Exif2.2 MetaData Spec

Standard of Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association
JEITA CP-3451
Exchangeable image file format
for digital still cameras:
Exif Version 2.2
Established in April, 2002
Prepared by
Technical Standardization Committee on AV & IT Storage Systems and Equipment
Published by
Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association

JEITA CP-3451
Windows™ is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and
elsewhere. Flashpix™ is a registered trademark of I3A(International Imaging Industry
Association).
Translation without guarantee in the event of any doubt arising, the original standard in
Japanese is to be evidence.
.
JEITA standard are established independently to any existing patents on the products, materials
or processes they cover.
JEITA assumes absolutely no responsibility toward parties applying these standards or toward
patent owners.

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Contents
1. Scope ...............................................................................................................................................................1
2. Definition of Terms............................................................................................................................................1
3. General.............................................................................................................................................................1
3.1. Format Structure .......................................................................................................................................1
3.2. Exif Image File Specification.....................................................................................................................2
3.3. Exif Audio File Specification......................................................................................................................2
3.4. Relation between Image and Audio File Specification..............................................................................3
3.5. Presupposed Systems and Compatibility .................................................................................................3
4. Exif Image File Specification ............................................................................................................................4
4.1. Outline of the Exif Image File Specification ..............................................................................................4
4.2. Format Version..........................................................................................................................................4
4.3. Definition of Glossary................................................................................................................................4
4.4. Specifications Relating to Image Data......................................................................................................5
4.4.1. Number of Pixels................................................................................................................................5
4.4.2. Pixel Aspect .......................................................................................................................................5
4.4.3. Pixel Composition and Sampling.......................................................................................................5
4.4.4. Image Data Arrangement ..................................................................................................................7
4.5. Basic Structure of Image Data..................................................................................................................8
4.5.1. Basic Structure of Primary Image Data .............................................................................................8
4.5.2. Basic Structure of Uncompressed RGB Data....................................................................................8
4.5.3. Basic Structure of YCbCr Uncompressed Data...............................................................................10
4.5.4. Basic Structure of JPEG Compressed Data....................................................................................11
4.5.5. Basic Structure of Thumbnail Data..................................................................................................12
4.6. Tags.........................................................................................................................................................13
4.6.1. Features of Attribute Information .....................................................................................................13
4.6.2. IFD Structure....................................................................................................................................13
4.6.3. Exif-specific IFD...............................................................................................................................15
4.6.4. TIFF Rev. 6.0 Attribute Information..................................................................................................16
4.6.5. Exif IFD Attribute Information...........................................................................................................24
4.6.6. GPS Attribute Information................................................................................................................46
4.6.7. Interoperability IFD Attribute Information.........................................................................................53
4.6.8. Tag Support Levels..........................................................................................................................54
4.7. JPEG Marker Segments Used in Exif.....................................................................................................58
4.7.1. JPEG Marker Segments..................................................................................................................58
4.7.2. Interoperability Structure of APP1 in Compressed Data .................................................................64

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4.7.3. Interoperability Structure of APP2 in Compressed Data................................................................. 65
4.8. Data Description..................................................................................................................................... 68
4.8.1. Stipulations on Compressed Image Size........................................................................................ 68
4.8.2. Stipulations on Thumbnails............................................................................................................. 71
4.8.3. File Name Stipulations .................................................................................................................... 71
4.8.4. Byte Order Stipulations ................................................................................................................... 71
5. Exif Audio File Specification .......................................................................................................................... 72
5.1. Outline of the Exif Audio File Specification ............................................................................................ 72
5.2. Format Version ....................................................................................................................................... 72
5.3. Definition of Terms.................................................................................................................................. 72
5.4. Specifications Relating to Audio Data .................................................................................................... 74
5.4.1. Sampling Frequency ....................................................................................................................... 74
5.4.2. Bit Size ............................................................................................................................................ 74
5.4.3. Channels ......................................................................................................................................... 74
5.4.4. Compression Schemes................................................................................................................... 74
5.5. Basic Structure of Audio Data ................................................................................................................ 74
5.5.1. Basic Structure of WAVE Form Audio Files .................................................................................... 74
5.5.2. Basic Structure of PCM Audio Data................................................................................................ 80
5.5.3. Basic Structure of µ-Law Audio Data.............................................................................................. 83
5.5.4. Basic Structure of IMA-ADPCM Audio Data ................................................................................... 84
5.6. Chunks Used.......................................................................................................................................... 88
5.6.1. WAVE Form Audio File Basic Chunks ............................................................................................ 88
5.6.2. LIST Chunk and INFO List.............................................................................................................. 89
5.6.3. Chunks for Attribute Information Specific to Exif Audio Files.......................................................... 93
5.7. Data Description..................................................................................................................................... 97
5.7.1. File Naming Stipulation ................................................................................................................... 97
5.7.2. Typical Exif Audio File..................................................................................................................... 97
Normative References ........................................................................................................................................ 100
Annex A Image File Description Examples ..................................................................................................... 101
A.1 Uncompressed RGB File...................................................................................................................... 101
A.2 Uncompressed YCbCr File................................................................................................................... 104
A.3 JPEG Compressed (4:2:2) File ............................................................................................................ 108
A.4 JPEG Compressed (4:2:0) File .............................................................................................................112
Annex B Audio File Description Examples ...................................................................................................116
B.1 PCM Audio Data....................................................................................................................................116
B.2 µ-Law Audio Data..................................................................................................................................118
B.3 IMA-ADPCM Audio Data ...................................................................................................................... 120

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Annex C APEX Units ....................................................................................................................................122
Annex D Recommended Implementation Examples....................................................................................123
Annex E Color Space Guidelines.................................................................................................................124
Annex F Notes on Conversion to Flashpix ......................................................................................................125
F.1 Converting Image Data .........................................................................................................................126
F.2 Converting Tag Data .............................................................................................................................128
F.3 Converting to Flashpix Extensions (APP2)...........................................................................................131
Explication of Exchangeable image file format for digital still cameras: Exif Version 2.2 ...................................133

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Standard of Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association
Exchangeable image file format for digital still cameras: Exif Version 2.2
1 Scope
This standard specifies the formats to be used for images, sound and tags in digital still cameras and in other
systems handling the image and sound files recorded by digital still cameras.
NOTE−Reference documents that are indispensable for this standard are listed as Normative References in this
document.
2 Definition of Terms
(1) Primary image The main image data
(2) Thumbnail A small image used to index the primary image.
(3) Compressed data Data referred to in the JPEG standard as "entropy coded data."
(4) Exif An abbreviation of Exchangeable image file format, used here as the general term for
this standard and earlier versions of this standard.
(5) writer A digital still camera (DSC) or other device or application software that can output an
Exif file.
(6) reader A device, such as a printer with memory card slot, capable of directly reading an Exif
file and printing or performing other output processing, as well as application software
that uses Exif tags to perform image processing for output.
(7) tag A field recording ancillary data about an image.
(8) tag information A description of the tag contents.
3 General
3.1 Format Structure
This standard consists of the Exif image file specification and the Exif audio file specification (see Figure 1). The
recording medium specification shall conform to the standard for the particular medium used and is not specified
here. Recommendations on implementation are given in Annex D for directory and file naming.
Exif image file specification Exif audio file specification
Recording medium specification
Figure 1 Format structure

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3.2 Exif Image File Specification
The Exif image file specification stipulates the method of recording image data in files, and specifies the following
items:
• Structure of image data files,
• Tags used by this standard,
• Definition and management of format versions.
Features of the Exif image file specification include the following.
The file-recording format is based on existing formats. Compressed files are recorded as JPEG (ISO/IEC 10918-1)
with application marker segments (APP1 and APP2) inserted. Uncompressed files are recorded in TIFF Rev. 6.0
format. The use of existing formats means files recorded using a DSC or related system can be read directly by
commercial applications, and makes possible the use of functions for viewing and manipulating the images.
Related attribute information for both compressed and uncompressed files is stored in the tag information format
defined in TIFF Rev. 6.0. Information specific to the camera system and not defined in TIFF is stored in private tags
registered for Exif. The Exif image file specification also specifies the method for recording thumbnails. The reason
for using the TIFF Rev. 6.0 tag format in the compressed file APP1 segment is to facilitate exchange of attribute
data between Exif compressed and uncompressed files.
Compressed files can record extended data exceeding 64 Kbytes by dividing it into multiple APP2 segments. The
APP2 segment is used when recording Flashpix extensions.
Details of the Exif image file specification are given in Chapter 4 of this document.
3.3 Exif Audio File Specification
The Exif audio file specification stipulates the method of writing audio data in files, and specifies the following items:
• Structure of audio data files,
• Chunks,
• Definition and management of format versions.
Features of the Exif audio file specification include the following.
Files are recorded using the existing RIFF WAVE Form Audio File format. As data formats, PCM and µ-Law PCM
(conforming to ITU-T G.711) are used for uncompressed audio data, and IMA-ADPCM for compressed audio data.
As with the image files specification, the aim is to enable direct reading, playback and manipulation of the files
using the functions in commercial applications.
Related attribute information is stored as an INFO list in the case of general attributes, and as Exif-specific chunks
in the case of attributes specific to Exif. The Exif-specific chunks are newly provided to enable necessary
information to be added by making use of chunk extensibility. The recording of data in an Exif-specific chunk is
done in the same way as for an INFO list.
Details of the Exif audio file specification are given in Chapter 5 of this document.

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3.4 Relation between Image and Audio File Specification
This standard includes specifications not only for an image file format but also for an audio file format enabling the
recording of audio as a supplementary function.
Also specified in this standard is the relational information indicating the relation between image files and audio
files.
Mapping between image files and audio files can be done in various ways; but the Exif standard specifies only the
simplest mapping, with others left up to the implementation.
3.5 Presupposed Systems and Compatibility
The image systems presupposed by this standard consist of three elements as follows:
• Equipment: Imaging devices such as cameras, printers and filing equipment,
• Commercial software: Off-the-shelf image processing software running on personal computers,
• Specialized software: Dedicated (system-specific) image processing software running on personal computers.
Image file compatibility on these systems is achieved as follows. The DSC or other system writes data to files in the
format specified in this standard. A basic condition of equipment with a playback function is that it be able to read
the files it recorded itself. In a personal computer environment, the basic requirement is that dedicated software be
able to read all the images, audio and attribute information recorded in conformance with this standard (see Figure
2).
Figure 2 Compatibility Concepts
Exif Equipment 1 Exif Equipment 2
Writing Range
Reading Range
Conversion
Other formats
(Flashpix)
Commercial Software
Exif Specialized Software
Exif Format
Exif Equipment 1 Exif Equipment 2
Writing Range
Reading Range
Conversion
Other formats
(Flashpix)
Commercial Software
Exif Specialized Software
Exif Format

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4 Exif Image File Specification
4.1 Outline of the Exif Image File Specification
This chapter gives details of the image file specification, covering the following items:
• Format version definition,
• Specifications relating to image data,
• Basic structure of image data,
• Tags,
• JPEG marker segments,
• Specifications on data recording.
4.2 Format Version
The version of the format specified here is recorded as 4 bytes (see section 4.6.5). The address bytes are recorded
as A1, A2, B1, and B2, starting with the lowest number. A1 and A2 store the upper part of the standard version,
with the lower part stored in B1 and B2. When changes are made to the version number of this standard, the
following rules apply.
• When the changes are such that data readers can properly recognize conventional information and skip the
data that was recorded using newly added functions, the lower part of the version (B1, B2) is changed.
• When there is a possibility that a data reader implementing the old standard may operate incorrectly due to the
new specifications, the upper part of the version (A1, A2) is changed.
Players should be able to play back files of versions earlier than the supported standard.
4.3 Definition of Glossary
Terms and notation are used as follows in this standard:
• "Tag" is used as a synonym of "field",
• ".H" appended to a numerical value means it is hexadecimal notation,
• Unless otherwise indicated, other numerical values are given in decimal notation,
• The initial IFD in a file is the "0th IFD," with the next IFD being called the 1st IFD,

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4.4 Specifications Relating to Image Data
4.4.1 Number of Pixels
There is no limit on number of pixels of the primary image when it is recorded as either uncompressed or JPEG
compressed data. Note that when recording as JPEG compressed data images for which the number of lines
(ImageLength) or number of samples/line (ImageWidth) is not a multiple of 8 or 16, the method of recording is as
stipulated in section 4.8.1. The above specification applies similarly to thumbnails.
4.4.2 Pixel Aspect
Image data is recorded as square pixels with a pixel aspect ratio of 1:1. This specification is applied similarly to
thumbnails.
4.4.3 Pixel Composition and Sampling
The combination of pixel composition and pixel sampling for image data shall be RGB 4:4:4 and either Y:Cb:Cr =
4:2:2 or Y:Cb:Cr = 4:2:0. The pixel composition of image data shall also be 8 bits each. This specification is applied
similarly to thumbnails.
As sampling points on the elements making up pixels, the Y and Cb,Cr sampling points may be either co-sited or
centered. Figure 3 shows typical pixel sampling for image width w and height h. In the case of Y:Cb:Cr = 4:2:2,
spatial co-siting is recommended for the sake of improved image quality on TV systems. For Y:Cb:Cr = 4:2:0,
spatial centering is recommended as per the TIFF default and is most common format of the personal computer
applications.

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Figure 3 Pixel Composition and Pixel Sampling
0 w-1
0
1
2
h-1
h-2
1 2 3 w-2
3
R,G,B
0 w-1
0
1
2
h-1
h-2
1 2 3 w-2
3
0
0
1
2
h-1
h-2
1 w/2-1
3
Y Cb,Cr
0 w-1
0
1
2
h-1
h-2
1 2 3 w-2
3
0
0
1
2
h-1
h-2
1 w/2-1
3
Y Cb,Cr
0 w-1
0
1
2
h-1
h-2
1 2 3 w-2
3
0
0
1
h/2-1
1 w/2-1
Y Cb,Cr
0 w-1
0
1
2
h-1
h-2
1 2 3 w-2
3
h/2-1
0
0
1
1 w/2-1
Y Cb,Cr
1) RGB 4:4:4
2) YCbCr 4:2:2 (Co-sited)
3) YCbCr 4:2:2 (Centered)
4) YCbCr 4:2:0 (Co-sited)
5) YCbCr 4:2:0 (Centered)

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4.4.4 Image Data Arrangement
Image data shall be arranged as follows. Uncompressed data shall consist of pixels with each line traced from left
to right, and one screen shall consist of lines traced from top to bottom. JPEG compressed data shall consist of
blocks configured of pixels traced in similar sequence. Figure 4 shows the various data arrangements for recording
in files images with pixels of width w and height h.
Figure 4 Data Arrangement
...............................................................................
...........R[0,0] G[0,0] B[0,0] R[1,0] G[1,0] B[1,0]
R[w-1,h-1] G[w-1,h-1] B[w-1,h-1]........... R[w-2,h-2] G [w-2,h-2] B [w-2,h-2]
...............................................................................
...........Y[0,0] Y[1,0] Cb[0,0] Cr[0,0] Y[2,0] Y[3,0]
Y[w-1,h-1] Cb[w/2-1,h/2-1] Cr[w/2-1,h/2-1]........ Cb[w/2-2,h/2-1] Cr [w/2-2,h/2-1] Y[w-2,h-1]
...............................................................................
...........Y[0,0] Y[1,0] Y[0,1] Y[1,1] Cb[0,0] Cr[0,0]
Y[w-1,h-1] Cb[w/2-1,h/2-1] Cr[w/2-1,h/2-1]........... Y[w-2,h-2] Y[w-1,h-2] Y[w-2,h-1]
1) Uncompressed RGB Chunky (4:4:4)
3) Uncompressed YCbCr Chunky (4:2:2)
4) Uncompressed YCbCr Chunky (4:2:0)
5) Compresed JPEG Block-Interleave (4:2:2)
2) Uncompressed RGB Planar (4:4:4)
..........................................R[0,0] R[1,0] R[w-1,h-1]
B[w-1,h-1]
..........................................G[0,0] G[1,0] G[w-1,h-1]
B[0,0] B[1,0] ..........................................
6) Compressed JPEG Block-Interleave (4:2:0)
...............................................................................
...........
Y block
[0,0]
Y block
[1,0]
Y block
[0,1]
Y block
[1,1]
Cb block
[0,0]
Cr block
[0,0]
Y block
[w/8-1,h/8-1]
Cb block
[w/16-1,h/16-1]
Cr block
[w/16-1,h/16-1]
...........
Y block
[w/8-2,h/8-2]
Y block
[w/8-1,h/8-2]
Y block
[w/8-2,h/8-1]
...............................................................................
...........
Y block
[0,0]
Y block
[1,0]
Cb block
[0,0]
Cr block
[0,0]
Y block
[2,0]
Y block
[3,0]
Y block
[w/8-1,h/8-1]
Cb block
[w/16-1,h/8-1]
Cr block
[w/16-1,h/8-1]
...........
Cb block
[w/16-2,h/8-1]
Cr block
[w/16-2,h/8-1]
Y block
[w/8-2,h/8-1]

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4.5 Basic Structure of Image Data
4.5.1 Basic Structure of Primary Image Data
Image data employs following existing image formats, depending on the image data type:
• RGB uncompressed data: Baseline TIFF Rev. 6.0 RGB Full Color Images,
• YCbCr uncompressed data: TIFF Rev. 6.0 Extensions YCbCr Images,
• JPEG compressed data: JPEG Baseline ADCT.
For compressed data, the attribute information required by the DSC application shall be recorded in APP1. Data
writing in APP1 shall be compatible with TIFF. The use of a common method of storing attribute information for both
compressed and uncompressed data results in a simpler format, while the ability to add private tags for additional
information takes advantage of the extensibility of the tag mechanism.
4.5.2 Basic Structure of Uncompressed RGB Data
Uncompressed RGB data is recorded in conformance with Baseline TIFF Rev. 6.0 RGB Full Color Color Images.
Attribute information is recorded in tags specified in TIFF Rev. 6.0. Attribute information specific to Exif is recorded
using private tags reserved in TIFF for this standard. The private tags point to sets of this attribute information (Exif
IFD).
Files are structured as follows (see Figure 5). As in the TIFF standard, the recording location of each IFD value is
not specified:
• File Header,
• 0th IFD,
• 0th IFD Value,
• 1st IFD,
• 1st IFD Value,
• 1st (Thumbnail) Image Data,
• 0th (Primary) Image Data.

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Figure 5 Basic Structure of Uncompressed Data Files
File Headers are 8 bytes as defined in the TIFF standard, with the Offset of IFD indicating the start address of the
0th IFD (see Table 1).
The 0th IFD Offset of Next IFD indicates the start address of the 1st IFD (thumbnail images). When the 1st IFD is
not recorded, the 0th IFD Offset of Next IFD terminates with 00000000.H.
On the IFD description method see section 4.6.2.
TIFF Header
0th IFD for
Primary Image
Data
............... .
Next IFD Pointer
Exif Version
DateTimeDigitized
............... .
ImageWidth
StripOffsets
...............
...............
Exif IFD Pointer
GPS IFD Pointer
GPS Version
...............
ImageWidth
StripOffsets
................
.... Value of 0th IFD ....
Exif IFD
(Exif Private Tag)
GPS IFD
(GPS Info Tag)
1st IFD for
Thumbnail Data
... Value of 1st IFD ...
Thumbnail Data
... Value of Exif IFD ....
.... Value of GPS IFD ....
Primary Image
Data
Strip 1
Strip 2
.........
Strip L

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Table 1 TIFF Headers
Name Size (Bytes) Value
Byte Order 2
Written as either "II" (4949.H) (little endian) or "MM" (4D4D.H)
(big endian) depending on the CPU of the machine doing the
recording.
42 2 002A.H (fixed)
Offset of
IFD
4
0th IFD offset. If the TIFF header is followed immediately by
the 0th IFD, it is written as 00000008.H.
4.5.3 Basic Structure of YCbCr Uncompressed Data
YCbCr uncompressed data is recorded in conformance with TIFF Rev. 6.0 Extensions YcbCr Images. Tags for
the following information are available for YCbCr uncompressed data in addition to the attribute information for
RGB uncompressed data;
• RGB-YCbCr color transformation matrix coefficients (YCbCrCoefficients),
• Chrominance subsampling information (YCbCrSubSampling),
• Information on matching/nonmatching of chrominance and luminance samples (YCbCrPositioning).
The method of recording other attribute information is the same as for uncompressed RGB data (see section 4.5.2).

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4.5.4 Basic Structure of JPEG Compressed Data
Compressed data files are recorded in conformance with the JPEG DCT format specified in ISO/IEC 10918-1, with
the Application Market Segment (APP1) inserted. APP1 is recorded immediately after the SOI marker indicating the
beginning of the file (see Figure 6). Multiple APP2 may be recorded as necessary, starting immediately after APP1.
APPn other than APP1 and APP2 or COM segments are not used by Exif. However Exif readers should be
designed skip over unknown APPn and COM.
Figure 6 Basic Structure of Compressed Data Files
Interoperability, APP1 consists of the APP1 marker, Exif identifier code, and the attribute information itself. The size
of APP1 including all these elements shall not exceed the 64 Kbytes specified in the JPEG standard.
Attribute information is stored in TIFF structure including a File Header, with a maximum of two IFD (0th IFD, 1st
IFD). The 0th IFD records attribute information concerning the compressed image (primary image). The 1st IFD
may be used to record a thumbnail image. For details see section 4.7.2.
APP2 consists of the APP2 marker, FPXR (Flashpix Ready) identifier code, and contents list for Flashpix extension
recording, or stream data. A string of multiple APP2 marker segments may be used to record data exceeding 64
Kbytes. For details see section 4.7.3.
APP1 Application Marker
Segment 1
(Exif Attribute Information)
SOI Start of Image
DQT Quantization Table
DHT Huffman Table
SOF Frame Header
SOS Scan Header
Compressed Data
EOI End of Image
APP1 Marker
APP1 Length
Exif Identifier Code
TIFF Header
0th IFD
0th IFD Value
1st IFD
1st IFD Value
1st IFD Image Data
Structure of Compressed file Structure of APP1
(DRI) (Restart Interval)
(APP2) (Application Marker
Segment 2)
(FlashPix Extension data)

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4.5.5 Basic Structure of Thumbnail Data
Thumbnail data is recorded in the 1st IFD similarly to primary images, using two existing image formats.
No limit is placed on the size of thumbnail images. Thumbnails are not mandatory, but it is recommended that they
be recorded if possible, unless hardware or other restrictions preclude this.
Thumbnail data does not necessarily have to adopt the same data structure as that used for primary images. If,
however, the primary images are recorded as uncompressed RGB data or as uncompressed YCbCr data,
thumbnail images cannot be recorded as JPEG compressed data (see Table 2).
Table 2 Combinations of primary image and thumbnail data structures
Primary Image
Uncompressed Compressed
Uncompressed Possible Possible
Thumbnail
Compressed Not possible Possible
When thumbnails are recorded in uncompressed format, they are to be recorded in the 1st IFD in conformance with
Baseline TIFF Rev. 6.0 RGB Full Color Images or TIFF Rev. 6.0 Extensions YCbCr Images.
An Exif-specific recording method is used to record compressed thumbnails.
In this case the Compression tag value is set to "6" and tags in the 1st IFD (JPEGInterchangeFormat,
JPEGInterchangeFormatLength) are used to designate the location and size. The images are recorded at the
designated location as a JPEG stream (from SOI to EOI) conforming to the JPEG Baseline DCT format. No APPn
marker, COM marker, nor restart marker is recorded in the JPEG stream (see Figure 7). To avoid duplicate
definitions, the 1st IFD is not used to record a tag indicating a TIFF image or information recorded elsewhere as a
JPEG marker segment.
Figure 7 Structure of Exif file with compressed thumbnail
SOI
APP1
DQT
DHT
SOF
SOS
Compressed Data
Exif Compressed File
APP1 Marker
Length
TIFF Header
0th IFD
Exif IFD
1st IFD
JPEGInterchangeFormat
JPEGInterchangeFormatLength
JPEG Thumbnail
Exif
APP1 Marker
EOI
SOI
DQT
DHT
SOF
SOS
Compressed Data
Compressed Thumbnail
EOI

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4.6 Tags
4.6.1 Features of Attribute Information
RGB data conforms to Baseline TIFF Rev. 6.0 RGB Full Color Images, and YCbCr data to TIFF Rev. 6.0
Extensions YCbCr Images. Accordingly, the parts that follow the TIFF structure shall be recorded in conformance to
the TIFF standard. In addition to the attribute information indicated as mandatory in the TIFF standard, this Exif
standard adds the TIFF optional tags that can be used in a DSC or other system, Exif-specific tags for recording
DSC-specific attribute information, and GPS tags for recording position information. There are also Exif-original
specifications not found in the TIFF standard for compressed recording of thumbnails.
Recording of compressed data differs from uncompressed data in the following respects:
• When the primary image data is recorded in compressed form, there is no tag indicating the primary image
itself or its address (pointer),
• When thumbnail data is recorded in compressed form, address and size are designated using Exif-specific
tags,
• Tags that duplicate information given in the JPEG Baseline are not recorded (for either primary images or
thumbnails).
• Information relating to compression can be recorded using the tags for this purpose.
4.6.2 IFD Structure
The IFD used in this standard consists of a 2-byte count (number of fields), 12-byte field Interoperability arrays, and
4-byte offset to the next IFD, in conformance with TIFF Rev. 6.0.
Each of the 12-byte field Interoperability consists of the following four elements respectively.
Bytes 0-1 Tag
Bytes 2-3 Type
Bytes 4-7 Count
Bytes 8-11 Value Offset
Each element is explained briefly below. For details see TIFF Rev. 6.0.

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Tag
Each tag is assigned a unique 2-byte number to identify the field. The tag numbers in the Exif 0th IFD and 1st IFD
are all the same as the TIFF tag numbers.
Type
The following types are used in Exif:
1 = BYTE An 8-bit unsigned integer.,
2 = ASCII An 8-bit byte containing one 7-bit ASCII code. The final byte is terminated with NULL.,
3 = SHORT A 16-bit (2-byte) unsigned integer,
4 = LONG A 32-bit (4-byte) unsigned integer,
5 = RATIONAL Two LONGs. The first LONG is the numerator and the second LONG expresses the
denominator.,
7 = UNDEFINED An 8-bit byte that can take any value depending on the field definition,
9 = SLONG A 32-bit (4-byte) signed integer (2's complement notation),
10 = SRATIONAL Two SLONGs. The first SLONG is the numerator and the second SLONG is the
denominator.
Count
The number of values. It should be noted carefully that the count is not the sum of the bytes. In the case of one
value of SHORT (16 bits), for example, the count is '1' even though it is 2 bytes.
Value Offset
This tag records the offset from the start of the TIFF header to the position where the value itself is recorded. In
cases where the value fits in 4 bytes, the value itself is recorded. If the value is smaller than 4 bytes, the value is
stored in the 4-byte area starting from the left, i.e., from the lower end of the byte offset area. For example, in big
endian format, if the type is SHORT and the value is 1, it is recorded as 00010000.H.
Note that field Interoperability shall be recorded in sequence starting from the smallest tag number. There is no
stipulation regarding the order or position of tag value (Value) recording.

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4.6.3 Exif-specific IFD
A. Exif IFD
Exif IFD is a set of tags for recording Exif-specific attribute information. It is pointed to by the offset from the TIFF
header (Value Offset) indicated by an Exif private tag value.
Exif IFD Pointer
Tag = 34665 (8769.H)
Type = LONG
Count = 1
Default = none
A pointer to the Exif IFD. Interoperability, Exif IFD has the same structure as that of the IFD specified in TIFF.
Ordinarily, however, it does not contain image data as in the case of TIFF.
B. GPS IFD
GPS IFD is a set of tags for recording GPS information. It is pointed to by the offset from the TIFF header (Value
Offset) indicated by a GPS private tag value.
GPS Info IFD Pointer
Tag = 34853 (8825.H)
Type = LONG
Count = 1
Default = none
A pointer to the GPS Info IFD. The Interoperability structure of the GPS Info IFD, like that of Exif IFD, has no image
data.
C. Interoperability IFD
Interoperability IFD is composed of tags which stores the information to ensure the Interoperability and pointed by
the following tag located in Exif IFD.
Interoperability IFD Pointer
Tag = 40965 (A005.H)
Type = LONG
Count = 1
Default = None
The Interoperability structure of Interoperability IFD is same as TIFF defined IFD structure but does not contain the
image data characteristically compared with normal TIFF IFD.

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4.6.4 TIFF Rev. 6.0 Attribute Information
Table 3 lists the attribute information used in Exif, including the attributes given as mandatory in Baseline TIFF Rev.
6.0 RGB Full Color Images and TIFF Rev. 6.0 Extensions YCbCr Images, as well as the optional TIFF tags used by
DSC and other systems. The contents are explained below.
Table 3 TIFF Rev. 6.0 Attribute Information Used in Exif
Tag ID
Tag Name Field Name
Dec Hex
Type Count
A. Tags relating to image data structure
Image width ImageWidth 256 100 SHORT or LONG 1
Image height ImageLength 257 101 SHORT or LONG 1
Number of bits per component BitsPerSample 258 102 SHORT 3
Compression scheme Compression 259 103 SHORT 1
Pixel composition PhotometricInterpretation 262 106 SHORT 1
Orientation of image Orientation 274 112 SHORT 1
Number of components SamplesPerPixel 277 115 SHORT 1
Image data arrangement PlanarConfiguration 284 11C SHORT 1
Subsampling ratio of Y to C YCbCrSubSampling 530 212 SHORT 2
Y and C positioning YCbCrPositioning 531 213 SHORT 1
Image resolution in width
direction
XResolution 282 11A RATIONAL 1
Image resolution in height
direction
YResolution 283 11B RATIONAL 1
Unit of X and Y resolution ResolutionUnit 296 128 SHORT 1
B. Tags relating to recording offset
Image data location StripOffsets 273 111 SHORT or LONG *S
Number of rows per strip RowsPerStrip 278 116 SHORT or LONG 1
Bytes per compressed strip StripByteCounts 279 117 SHORT or LONG *S
Offset to JPEG SOI JPEGInterchangeFormat 513 201 LONG 1
Bytes of JPEG data JPEGInterchangeFormatLength 514 202 LONG 1
C. Tags relating to image data characteristics
Transfer function TransferFunction 301 12D SHORT 3 * 256
White point chromaticity WhitePoint 318 13E RATIONAL 2
Chromaticities of primaries PrimaryChromaticities 319 13F RATIONAL 6
Color space transformation
matrix coefficients
YCbCrCoefficients 529 211 RATIONAL 3
Pair of black and white
reference values
ReferenceBlackWhite 532 214 RATIONAL 6
D. Other tags
File change date and time DateTime 306 132 ASCII 20
Image title ImageDescription 270 10E ASCII Any
Image input equipment
manufacturer
Make 271 10F ASCII Any
Image input equipment model Model 272 110 ASCII Any
Software used Software 305 131 ASCII Any
Person who created the image Artist 315 13B ASCII Any
Copyright holder Copyright 33432 8298 ASCII Any
*S Chunky format: StripsPerImage
Planar format: SamplesPerImage * StripsPerImage
StripsPerImage = floor((ImageLength + RowsPerStrip -1)/ RowsPerStrip)

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A. Tags relating to image data structure
ImageWidth
The number of columns of image data, equal to the number of pixels per row. In JPEG compressed data a JPEG
marker is used instead of this tag.
Tag = 256 (100.H)
Type = SHORT or LONG
Count = 1
Default = none
ImageLength
The number of rows of image data. In JPEG compressed data a JPEG marker is used instead of this tag.
Tag = 257 (101.H)
Count = 1
Default = none
BitsPerSample
The number of bits per image component. In this standard each component of the image is 8 bits, so the value for
this tag is 8. See also SamplesPerPixel. In JPEG compressed data a JPEG marker is used instead of this tag.
Tag = 258 (102.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 3
Default = 8 8 8
Compression
The compression scheme used for the image data. When a primary image is JPEG compressed, this designation is
not necessary and is omitted. When thumbnails use JPEG compression, this tag value is set to 6.
Tag = 259 (103.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = none
1 = uncompressed
6 = JPEG compression (thumbnails only)
Other = reserved
PhotometricInterpretation
The pixel composition. In JPEG compressed data a JPEG marker is used instead of this tag.
Tag = 262 (106.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = none
2 = RGB
6 = YCbCr
Other = reserved

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Orientation
The image orientation viewed in terms of rows and columns.
Tag = 274 (112.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 1
1 = The 0th row is at the visual top of the image, and the 0th column is the visual left-hand side.
2 = The 0th row is at the visual top of the image, and the 0th column is the visual right-hand side.
3 = The 0th row is at the visual bottom of the image, and the 0th column is the visual right-hand side.
4 = The 0th row is at the visual bottom of the image, and the 0th column is the visual left-hand side.
5 = The 0th row is the visual left-hand side of the image, and the 0th column is the visual top.
6 = The 0th row is the visual right-hand side of the image, and the 0th column is the visual top.
7 = The 0th row is the visual right-hand side of the image, and the 0th column is the visual bottom.
8 = The 0th row is the visual left-hand side of the image, and the 0th column is the visual bottom.
Other = reserved
SamplesPerPixel
The number of components per pixel. Since this standard applies to RGB and YCbCr images, the value set for this
tag is 3. In JPEG compressed data a JPEG marker is used instead of this tag.
Tag = 277 (115.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 3
PlanarConfiguration
Indicates whether pixel components are recorded in chunky or planar format. In JPEG compressed files a JPEG
marker is used instead of this tag. If this field does not exist, the TIFF default of 1 (chunky) is assumed.
Tag = 284 (11C.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
1 = chunky format
2 = planar format
Other = reserved
YCbCrSubSampling
The sampling ratio of chrominance components in relation to the luminance component. In JPEG compressed data
a JPEG marker is used instead of this tag.
Tag = 530 (212.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 2
[2, 1] = YCbCr4:2:2
[2, 2] = YCbCr4:2:0
Other = reserved
YCbCrPositioning
The position of chrominance components in relation to the luminance component. This field is designated only for

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JPEG compressed data or uncompressed YCbCr data. The TIFF default is 1 (centered); but when Y:Cb:Cr = 4:2:2
it is recommended in this standard that 2 (co-sited) be used to record data, in order to improve the image quality
when viewed on TV systems. When this field does not exist, the reader shall assume the TIFF default. In the case
of Y:Cb:Cr = 4:2:0, the TIFF default (centered) is recommended. If the reader does not have the capability of
supporting both kinds of YCbCrPositioning, it shall follow the TIFF default regardless of the value in this field. It is
preferable that readers be able to support both centered and co-sited positioning.
Tag = 531 (213.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 1
1 = centered
2 = co-sited
Other = reserved
Figure 8 YCbCrPositioning
XResolution
The number of pixels per ResolutionUnit in the ImageWidth direction. When the image resolution is unknown, 72
[dpi] is designated.
Tag = 282 (11A.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = 72
YResolution
The number of pixels per ResolutionUnit in the ImageLength direction. The same value as XResolution is
designated.
Tag = 283 (11B.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
YCbCrPositioning = 1
(centered)
(co-sited)
Luminance Sample
Chrominance Sample
a) Y:Cb:Cr = 4:2:2
b) Y:Cb:Cr = 4:2:0
(centered)
(co-sited)

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Default = 72
ResolutionUnit
The unit for measuring XResolution and YResolution. The same unit is used for both XResolution and YResolution.
If the image resolution in unknown, 2 (inches) is designated.
Tag = 296 (128.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 2
2 = inches
3 = centimeters
Other = reserved
B. Tags relating to recording offset
StripOffsets
For each strip, the byte offset of that strip. It is recommended that this be selected so the number of strip bytes
does not exceed 64 Kbytes. With JPEG compressed data this designation is not needed and is omitted. See also
RowsPerStrip and StripByteCounts.
Tag = 273 (111.H)
Count = StripsPerImage (when PlanarConfiguration = 1)
= SamplesPerPixel * StripsPerImage (when PlanarConfiguration = 2)
Default = none
RowsPerStrip
The number of rows per strip. This is the number of rows in the image of one strip when an image is divided into
strips. With JPEG compressed data this designation is not needed and is omitted. See also RowsPerStrip and
StripByteCounts.
Tag = 278 (116.H)
Count = 1
Default = none
StripByteCounts
The total number of bytes in each strip. With JPEG compressed data this designation is not needed and is omitted.
Tag = 279 (117.H)
Count = StripsPerImage (when PlanarConfiguration = 1)
SamplesPerPixel * StripsPerImage (when PlanarConfiguration = 2)
Default = none
JPEGInterchangeFormat
The offset to the start byte (SOI) of JPEG compressed thumbnail data. This is not used for primary image JPEG
data.
Tag = 513 (201.H)

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Type = LONG
Default = none
JPEGInterchangeFormatLength
The number of bytes of JPEG compressed thumbnail data. This is not used for primary image JPEG data. JPEG
thumbnails are not divided but are recorded as a continuous JPEG bitstream from SOI to EOI. APPn and COM
markers should not be recorded. Compressed thumbnails shall be recorded in no more than 64 Kbytes, including
all other data to be recorded in APP1.
Tag = 514 (202.H)
Type = LONG
Default = none
C. Tags Relating to Image Data Characteristics
TransferFunction
A transfer function for the image, described in tabular style. Normally this tag is not necessary, since color space is
specified in the color space information tag (ColorSpace).
Tag = 301 (12D.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 3 * 256
Default = none
WhitePoint
The chromaticity of the white point of the image. Normally this tag is not necessary, since color space is specified in
the color space information tag (ColorSpace).
Tag = 318 (13E.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 2
Default = none
PrimaryChromaticities
The chromaticity of the three primary colors of the image. Normally this tag is not necessary, since color space is
specified in the color space information tag (ColorSpace).
Tag = 319 (13F.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 6
Default = none
YCbCrCoefficients
The matrix coefficients for transformation from RGB to YCbCr image data. No default is given in TIFF; but here the
characteristics given in Annex E, "Color Space Guidelines," is used as the default.
Tag = 529 (211.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 3
Default = See Annex E

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ReferenceBlackWhite
The reference black point value and reference white point value. No defaults are given in TIFF, but the values
below are given as defaults here. The color space is declared in a color space information tag, with the default
being the value that gives the optimal image characteristics Interoperability these conditions.
Tag = 532 (214.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 6
Default = [0, 255, 0, 255, 0, 255] (when PhotometricInterpretation is RGB)
[0, 255, 0, 128, 0, 128] (when PhotometricInterpretation is YCbCr)
D. Other Tags
DateTime
The date and time of image creation. In this standard it is the date and time the file was changed. The format is
"YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS" with time shown in 24-hour format, and the date and time separated by one blank
character [20.H]. When the date and time are unknown, all the character spaces except colons (":") may be filled
with blank characters, or else the Interoperability field may be filled with blank characters. The character string
length is 20 bytes including NULL for termination. When the field is left blank, it is treated as unknown.
Tag = 306 (132.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 20
Default = none
ImageDescription
A character string giving the title of the image. It may be a comment such as "1988 company picnic" or the like.
Two-byte character codes cannot be used. When a 2-byte code is necessary, the Exif Private tag UserComment is
to be used.
Tag = 270 (10E.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = Any
Default = none
Make
The manufacturer of the recording equipment. This is the manufacturer of the DSC, scanner, video digitizer or other
equipment that generated the image. When the field is left blank, it is treated as unknown.
Tag = 271 (10F.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = Any
Default = none
Model
The model name or model number of the equipment. This is the model name of number of the DSC, scanner, video
digitizer or other equipment that generated the image. When the field is left blank, it is treated as unknown.
Tag = 272 (110.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = Any

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Default = none
Software
This tag records the name and version of the software or firmware of the camera or image input device used to
generate the image. The detailed format is not specified, but it is recommended that the example shown below be
followed. When the field is left blank, it is treated as unknown.
Ex.) "Exif Software Version 1.00a"
Tag = 305 (131h)
Type = ASCII
Count = Any
Default = none
Artist
This tag records the name of the camera owner, photographer or image creator. The detailed format is not specified,
but it is recommended that the information be written as in the example below for ease of Interoperability. When the
field is left blank, it is treated as unknown.
Ex.) "Camera owner, John Smith; Photographer, Michael Brown; Image creator, Ken James"
Tag = 315 (13Bh)
Type = ASCII
Count = Any
Default = none
Copyright
Copyright information. In this standard the tag is used to indicate both the photographer and editor copyrights. It is
the copyright notice of the person or organization claiming rights to the image. The Interoperability copyright
statement including date and rights should be written in this field; e.g., "Copyright, John Smith, 19xx. All rights
reserved." In this standard the field records both the photographer and editor copyrights, with each recorded in a
separate part of the statement. When there is a clear distinction between the photographer and editor copyrights,
these are to be written in the order of photographer followed by editor copyright, separated by NULL (in this case,
since the statement also ends with a NULL, there are two NULL codes) (see example 1). When only the
photographer copyright is given, it is terminated by one NULL code (see example 2). When only the editor
copyright is given, the photographer copyright part consists of one space followed by a terminating NULL code,
then the editor copyright is given (see example 3). When the field is left blank, it is treated as unknown.
Ex. 1) When both the photographer copyright and editor copyright are given.
Photographer copyright + NULL[00.H] + editor copyright + NULL[00.H]
Ex. 2) When only the photographer copyright is given.
Photographer copyright + NULL[00.H]
Ex. 3) When only the editor copyright is given.
Space[20.H]+ NULL[00.H] + editor copyright + NULL[00.H]
Tag = 33432 (8298.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = Any
Default = none

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4.6.5 Exif IFD Attribute Information
The attribute information (field names and codes) recorded in the Exif IFD is given in Table 4 and Table 5 followed
by an explanation of the contents.
Table 4 Exif IFD Attribute Information (1)
Tag ID
Tag Name Field Name
Dec Hex
Type Count
A. Tags Relating to Version
Exif version ExifVersion 36864 9000 UNDEFINED 4
Supported Flashpix version FlashpixVersion 40960 A000 UNDEFINED 4
B. Tag Relating to Image Data Characteristics
Color space information ColorSpace 40961 A001 SHORT 1
C. Tags Relating to Image Configuration
Meaning of each component ComponentsConfiguration 37121 9101 UNDEFINED 4
Image compression mode CompressedBitsPerPixel 37122 9102 RATIONAL 1
Valid image width PixelXDimension 40962 A002 SHORT or LONG 1
Valid image height PixelYDimension 40963 A003 SHORT or LONG 1
D. Tags Relating to User Information
Manufacturer notes MakerNote 37500 927C UNDEFINED Any
User comments UserComment 37510 9286 UNDEFINED Any
E. Tag Relating to Related File Information
Related audio file RelatedSoundFile 40964 A004 ASCII 13
F. Tags Relating to Date and Time
Date and time of original data
generation
DateTimeOriginal 36867 9003 ASCII 20
Date and time of digital data
generation
DateTimeDigitized 36868 9004 ASCII 20
DateTime subseconds SubSecTime 37520 9290 ASCII Any
DateTimeOriginal subseconds SubSecTimeOriginal 37521 9291 ASCII Any
DateTimeDigitized subseconds SubSecTimeDigitized 37522 9292 ASCII Any
G. Tags Relating to Picture-Taking Conditions
See Table 5
H. Other Tags
Unique image ID ImageUniqueID 42016 A420 ASCII 33

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Table 5 Exif IFD Attribute Information (2)
Exposure time ExposureTime 33434 829A RATIONAL 1
F number FNumber 33437 829D RATIONAL 1
Exposure program ExposureProgram 34850 8822 SHORT 1
Spectral sensitivity SpectralSensitivity 34852 8824 ASCII Any
ISO speed rating ISOSpeedRatings 34855 8827 SHORT Any
Optoelectric conversion factor OECF 34856 8828 UNDEFINED Any
Shutter speed ShutterSpeedValue 37377 9201 SRATIONAL 1
Aperture ApertureValue 37378 9202 RATIONAL 1
Brightness BrightnessValue 37379 9203 SRATIONAL 1
Exposure bias ExposureBiasValue 37380 9204 SRATIONAL 1
Maximum lens aperture MaxApertureValue 37381 9205 RATIONAL 1
Subject distance SubjectDistance 37382 9206 RATIONAL 1
Metering mode MeteringMode 37383 9207 SHORT 1
Light source LightSource 37384 9208 SHORT 1
Flash Flash 37385 9209 SHORT 1
Lens focal length FocalLength 37386 920A RATIONAL 1
Subject area SubjectArea 37396 9214 SHORT 2 or 3 or 4
Flash energy FlashEnergy 41483 A20B RATIONAL 1
Spatial frequency response SpatialFrequencyResponse 41484 A20C UNDEFINED Any
Focal plane X resolution FocalPlaneXResolution 41486 A20E RATIONAL 1
Focal plane Y resolution FocalPlaneYResolution 41487 A20F RATIONAL 1
Focal plane resolution unit FocalPlaneResolutionUnit 41488 A210 SHORT 1
Subject location SubjectLocation 41492 A214 SHORT 2
Exposure index ExposureIndex 41493 A215 RATIONAL 1
Sensing method SensingMethod 41495 A217 SHORT 1
File source FileSource 41728 A300 UNDEFINED 1
Scene type SceneType 41729 A301 UNDEFINED 1
CFA pattern CFAPattern 41730 A302 UNDEFINED Any
Custom image processing CustomRendered 41985 A401 SHORT 1
Exposure mode ExposureMode 41986 A402 SHORT 1
White balance WhiteBalance 41987 A403 SHORT 1
Digital zoom ratio DigitalZoomRatio 41988 A404 RATIONAL 1
Focal length in 35 mm film FocalLengthIn35mmFilm 41989 A405 SHORT 1
Scene capture type SceneCaptureType 41990 A406 SHORT 1
Gain control GainControl 41991 A407 RATIONAL 1
Contrast Contrast 41992 A408 SHORT 1
Saturation Saturation 41993 A409 SHORT 1
Sharpness Sharpness 41994 A40A SHORT 1
Device settings description DeviceSettingDescription 41995 A40B UNDEFINED Any
Subject distance range SubjectDistanceRange 41996 A40C SHORT 1

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A. Tags Relating to Version
ExifVersion
The version of this standard supported. Nonexistence of this field is taken to mean nonconformance to the standard
(see section 4.2). Conformance to this standard is indicated by recording "0220" as 4-byte ASCII. Since the type is
UNDEFINED, there is no NULL for termination.
Tag = 36864 (9000.H)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = 4
Default = "0220"
FlashpixVersion
The Flashpix format version supported by a FPXR file. If the FPXR function supports Flashpix format Ver. 1.0, this
is indicated similarly to ExifVersion by recording "0100" as 4-byte ASCII. Since the type is UNDEFINED, there is no
NULL for termination.
Tag = 40960(A000.H)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = 4
Default = "0100"
0100 = Flashpix Format Version 1.0
Other = reserved
B. Tag Relating to Color Space
ColorSpace
The color space information tag (ColorSpace) is always recorded as the color space specifier.
Normally sRGB (=1) is used to define the color space based on the PC monitor conditions and environment. If a
color space other than sRGB is used, Uncalibrated (=FFFF.H) is set. Image data recorded as Uncalibrated can be
treated as sRGB when it is converted to Flashpix. On sRGB see Annex E.
Tag = 40961 (A001.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
1 = sRGB
FFFF.H = Uncalibrated
Other = reserved
C. Tags Relating to Image Configuration
PixelXDimension
Information specific to compressed data. When a compressed file is recorded, the valid width of the meaningful
image shall be recorded in this tag, whether or not there is padding data or a restart marker. This tag should not
exist in an uncompressed file. For details see section 2.8.1 and Annex F.
Tag = 40962 (A002.H)
Count = 1
Default = none

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PixelYDimension
Information specific to compressed data. When a compressed file is recorded, the valid height of the meaningful
image shall be recorded in this tag, whether or not there is padding data or a restart marker. This tag should not
exist in an uncompressed file. For details see section 2.8.1 and Annex F. Since data padding is unnecessary in the
vertical direction, the number of lines recorded in this valid image height tag will in fact be the same as that
recorded in the SOF.
Tag = 40963 (A003.H)
Type = SHORT of LONG
Count = 1
ComponentsConfiguration
Information specific to compressed data. The channels of each component are arranged in order from the 1st
component to the 4th. For uncompressed data the data arrangement is given in the PhotometricInterpretation tag.
However, since PhotometricInterpretation can only express the order of Y,Cb and Cr, this tag is provided for cases
when compressed data uses components other than Y, Cb, and Cr and to enable support of other sequences.
Tag = 37121 (9101.H)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = 4
Default = 4 5 6 0 (if RGB uncompressed)
1 2 3 0 (other cases)
0 = does not exist
1 = Y
2 = Cb
3 = Cr
4 = R
5 = G
6 = B
Other = reserved
CompressedBitsPerPixel
Information specific to compressed data. The compression mode used for a compressed image is indicated in unit
bits per pixel.
Tag = 37122 (9102.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
D. Tags Relating to User Information
MakerNote
A tag for manufacturers of Exif writers to record any desired information. The contents are up to the manufacturer,
but this tag should not be used for any other than its intended purpose.
Tag = 37500 (927C.H)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = Any
Default = none

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UserComment
A tag for Exif users to write keywords or comments on the image besides those in ImageDescription, and without
the character code limitations of the ImageDescription tag.
Tag = 37510 (9286.H)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = Any
Default = none
The character code used in the UserComment tag is identified based on an ID code in a fixed 8-byte area at the
start of the tag data area. The unused portion of the area is padded with NULL ("00.H"). ID codes are assigned by
means of registration. The designation method and references for each character code are given in Table 6 . The
value of Count N is determined based on the 8 bytes in the character code area and the number of bytes in the
user comment part. Since the TYPE is not ASCII, NULL termination is not necessary (see Figure 9).
Table 6 Character Codes and their Designation
Character Code Code Designation (8 Bytes) References
ASCII 41.H, 53.H, 43.H, 49.H, 49.H, 00.H, 00.H, 00.H ITU-T T.50 IA5
JIS 4A.H, 49.H, 53.H, 00.H, 00.H, 00.H, 00.H, 00.H JIS X208-1990
Unicode 55.H, 4E.H, 49.H, 43.H, 4F.H, 44.H, 45.H, 00.H Unicode Standard
Undefined 00.H, 00.H, 00.H, 00.H, 00.H, 00.H, 00.H, 00.H Undefined
Figure 9 User Comment Tag
The ID code for the UserComment area may be a Defined code such as JIS or ASCII, or may be Undefined. The
Undefined name is UndefinedText, and the ID code is filled with 8 bytes of all "NULL" ("00.H"). An Exif reader that
reads the UserComment tag shall have a function for determining the ID code. This function is not required in Exif
readers that do not use the UserComment tag (see Table 7).
ExifVersion
……..
……..
Exif Private Tag
Exif IFD
Value of
Exif IFD
Character Code (8 Byte)
……..
User Comment Column
……..
UserComment

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Table 7 Implementation of Defined and Undefined Character Codes
ID Code Exif Reader Implementation
Defined
(JIS, ASCII, etc.)
Determines the ID code and displays it in accord with the reader capability.
Undefined
(all NULL)
Depends on the localized PC in each country. (If a character code is used for
which there is no clear specification like Shift-JIS in Japan, Undefined is used.)
Although the possibility of unreadable characters exists, display of these
characters is left as a matter of reader implementation.
When a UserComment area is set aside, it is recommended that the ID code be ASCII and that the following user
comment part be filled with blank characters [20.H].
E. Tag Relating to Related File
RelatedSoundFile
This tag is used to record the name of an audio file related to the image data. The only relational information
recorded here is the Exif audio file name and extension (an ASCII string consisting of 8 characters + '.' + 3
characters). The path is not recorded. Stipulations on audio are given in section 0. File naming conventions are
given in section 0.
When using this tag, audio files shall be recorded in conformance to the Exif audio format. Writers are also allowed
to store the data such as Audio within APP2 as Flashpix extension stream data.
Audio files shall be recorded in conformance to the Exif audio format.
The mapping of Exif image files and audio files is done in any of the three ways shown in Table 8. If multiple files
are mapped to one file as in [2] or [3] of this table, the above format is used to record just one audio file name. If
there are multiple audio files, the first recorded file is given.
In the case of [3] in Table 8, for example, for the Exif image file "DSC00001.JPG" only "SND00001.WAV" is given
as the related Exif audio file.
When there are three Exif audio files "SND00001.WAV", "SND00002.WAV" and "SND00003.WAV", the Exif image
file name for each of them, "DSC00001.JPG," is indicated. By combining multiple relational information, a variety of
playback possibilities can be supported. The method of using relational information is left to the implementation on
the playback side. Since this information is an ASCII character string, it is terminated by NULL.
Table 8 Mapping between Image and Audio Files
Relationship Exif Image File Exif Audio File
[1] 1 to 1 DSC00001.JPG SND00001.WAV
[2] Plural to 1
DSC00001.JPG
DSC00002.JPG
DSC00003.JPG
SND00001.WAV
[3] 1 to plural
DSC00001.JPG SND00001.WAV
SND00002.WAV
SND00003.WAV

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When this tag is used to map audio files, the relation of the audio file to image data shall also be indicated on the
audio file end.
Tag = 40964 (A004.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 13
Default = none
F. Tags Relating to Date and Time
DateTimeOriginal
The date and time when the original image data was generated. For a DSC the date and time the picture was taken
are recorded. The format is "YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS" with time shown in 24-hour format, and the date and time
separated by one blank character [20.H]. When the date and time are unknown, all the character spaces except
colons (":") may be filled with blank characters, or else the Interoperability field may be filled with blank characters.
The character string length is 20 bytes including NULL for termination. When the field is left blank, it is treated as
unknown.
Tag = 36867 (9003.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 20
Default = none
DateTimeDigitized
The date and time when the image was stored as digital data. If, for example, an image was captured by DSC and at the same
time the file was recorded, then the DateTimeOriginal and DateTimeDigitized will have the same contents. The format is
"YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS" with time shown in 24-hour format, and the date and time separated by one blank character [20.H].
When the date and time are unknown, all the character spaces except colons (":") may be filled with blank characters, or else
the Interoperability field may be filled with blank characters. The character string length is 20 bytes including NULL for
termination. When the field is left blank, it is treated as unknown.
Tag = 36868 (9004.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 20
Default = none
SubsecTime
A tag used to record fractions of seconds for the DateTime tag.
Tag = 37520 (9290.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = Any
Default = none
SubsecTimeOriginal
A tag used to record fractions of seconds for the DateTimeOriginal tag.
Tag = 37521 (9291.H)
Type = ASCII
N = Any
Default = none

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SubsecTimeDigitized
A tag used to record fractions of seconds for the DateTimeDigitized tag.
Tag = 37522 (9292.H)
Type = ASCII
N = Any
Default = none
Note−Recording subsecond data (SubsecTime, SubsecTimeOriginal, SubsecTimeDigitized)
The tag type is ASCII and the string length including NULL is variable length. When the number of valid
digits is up to the second decimal place, the subsecond value goes in the Value position. When it is up to
four decimal places, an address value is Interoperability, with the subsecond value put in the location
pointed to by that address. (Since the count of ASCII type field Interoperability is a value that includes
NULL, when the number of valid digits is up to four decimal places the count is 5, and the offset value goes
in the Value Offset field. See section 2.6.2.) Note that the subsecond tag differs from the DateTime tag and
other such tags already defined in TIFF Rev. 6.0, and that both are recorded in the Exif IFD.
Ex.: September 9, 1998, 9:15:30.130 (the number of valid digits is up to the third decimal place)
DateTime 1996:09:01 09:15:30 [NULL]
SubSecTime 130 [NULL]
If the string length is longer than the number of valid digits, the digits are aligned with the start of the area
and the rest is filled with blank characters [20.H]. If the subsecond data is unknown, the Interoperability
area can be filled with blank characters.
Examples when subsecond data is 0.130 seconds:
Ex. 1) '1','3','0',[NULL]
Ex. 2) '1','3','0',[20.H],[NULL]
Ex. 3) '1','3','0', [20.H], [20.H], [20.H], [20.H], [20.H], [NULL]
Example when subsecond data is unknown:
Ex. 4) [20.H], [20.H], [20.H], [20.H], [20.H], [20.H], [20.H], [20.H], [NULL]
ExposureTime
Exposure time, given in seconds (sec).
Tag = 33434 (829A.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
FNumber
The F number.
Tag = 33437 (829D.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none

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ExposureProgram
The class of the program used by the camera to set exposure when the picture is taken. The tag values are as
follows.
Tag = 34850 (8822.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 0
0 = Not defined
1 = Manual
2 = Normal program
3 = Aperture priority
4 = Shutter priority
5 = Creative program (biased toward depth of field)
6 = Action program (biased toward fast shutter speed)
7 = Portrait mode (for closeup photos with the background out of focus)
8 = Landscape mode (for landscape photos with the background in focus)
Other = reserved
SpectralSensitivity
Indicates the spectral sensitivity of each channel of the camera used. The tag value is an ASCII string compatible
with the standard developed by the ASTM Technical committee.
Tag = 34852 (8824.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = Any
Default = none
ISOSpeedRatings
Indicates the ISO Speed and ISO Latitude of the camera or input device as specified in ISO 12232.
Tag = 34855 (8827.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = Any
Default = none
OECF
Indicates the Opto-Electric Conversion Function (OECF) specified in ISO 14524. OECF is the relationship between
the camera optical input and the image values.
Tag = 34856 (8828.H)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = ANY
Default = none

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When this tag records an OECF of m rows and n columns, the values are as in Figure 10.
Length Type Meaning
2 SHORT Columns = n
2 SHORT Rows = m
Any ASCII 0th column item name (NULL terminated)
: : :
Any ASCII n-1th column item name (NULL terminated)
8 SRATIONAL OECF value [0,0]
: : :
8 SRATIONAL OECF value [n-1,0]
8 SRATIONAL OECF value [0,m-1]
: : :
8 SRATIONAL OECF value [n-1,m-1]
Figure 10 OECF Description
Table 9 gives a simple example.
Table 9 Example of Exposure and RGB Output Level
Camera log Aperture R Output Level G Output Level B Output Level
-3.0 10.2 12.4 8.9
-2.0 48.1 47.5 48.3
-1.0 150.2 152.0 149.8
ShutterSpeedValue
Shutter speed. The unit is the APEX (Additive System of Photographic Exposure) setting (see Annex C).
Tag = 37377 (9201.H)
Type = SRATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
ApertureValue
The lens aperture. The unit is the APEX value.
Tag = 37378 (9202.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
BrightnessValue
The value of brightness. The unit is the APEX value. Ordinarily it is given in the range of -99.99 to 99.99. Note that
if the numerator of the recorded value is FFFFFFFF.H, Unknown shall be indicated.
Tag = 37379 (9203.H)
Type = SRATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none

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ExposureBiasValue
The exposure bias. The unit is the APEX value. Ordinarily it is given in the range of –99.99 to 99.99.
Tag = 37380 (9204.H)
Type = SRATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
MaxApertureValue
The smallest F number of the lens. The unit is the APEX value. Ordinarily it is given in the range of 00.00 to 99.99,
but it is not limited to this range.
Tag = 37381 (9205.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
SubjectDistance
The distance to the subject, given in meters. Note that if the numerator of the recorded value is FFFFFFFF.H,
Infinity shall be indicated; and if the numerator is 0, Distance unknown shall be indicated.
Tag = 37382 (9206.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
MeteringMode
The metering mode.
Tag = 37383 (9207.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 0
0 = unknown
1 = Average
2 = CenterWeightedAverage
3 = Spot
4 = MultiSpot
5 = Pattern
6 = Partial
Other = reserved
255 = other
LightSource
The kind of light source.
Tag = 37384 (9208.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 0
0 = unknown

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1 = Daylight
2 = Fluorescent
3 = Tungsten (incandescent light)
4 = Flash
9 = Fine weather
10 = Cloudy weather
11 = Shade
12 = Daylight fluorescent (D 5700 – 7100K)
13 = Day white fluorescent (N 4600 – 5400K)
14 = Cool white fluorescent (W 3900 – 4500K)
15 = White fluorescent (WW 3200 – 3700K)
17 = Standard light A
18 = Standard light B
19 = Standard light C
20 = D55
21 = D65
22 = D75
23 = D50
24 = ISO studio tungsten
255 = other light source
Other = reserved
Flash
This tag indicates the status of flash when the image was shot. Bit 0 indicates the flash firing status, bits 1 and 2
indicate the flash return status, bits 3 and 4 indicate the flash mode, bit 5 indicates whether the flash function is
present, and bit 6 indicates "red eye" mode (see Figure 11).
Figure 11 Bit Coding of the Flash Tag
Tag = 37385 (9209.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Values for bit 0 indicating whether the flash fired.
0b = Flash did not fire.
1b = Flash fired.
Values for bits 1 and 2 indicating the status of returned light.
MSB
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
LSB
Flash fired
Flash return
Flash mode
Flash function
Red-eye mode

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00b = No strobe return detection function
01b = reserved
10b = Strobe return light not detected.
11b = Strobe return light detected.
Values for bits 3 and 4 indicating the camera's flash mode.
00b = unknown
01b = Compulsory flash firing
10b = Compulsory flash suppression
11b = Auto mode
Values for bit 5 indicating the presence of a flash function.
0b = Flash function present
1b = No flash function
Values for bit 6 indicating the camera's red-eye mode.
0b = No red-eye reduction mode or unknown
1b = Red-eye reduction supported
Resulting Flash tag values.
0000.H = Flash did not fire.
0001.H = Flash fired.
0005.H = Strobe return light not detected.
0007.H = Strobe return light detected.
0009.H = Flash fired, compulsory flash mode
000D.H = Flash fired, compulsory flash mode, return light not detected
000F.H = Flash fired, compulsory flash mode, return light detected
0010.H = Flash did not fire, compulsory flash mode
0018.H = Flash did not fire, auto mode
0019.H = Flash fired, auto mode
001D.H = Flash fired, auto mode, return light not detected
001F.H = Flash fired, auto mode, return light detected
0020.H = No flash function
0041.H = Flash fired, red-eye reduction mode
0045.H = Flash fired, red-eye reduction mode, return light not detected
0047.H = Flash fired, red-eye reduction mode, return light detected
0049.H = Flash fired, compulsory flash mode, red-eye reduction mode
004D.H = Flash fired, compulsory flash mode, red-eye reduction mode, return light not detected
004F.H = Flash fired, compulsory flash mode, red-eye reduction mode, return light detected
0059.H = Flash fired, auto mode, red-eye reduction mode
005D.H = Flash fired, auto mode, return light not detected, red-eye reduction mode
005F.H = Flash fired, auto mode, return light detected, red-eye reduction mode
Other = reserved

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SubjectArea
This tag indicates the location and area of the main subject in the overall scene.
Tag = 37396 (9214.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 2 or 3 or 4
Default = none
The subject location and area are defined by Count values as follows.
Count = 2 Indicates the location of the main subject as coordinates. The first value is the X coordinate and the
second is the Y coordinate.
Count = 3 The area of the main subject is given as a circle. The circular area is expressed as center coordinates
and diameter. The first value is the center X coordinate, the second is the center Y coordinate, and the
third is the diameter. (See Figure 12.)
Count = 4 The area of the main subject is given as a rectangle. The rectangular area is expressed as center
coordinates and area dimensions. The first value is the center X coordinate, the second is the center Y
coordinate, the third is the width of the area, and the fourth is the height of the area. (See Figure 13.)
Note that the coordinate values, width, and height are expressed in relation to the upper left as origin, prior to
rotation processing as per the Rotation tag.

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Figure 12 Circular area designation
Figure 13 Rectangular area designation
FocalLength
The actual focal length of the lens, in mm. Conversion is not made to the focal length of a 35 mm film camera.
Tag = 37386 (920A.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
Image width
X coordinate
Ycoordinate
Area
width
Areaheight
Imageheight
Image width
X coordinate
Ycoordinate
Diameter
Imageheight

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FlashEnergy
Indicates the strobe energy at the time the image is captured, as measured in Beam Candle Power Seconds
(BCPS).
Tag = 41483 (A20B.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
SpatialFrequencyResponse
This tag records the camera or input device spatial frequency table and SFR values in the direction of image width,
image height, and diagonal direction, as specified in ISO 12233.
Tag = 41484 (A20CH)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = ANY
Default = none
When the spatial frequency response for m rows and n columns is recorded, the values are as shown in Figure 14.
Length Type Meaning
2 SHORT Columns = n
2 SHORT Rows = m
Any ASCII 0th column item name (NULL terminated)
: : :
Any ASCII n-1th column item name (NULL terminated)
8 RATIONAL SFR value [0,0]
: : :
8 RATIONAL SFR value [n-1,0]
8 RATIONAL SFR value [0,m-1]
: : :
8 RATIONAL SFR value [n-1,m-1]
Figure 14 Spatial Frequency Response Description
Table 10 gives a simple example.
Table 10 Example of Spatial Frequency Response
Spatial Frequency (lw/ph) Along Image Width Along Image Height
0.1 1.00 1.00
0.2 0.90 0.95
0.3 0.80 0.85
FocalPlaneXResolution
Indicates the number of pixels in the image width (X) direction per FocalPlaneResolutionUnit on the camera focal
plane.
Tag = 41486 (A20E.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
FocalPlaneYResolution
Indicates the number of pixels in the image height (Y) direction per FocalPlaneResolutionUnit on the camera focal
plane.

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Tag = 41487 (A20F.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
FocalPlaneResolutionUnit
Indicates the unit for measuring FocalPlaneXResolution and FocalPlaneYResolution. This value is the same as the
ResolutionUnit.
Tag = 41488 (A210.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 2 (inch)
Note on use of tags concerning focal plane resolution
These tags record the actual focal plane resolutions of the main image which is written as a file after processing
instead of the pixel resolution of the image sensor in the camera. It should be noted carefully that the data from
the image sensor is resampled.
These tags are used at the same time as a FocalLength tag when the angle of field of the recorded image is to
be calculated precisely.
SubjectLocation
Indicates the location of the main subject in the scene. The value of this tag represents the pixel at the center of the
main subject relative to the left edge, prior to rotation processing as per the Rotation tag. The first value indicates
the X column number and second indicates the Y row number.
Tag = 41492 (A214.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 2
Default = none
When a camera records the main subject location, it is recommended that the SubjectArea tag be used instead of this tag.
ExposureIndex
Indicates the exposure index selected on the camera or input device at the time the image is captured.
Tag = 41493 (A215.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
SensingMethod
Indicates the image sensor type on the camera or input device. The values are as follows.
Tag = 41495 (A217.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = none
1 = Not defined
2 = One-chip color area sensor
3 = Two-chip color area sensor

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4 = Three-chip color area sensor
5 = Color sequential area sensor
7 = Trilinear sensor
8 = Color sequential linear sensor
Other = reserved
FileSource
Indicates the image source. If a DSC recorded the image, this tag value of this tag always be set to 3, indicating
that the image was recorded on a DSC.
Tag = 41728 (A300.H)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = 1
Default = 3
3 = DSC
Other = reserved
SceneType
Indicates the type of scene. If a DSC recorded the image, this tag value shall always be set to 1, indicating that the
image was directly photographed.
Tag = 41729 (A301.H)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = 1
Default = 1
1 = A directly photographed image
Other = reserved
CFAPattern
Indicates the color filter array (CFA) geometric pattern of the image sensor when a one-chip color area sensor is
used. It does not apply to all sensing methods.
Tag = 41730 (A302.H)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = ANY
Default = none
Figure 15 shows how a CFA pattern is recorded for a one-chip color area sensor when the color filter array is
repeated in m x n (vertical x lateral) pixel units.
Length Type Meaning
2 SHORT Horizontal repeat pixel unit = n
2 SHORT Vertical repeat pixel unit = m
1 BYTE CFA value [0.0]
: : :
1 BYTE CFA value [n-1.0]
1 BYTE CFA value [0.m-1]
: : :
1 BYTE CFA value [n-1.m-1]
Figure 15 CFA Pattern Description

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The relation of color filter color to CFA value is shown in Table 11.
Table 11 Color Filter Color and CFA Value
Filter Color CFA Value
RED 00.H
GREEN 01.H
BLUE 02.H
CYAN 03.H
MAGENTA 04.H
YELLOW 05.H
WHITE 06.H
For example, when the CFA pattern values are {0002.H, 0002.H, 01.H, 00.H, 02.H, 01.H}, the color filter array is as
shown in Figure 16.
G R G R ........
B G B G ........
G R G R ........
B G B G ........
: : : :
Figure 16 Color Filter Array
CustomRendered
This tag indicates the use of special processing on image data, such as rendering geared to output. When special
processing is performed, the reader is expected to disable or minimize any further processing.
Tag = 41985 (A401.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 0
0 = Normal process
1 = Custom process
Other = reserved
ExposureMode
This tag indicates the exposure mode set when the image was shot. In auto-bracketing mode, the camera shoots a
series of frames of the same scene at different exposure settings.
Tag = 41986 (A402.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = none
0 = Auto exposure
1 = Manual exposure
2 = Auto bracket
Other = reserved

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WhiteBalance
This tag indicates the white balance mode set when the image was shot.
Tag = 41987 (A403.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = none
0 = Auto white balance
1 = Manual white balance
Other = reserved
DigitalZoomRatio
This tag indicates the digital zoom ratio when the image was shot. If the numerator of the recorded value is 0, this
indicates that digital zoom was not used.
Tag = 41988 (A404.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
FocalLengthIn35mmFilm
This tag indicates the equivalent focal length assuming a 35mm film camera, in mm. A value of 0 means the focal
length is unknown. Note that this tag differs from the FocalLength tag.
Tag = 41989 (A405.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = none
SceneCaptureType
This tag indicates the type of scene that was shot. It can also be used to record the mode in which the image was
shot. Note that this differs from the scene type (SceneType) tag.
Tag = 41990 (A406.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 0
0 = Standard
1 = Landscape
2 = Portrait
3 = Night scene
Other = reserved
GainControl
This tag indicates the degree of overall image gain adjustment.
Tag = 41991 (A407.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = none
0 = None

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1 = Low gain up
2 = High gain up
3 = Low gain down
4 = High gain down
Other = reserved
Contrast
This tag indicates the direction of contrast processing applied by the camera when the image was shot.
Tag = 41992 (A408.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 0
0 = Normal
1 = Soft
2 = Hard
Other = reserved
Saturation
This tag indicates the direction of saturation processing applied by the camera when the image was shot.
Tag = 41993 (A409.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 0
0 = Normal
1 = Low saturation
2 = High saturation
Other = reserved
Sharpness
This tag indicates the direction of sharpness processing applied by the camera when the image was shot.
Tag = 41994 (A40A.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = 0
0 = Normal
1 = Soft
2 = Hard
Other = reserved
DeviceSettingDescription
This tag indicates information on the picture-taking conditions of a particular camera model. The tag is used only to
indicate the picture-taking conditions in the reader.
Tag = 41995 (A40B.H)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = Any
Default = none

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The information is recorded in the format shown in Figure 17. The data is recorded in Unicode using SHORT type
for the number of display rows and columns and UNDEFINED type for the camera settings. The Unicode (UCS-2)
string including Signature is NULL terminated. The specifics of the Unicode string are as given in ISO/IEC 10464-1.
Length Type Meaning
2 SHORT Display columns
2 SHORT Display rows
Any UNDEFINED Camera setting-1
Any UNDEFINED Camera setting-2
: : :
Any UNDEFINED Camera setting-n
Figure 17 Format used to record picture-taking conditions
SubjectDistanceRange
This tag indicates the distance to the subject.
Tag = 41996 (A40C.H)
Type = SHORT
Count = 1
Default = none
0 = unknown
1 = Macro
2 = Close view
3 = Distant view
Other = reserved
H. Other tags
ImageUniqueID
This tag indicates an identifier assigned uniquely to each image. It is recorded as an ASCII string equivalent to
hexadecimal notation and 128-bit fixed length.
Tag = 42016 (A420.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 33
Default = none

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4.6.6 GPS Attribute Information
The attribute information (field names and codes) recorded in the GPS Info IFD is given in Table 12, followed by an
explanation of the contents.
Table 12 GPS Attribute Information
Tag ID
Tag Name Field Name
Dec Hex
Type Count
A. Tags Relating to GPS
GPS tag version GPSVersionID 0 0 BYTE 4
North or South Latitude GPSLatitudeRef 1 1 ASCII 2
Latitude GPSLatitude 2 2 RATIONAL 3
East or West Longitude GPSLongitudeRef 3 3 ASCII 2
Longitude GPSLongitude 4 4 RATIONAL 3
Altitude reference GPSAltitudeRef 5 5 BYTE 1
Altitude GPSAltitude 6 6 RATIONAL 1
GPS time (atomic clock) GPSTimeStamp 7 7 RATIONAL 3
GPS satellites used for measurement GPSSatellites 8 8 ASCII Any
GPS receiver status GPSStatus 9 9 ASCII 2
GPS measurement mode GPSMeasureMode 10 A ASCII 2
Measurement precision GPSDOP 11 B RATIONAL 1
Speed unit GPSSpeedRef 12 C ASCII 2
Speed of GPS receiver GPSSpeed 13 D RATIONAL 1
Reference for direction of movement GPSTrackRef 14 E ASCII 2
Direction of movement GPSTrack 15 F RATIONAL 1
Reference for direction of image GPSImgDirectionRef 16 10 ASCII 2
Direction of image GPSImgDirection 17 11 RATIONAL 1
Geodetic survey data used GPSMapDatum 18 12 ASCII Any
Reference for latitude of destination GPSDestLatitudeRef 19 13 ASCII 2
Latitude of destination GPSDestLatitude 20 14 RATIONAL 3
Reference for longitude of destination GPSDestLongitudeRef 21 15 ASCII 2
Longitude of destination GPSDestLongitude 22 16 RATIONAL 3
Reference for bearing of destination GPSDestBearingRef 23 17 ASCII 2
Bearing of destination GPSDestBearing 24 18 RATIONAL 1
Reference for distance to destination GPSDestDistanceRef 25 19 ASCII 2
Distance to destination GPSDestDistance 26 1A RATIONAL 1
Name of GPS processing method GPSProcessingMethod 27 1B UNDEFINED Any
Name of GPS area GPSAreaInformation 28 1C UNDEFINED Any
GPS date GPSDateStamp 29 1D ASCII 11
GPS differential correction GPSDifferential 30 1E SHORT 1
A. Tags Relating to GPS
GPSVersionID
Indicates the version of GPSInfoIFD. The version is given as 2.2.0.0. This tag is mandatory when GPSInfo tag is
present. Note that the GPSVersionID tag is written as a different byte than the Exif Version tag.
Tag = 0 (0.H)
Type = BYTE
Count = 4
Default = 2.2.0.0
2.2.0.0 = Version 2.2
Other = reserved
GPSLatitudeRef
Indicates whether the latitude is north or south latitude. The ASCII value 'N' indicates north latitude, and 'S' is south
latitude.
Tag = 1 (1.H)

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Type = ASCII
Count = 2
Default = none
'N' = North latitude
'S' = South latitude
Other = reserved
GPSLatitude
Indicates the latitude. The latitude is expressed as three RATIONAL values giving the degrees, minutes, and
seconds, respectively. If latitude is expressed as degrees, minutes and seconds, a typical format would be
dd/1,mm/1,ss/1. When degrees and minutes are used and, for example, fractions of minutes are given up to two
decimal places, the format would be dd/1,mmmm/100,0/1.
Tag = 2 (2.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 3
Default = none
GPSLongitudeRef
Indicates whether the longitude is east or west longitude. ASCII 'E' indicates east longitude, and 'W' is west
longitude.
Tag = 3 (3.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 2
Default = none
'E' = East longitude
'W' = West longitude
Other = reserved
GPSLongitude
Indicates the longitude. The longitude is expressed as three RATIONAL values giving the degrees, minutes, and
seconds, respectively. If longitude is expressed as degrees, minutes and seconds, a typical format would be
ddd/1,mm/1,ss/1. When degrees and minutes are used and, for example, fractions of minutes are given up to two
decimal places, the format would be ddd/1,mmmm/100,0/1.
Tag = 4 (4.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 3
Default = none
GPSAltitudeRef
Indicates the altitude used as the reference altitude. If the reference is sea level and the altitude is above sea level,
0 is given. If the altitude is below sea level, a value of 1 is given and the altitude is indicated as an absolute value in
the GPSAltitude tag. The reference unit is meters. Note that this tag is BYTE type, unlike other reference tags.
Tag = 5 (5.H)
Type = BYTE
Count = 1
Default = 0

JEITA CP-3451
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0 = Sea level
1 = Sea level reference (negative value)
Other = reserved
GPSAltitude
Indicates the altitude based on the reference in GPSAltitudeRef. Altitude is expressed as one RATIONAL value.
The reference unit is meters.
Tag = 6 (6.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
GPSTimeStamp
Indicates the time as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). TimeStamp is expressed as three RATIONAL values
giving the hour, minute, and second.
Tag = 7 (7.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 3
Default = none
GPSSatellites
Indicates the GPS satellites used for measurements. This tag can be used to describe the number of satellites,
their ID number, angle of elevation, azimuth, SNR and other information in ASCII notation. The format is not
specified. If the GPS receiver is incapable of taking measurements, value of the tag shall be set to NULL.
Tag = 8 (8.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = Any
Default = none
GPSStatus
Indicates the status of the GPS receiver when the image is recorded. 'A' means measurement is in progress, and
'V' means the measurement is Interoperability.
Tag = 9 (9.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 2
Default = none
'A' = Measurement in progress
'V' = Measurement Interoperability
Other = reserved
GPSMeasureMode
Indicates the GPS measurement mode. '2' means two-dimensional measurement and '3' means three-dimensional
measurement is in progress.
Tag = 10 (A.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 2

JEITA CP-3451
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Default = none
'2' = 2-dimensional measurement
'3' = 3-dimensional measurement
Other = reserved
GPSDOP
Indicates the GPS DOP (data degree of precision). An HDOP value is written during two-dimensional measurement,
and PDOP during three-dimensional measurement.
Tag = 11 (B.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
GPSSpeedRef
Indicates the unit used to express the GPS receiver speed of movement. 'K' 'M' and 'N' represents kilometers per
hour, miles per hour, and knots.
Tag = 12 (C.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 2
Default = 'K'
'K' = Kilometers per hour
'M' = Miles per hour
'N' = Knots
Other = reserved
GPSSpeed
Indicates the speed of GPS receiver movement.
Tag = 13 (D.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
GPSTrackRef
Indicates the reference for giving the direction of GPS receiver movement. 'T' denotes true direction and 'M' is
magnetic direction.
Tag = 14 (E.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 2
Default = 'T'
'T' = True direction
'M' = Magnetic direction
Other = reserved
GPSTrack
Indicates the direction of GPS receiver movement. The range of values is from 0.00 to 359.99.
Tag = 15 (F.H)

JEITA CP-3451
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Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
GPSImgDirectionRef
Indicates the reference for giving the direction of the image when it is captured. 'T' denotes true direction and 'M' is
magnetic direction.
Tag = 16 (10.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 2
Default = 'T'
Other = reserved
GPSImgDirection
Indicates the direction of the image when it was captured. The range of values is from 0.00 to 359.99.
Tag = 17 (11.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
GPSMapDatum
Indicates the geodetic survey data used by the GPS receiver. If the survey data is restricted to Japan, the value of
this tag is 'TOKYO' or 'WGS-84'. If a GPS Info tag is recorded, it is strongly recommended that this tag be
recorded.
Tag = 18 (12.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = Any
Default = none
GPSDestLatitudeRef
Indicates whether the latitude of the destination point is north or south latitude. The ASCII value 'N' indicates north
latitude, and 'S' is south latitude.
Tag = 19 (13.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 2
Default = none
'N' = North latitude
'S' = South latitude
Other = reserved
GPSDestLatitude
Indicates the latitude of the destination point. The latitude is expressed as three RATIONAL values giving the
degrees, minutes, and seconds, respectively. If latitude is expressed as degrees, minutes and seconds, a typical
format would be dd/1,mm/1,ss/1. When degrees and minutes are used and, for example, fractions of minutes are
given up to two decimal places, the format would be dd/1,mmmm/100,0/1.

JEITA CP-3451
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Tag = 20 (14.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 3
Default = none
GPSDestLongitudeRef
Indicates whether the longitude of the destination point is east or west longitude. ASCII 'E' indicates east longitude,
and 'W' is west longitude.
Tag = 21 (15.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 2
Default = none
'E' = East longitude
'W' = West longitude
Other = reserved
GPSDestLongitude
Indicates the longitude of the destination point. The longitude is expressed as three RATIONAL values giving the
degrees, minutes, and seconds, respectively. If longitude is expressed as degrees, minutes and seconds, a typical
format would be ddd/1,mm/1,ss/1. When degrees and minutes are used and, for example, fractions of minutes are
given up to two decimal places, the format would be ddd/1,mmmm/100,0/1.
Tag = 22 (16.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 3
Default = none
GPSDestBearingRef
Indicates the reference used for giving the bearing to the destination point. 'T' denotes true direction and 'M' is
magnetic direction.
Tag = 23 (17.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 2
Default = 'T'
Other = reserved
GPSDestBearing
Indicates the bearing to the destination point. The range of values is from 0.00 to 359.99.
Tag = 24 (18.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
GPSDestDistanceRef
Indicates the unit used to express the distance to the destination point. 'K', 'M' and 'N' represent kilometers, miles
and knots.

JEITA CP-3451
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Tag = 25 (19.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 2
Default = 'K'
'K' = Kilometers
'M' = Miles
'N' = Knots
Other = reserved
GPSDestDistance
Indicates the distance to the destination point.
Tag = 26 (1A.H)
Type = RATIONAL
Count = 1
Default = none
GPSProcessingMethod
A character string recording the name of the method used for location finding. The first byte indicates the character
code used (Table 6､Table 7), and this is followed by the name of the method. Since the Type is not ASCII, NULL
termination is not necessary.
Tag = 27 (1B.H)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = Any
Default = none
GPSAreaInformation
A character string recording the name of the GPS area. The first byte indicates the character code used (Table 6､
Table 7), and this is followed by the name of the GPS area. Since the Type is not ASCII, NULL termination is not
necessary.
Tag = 28 (1C.H)
Type = UNDEFINED
Count = Any
Default = none
GPSDateStamp
A character string recording date and time information relative to UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). The
format is "YYYY:MM:DD." The length of the string is 11 bytes including NULL.
Tag = 29 (1D.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = 11
Default = none
GPSDifferential
Indicates whether differential correction is applied to the GPS receiver.
Tag = 30 (1E.H)
Type = SHORT

JEITA CP-3451
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Count = 1
Default = none
0 = Measurement without differential correction
1 = Differential correction applied
Other = reserved
Note−When the tag Type is ASCII, it shall be terminated with NULL.
It shall be noted carefully that since the value count includes the terminator NULL, the total count is the
number of data+1. For example, GPSLatitudeRef cannot have any values other than Type ASCII 'N' or 'S';
but because the terminator NULL is added, the value of N is 2.
4.6.7 Interoperability IFD Attribute Information
The attached information(field name, code) stored in Interoperability IFD is listed in and the meaning will be
explained also.
Table 13 Interoperability IFD Attribute Information
Tag ID
Tag Name Field Name
Dec Hex
Type Count
A. Attached Information Related to Interoperability
Interoperability Identification InteroperabilityIndex 1 1 ASCII Any
A. Tags Relating to Interoperability
The rules for Exif image files defines the description of the following tag. Other tags stored in Interoperability IFD
may be defined dependently to each Interoperability rule.
InteroperabilityIndex
Indicates the identification of the Interoperability rule. The following rules are defined. Four bytes used
including the termination code (NULL).
Tag = 1 (1.H)
Type = ASCII
Count = Any
Default = none
"R98" = Indicates a file conforming to R98 file specification of Recommended Exif Interoperability Rules
(ExifR98) or to DCF basic file stipulated by Design Rule for Camera File System.
"THM" = Indicates a file conforming to DCF thumbnail file stipulated by Design rule for Camera File System.

JEITA CP-3451
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4.6.8 Tag Support Levels
The tags and their support levels are given here.
A. Primary Image (0th IFD) Support Levels
The support levels of primary image (0th IFD) tags are given in Table 14, Table 15, Table 16 and Table 17.
Table 14 Tag Support Levels (1) - 0th IFD TIFF Tags -
Tag ID Uncompressed
Tag Name Field Name
Dec Hex Chunky Planar YCC
Compresse
d
Image width ImageWidth 256 100 M M M J
Image height ImageLength 257 101 M M M J
Number of bits per component BitsPerSample 258 102 M M M J
Compression scheme Compression 259 103 M M M J
Pixel composition PhotometricInterpretation 262 106 M M M N
Image title ImageDescription 270 10E R R R R
Manufacturer of image input
equipment
Make 271 10F R R R R
Model of image input equipment Model 272 110 R R R R
Image data location StripOffsets 273 111 M M M N
Orientation of image Orientation 274 112 R R R R
Number of components SamplesPerPixel 277 115 M M M J
Number of rows per strip RowsPerStrip 278 116 M M M N
Bytes per compressed strip StripByteCounts 279 117 M M M N
Image resolution in width direction XResolution 282 11A M M M M
Image resolution in height direction YResolution 283 11B M M M M
Image data arrangement PlanarConfiguration 284 11C O M O J
Unit of X and Y resolution ResolutionUnit 296 128 M M M M
Transfer function TransferFunction 301 12D R R R R
Software used Software 305 131 O O O O
File change date and time DateTime 306 132 R R R R
Person who created the image Artist 315 13B O O O O
White point chromaticity WhitePoint 318 13E O O O O
Chromaticities of primaries PrimaryChromaticities 319 13F O O O O
Offset to JPEG SOI JPEGInterchangeFormat 513 201 N N N N
Bytes of JPEG data JPEGInterchangeFormatLength 514 202 N N N N
Color space transformation matrix
coefficients
YCbCrCoefficients 529 211 N N O O
Subsampling ratio of Y to C YCbCrSubSampling 530 212 N N M J
Y and C positioning YCbCrPositioning 531 213 N N M M
Pair of black and white reference
values
ReferenceBlackWhite 532 214 O O O O
Copyright holder Copyright 33432 8298 O O O O
Exif tag Exif IFD Pointer 34665 8769 M M M M
GPS tag GPSInfo IFD Pointer 34853 8825 O O O O
Notation
M : Mandatory (shall be recorded)
R : Recommended
O : Optional
N : Not recorded
J : Included in JPEG marker and so not recorded

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