of yum), 19 • nut-cut a., n. 'rascal' (f. Hind, natkhat; Indian subcontinent,rare), 19 •okey-dokey, okey-doke (+ OED okle-dokle) a., int. 'OK' (colloq.), 20 •pack-sack n. 'rucksack', 20 • pall-mall, jell-melf n. 'a game played in a long alley' (f. Fr. pallemaille), 16 • palsy-walsy, ~ie-~ie n., a. 'friend' (redupl. of palsy = pal + -sy; slang SO), 20 •patha-patha n. 'a Black African dance; sexual intercourse' (S. Afr.), 20 • paw-paw', papaw n. 'afruit, a shrub, a tree' (f. Sp. & Port. f. Carib.), 16 • paw-paw 3 a. 'improper' (redupl. of paw; slangSO, rare), 18 • Pawpaw 2 , Papaw n. 'a slave from what is now Benin' (f. the name of a region inW. Africa), 18 • paxwax, taxwax(+ WHE KIR THU faxwax, fexwex) n. 'a ligament in a domesticquadruped' (the older form fix-fax developed f. OE feax + weax; dial.), 15 • pay-day n. 'day onwhich wages are paid; wages', 16 • pee-pee'(+ WEN beebee) n. 'chicken' (perh. imit.; US dial. &Jamaica), 19 • pee-pee 2 n. 'an act of urinating' (redupl. of pee; colloq. & nursery), 20 • peetweetn. 'a spotted sandpiper' (imit.; US), 19 • peewee, peeweep «., a. 'small marble, small child, small'(redupl. of wee), 19 • pell-mell 1 adv., a., n., v. 'medley' (f. Fr. pile-mele), 16 • pickwick n.'device for pulling up the wick of an oil lamp' (hist.), 19 • picnic n., v. 'meal' (f. Fr. pique-nique),18 • piff-paff, piff int. 'sound of a bullet' (imit.), 18 'piggy-wiggy, ~ie-~ie n. 'pig' (redupl. ofpiggy', nursery & joe), 19 • ping-pong n. 'table tennis' (imit.; US trade name), 20 • ping-wing n.'a W. Indian plant' (var. of pinguin; origin unkn.), 17 • piou-piou n. 'Fr. soldier' (f. Fr.; foreign),19 • pip-pip n., int. 'short sound; goodbye' (imit), 20 • piri-piri 2 n. 'a sauce made with red peppers'(f. Ronga), 20 • piripiri 1n. 'a marsh plant' (f. Maori; NZ), 19 • pish-pash, pish-posh n. 'anIndian soup or stew' (origin unkn.), 19 • pish-posh = pish-pash • pisha paysha n. 'a Jewish cardgame' (app. alt. of pitch or peace + patience), 20 • pit-pat, pit-a-pat (+ OED pitty-patty) adv., n.,v., a. 'a series of light sounds' (imit.), 16 • pitter-patter, (+ OED pittle-pattle, obs., rare) n., v.,adv. 'rapid succession of light sounds' (redupl. of patter), 15 • piupiu n. 'a Maori skirt' (f. Maori;NZ), 19 • plop-plop, plop v., n., adv., int. 'fall with a plop' (imit.), 19 • pocketa-pocketa, pocketaint., adv. 'sound sf an angine' (imit.), 20 • pom-pom 1n., int. 'Maxim gun; repetitive sound'(imit.), 19 • pompom 3 , pompon n. 'bunch of ribbon' (f. Fr., origin unkn.), 18 • pooh-pooh, poohpooh, poo-poo(+ KIR pu-pu) n., int., v. 'faeces' (natural exclamation; colloq.), 20 • pooper-

64 JOSEFHLADKYscooper n. 'implement for clearing up dog's faeces' (poop + scoop), 20 • popshop n. 'pawnshop'(slang SO), 18 • pot-shot n. 'shot taken to kill for food; chance shot', 19 • powwow, pow-wow n.,v. 'conference etc.'' (f. Algonquian), 17 • pretty-pretty adv., a., n. 'excessively pretty', 19 • pribble-prabblev. 'vain chatter' (alt. of prabble), 16 • prinkum-prankum(+ THU -nc—) n. 'trick'(redupl. of prank; obs., rare), 16 • prittle-prattle n„ v. 'idle talk' (redupl. of prattle; rare), 16 •pudu n. 'an Andean antelope' (f. Araucanian), 19 • puff-puff n. 'locomotive, train' (nursery &colloq.), 19 • pussy posse n. 'vice squad' (pussy 'vulva'; slang SO), 20 • put-put, putt-putt, (+OED phut-phut) n., v. Might sound of an engine' (imit.), 20 •quack-quack v., int., n. 'duck's quack; duck' (nursery & joe), 19 •rag-bag n. 'bag for rags; sloppily dressed woman' (slang), 19 • raggle-taggle, wraggle-taggle a.,n. 'ragged; wanderer' (f. ragtag), 20 • ragtag n., a. 'disreputable person' (rag + tag; supersededearlier tagrag, 16), 19 • rah-rah, rah n., int., a. 'hurrah' (abbr.), 20 • ram-jam adv. 'completely'(ram + jam; dial., slang SO), 19 • ram-stam (+ OED rum-strum, + KIR THU ram-stram, ramtarn)adv., a., n. 'headlong' (origin unkn.; Sc. & north.), 18 • ran-dan' adv., n. 'with a pair ofsculls and a pair of oars' (origin unkn.), 19 • ran-dan 2n. 'riotous behaviour' (prob. f. Fr. randon'random'; chiefly. Sc.), 18 • ran-tan n., v. 'banging noise; riot' (imit.), 17 • rantum-scantum int.,n., a. 'nonsense' (redupl., prob. f. rant; obs.), 17 • rat-tat, ratatat, rat-or-tat n., adv., int., v. 'sharprapping sound' (imit.), 17 • razzle-dazzle n., a., v. 'bustle' (redupl. of razzle), 19 • reco-^reco n. 'apercussion instrument' (f. a native Brazilian language), 20 • red lead n., a., v. 'minium; red leadore; tomato ketchup', 15 • Red Ned, red ned n. 'inferior red wine' (Australian slang SO), 20 •redhead n. 'red-headed bird; red-headed person', 17 • ree—raw, reel-rail n., a. 'drinking bout'(imit.; perh. assoc. with reel; dial., colloq.), 18 • repple depple n. 'replacement depot (where soldiersassemble)' (US military slang SO), 20 • rewa-rewa, rewarewa n. 'a tall New Zealand tree'(f. Maori), 19 • ribble-rabble(+ HAZ reeble-rabble) adv., n. 'in great confusion' (redupl. of rabble;rare, arch.), 15 • rickety-rackety a. 'unsteady' (redupl. of rickety), 19 • ricky-ticky, ~ie—ien. 'monotonous rhythm' (imit.), 20 • ricrac, rickrack n., v. 'braid used for trimming' (prob. redupl.of rack), 19 • riff-raff, riffraff n., a. 'disreputable people' (riband raff), 15 • riprap, riprapn., v. 'blow; breakwater' (redupl. of rap), 16 • ro-ro a. 'roll-onroll-off, 20 • roly-poly (+OED rowley-powley, obs., rare) n., a. 'rascal; podgy' (redupl. of roly < roll), 17 • rongo-rongo n.'hieroglyphic signs on Easter island' (f. the name of Easter island), 20 • roucou n. 'a tropical tree'(f. Fr. f. Galibi), 17 • rough stuff n. 'unruliness, violence' (colloq.), 20 • rough-scruff, roughscuffn. 'rough fellow, rough people' (rough + scruff; US), 19 • rough-scuff = rough-scruff'rowdy-dowdy a. 'characterized by boisterous noise' (rowdy + dowdy; slang SO), 19 • rug bug n.'child' (also rug rat, carpet rat; orig. US slang BL), 20 • rum-turn n., a. 'prank; light racing boat'(fanciful), 19 • rumdum, rumdumb a., n. 'drunkard' (US slang SO), 19 • rumpy-pumpy n.'sexual intercourse' (f. rump; joe), 20 • Ryukyu, Riu-kiu n., a. 'a native of the Ryukyu Islands'(f. Jap.), 19-sa-ha int. 'aery used in coursing' (prob. f. so-ho), 17 • scribble-scrabble adv., n. 'reckless person'(redupl. of scribble; colloq.), 16 • scritch-scratch n. 'continual scratching' (redupl. of scratch), 19• see-saw int., n., a., adv., v. 'plank for swinging up and down' (redupl. of saw, v.), 17 • seesee,see-see, sisi n. 'a partridge' (imit.), 19 • semi-demipref., a. 'quarter' (often derog.), 17 • shabushabun. 'a Japanese dish' (f. Jap.), 20 • shag-bag a., n. 'shabby' (alt. of shag-rag; arch, colloq.),17 • shag-rag a., n. 'ragged' (alt. of shake-rag; arch. & dial.), 16 • sham-damn a. 'of inferiorkind' (rare), 19 • shey-shey, shay-shay n. 'rhythmic shuffling dance' (prob. f. Fr. chasse; W.Ind.), 20 • shilly-shally, shillyshally adv., a., n., v. 'irresolute' (redupl. of shall /), 18 • silly billy

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 65n. 'foolish person', 18 • sim-sim, simsim n. 'sesame' (Swahili, f. Arabic), 20 • sin bin, sin-bin n.,v. 'penalty box' (slang SO), 20 • Sing Sing 1 n. (var. of Ossining, where the prison is), 19 • singsing2 n. 'a form of water-buck' (f. Malinke si-nsing), 19 • singsing 3n. 'a festival in Papua' (f.Pidgin, ult. redupl. of sing), 19 • singsong, sing-song n., a., v. 'monotonous singing', 17 • skidlidn. 'crash helmet' (slang SO), 20 • skimble-skamble, skimble-scamble, (+ OED squimblesquamble)a., n., adv. 'confused' (redupl. of scamble), 16 • slambam, slam-bang, slambang a.,adv., v., n. 'noise', 19 • slangwhang v. 'use abusive language' (slang + whang; colloq., chieflyUS), 19 • slip-slap n., v. 'slipper; flapping sound' (redupl. of slap; rare), 17 • slip-slop, slipslopn., a., v., adv. 'sloppy substance; blunder; sandal' (redupl. of slop; colloq.), 17 • slop-shop n.'where cheap clothing is sold' (arch., hist.), 18 • smock-frock n. 'outer garment' (hist.), 18 •snip-snap n., a., v. 'sound of snipping' (snip + snap), 16 • snipper-snapper n. 'young conceitedman' (f. snip-snap; dial.), 16 • so-ho, soho, so ho int., n., v. 'hunters' call' (prob. natural exclam.;f. Anglo-Norman), 15 • softly softly a., adv. 'gradual(ly), cautious(ly)' (softly, a. — dial.), 20 •Soho 19 • soogee-moogee (+ OED skewgy-mewgy, souji-mouji) n. 'cleaning mixture' (originunkn.; naut. slang), 19 • sou-sou, susu 2 n. 'arrangement among friends about a contribution to afund' (prob. of W. African orig.; Caribbean), 20 • splish-splash v., n. 'splash repeatedly' (redupl.of splash; colloq.), 18 • splishy-splashy a. 'sloppy', 19 • squeegee, squilgee n., v. 'press' (f.squeege f. squeeze), 19 • squish-squash adv., n., v. '(with) a squishing sound' (redupl. of squish),18 • stock-lock n. 'lock enclosed in a wooden case', 14 • strim-stram n. 'crude guitar' (imit.;obs., dial.), 18 • strumstrum n. 'simple stringed instrument' (redupl. of strum; obs., rare) 17 •super-duper a. 'excellent' (redupl. of super; US), 20 • susu' n. 'a river dolphin' (f. Bengali), 19 •sweetmeat n. 'a sweet' (obs., lit.), 9 • swing wing n. 'a type of aircraft', 20 • swing-swang n. 'aswinging to and fro' (redupl. of swing), 17 • swish-swash n., adv. 'weak drink; with repeatedswishing movement' (redupl. of imit. swish), 16 • swish-swish, swish int., adv. 'hissing sound'(redupl. of imit. swish), 19 •ta—da, ta-dah int. 'musical introduction' (imit.), 20 • ta-ta' int., n., a. 'goodbye; a walk' (originunknow; nursery, colloq.), 19 • tabnab n. 'cake' (origin unkn.; nautical slang SO), 20 • tag-ragadv., n., a. 'rag; common people etc\ 16 • Taki-Taki n. 'English-based Creole language in Surinam'(f. talkee-talkee), 20 • talkee-talkee n. 'pidgin; small-talk' (redupl. of talk + -ee; colloq.),19 • talky-talky a., n. 'full of talk; trivial conversation', 19 • tam-tam n. 'a gong' (perhaps f.Hind, tam-tam; musical term), 19 • tamboo-bamboo n. 'a small drum' (f. tambour + bamboo), 20• tap-tap n. 'repeated tap', 19 • tappity-tappity, tappity-tap int., adv., n. 'succession of tappingsounds' (imit.), 20 • taxwax = paxwax • tee-hee, te-hee v., int., n. 'laugh derisively' (imit.), 15 •teeny-tiny, teeny-weeny, teensy-weensy a. 'very small' (teeny f. tiny, ween(s)y f. wee), 19 •teeny-weeny, teensy-weensy = teeny-tiny • teepee, tepee, tipi n. 'a conical tent' (f. Sioux /;' + pi19 • teeter-totter v., n. 'see-saw' (redupl. of teeter or of totter; dial. & N. Amer.), 20 • teuf-teufn., int., v. 'sound of gases f. an engine' (f. Fr., imit.), 20 • thwick-ihwack n. 'exchange of thwacks'(redupl. of thwack; obs.), 16 • tick-tack, tic-tac n., v. 'sound of a clock' (imit.), 16 • tick-tick v.,n. 'make a ticking sound' (imit.), 18 • tick-lock n., v. 'ticking of a large clock' (imit.), 19 • tickytackyn., a. 'inferior' (prob. redupl. of tacky; orig. US), 20 • ting-tang n. 'succession of two differentringing sounds; small bell' (imit.), 17 • ting-ting, ting v., n., int. 'thin high-pitched sound'(imit.), 17 • tingle-tangle 1 n. 'cheap disreputable night-club' (f. G.), 20 • tingle-tangle 2 n.'confused tinkling of several bells' (redupl. of tingle, perh. var. of tinkle by assoc. with ring), 17 •tinkle-tankle n., v. 'tinkling with alternation of sound' (redupl. of tinkle), 17 • tip-tap a., v., n.'tap repeatedly' (redupl. of tap), 17 • tiptop, tip-top n., a., adv. 'first-rate' (redupl. of top), 18 •

66 JOSEF HLADK?tirlie-whirlie n. 'a whirled figure, ornament' (f. twirl + whirl), 19 • tirra-lirra v., n. 'note of theskylark' (imit), 16 • titbit, US tidbit n. 'morsel' (16 perhaps tyd + bit), 16 • titi', teetee n. 'a sootyshearwater' (f. Maori; NZ), 19 • titt 2 n. 'an evergreen tree and shrub of the south-east US' (prob. f.Indian language), 19 • titi 3 n. 'a small long-coated monkey of S. America' (f. Indian languageAymara in Bolivia and Peru), 18 • titter-totter n., adv., v. 'play see-saw' (redupl. of titter or totter;dial.), 16 • tittle-tattle n., v., a. 'idle talk' (redupl. of tattle), 16 • titty-totty, titty a. 'insignificant'{dial.), 19 • tock-tock, tock n., v. 'short hollow sound, deeper than a tick' (imit.) 19 • tohu-bohun. 'chaos, utter confusion' (f. Heb.), 17 • toitoi, toi-toi, (+ OED toetoe) n. 'a reedlike grass' (f.Maori), 19 • tol-lol, toll-lol, tol-loll a. 'tolerable' (f. tolerable), 18 • tom-tom, (+ OED tongtong)n. 'a drum (Amer. Indian etc., jazz, rock)' (f. Hindi), 17 • too-too', too adv. 'exceedingly,very' (following and adj. or adv.), 20 • too-too 2 adv. 'very good', 15 • too-too 1v. 'make a tootingsound' (imit.), 19 • tootsy-wootsy, tooisy(+ KIR tootsum-wootsum) n. 'foot' (dim. of foot), 19 •tory—rory a., adv. 'boisterously' (origin unkn.; obs.), 17 • toto' n. 'child, young animal' (f. Kiswahilimtoto; E. Africa), 20 • tow-row a., v., n. 'drunk; uproar' (redupl. of row), 18 • town clown n.'village policeman' (USslang), 20 • toy boy n. 'a woman's young lover' (colloq.), 20 • tra-ra int.,n. 'sound of a trumpet' (imit.), 19 • tric-trac(+ OED trick-track) n. 'a form of backgammon' (f.Fr.; imit.), 17 • trim-tram n., int., a. 'trifle' (redupl. of trim; obs., dial.), 16 • trinkum-trankum n.'trifle' (redupl. of trinkum, alt. of trinket; dial., colloq.), 17 • trit-trot a., n. 'the sound of trottingfeet or hoofs' (redupl. of trot), 19 • tro-tro n. 'minibus in Ghana' (prob. f. Akan tro 'threepence'),20 • trolly-lolly int. 'meaningless refrain' (redupl. of troll; rare), 15 • tsetse n. 'fly' (f. Setswana),19 • tsk-tsk, tsk int. 'expr. commiseration or disapproval' (imit.), 20 • tuco-tuco, tucutucu n. 'a S.American ratlike rodent' (of S. Amer. Indian origin; imit.), 19 • tuff-tuff n. 'a motor vehicle' (alt.of teuf-teuf; colloq.), 20 • tuk-tuk(OEDA + thuk-thuk, tuk tuk) n. 'a three—wheeled taxi inThailand' (imit; joe), 20 • tum-tum', turn n. 'tummy' (redupl. of turn = tummy), 19 • turn-turn 2n., v. 'monotonous sound of a stringed instrument' (imit.), 19 • tum-tum 1 n. 'a West Indian vegetabledish' (origin unkn.), 19 • tum-tum 4 n. 'a light vehicle, dogcart' (origin unkn.; Anglo-Ind.),19 • tump-tump n. 'sound of water or ball' (imit.), 20 • tut-tut, tut int., n., v. 'expr. impatience'(imit.), 16 • tutti-frutti n. 'confection, chewing-gum' (f. It.), 19 • tutu' n. 'ballet dancer's skirt' (f.Fr.), 20 • tutu 2 n. 'a shrub (f. Maori), 19 • tuzzy-muzzy, tussie-mussie n. 'bunch of flowers'(origin unkn.), 15 • twenty-twenty, 2020 n., a. 'good eyesight' (twenty feet in a test), 20 • twiddletwaddlen. 'idle talk' (redupl. of twaddle), 18 • twing-twang n. 'repeated sound made by a harp'(redupl. of twang; derog., rare), 18 • twingle-twangle n., v. 'play a harp' (redupl. of twangle;derog., rare), 17 • twit-twit, twit int., n. 'the shrill chirp of a bird' (imit.), 16 • twittle-twattle n.'idle talk' (app. alt. of tittle-tattle; obs.), 16 •uh-uh int., adv. 'expr. a negative response' (chiefly N. Amer.), 20 •voodoo, vaudoo n., v. 'a cult' (f. Louisiana Fr. voudou), 19 •wah-wah', wa-wa' n., v. 'musical effect; baby crying' (imit.), 20 • Wai-Wai n., a. 'people inhabitingpart of northern Brazil' (origin, unkn.), 19 • wakey-wakey, (+ OED -y—y, -ee-^-ee) n.'reveille' (orig. Mil.; colloq.), 20 • walkie-talkie, ~y—y n. 'portable transmitter and receiver', 20 •Wavy Navy n. 'The Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve' (f. the wavy braid; colloq.), 20 • waylay v. 'liein wait' (way + lay), 16 • wee-wee 1 , wee int. 'the squeal of a pig' (imit.), 20 • wee-wee 2 , wee v., n.'urinate' (imit.; nursery & colloq.), 20 • weet-weet 1n. 'an aboriginal weapon; an Australian toy'(f. Aborig. wij wij), 19 • weet-weet 2n. 'the common sandpiper' (imit.; obs., dial.), 19 • wehee,wihy (+ OED weehee) int., n., v. 'sound of a horse' (imit.), 15 • wham bam, wham bang int. '(ofintercourse) done quickly' (slang SO), 20 • wheeler-dealer n. 'schemer' (wheel + deal), 20 •

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 67whim-wham(+ OED whim-whom, wim-wam, wim-wom, whim-worn) n. 'fanciful object; trinket'(redupl., prob. of whim), 16 • whimsy-whamsy n. 'caprice' (after whim-wham), 19 • whirly—whirly n. 'whirling air current' (Austral.), 18 • whittie-whattie n., v. 'indecision; whisper' (perh.redupl. of what; Sc. & north.), 17 • wi-wi 2 n. 'French person' (f. Fr. oui, oui; Austral. & NZ slang,rare, obs.), 19 • wibbly-wobbly a. 'wobbling badly' (redupl. of wobbly; colloq.), 20 • widdlewaddlev. 'move slowly' (redupl. of waddle; Scot. & north.), 17 • wig-wag a., v., n. 'to wave aflag' (redupl. of wag), 16 • wiggle-waggle, wiggle—woggle a., n., v. 'vacillating' (wiggle + waggle;dial., colloq.), 18 • wiggle-woggle = wiggle-waggle • wiggly-waggly, wiggly-woggly a. 'thatwiggles and waggles' (wiggly + waggly; dial., colloq.), 19 • wiggly-woggly = wiggly-waggly •willy-nilly, niUy-willy adv., a. 'willingly or unwillingly' (f. will I, nill I), 17 • willy-willy n. 'acyclone, a dust storm in NW Australia' (f. Aborig.), 19 • wimble-wamble adv., n. 'mass of people'(redupl. of wamble; dial.), 19 • wimbly-wambly a. 'shaky' (redupl. of wambly; dial.), 17 • wingdingn. 'spasm, wild party' (origin unkn.; US slang SO), 20 • wimvarr n. 'turmoil' (f. German),19 • wish-wash n. 'weak drink' (redupl. of wash), 18 • wishy-washy a. 'insipid' (redupl. ofwashy), 18 • wiwi 1n. 'rushes' (f. Maori; NZ, foreign), 19 • wonga-wonga, wonga n. 'an Australianpigeon' (f. Aborig.; Austral.), 19 • woop woop, woop woops n. 'the outback' (mock Aborig.;Austral. & NZ joe), 20 • wop-wops, the n. 'the back of beyond' (NZ), 20 • wow-wow', wahwah2,wa-wa2 n. 'a gibbon' (f. Malay wauwau, Jav. wawa), 19 •yack-yack,yack n. 'trivial talk' (imit.), 20 'yaw-haw v., n. 'laugh noisily' (imit.), 19 • yaw-yaw,yawv. 'speak affectedly' (imit.), 19 • y&-yi, yeah-yeah n. 'a style in popular music etc. in France (f.yeah,common in songs of the 1960s), 20 • yen-yen n. 'craving for opium' (prob. f. Chinese; US slang SO),19 • ylang-ylang, ilang-ilang n. 'a tree of tropical Asia' (f. Tagalog), 19 • yo-ho, yo-ho-ho int., v.,n. 'attracting attention' (imit.; chiefly nautical), 18 • yo-yo n., a., v. 'a toy' (perhaps f. Philippinelang.), 20 'yoohoo int., v., n. 'attract attention' (natural exclam.), 20 • yow-yow,yow v. 'yelp, miaow'(imit.), \S'yum-yum,yuma.,n. 'expr. the sound of smacking the lips' (imit), 19*ziczac, sicsac, ziczic n. 'a crocodile bird' (f. Arabic zakzak, saksak), 19 • ziczic = ziczac • zig-zag n.,a., adv., v. 'alternate left and right turns' (f. Fr., f. Germ, zickzack), 18 • zoot suit n. 'style of man'ssuit' (rhyme on suit, coined by Harold C. Fox, Am. clothier and bandleader in 1942), 20 •The basic distribution of the three types of reduplicative words in List D issimilar to that in List C: 22.5 pert cent of ablauts, 39.9 per cent of rhymes, and37.6 per cent of echo formations.As our aim is some kind of stylistic hierarchy, several types of words wereleft out from the 591-word list. The reduction may be called stylistic and regionalbecause it removed rare, obsolete and dialectal words, and words foundin New Zealand, Australian and other Englishes with borrowings from localnon-Indo-European languages. For the stylistic reduction the labels in SODwere the decisive ones and for the regional reduction the criterion was whetherthe word referred to purely local extra-linguistic reality (boubou 'a garmentworn in Mali', kawakawa 'a NZ shrub', nene 'a goose native to Hawaii') or tosomething generally known (agar-agar, beriberi).Rare, obsolete, archaic, foreigncrickle-crackle • da-da 2 • flble-fable • fid-fad • fingle-fangle • flibberty-gibbety • float-boat •hickery-pickery • hob-nob 2 , hab-nab, habs-nabs • hoddy-doddy • hoddy-noddy • hudder-

68 JOSEF HLADKYmudder • humble-jumble • humhum • humstrum • kickie-wickie • la-la' • nick stick • nolens volens• nonny-nonny • pickwick • piou-piou • prinkum-prankum • prittle-prattle • rantum—scantum• ribble-rabble • shag-rag • sham-damn • slip-slap • slop-shop • smock-frock • strim-stram •strumstrum • sweetmeat • thwick-thwack • tory-rory • trim-tram • trolly-lolly • twing-twang •twingle-twangle • twittle-twattle • weet-weet 2 •Dialectal and US local:cagmag • crinkle-crankle • kim-kam • mojo' • paxwax, taxwax • snipper-snapper • toova* • /ifter-totter• titty-totty • wimble-wamble • wimbly-wambly •Regional:aye-aye • bandy-bandy • Baba 2• biddy-biddy • bidgee-widgee • boubou, bubu • buibui • bulbul •buln-buln, bullen-bullen • bunya-bunya, bunya • caracara • chi-chi 2 , chee-chee • chocho •choko • cou-cou • couscous' • craw-craw • cuscus' • cuscus 2• cuscus3 • cush-cush • dik-dik •divi-divi • duk-duk • foo-foo • gang-gang • Gogo • gong-gong • greegrees • grugru • gum-gum •//aw //a« • hooroo • huet-huet • • hula-hula • Jodo • john-john 'jug-jug 2 'ju-ju' • kai-kai' kawakawa 1 • kawakawa 2 • fa'efc'e • • lablab • lau-lau • lava-lava • lilly-pilly • lomi-lomi •maimai • makomako • mata-mata' • matamata 2• mia-mia • mingimingi • moco-moco • mokomoko• motmot • mukluk • mulmull • muu-muu • nene • ning-nong • nulla-nulla • num-num' •nut-cut • paw-paw' • Pawpaw 2 • pee-pee 1 • piri-piri 2 • piripiri' • pish-pash • pish-posh • piupiu• pudu • reco-reco • fled" AW • rewa-rewa • rongo-rongo • roucou • Ryukyu • shabu-shabu •shey-shey • sim-sim • sing-sing 2 • singsing 3 • sou-sou2 • SMSI/ • Taki-Taki • titil • titi 2 • titi s •(oifoi • rofo' • tro-tro • tuco-tuco • tuk-tuk • turn-turn 3 • turn-turn 4 • fufu 2 • Wai-Wai • wea«g • Goo" squad • goo-goo • habdabs • hell's bells• herky-jerky • hottie-tottie • hubba-hubba • jeepers-creepers • jelly-belly • ju-ju 2 • killer-diller •/U/H • mamma • may-mau • mojo 2 • nig-nog' • nig-nog? • palsy-walsy • paw-paw 3 • popshop •pussy poroe • rag-bag • ram-jam • repple depple • rowdy-dowdy • rumdum • sin bin • skid-lid •soogee-moogee • tabnab • town clown • w/iam 6am • wingding • yen-yen •The resulting reduced version of 379 words is regarded as the main listin this study and the discussion of the form, the meaning etc. of the ablauts,rhymes and echoes is based on this list (see further on). The following tablesummarizes the percentages for all lists and for a number of dictionaries.1 ABLAUTS RHYMES ECHOES WORDS 1INO DICT 24.8% T* 62.9% 12.3% 1.283JOED 23.9% 42.5% 33.6% 861ISOD 22.5% 39.9% 37.6% 591Icoll Engl 14.9% 47.2% 37.8% 288|C0D 16.6% 48.2% 35.1% 2221 SOD red 27.5% 43.9% 28.6% 379R SOD rare 13.7% 32.5% 53.8% 212 J

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 691 ~1 ABLAUTS RHYMES ECHOES 1 WORDS I69 words 26.1% 49.3% 24.6%6 91slang 3.7% 81.9% 14.4% 215LongCont 18.0% 52.1% 29.9%Cambrlnt 20.3% 52.3% 27.4% 128OxfAdvan 20.2% 52.6% 27.2% 114ColCobui 17.6% 55.0% 27.4% .91HarrEsse 19.4% 51.6% 29.0% 26WorWebst 21.9% 54.6% 23.5%1871 IMerWebst 21.2% 53.8% 25.0%184I 1RandHous 19.8% 54.9% 25.3% 182FunkWagn 22.3% 56.0% 21.7%157I 1AmerHeri 22.4% 54.6% | 23.0% 1 143 |Table OneThe sixty-nine most current reduplicativesAs Table One shows, the smallest number of reduplicative words was foundin Harrap's essential dictionary, only 31 words: bandstand, bigwig, bye-bye'goodbye', claptrap, criss-cross, downtown, fifty—fifty, ha-ha, hi-fi, hobnob,hobo, ho ho, hotchpotch/hodgepodge, humdrum, hush-hush, ill-will, knickknack/knick-knacks,kowtow, now now, pawpaw 'a fruit', picnic, ping-pong,seesaw, singsong, titbit, tut-tut/tut, walkie-talkie, waylay, willy-nilly, yo-yo,zigzag. This number, however, is far from being typical of the selected dictionariesand therefore the Cambridge international dictionary was used to create alist of the most frequent reduplicatives. The list from the CIDE was thenchecked against all the remaining dictionaries and if a word was mentioned inall but one of the learner's and college dictionaries, it was left on the list. Theresult are the following sixty-nine words:back-track, boo-boo, bow-wow, bye-bye, can-can, cha-cha, chit-chat, crisscross, dillydally,ding-dong, dumdum, fifty-fifty, flip-flop, fuddy-duddy, ga-ga, goody-goody,ha-ha,hanky-panky, heebie-jeebies, hee-haw, helter-skelter, hi-fi, higgledy-piggledy, hobo, hocuspocus,hoity-toity, hotchpotch, hubbub, humdrum, hurdy-gurdy, hurly-burly, knick-knack, kowtow,mamma, mishmash, mumbo-jumbo, namby-pamby, nitty-gritty, nitwit, paw-paw, pell-mell,picnic, ping-pong, pitter-patter, pom-pom, pooh-pooh, powwow, razzle-dazzle, riffraff, rolypoly,seesaw, shilly-shally, sing-song, squeegee, teepee, tiptop, titbit, tittle-tattle, tom-tom, tsetse,tutu, voodoo, walkie-talkie, waylay, wheeler-dealer, willy-nilly, wishy-washy, yo-yo, zig-zag.List ESlang words on this list are either words labelled as slang expressions in theSOD (Lists D and E then overlap), or entries from some dictionaries of slang,partly as quoted by Kirchner.

70 JOSEF HLADKVAC/DC a. 'bisexual' SO, 20 • ample, trample n. 'large feet' US, KIR, 20 • arsy-versy, arsieversie,arsey-varsey adv., a. 'perversely' (arse + versus; dial., slang), SO, 16 •barmy-army n. 'group of young enthusiastic people* BL, 20 • battle-rattle n. 'combat fatigue' US,KIR, 20 • beat feet v. 'run' US, KIR, 20 • bee's knees a. 'sth good' (obs.) OXF, 20 • bitchenrwitchenadj. 'excellent' SP • bloop soup v. 'to sip soup' US, KIR, 20 • bob flop n. 'failure' US,KIR, 20 • bob mop n. 'beard in imitation of Dizzy Gillespie' US, KIR, 20 • bob pop n. 'beboparrangement of a conventional piece of music' US, KIR, 20 • bobshop n. 'place featuring bebop'US, KIR, 20 • bobtop n. 'beret in imitation of Dizzy Dillespie' US, KIR, 20 • boob tube n.'television set' SP • boola-boola n. 'talk' PEN, 20 • bopper-topper n. 'beret in imitation ofDizzy Gillespie' US, KIR, 20 • bouncy-bouncy n. 'sex' BL, 20 • brag rags n. 'service stripes andcampaign ribbons' KIR HAZ, 20 • broom-broom n. 'car' (nursery term) BL, 20 • brush mush n.'man with a moustache' US, KIR, 20 • bugger-lugger n. 'common labourer' US, KIR, 20 • bumchum n. 'male homosexual partner' BL, 20 • bum numb a. 'partially paralysed', school slang,HAZ, 20 • bunch punch n. 'group sex' PEN, 20 •cancer-schmancer n. 'cancer' BN, US 20 • cat chat n. 'gossip' US, KIR, 20 • cat flat n. 'brothel'US, KIR, 20 • cat scat n. 'person vocalizing sounds in instrumental fashion' US, KIR, 20 • cellarsmellern. 'liquor enforcement agent' US, KIR, 20 • cheapo-cheapo a. 'very cheap', 20 • cheerfulearful n. 'good news' US, KIR, 20 • chin-chin 2 , chin n. 'talk, conversation' US, 19 • cluckbuck n. 'homesick boy' US, KIR, 20 • cock-rock n. 'heavy metal' BL, 20 • cop-shop n. 'policestation' SO, 20 • copper dropper n. 'gun' HAZ, 20 • creature-feature n. 'horror film'(showbusiness jargon) BL, 20 • Crump Bump, the n. 'the Ruhr' HAZ, 20 • curl girl n. 'cute girl'HAZ, 20 •daily-daily n. 'anti-malaria pill' (US military) PEN, 20 • dame frame n. 'woman's figure' US, KIR,20 • damp lamp n. 'social bore' US, KIR, 20 • dashy-trashy a. 'insignificant' US, KIR, 20 • datebait n. 'attractive young woman' HAZ, 20 • date mate n. 'sweetheart' HAZ, 20 • Delhi belly n.'upset stomach' SO, BL, 20 • dizzy Lizzie n. 'stupid girl' US, KIR, 20 • drape shape n. 'shapelyfigure' THU HAZ, 20 • dream beam n. 'attractive young woman' US, THU KIR, 20 • droolieschoolie n. 'dilligent student' US, KIR, 20 • droop goop n. 'gloomy or irritable person' US, KIR,20 • duc-ducs n. 'money' SP • dum-dum 2 , dumb-dumb n. 'stupid person' SO, 20 •easy-peasy a. 'very simple' (Sc. & north.; school slang) SO, 20 •face lace n. 'false beard' KIR HAZ, 20 • face-case n. 'ugly person' (f. face-ache; teenager slang)BL, 20 • fag drag n. 'cigarette smoke' US, KIR, 20 • fag tag n. 'loop at the back of a shirt' US,BL, 20 • fag-hag n. 'woman preferring homosexual men' (f. faggot 'homosexual'; orig. US) BL,20 • fat cat n. 'wealthy person' BL SO, 20 • fave rave «., a. 'favourite person or thing' (abbrev.;orig. US), BL SO OXF, 20 • feeble greeble n. 'social bore' US, KIR, 20 • fem-sem, femme-semn. 'women's college' US, THU KIR, 20 • fender-bender n. 'minor collision' (chief, n. Amer.) SOBL, 20 • fency-schmency a. KIR, 20 • fill mill n. 'liquor establishment' US, KIR, 20 • fingerwringer n. 'type of actor' HAZ 20 • flak shack n. 'rest home for soldiers' US, KIR, 20 • fleetfeetn. 'slippers' US, KIR, 20 • fling wing n. 'helicopter' SP • flip quip n., v. 'witticism, be witty'US, KIR • flitter-flutter v. 'move irregularly' PEN, 17 • fluff-fuff n. 'cute girl' US, KIR, 20 •Folly dolly n. 'member of the Follies' US, KIR, 20 • frame dame n. 'stupid sexy girl' THU HAZ,20 • freaky-deaky a. 'unorthodox, amazing' BL, 20 • freebie, freebee, freeby n. 'somethinggiven away free' SP • frigid midget n. 'unresponsive woman' US, KIR, 20 • fuck truck n. 'carused for dating' BL, 20 • fucky-fucky n. 'intercourse' PEN, 20 • fuddy-duddy, fuddydud n., a.'old-fashioned person' (origin unkn.) SO, 20 •

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 71ga-ga, gaga a., n. 'senile' (f. Fr.) SO BL, 20 • gang bang n., v. 'group sex' CE SO BL, 20 • gender-bender,gender-blender n. 'a person wearing ambiguous clothing' OXF) 20 • genderblender= gender-bender • glad lad n. 'cheerful person' US, KIR, 20 • gob job n. 'oral sex' (gob'mouth') BL, 20 • God squad, godsquad n. 'evangelical Christian group' SO OXF, 20 • goo-gooa., n. 'amorously adoring' (perhaps f. goggle) SO, 20 • gruesome twosome n. 'large shoes' US,KIR, 20 •habdabs n. 'nervous anxiety' (origin unkn.) SO, 20 • hag-bag n. 'unattractive girl' US, KIR, 20 •hee-hee v. 'laugh' (imit.; PEN), 20 • hell's bells int. 'exclamation of anger' (SO OXF), 20 •heppy-peppy a. 'vivacious' US, KIR, 20 • herky-jerky n. 'spasmodic' (redupl. of jerky; SO), 20• hick-pic n. 'western film' US, KIR, 20 • Higher-Higher n. 'high command' (US military use;PEN), 20 • hip flip n. 'kind of movement and dance' US, KIR, 20 • honey-bunny n. 'woman,girl' US, KIR, 20 • hot squat n. US, 20 • hotsie-totsie n. 'woman as potential sexual partner'(var. of totty, f. tot) BL, 20 • hottie-tottie 1n. 'hot-water bottle' (nursery; BL SO), 20 • hubbahubbaint., n. 'nonsense' (origin unkn.; N. Amer. slang) SO OXF, 20 •inky-dinky n. 'black person' (by blacks) PEN, 20 •jam ham n. 'person taking part in a jam session' US, KIR, 20 • jaw-jaw 'talk' PEN, 20 • jeeperscreepers,jeepers int. 'expr. enthusiasm' (f. Jesus) SO, 20 • jelly-belly n. 'fat person' KIR SOBL, 19 • jig-jig 2 = zig-zig • jo—jos n. 'overcoat' (Canadian prison slang) PEN, 20 • Joe Schmo n.'average man' US, BL, 20 • joint-joint a. 'contented' US black slang, PEN, 20 • joy boy n.'socially active man' US, KIR, 20 • ju-ju 2'marijuana cigarette' (redupl. abbrev. of mari-juana)SO, 20 •keen teen n. 'keen teenager, liked person' US, KIR, 20 • ki-ki n. 'male homosexual (derog.)' PEN,20 • kidvid n. 'television or video programme made for children' OXF, 20 • killer—diller n., a.'impressive person' (redupl. of killer) SO, 20 • kissy-kissy a. 'sentimental' BL, 20 •large charge n. 'thrill' US, KIR, 20 • lulu n. 'a remarkable person or thing' (perh. f. Lulu = Louise)SO, 19 • lush mush n. 'palatable food; attractive face' US, KIR, 20 • lush thrush n. 'attractiveyoung woman' US, KIR •mamma n. 'mother, woman' (redupl. of infants' ma) US slang SO, 16 • mau-mau v. 'terrorize' (f.Mau Mau) SO, 20 • mean bean n. 'good mind' US, KIR, 20 • mean-green n. 'money' SP • mellowfellow n. 'sophisticated person' US, KIR, 20 • mellow yellow n. 'hallucinogen' PEN, 20 •mike-mike n. 'millimetre' PEN, 20 • mojo 2n. 'morphine' (origin unkn.) US, SO, 20 • moneyhoney n. 'wealthy person' US, KIR, 20 • mop-top n. 'a hairy person' BL, 20 • mubble-fubble(s),mumble-fumble(s) WHE THU KIR OED slang 160 • mugbug n. 'girl disposed to being fondled'US, KIR, 20 • mush brush n. 'moustache' US, KIR, 20 •nig-nog 1 n. 'a Black' (f. nig, abbrev. of nigger) SO, 20 • nig-nog 2 n. 'foolish person' (origin unkn.)SO, 20 • nitnit!, nit!, nitto! int. 'keep quiet!' (f. nit, f. G. or Yiddish nix) BL, 20 •palsy-walsy, palsie-walsie n., a. 'friend' (pal + -sy) SO, 20 • party-hearty v. 'have a great time'SP • paw-paw 3a. 'improper' (rare), SO, 18 • peer queer n. 'male homosexual' PEN, 20 • piccrick, pix crix n. 'film critic' US, THU KIR, 20 • poco loco a. 'slightly crazy' US, KIR, • popbop n. = bob pop, US, KIR, 20 • poppa stoppa n. 'elderly man' (US Black English) OXF, 20 •popshop n. 'pawnshop' SO, 18 • pug bug n. 'boxing fan' US, KIR, 20 • pussy posse n. 'vicesquad' (pussy 'vulva') SO, 20 •racket jacket n. 'zoot suit coat' US, KIR, 20 • rag-bag n. 'bag for rags; sloppily dressed woman'SO, 19 • ram-jam adv. 'completely' (dial., slang) SO, 19 • Randy Mandy n. 'nickname' PEN, 20• Red Ned, red ned n. 'inferior red wine' (Australian) SO, 20 • reet meet US, KIR, 20 • repple

72 JOSEF HLADKVdepple n. 'replacement depot (where soldiers assemble)' (US military slang) SO, 20 • ring-dingn. 'failure' PEN, 20 • road-coach n. 'truck or van from which snacks and sandwiches are sold' SP• Roger Dodger adv. 'O.K.' US, KIR, 20 • rootin'-tootin' a. 'noisy* (redupl. of toot; imit.; N.Amer.), 19 • rowdy-dowdy a. 'characterized by boisterous noise' SO, 19 • rugger-bugger n.'hearty sportsman' BL, 20 • rumbum n. 'drunkard' BL, 20 • rumdum, rumdumb a., n.'drunkard'US, SO, 19*scat cat n. = cat scat US, KIR, 20 • scope dopes n. 'radar observers' HAZ, 20 • shady lady n.'Afro-American woman; prostitute' US, KIR, 20 • sham Abra(ha)m n., v. 'loiter etc' US, KIR,20 • shape drapes = drape shape US, KIR • shim-sham n., a. 'nonsense; nervousness' (redupl.of sham) PEN, 18 • short snort(er) n. 'small glass of liquor' US, KIR, 20 • shrewd dude n.'intelligent person' US, KIR, 20 • silly filly n. 'silly girl' US, KIR, 20 • sin bin, sin-bin v.'penalty box' SO, 20 • skid-lid n. 'crash-helmet' SO, 20 • skirty-flirty a. 'fond of girls' US, KIR• slick chick n. 'attractive young woman' US, KIR, 20 • slim-jim a. 'thin, skinny' US, KIR, •smut slut n. 'slut' US, KIR, 20 • smut-butt n. 'a black (by whites)' PEN, 20 • snob mob n.'snobbish group' US, KIR, • snootie cutie n. 'society woman' US, KIR, 20 • sock frock n. 'girl'sattractive clothes' US, KIR, 20 • soogee-moogee n. 'a cleaning mixture' (origin unkn.; naut.slang) SO, 19 • space-case n. 'crazy person' (acc. to a sci-fi series Tom Corbett, Space Cadet;orig. US), BL, 20 • spigot bigot n. 'prohibitionist' US, THU KIR, 20 • spit kit n. 'spittoon' US,KIR, 20 • spit-bit n. 'smooth talk' US black slang, PEN, 20 • splash flash n. 'fast swimmer' US,KIR, 20 • stick flick n. 'western film' US, KIR, 20 • stubble trouble n. 'difficulty in shaving'HAZ, 20 • swoon goon n. 'swing fan (girl) 'US, KIR, 20 •tabnab(s) «. 'cake' (origin unkn.; nautical slang), SO, 20 • tarn rag n. 'tampon' (f. tampon a Tampax),BL, 20 • tame dame n. 'unresponsive woman' US, KIR, 20 • team cream n. 'group sex (ingay use)' PEN, 20 • tee-tee 1 a. 'short (of a person)' PEN, 20 • toto J n. Mouse' (f. Fr.; militaryslang), 20 • town clown n. 'village policeman' US, KIR, 20 • trick-flick n. 'pornographic film'PEN, 20 • tricky Vicky n. 'clever woman' US, KIR, 20 •uncanny Fanny n. 'clever woman' US, KIR, •wagger pagger bagger n. 'waste-paper basket' (student's slang; KIR 20 • wham bam, wham bangint. '(of intercourse) done quickly' SO, 20 • whisky-frisky a. 'drunk on whisky' US, THU KIR,20 • wig trig n. 'idea' US, KIR, 20 • willie-wellie n. 'condom' (f. wellie = Wellington boot) BL,20 • wim-wams n. 'nervousness' PEN, 20 • wingding n. 'spasm, wild party' (origin unkn.) US,SO, 20 •yen-yen n. 'craving for opium' (prob. f. Chinese) US, SO, 19 • ying-yang, yinyang n. 'anus, sexorgans' (origin unkn.) US, BL, 20 •zig-zig, jig-jig n. 'sex' OXF, 20 •As Table One shows, List E, not very representative of contemporary slang,differs from all the other lists and dictionaries in the distribution of types of reduplicativewords. Ablauts are very rare and the number of echoes is the secondlowest in the table.

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 73HistoryThe following table shows the centuries when the reduplicative words werefirst recorded. (0 means no date.)CENTURIESABLAUTS RHYMES ECHOES0 5 4.8% 4 2.4% 0 0.0%14c. 0 0.0% 2 1.2% 0 0.0%15c. 5 4.8% 8 4.8% 4 3.7%16c. 25 24.0% 19 1.4% 6 5.6%17c. 20 19.2% 23 13.8% 3 2.8%18c. 22 1.2% 21 12.6% 10 9.2%19c. 16 15.4% 49 29.3% 39 36.1%20c. 11 10.6% 41 24.5% 46 42.6%104 100.0% 167 100.0% 108 100.0%Table TwoThe ablauts were very strong in the 16th century but then the number of newformations gradually decreased while the number of the rhymes and the echoeswas on the increase, with the last two centuries being markedly stronger than theprevious centuries. The rising number of echoes is partly linked with the borrowingsfrom non-European languages and partly with their colloquial character(they do not appear in written texts).The proportion of new ablauts, rhymes and echoes in each century is shownin the following table, eg in the 17c, 46 new reduplicatives were recorded: 20ablauts, 23 rhymes and 3 echoes, ie 43.5, 50.0 and 6.5 per cent respectively.| 16c. ABLAUTS | RHYMES | ECHOES (1I1 7 c-1| 18c -19c.| 20c. ABLAUTS| RHYMES | ECHOESTable ThreeMeaningAccording to Bloomfield and Newmark, reduplicated 'words sometimes suggestintimacy and affection and partially make up for our lack of diminutives'(1963.347). Pepmik (1992) says that movement and sound are main meanings of

74 JOSEF HLADKYechoes, typical of baby talk, and of ablauts while rhymes suggest intensificationand negative emotional colouring. Quirk at al. (1985) also mention sounds andmovement, instability, nonsense, insincerity, intensification. In the table belowintensification, nonsense etc are included in the category of quality, eg bigwig'important person', demi-semi 'quarter', often derog., hotchpotch 'mixture',blahblah 'meaningless talk', chichi 'fussy, stylish'. Among the echoes, a stronggroup of nursery terms has been included under 'quality', eg choo-choo, chuffchuff,chug-chug, din-din, gee-gee. About half the rhymes are regarded as descriptions,eg arty-crafty 'characteristic of the arts and crafts movement',black—back 'black-backed gull', brain drain, downtown, hurdy-gurdy, walkietalkie,beriberi, dumdum, never-never, tse-tse, yo-yo, Lib-Lab, seesaw.QualitySoundMovementDescriptionShapeABLAUTS36.6%24.0%17.3%19.2%2.9%RHYMES40.1%6.0%0.6%49.7%3.6%ECHOES36.1%28.7%3.7%31.5%Table FourReduplicatives expressing quality:airy-fairy, argy-bargy, art-farty, bibble-babble, bigwig, blahblah, charivari, chit-chat, chitter-chatter,chop-chop, clap-trap, culture vulture, fal-lal, fiddle-faddle, fie-fie, flim-flam, flubdub, funnymoney, gibble-gabble, girly-girly, go-go, goody-goody, hanky-panky, helter-skelter, hi-hi, hirdygirdy,hoity-toity, hoo-ha, hootchy-kootchy, hot spot, hotshot, hotsy-totsy, hugger-mugger, humdrum,hurly-burly, hush-hush, ill will, jibber-jabber, kittle cattle, lardy-dardy, miminy-piminy. mingle-mangle,mish-mash, mixty-maxty, mumbo-jumbo, namby-pamby, niddle-noddle, niddynoddy,niffy-naffy, nitwit, pell-mell, raggle-taggle, ragtag, ree-raw, riff-raff, roly-poly, roughstuff, rough-scruff, rumpy-pumpy, scribble-scrabble, shag-bag, shilly-shally, silly billy, singsong,slambam, slangwhang, slip-slop, softly-softly, super-duper, talkee-talkee, tee-hee. teenytiny,ticky-tacky, tiptop, tittle-tattle, tootsy-wootsy, low-row, trinkum-lrankum, twenty-twenty,twiddle-twaddle, uh-uh, wheeler-dealer, whimsy-whamsy, willy-nilly, wishy-washy, yaw-tawReduplicatives expressing description:ack-ack, agar-agar, arty-crafty, baba, back-track, bandstand, beriberi, black-back, black-jack,bon-bon, boogie-woogie, brain drain, bye-bye, can-can, cha-cha, chalk talk, chiffchaff, chinchin,chow-chow, cook book, dead-head, des res, dim sim, din-din, downtown, dryfly, dum-dum,fa-la, fan-tan, fifty-fifty, frou-frou, ga-ga, gewgaw, giff-gaff, gobo, goo-goo. gully-gully,handy-dandy, hi-spy, hobnob, Hobson-Jobson, hocus-pocus, Hogen Mogen, hokey-cokey. hoopoe,hotpot, housey-housey, hubba-hubba, huff-duff, hully gully, humpty dumpty. jo-jo. Kit-cat,kiwi, Li-Lo, locofoco, nay-say, near-beer, never-never, nitty-gritty, non-con, pack-sack, pallmall,pay-day, pee-pee, peetweet, picnic, pisha paysha, potshot, powwow, red lead, redhead, reeraw,ricrac, ro-ro, rug bug, rum-turn, seesaw, seesee, so-ho, stock-lock, swing wing, swishswash,tag-rag, tamboo-bamboo, teeter-totter, tol-lol, toy boy, tric-trac, tutti-frutti, tutu, tuzzymuzzy,voodoo, wakey-wakey, walkie-talkie, waylay, wirrwarr, yo-ho, yo-yo, zoot suit

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 75FormThe form of the reduplicatives is to be analyzed from two points of view: thenumber of syllables and the way they were formed.The monosyllables prevail among the echoes and form about two thirds of theablauts but in the rhymes they are in balance with the dissyllables.ABLAUTS RHYMES ECHOES 1| MONOSYLLABIC 65= 62.5% 98= 58.7% 90= 83.4%I DISSYLLABIC with 15= 14.4% 4 = 2.4% 1 = 0.9%|| syllabic consonant| DISSYLLABIC 22= 21.2% 61 = 36.5% 16= 14.8%j TRISYLLABIC 2= 1.9% 4 = 2.4% 1 = 0.9%1TOTAL 104= 100.0% 167= 100.0% 108= 100.0%Table FiveAbout sixty per cent of the ablauts and about ten per cent of the rhymes wereformed by repetition of the original word, either with an ablaut change or with achange in the initial consonant. The direction of this change is described as forwardor backward, eg the word bibble-babble was formed from babble, whichwe call a forward direction, and the word click-clack from click, which isbackward direction in our description. Although the forward types are twice asnumerous as the backward ones among the ablauts, the final result, ie the ablautpair, seems to be more important than the direction of the change.ABLAUTSRHYMESforward 42- 40.4% 4- - 2.4%backward 20- 19.2% 17- - 10.2%compounds 20- 19.2% 82- - 49.0%imitative 14- 13.5% 22- - 13.2%not clear 8- 7.7% 19- • 11.4%foreign origin 23- - 13.8%104- 100.0% 167- 100.0%Table SixStress patternsThe analysis of stress patterns is based on fourteen dictionaries: the SOD, theCED, the five British learner's dictionaries and the five American college dictionaries,Wells's Longman pronunciation dictionary and Jones's English pronouncingdictionary^. In cases where these dictionaries failed, another three

76 JOSEF HLADKVdictionaries were searched: the OED, the Third Webster (W3) and Webster's newuniversal unabridged dictionary (WU).The main aim of the analysis was to establish the percentages of reduplicativewords with the main stress on the first component and on the second component.No clear-cut boundaries could be established (i) because the number ofdictionaries where the pronunciation of a reduplicative is given varies from oneto twelve, (ii) the American dictionaries, and the CED, very often indicate levelstress, which is not used in Jones and Wells. A reduplicate may then be classifiedas bearing level stress because it occurs in American dictionaries only.Moreover, about ten per cent of the entries have not been included in the statisticsbecause no dictionary gives the pronunciation.For lack of space only specimens of the lists can be printed here:Ablautsbibble-babble, pibble-pabble /SO: _—/ • chiffchaff /SO, LP, JO: _—, CE, MW, WW, RH. AH.FW: _-_-/ • chit-chat /SO, LP, JO, CI, CC, OA: _—, CE, MW, WW, RH, AH:FW: _-_-/• chitter-chatter /SO: _—, W3: _-_-/ • click-clack /W3: _-_-/ • clink-clank /SO: _—. W3: _-:-/ • clip-clop /SO, JO, CI: —, LC: MW: WW: _-_-/ • clish-clash /SCT _—. WU: _-_-/ • clitter-clatter /SO: —/ • crick-crack /SO: _—/ • crinkum-crankum /SO: CE. WW:_-_-/• criss-cross, crisscross /SO, CI, CC, LC, OA, LP, JO, HE: _—, CE, MW, WW. RH. AH,FW: _-_-/ • dilly-dally /SO, OA: _—, CE: LP: _- 0- JO, CI: MW, WW. RH,AH, FW: _-_-/ • ding-dong, dingdong /SO, OA: _—,AH, FW: _-_-/ • dingle-dangle /SO: WU: / • drip-drop /SO: -_-/ •RhymesLP, CI, CC, JO: _—, MW, WW. RH,harum-scarum /SO: CE, WW, RH, FW: LP, JO, CI, MW, AH: _-_-/ • heebie-jeebie,heeby-jeeby, heebie-jeebies /SO: CE, WW, RH, FW: LP, JO, CI, OA, MW. AH:/ • helter-skelter /SO: CE, CC, WW, RH, FW: LP, JO, CI, OA, MW, AH: -_-/ •herky-ferky /SO: _—, MW, WW, RH: _-_-/ • hi-fi /SO, LP, CI, CC, OA: _—, CE. MW, WW.RH, AH, FW:LC, JO: _—, _-_-/ • higgledy-piggledy IES /SO, CI, LP, JO. OA, MW. AH:CE, CC, WW, RH, FW: _-_-/ • hirdy-girdy /SO: _—, W3: :-:-/ • 'hobnob, hob-nob /SO,LP, CI, CC, OA: _—, JO: _—,CE, MW, WW, RH, AH, FW: _-_-/ • hobo /SO, CE, JO,CC, OA, RH, AH, FW: MW: _- 0- WW: _-_-/ • Hobson-Jobson /SO: CE. LP. .10: _-_-, AH, FW: _-_-/ • hocus-pocus /SO: CE, CC, WW, RH, AH, FW: LP. JO. CI. OA,MW: _-_-/ • Hogen Mogen, Hogan Mogan /SO:W3: :-:-/ • hogo /SO: _—, W3: _-°-/ •hotpot /SO, LP, JO, LC, OA, CI, CC: _—, CE, RH: _-_-/ • hotshot /SO, LP, JO, LC, OA, CI,CC:_—, CE, MW, WW, RH, AH: _-_-/ • hot spot /LP, CC: _—, RH:Echoes_-_-/ •turn-turn', turn /SO: _—/ • turn-turn 2 /SO: _—, W3: _-_-/ • tut-tut, tut /SO, HE: CE. CC,MW, RH:LP, JO: _-_-/ • 'tutu /SO, CE, LP, 14, CC, OA, AH: _—, MW: _-, ,-, WW, RH:FW: -_-/ • twenty-twenty, 20/20 /LP:MW, WW, RH: _-_-/ • uh-uh /SO: _—,CE: LC: _—, CI, JO, MW: WW: RH: _-_-/ • wah-wah, wa-wa/SO, LP, OA: —, CE, MW: WW: _-_-/ • wakey-wakey /SO: LP, CI, JO: _-_-/ •2wee-wee, wee /SO, LP, JO, OA: _—, WW, RH: _-_-/ • yaw-yaw, yaw /OE: _-_-/ • yow-yow,

NOTES ON REDUPLICATIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH 77yow /OE: _—/• yo-yo /SO, CE, LP, JO, CI, CC, OA, HE: _—, MW: _- ( J- WW, RH, AH, FW:_-_-/' • yum-yum,yum /LP, JO, OA:MW, RH: _-_-/ •ABLAUTS RHYMES ECHOESFIRST COMPONENT 91 = 92.9% 79= 54.8% 71 = 75.5%LEVEL STRESS 2 = 2.0% 20= 14.0% 7= 7.5%SECOND COMPONENT 5= 5.1% 45= 31.2% 16= 17.0%1 STRESSED WORDS 98 = 100.0% 144 = 100.0% 94=100.0% 1Table SevenSummary1. The data in Table One show that more than half of all the reduplicatives areon List B, the non-dictionary list. They are non-lexicalized formations withlimited occurrence. Their number confirms the strong position of reduplicationin colloquial English. The low percentage of echoes, nearly the same as in theslang list, may be explained by the absence of words of foreign origin and ofexpressions from baby-talk, many cases of which have been recorded in dictionaries.The no-dictionary list and the slang list also share the strongest presenceof rhymes.2. The lowest percentage of ablauts is to be found among the SOD-rare reduplicatives,ie reduplicatives left out from the SOD list because they are rare, obsolete,etc. The SOD-rare list is dominated by the echoes, usually taken over fromnon-Indo-European languages in this case.3. The ablauts, although on a relative decrease (see Tables Two and Three),have a more or stable absolute position. This position may be supported by theirmeanings, ie by a clear majority of specialized meanings (quality, sound,movement), in contrast with the hight percentage of pure description in therhymes and the echoes.4. The denotative meanings of the reduplicative words in the SOD list, summarizedin Table Four, are not limited to shape, movement,, sound etc., traditionallyascribed to them, but they include nearly 50 per cent of pure description inthe rhymes and the echoes. The form of the reduplicatives, however, adds a stylisticmeaning, the reduplicatives are marked.5. The stress patterns, as recorded in dictionaries, show three distinct tendenciesin the SOD list: (i) nearly all ablauts are stressed on the first element, whichonly confirms that the direction of formation (Table Six) is not that important,(ii) three fourths of the echoes have the stress on the first syllable, (iii) stress onthe second elements is strong in the rhymes only. The rhyme also have the highestpercentage of dissyllables (Table Five).

78 JOSEF HLADKYREFERENCESAYTO, John - SIMPSON, John (1992). The Oxford dictionary of modern slang, Oxford (OXF)BLATNA, Renata (1990). Binomialy typu "techtle mechtle" v ceStinfi, rusting a anglictine[Binomials of the 'techtle mechtle' type in Czech, Russian and English], Slavia 59.169-82(BLA)BLOOMFIELD, Morton W. - NEWMARK, Leonard (1963). A linguistic introduction to the history ofEnglish, New York (BN)BROWN, Lesley, ed. (1993). The new shorter Oxford dictionary on historical principles, 4Oxford(SO, SOD)CAMBRIDGE international dictionary of English, editor-in-chief Paul PROCTER, Cambridge 1995 (CI)COLLINS COBUILD English dictionary? editor in chief: John SINCLAIR, London 1995 (CC)COLLINS English dictionary? Glasgow 1994 (CED, CE)GLASER, Rosemarie (1995). Linguistic features and genre profiles ofscientific English, Frankfurt aM.GREEN,.Jonathan (1986). The slang thesaurus (London).HANSEN, Barbara - HANSEN, Klaus - ALBRECHT, Norbert - SCHENTKE, Manfred (1982). EnglischeLexikologie. Einfuhrung in Wortbildung und lexikalische Semantik, LeipzigHANSEN, Klaus (1964). Reim - und Ablautverdoppelungen, ZAA 12.5-31 (HAZ)HARRAPS'S essential English dictionary, managing editor: Ellaine HIGGLETON, senior editor: AnneSEATON, Edinburgh 1995 (HE)HLADKY, Josef (1996). Zdvojovanf jako slovotvorny prostfedek v CeStinfi a anglictinfi[Reduplication as word-formative means in Czech and English], Casopis pro modern!filologii 78.79-87 (Praha)HORNBY, A. S., Oxford advanced learner's dictionary of current English, Fifth edition by JonathanCROWTHER, Oxford 1995 (OA)JESPERSEN, Otto (1942). A modern English grammar, Part VI, Morphology, Copenhagen (JES)JONES, Daniel (1997). English pronouncing dictionary, 15th edition edited by Peter ROACH andJames HARTMAN, pronunciation asociate Jane SETTER, Cambridge (JO)KIRCHNER, Gustav (1956, 1959). Der Reimklang im Englischen, ZAA 4, 1956, 389-447; 7, 1959,281-7 (KIR)KLEGR, AleS (1991). A note on binomials in English and Czech, Prague studies in English 19.83-8KOZIOL, Herbert (1937). Handbuch der englischen Wortbildungslehre, Heidelberg (KOZ)LEHNERT, Martin (1971). Reverse dictionary of present-day English, LeipzigLongman dictionary of contemporary English?, Burtn Mill 1995 (LC)MACHEK, Vaclav (1986). Etymologicky slovnikjazyka deskeho a slovenskeho, PrahaMARCHAND, Hans (1969). The categories and types of present-day English word-formation, 2MUnchen (MAR)MELKIEL, Y. (1959). Studies in irreversible binomials, Lingua 8.113-60.MLUVNICE deStiny I, Praha 1986PEPRNIK, Jaroslav (1992). Anglickd lexikologie, OlomoucPOTT, August Friedrich (1862). Doppelung (Reduplikation, Gemmination) als eines der wichtigstenBildungsmittel der Sprache, Lemgo & DetmoldQUIRK, Randolph, Sidney GREENBAUM, Geoffrey LEECH, Jan SVARTVIK (1985). A comprehensivegrammar of the English language, LondonSAUER, Hans (1992). Nominalkomposita im Fruhmittelenglischen, TubingenSOUDEK, Lev (1967). Structure of substandard words in British and American English, BratislavaTHORNE, Tony (1990). Bloomsbury dictionary of contemporary slang, London (BL)THUN, Nils (1963). Reduplicative words in English. A study of formations of the types tick-tick,hurly-burly and shilly-shally (Uppsala; THU)WELLS, J. C. (1990). Longman pronunciation dictionary, Burnt Mill (LP)WENTWORTH, Harold (1944). American dialect dictionary, New York (WEN)WHEATLEY, Henry B. (1866). A dictionary of reduplicated words in the English Language, Appendixto The transactions of the philological Society for 1865, London (WHE)

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