Fragrant Orchids

Fragrant Orchids
Fragrant
Orchids
A Guide to
Selecting, Growing,
and Enjoying
Steven A. Frowine
TIMBER PRESS
Copyright © 2005 by Steven A. Frowine. All rights reserved.
Published in 2005 by
Timber Press, Inc.
The Haseltine Building
133 S.W. Second Avenue, Suite 450
Portland, Oregon 97204-3527, U.S.A.
www.timberpress.com
For contact information for editorial, marketing, sales, and distribution
in the United Kingdom, see www.timberpress.com/uk.
Printed in Hong Kong
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Frowine, Steven A.
Fragrant orchids : a guide to selecting, growing, and enjoying / Steven A. Frowine.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-88192-739-2 (hardback)
1. Orchids. 2. Aromatic plants. 3. Orchid culture. I. Title.
SB406.F67 2005
635.9'344—dc22
2005001444
A catalog record for this book is also available from the British Library.
Contents
Acknowledgments 7
Chapter 1 Fragrance Facts and Fancy 9
Chapter 2 Selecting and Buying Orchids 19
Chapter 3 The Basics of Growing Orchids 26
Chapter 4 The Cattleya Alliance 44
Chapter 5 The Dendrobium Tribe 67
Chapter 6 The Oncidium Alliance 79
Chapter 7 The Vanda/Phalaenopsis Alliance 97
Chapter 8 Other Orchids 120
Appendix A Orchids by Ease of Culture 141
Appendix B Orchids by Light Requirements 148
Appendix C Orchids by Nighttime Temperature Preferences 155
Appendix D Orchids by Intensity of Fragrance 162
Appendix E Orchids by Time of Fragrance 171
Appendix F Orchids by Season of Bloom 178
Appendix G Sources for Fragrant Orchids 185
Glossary 189
Bibliography 191
Plant Name Index 195
To my mother, Janet Allen Frowine, and deceased father,
Samuel E. Frowine, for encouraging me to pursue my love and
passion for the cultivation and appreciation of plants.
My father bought me my first orchids from
Alberts and Merkel Brothers in Boynton Beach, Florida,
when I was a teenager while on a family vacation.
He had a fluorescent light fixture installed in our basement
where I grew these orchids and other tropicals.
I truly felt my little “indoor greenhouse” was
a magical place.
And to my loving wife, Sascha, who shares my curiosity,

appreciation, and fascination with the natural world.
She has been my partner, staunch supporter,
and soul mate in discovering nature’s wonders.
And to Janet and Paul Bowman, who gave me

my first job working in their greenhouses
in my hometown of Portsmouth, Ohio.
They were a generous, kind couple
who provided me a wonderful experience,
which sealed my decision that a life centered
on horticulture was my destiny.
Acknowledgments
The orchid community is a disparate group of people bound together by their

common love of this extraordinary family of plants. Certainly, the history of
orchid discovery as well as today’s rapidly increasing interest in this group of
plants proves that orchids have had and continue to have a very strong lure to
anyone who sees them. Fortunately, unlike earlier days when orchids were
expensive and information about them was a guarded secret, accessible only
to a select few aristocrats, orchids have rapidly become plants that everyone
can now enjoy and afford.
Most growers, amateur or professional, are free with their thoughts and
opinions and are eager to have others join the orchid fraternity. For this I am
very grateful for without this openness from the many amateur and profes-
sional orchid growers, this book would not have been possible. To the many
people who have “lent their noses” and given their personal descriptions of
scents that I received at the various orchids shows and gleaned through the lit-
erature, thanks!
I would like to recognize a few of the people who gave exceptional help:
My wife, Sascha, who read over and made suggestions of countless drafts
and who put up with my driving obsession to bring this book to print.
Judy Becker, who, in reviewing my drafts, generously contributed her
encyclopedic knowledge and eye for nomenclatural detail. She was of great
help with this book.
Rita Buchanan, an amazing multi-talented Renaissance person, for her
encouragement and horticultural and editing judgment.
Russ Vernon, a classmate of mine in the horticulture program at Ohio
State University, who reviewed various proofs and lent his life-long orchid
growing expertise.
7
Chapter 1
Fragrance Facts and Fancy
In the quiet valley I can see no orchids growing—

By accident, a gentle breeze betrays their presence.
It is a liberating fragrance, pure unsullied—
One sniff of it is enough to give enlightenment.
SuShih, eleventh-century Chinese poet,
“The Lonely Orchid”
The Sense of Smell Plays an Important Role in Our Lives

The Sense of Smell Institute states in its brochure, Living Well with Your Sense
of Smell (1996), “Compared to our other senses, relatively little was known
about our sense of smell and it was certainly the one most taken for granted.”
Writers can sometimes express phenomena more comprehensibly to the
lay person than can a scientist. Helen Keller wrote, “Smell is a potent wizard
that transports us across thousands of miles and all the years that we have
lived” (Sense of Smell Institute 1996).
A poet, Diane Ackerman, wrote in her book, A Natural History of the Senses
(1990),
Breaths come in pairs, except at two times in our lives—the beginning
and at the end. At birth we inhale for the first time, at death we exhale
for the last. In between, through all the lather of one’s life, each breath
passes air over our olfactory sites. Each day we breathe about 23,040
times and move around 438 cubic feet of air. It takes us about five sec-
onds to breathe—two seconds to inhale and three seconds to exhale—
9
10 Chapter 1
and in that time, molecules of odor flood through our systems. Inhaling
and exhaling, we smell odors. Smells coat us, swirl around us, enter our
bodies, emanate from us. We live in a constant wash of them.
Our sense of smell is most acute between the ages of 20 to 40. In general,
men seem to have less perceptive noses than females. Three scientists from
the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia postulated that odor
pleasantness evaluations were better perceived by the right nostril and that
odor name or recognitions was perceived by the left nostril (Herz et al. 1999).
What Is Scent and How Is It Perceived?

The world is full of an impressive array of scents. The literature states that
there are between 4,000 and 10,000 distinct odors, all of which humans can
detect and are sensitive to.
Smell is said to be one of the “chemical senses” (the other being taste),
since it depends upon chemicals to be triggered. Both of these senses are
closely related; in fact, some scientists say that about 75 percent of taste is
really smell. This is probably one of the reasons that many of the words we use
to describe fragrances are actually favorite foods, such as coconut, chocolate,
vanilla, oranges, candy, apples, bread, flavored soda, and chewing gum, or
spices for foods, such as cinnamon.
Roy Genders, a venerable British horticulturist and writer, stated in his
book, Scented Flora of the World (1977), in reference to plants,
Scent is the oxidation of essential oils of flowers and leaves. In flowers,
the essential oil is in the epidermal cells of the petals, or in the sepals or
bracts, and the oil is usually present in the upper surface of the petal.
This clinical definition leaves out a critical element of scent: the strong emo-
tional connotations that scents have in our lives. The fresh smell of a new day,
the perfume of spring flowers, the unique scent of a loved one, the heavy per-
fume of lilies that hangs in the warm humid summer air are all poignant
“scent memories” of treasured experiences in our lives. This aspect of scent is
very subjective and difficult to define or quantify, but nonetheless is a very
important quality of scent to humans.
The Language of Scent

For our other senses like hearing, taste, and sight, we have a well-established
vocabulary to describe them, but for the sense of smell it is frequently much
more difficult for most of us to come up with definitive descriptions. Usually
the most we can do is rely on similes such as, “It smells like jasmine.” A report
Fragrance Facts and Fancy 11
from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute titled Seeing, Hearing and Smelling
the World (1995) states,
Our culture places such a low value on olfaction that we have never
developed a proper vocabulary for it. In A Natural History of the Senses,
Diane Ackerman notes that it is impossible to explain how something
smells to someone who hasn’t smelled it. There are names for all pastels
in a hue, she writes—but none for the tones and tints of smell. Nor can
odors be measured on a kind of linear scale that scientists use to meas-
ure the wavelength of light or the frequency of sounds.
Some scientists have attempted to assign word descriptors to scents, with
varying success. Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) is best known for his develop-
ment of the binomial classification system used by life scientists throughout
the world. Few people are aware that he also developed one of the first systems
of categorizing odors. He placed them in seven groups:
• Camphoraceous
• Musky
• Floral
• Pepperminty
• Ethereal
• Pungent
• Putrid
More recently, Roman Kaiser, a fragrance and flavor chemist, in his book, The
Scent of Orchids, Olfactory, and Chemical Investigations (1993), described four
basic orchid scents according to “olfactory and chemical criteria”: white-floral,
rosy-floral, ionone-floral, and spicy-floral.
White-floral is the fragrance found frequently with white flowers. Most
common examples include jasmine, gardenia, honeysuckle, and orange blos-
soms. These highly and pleasantly scented flowers are often most potent in
the evening or at night and, as is commonly the case with white flowers, are
night pollinated. Among orchids this group would include the genera
Aerangis, Angraecum, and Brassavola.
The rosy-floral scent is derived from roses, specifically Rosa centifolia, R.
damascena, and R. gallica. Other rose species, like those of Chinese descent
and including many of the hybrid teas in our gardens, do not share this same
scent. Among the flowers that fall in this category of scents are cyclamen, lily-
of-the-valley, and sweet pea. The scents from this group are at their strongest
during the day when it is sunny and warm.
The third group, the ionone-floral, is found in orange-yellow and yellow-
brown flowers. It includes the heavy fragrance of freesia and Osmanthus fra-
grans. This group can cause olfactory overload so that after a few seconds of
12 Chapter 1
An old favorite, Brassocattleya Mount The gloriously colored hybrid Miltoniopsis

Hood, is typical of many white cattleya (Alysen Ono × Pearl Ono) has a roselike
hybrids with a heady vanilla fragrance. fragrance.
inhaling flowers in this category, the perception of scent is dulled to such a

degree that the nose needs to have a “time-out” before being able to accurately
detect and recognize other flower scents.
The spicy-floral group is the last category and is best expressed by carna-
tions. Masdevallia glandulosa is an orchid with such a scent.
The Most Fragrant Flower Colors

Genders (1977) cited an interesting study completed at the end of the nine-
teenth century by a French authority on scented flowers. Of the more than
4000 plants examined, white and yellow flowers accounted for more than 60
percent of all fragrant flowers, and most of the remaining fragrant flowers
were colored pale pink or purple. This study further found that the order of the
strength of scent or perfume by color was “white, bluish white, pale pink,
mauve-pink, pale yellow, yellow, and purple; plants bearing blue, orange, red,
or brown flowers have a high degree of pigmentation and generate little or no
scent.” While many of these generalizations hold true for the orchid family,
there are exceptions. One glaring example is Oncidium Sharry Baby, which
has a very sweetly scented dark red flower (and various other color forms).
The ease of growing and blooming combined with the luscious chocolate scent make
Oncidium Sharry Baby one of the most popular orchids in the world.
But it is true that many of the most fragrant orchids are, indeed, white, pink,
and pale yellow.
Related Plants Sometimes Have Similar Scents

Genders (1977) made another interesting observation, namely, that scents of
the various genera are very much alike throughout the family. This is true, to
some degree, with the orchid family. In appendix D, Orchids by Intensity of
Fragrance, you will see that some of the species within the same genus do
have similar fragrance descriptions.
Many people identify “orchid scent” as being the heavy sweet fragrance of
the large cattleyas. This is primarily the popular belief because cattleyas were
at one time the quintessential orchids sold at Mother’s Day and for prom cor-
sages for so many years. For numerous people, the only orchids they saw at
florist shops were cattleyas. Very few other orchids were known or available.
Now, orchids with seemingly endless varieties, shapes, colors, and scents are
available from box stores to specialty orchid growers, so there is no longer
any “typical orchid scent.”
14 Chapter 1
Fragrance Has Notes

In his humorous and very informative book, Orchid Fever, Eric Hansen (2000)
relates how Katsuhiko Tokuda, a senior perfumer from the Japanese cosmetic
company Shiseido, explains this concept.
You have to smell through the first thing that hits your nose because this
is usually the lighter aspect, often a lemony point. It is the most volatile
component. The different notes or aspects reveal themselves in stages,
and you have to smell through them to get to the bottom of the fragrance
puzzle. If you open a bottle of perfume, what is in the neck of the bottle
is what hits you first. This is the top note. Then you put the fragrance on
your skin and let it evaporate for about 10 seconds, which gives you the
middle ones. The base notes are the least volatile and they come up last.
Use the same criteria for evaluating and understanding the scent of
orchids or any other sort of flower.
When Does an Orchid Smell Its Best?

Frequently, people are disappointed when they cannot detect the fragrance of
an orchid that has a reputation for its sweet scent. There are many variables in
this mystery of flower fragrance, and scent can be elusive.
Some orchids smell strongest for only a few hours in the morning while
others, especially the night-pollinated varieties, only yield their alluring scent
in the evening. If the flowers are normally fragrant in the day, they usually
reach their peak of fragrance when
it is warm and in the mid part of the
day. Cold, gloomy days put a damper
on fragrance. If it is very humid,
scent tends to hang in the air longer.
For many orchids, the maturity
of the flower has some bearing on
the strength of the scent, and it
takes a few days after they are open
before their scent can be detected. If
the air is still, the fragrance is
stronger than if it is gusty. Immedi-
ately after a rainfall, the oils that
emit the fragrance frequently have
A primary hybrid with Cattleya aclandiae and C. been diluted and are thus weaker. A
schilleriana as parents, C. Peckhaviensis emits its plant in good heath also tends to
strongest scent on a sunny, warm afternoon. produce a stronger scent.
There can be variation even with the same species; some selections are
more fragrant than others. Also, there is much variation among people regard-
ing their individual abilities to detect different scents. And what one person
will describe as a heavenly aroma, another may find repugnant.
Why Aren’t Flowers as Fragrant as They Used to Be?

It is a common lament among gardeners everywhere that flowers of today
don’t have the heady fragrances they used to have. Genders (1977) noted that
“as color (pigment) is bred into flowers, scent is usually lost.” This has hap-
pened quite a bit in many horticultural arenas. It has probably been most obvi-
ous with roses and some of the old-fashioned flowers that more recently had
been primarily bred for larger flower size, a wider range of flower colors, com-
pact plant habit, increased production and vigor, and insect and disease resist-
ance. For the most part, orchids have faced the same plight. It has not been a
conspiracy by plant breeders to banish fragrance, scent has just not been a
high breeding or selection priority. As a result, the other sought-after attrib-
utes won out.
Times and garden trends are changing. Rose and other flower breeders
and their customers, gardeners, are
showing a new appreciation for fra-
grance, whether they grow in out-
side gardens and greenhouses or in
sunrooms and on windowsills. It
seems that many people today, gar-
deners or not, are attracted to a
more holistic lifestyle where it is
more natural for a flower to have a
pleasant fragrance. Large flower
size is taking a back seat to fra-
grance and other desirable qualities,
such as ease of growing and flower-
ing and compact growth habit.
Some orchid growers now have sep-
arate listings or notations in their
catalogs or on their Web site to
show which orchids are particularly
fragrant. Orchid breeders are look- Phalaenopsis are now bred more fre-
ing with a new eye (or nose) at the quently to produce fragrant results.
importance of their new hybrids An example is this hybrid, Phalaenopsis
having this alluring feature. (Gelblieber-violacea × Coral Isles).
16 Chapter 1
The Function of Fragrance in Orchids

As lovely and as appreciated as some orchid fragrances are by our sense of
smell, their reason for being fragrant has nothing to do with us. We are just
one of the inconsequential (to the plant) beneficiaries. Fragrance is an impor-
tant tool that plants use to insure their survival by attracting pollinators. Lee C.
Soule (1990) identified some ways that fragrance serves this function for
orchids. It attracts pollinators to an important food source because fragrance
is associated with liquid nectar and pollen, both of which contain highly nutri-
tious sugars sought out by bees, hummingbirds, flies, butterflies, and other
creatures. Fragrance is also a powerful sex attractant to various pollinators.
We do not need the birds and the bees to tell us about this feature, as this is
what the perfume industry is all about.
For detailed information on the various intriguing pollination mechanisms
in orchids, readers are referred to the classic study on this topic, Orchid Flow-
ers: Their Pollination and Evolution (Van der Pijl and Dodson 1969).
Fragrance in Orchids Gets New Respect

Orchids have been formally judged for 150 years, but the primary criteria used
to choose award winners has been flower size, substance, color, and shape. In
1989, the famous Japanese Prize
International Orchid Show took a
major step by becoming the first
orchid show in the world to establish
a fragrance competition for orchids.
The judges were both perfume pro-
fessionals and expert orchid growers.
The Japanese have a long history of
appreciating flowers purely for their
scent. Some of the Asian Cymbidium
species have been greatly revered for
centuries for their delicate, sweet fra-
grance, so it seems logical that the
Japanese would be pioneers in evalu-
ating this quality in orchids.
From this show new standards
for evaluating and classifying orchid
Dazzling color combination and light scents were established. The Japan-
honey fragrance make this hybrid ese divide orchids into two types, To-
Miltassia (Brassia Rex ‘Pieper’ × Miltonia Yo-Ran (Asian cymbidiums) and Yo-
Honolulu ‘Warne’s Best’) a winner. Ran (Western orchids). Within each
group, orchids were evaluated on four basic qualities of fragrance: intensity,

gorgeousness, elegance, and freshness. What a job the judges must have had
to have to quantify these qualities for all the entries!
The Greater New York Orchid Society Show of 1992 was the first show in
the United States to judge orchid fragrance. Professional perfumers from
Europe and Japan and American Orchid Society judges rubbed shoulders to
select the orchids with the best fragrance. The show officials reported a great
deal of interest from the public in this fragrance competition. Having such a
prestigious orchid show place importance on fragrance demonstrates how
scent in orchids is finally getting its due.
The Process of Judging Orchid Fragrance

The obstacles to judging orchid fragrance are numerous. Heading the list is the
fact that scents are very personal experiences, so myriad opinions exist about
what a particular orchid smells like and whether this scent is pleasant or not.
Also, orchids emit their scent at different times of day or during the evening.
Linet Hamman, a director of Van Rooyen Orchids in South Africa and an
accredited orchid judge, has been involved with orchid fragrance judging.
Hamman (pers. comm.) states,
The science of smelling/sniffing is quite controversial. Some people
believe that you only need to whiff the air above the flower (called “head-
space” by perfumers). Others suggest a waving or sniffing action, while
another school believes that you have to stick your nose right into it.
Hamman explains that the South African Orchid Society has come up with
a practical, simple approach to evaluate orchid fragrance. It judges on these
criteria:
• Intensity. How strong is the fragrance?
• Diffuseness. Can you smell the fragrance from a distance or only very close?
• Pleasantness. How pleasant (or unpleasant) is the fragrance?
• Elegance. How well rounded and “perfumistic” is the fragrance. Chemical
notes and “thin” fragrances are marked down.
All characteristics are scored on a 1-to-10 basis except for pleasantness, which
is scored 1 to 20. A maximum of 50 points is possible.
Get Your Nose into Shape

In her book The Essence of Paradise (1991), Tovah Martin proclaimed that among
humans “olfactory proficiency has taken a nosedive in the last century. We don’t
exercise our nose enough. And, as a result, our sense of smell has suffered.”
18 Chapter 1
Jochen (Joe) Heydel, a retired senior perfumer with Symrise Company

and a fragrance judge for the New York International Orchid Show, says it
takes five to six years of intensive odor training before a professional per-
fumer’s nose is up to snuff (J. Heydel, pers. comm.). By this time the perfumer
should be able to recognize about 3000 odors. Heydel makes constant use of
his olfactory skills in everyday life. He says he experiences life in three dimen-
sions—sight, sound, and smell—and that his nose is “always on alert.”
Heydel commented that all noses are not the same and that some people
naturally have a higher odor perception than others. Since he made his living
with his nose, he obviously was blessed with a super nose. But he suffers from
Salmon Nose Envy. He said, “Just think about how sensitive the sense of smell
is for a salmon. It finds its way from the ocean to its nesting place in freshwa-
ter, hundreds or more miles solely depending on its fabulous sense of smell!”
Although few of us are blessed with a nose that is as highly perceptive and
trained as is Heydel’s, we can all do our part to make fragrance and smelling
a more important part of our lives. The orchids in this book give you the per-
fect opportunity to perform painless, sweatless, sweet calisthenics with your
nose. What a delightful way to work your way back to the nose fitness with
which you were born.
A Word of Caution
I wish I could say that I am 100 percent certain of all the fragrance descrip-
tions, but I am not. This subject is not pure science; much of it is anecdotal
and personal opinions. We are breaking new ground with this book and I
expect and welcome feedback from readers who disagree or have other opin-
ions as to the description or intensity of the fragrance.
Chapter 2
Selecting and Buying Orchids
This is the fun part, but doing it right requires homework before you step foot
in an orchid supplier’s greenhouse or place an order with a mail-order com-
pany. Once this happens all reason loses out to the excitement of the moment.
To buy orchids that strike your fancy, without first thinking through what fits
your needs, growing requirements, and available space will frequently result
in disappointing results. The orchid family is huge—in the tens of thousands!
This is great in that the possibilities are vast, but the downside is that the
choice can be daunting. To make the best selection you must know your pref-
erences and consider the limitations of your growing area so you can choose
orchids that will perform best under your conditions.
A super beginner’s orchid, Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Bonnie Vasquez’ AM/AOS is a

sought-after variety readily available from tissue culture. Photo by Allen Black.
19
20 Chapter 2
If you are a beginning orchid grower look over those orchids listed as
being easy. As you get more confident and experienced you can try out some
of the others. See appendix A, Orchids by Ease of Culture.
Light
If you have a greenhouse, you can grow all the orchids mentioned in this book;
they will receive sufficient light in such a setting to grow fine. If you grow
plants under lights or on a windowsill, you will be somewhat limited in your
choice of plants by the lower light intensity of these situations.
While all orchids can be grown under the right light setup, especially using
HID (High Intensity Discharge) lights, there still is the practical consideration
of the cost of electricity. Most orchid growers who use lights choose systems
with fluorescent lights because of the purchasing and operating costs. This be-
ing the case, those orchids requiring low light will do great, while those requir-
ing medium light will do OK if they are not too tall, under 12 inches (30 cm).
For windowsill gardeners, the amount of light available for growing
orchids depends upon the direction your windows face and how large they
are. If you have a spacious, unobstructed south-facing window that receives at
least five to six hours of sunlight, then orchids requiring high light are a pos-
sibility. For most other window exposures, the orchids preferring medium to
low light intensity will be the better choice.
See appendix B, Orchids by Light Requirements, to help you choose.
Temperature
Greenhouse owners in most parts of the country find that orchids in the inter-
mediate temperature range, 55–60ºF (13–15ºC) night temperature, 65–75ºF
(18–24ºC) during the day—are the logical choice. Fortunately, most orchids in
cultivation are in this category. All greenhouses have microclimates that are
warmer or cooler than average. In these spots you can grow some of the
orchids with warmer or cooler temperature requirements. For growers in very
hot climates such as southern Texas, southern Florida, and Arizona, it is a
real challenge to grow the orchids requiring cool night temperature. Without
heroic efforts on the grower’s part, these orchids usually suffer a slow death in
such climates.
Most indoor gardeners will also find the intermediate-temperature orchids
easiest to manage. If the air temperature is on the cool side, warmer orchids,
like Phalaenopsis, can be successfully grown by placing their pots on water-
proof heating pads used for seed starting. These pads increase the media and
root zone temperature by 10 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit (5–8 degrees Celsius)
without the cost of heating the entire growing area.
Selecting and Buying Orchids 21
To provide lower temperatures for those orchids requiring it, windowsill

growers can place the plants closer to the windows where heat is lost during
the evening. Light growers using tiered carts should plant cooler loving
orchids on the bottom shelf (which is also closer to the cool floor) and the
warm loving ones on the top where they will benefit from the warmer air ris-
ing from the bulbs and ballasts. With HID lights the warmest area is the one
closest to the bulb.
See appendix C, Orchids by Nighttime Temperature Preferences, to help
you choose.
Dendrobium Aussie Quest × Den. Ku-Ring-Gai is an example of cold-tolerant

and fragrant dendrobiums being produced by Australian orchid breeders.
22 Chapter 2
Size of Plant
A large cattleya in full bloom is a spectacular sight, but whether it will fit in
your growing space is an important consideration. If you are growing in a
greenhouse, windowsill, or under HID lights, a large cattleya probably will
probably fit, but how much space do you want to take up with one plant?
Under fluorescent light carts, such a plant is not likely to be suitable. The
plant may not fit under the light unit, and even if it does, the lower leaves will
not likely receive enough light for the plant to grow and bloom well. Fortu-
nately, breeding compact plants has become a very important criteria to orchid
hybridizers today, so many of these more space efficient orchids of all types are
now available.
Favorite Colors
Orchids come in such a myriad of colors, why settle for anything less than
your favorite colors? When choosing orchids for color, remember that the type
of light under which you view plants makes a big difference as to how the col-
ors appear. All colors look accurate in diffused natural light, but regular fluo-
rescent lights make reds pale and blues darker, and incandescent lights make
reds redder and blues dull. Also, be aware that orchids will not frequently
reach their true color until they have been open for several days.
Nobody ever has enough blue-flowering plants, and very few of them are fragrant, like
this one, Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Blue Moon’. A compact grower, this orchid is perfect for
lights or a windowsill.
Favorite Fragrances
Fragrance preference is very personal. A scent that may be heavenly to one
person may be non-existent or nauseating to another. Check out appendix D,
Orchids by Intensity of Fragrance, where fragrance descriptions are also given.
Time of Day and Year for Blooming

When are you home to enjoy your orchids? Do you work long days and rarely
make it back for supper? Maybe orchids with an evening fragrance would be
more rewarding for you. See appendix E, Orchids by Time of Fragrance for
help in choosing your plants.
Also, what time of the year are fragrant orchids most important to you? Do
you want to have a sweet-smelling orchid in your house year-round, or is win-
ter when you would most appreciate the fragrance of flowering orchids to
help you get through the winter blahs? See appendix F, Orchids by Season of
Bloom, to select orchids that will put on their show when you want them to.
You will notice that some species and many of the hybrids in appendix F
have a “variable” season of bloom. This includes varieties that bloom only
once, but at various times of the year. Some of these varieties are triggered to
initiate flower buds after they have gone through a cool drop of 15 degrees
Fahrenheit (8 degrees Celsius) between daytime and evening temperatures
This cross of Brassolaeliocattleya Erin Kobayashi and Potinara Marlene

Lunquist is a wonderful combination of sumptuous color and sweet fruity
fragrance. It will frequently bloom more than one time a year.
24 Chapter 2
or dry period for a few to several weeks. This treatment mimics what the
plants would face in their natural habitats during winter when temperatures
naturally cool off or in tropical areas where plants go through a dry season.
Large-scale producers of orchids like the hybrid Phalaenopsis can deliver
blooming plants year-round by temperature manipulation. To some degree
this is possible with many orchids, especially the hybrids. Some of the species
adhere more to their natural biological clocks.
The Plant Selection Process

After you have worked through the exercise of deciding which orchids fit your
requirements, you are now ready to shop. To find the closest orchid supplier
to you, check out the American Orchid Society’s marketplace on the Web
(http:www.aos.org), where dealers can be searched by state. Orchids, the pub-
lication of the American Orchid Society, also contains ads from various orchid
growers.
After you pick a grower, have arrived at the greenhouse, and have live
plants in front of you, here are some things to look for. Make sure all the plants
around you are healthy. If they are covered with bugs or disease, the likeli-
hood of the plant that you pick out having them, whether you see evidence or
not, is high. Assuming the plants in the greenhouse look good overall, it is
time to look closely at the specific plants that interest you. Make sure they are
clearly labeled. Gently lift up on the plant to see how firmly it is rooted in the
pot. If it wobbles around, indicating few roots, pass it up. Notice if there are
any weeds in the pot. A few cloverlike weeds, Oxalis, may be acceptable, but too
many weeds is a sign of careless culture and these intruders will be difficult to
eradicate. Since the oxalis roots wrap around the orchid’s roots, the only way
you can really get rid of these weeds is to repot the plant. Check out the leaves.
They should be free of spots from disease and have a healthy green color.
Mature vs. Immature Plants

For the quickest, most predictable result, buy blooming-size plants. And, if
you are new to orchids, you are better off purchasing a plant that is as mature
as possible. If you can buy it in bloom, it is all the better. You will pay more for
it, but this way you will see exactly what the flower looks like, what it smells
like, how large it gets when it is mature, and it won’t take as long for it to
bloom again.
If you decide to buy immature plants, beware that the designations used by
many growers to indicate the size or maturity of their plants—BS (blooming
size) and NFS (near flowering size)—can vary quite a bit as to how long it will
actually take until they flower. The usual rule of thumb is that NFS plants
What you see is what

you get when you buy
a mature flowering
plant. This Zygoneria
hybrid displays wild
and wonderful colors
and a hyacinth
fragrance.
could bloom within a year; BS plants within six months. To be sure your sup-
plier agrees with these definitions, ask him or her how long it will be before
the plants bloom.
Buying Orchid Plants by Mail

Buying plants by mail is another alternative and is the only one viable for
many people who live too far away for a personal visit to the grower. Fortu-
nately, there are plenty of highly reputable orchid dealers that have excellent
quality plants and know how to ship them across the country and still have
them arrive at your home in top condition. I have compiled a short list of some
of these reputable dealers and have annotated it with comments relevant to
fragrant orchids. See appendix G, Sources for Fragrant Orchids. When you
search for fragrant orchids, deal with a grower who has knowledge about and
interest in these types of orchids.
To choose fragrant orchids from these vendors you can take several
approaches. Some of the dealers have Web sites that allow you to do a search
for fragrant orchids. Others have Web sites or catalogs where fragrance by
variety is noted. Also, look for the various fragrant species mentioned in this
book or hybrids that contain at least one of these species, but be aware that
within a species certain selections can be much more fragrant than others.
Ask the grower if his or her selection of the species you are after has a pleas-
ant scent. Hybrids with two fragrant parents are almost certainly fragrant
themselves. If only one parent is fragrant, the result is less certain. Look for
specific fragrant clones that are listed in this book because they will be depend-
ably fragrant.
Chapter 3
The Basics of Growing Orchids
Orchids have been given a bad rap. Many people still feel these plants are
reserved for wealthy individuals who are endowed with a fancy greenhouse
and deep pockets. While it’s true that some folks spend an unimaginable
amount of money on this hobby (or obsession), wealth is not a requirement.
Modern production techniques have made better-quality, easier-to-grow vari-
eties of orchids available at prices at or below what they were ten to twenty years
ago. Award-quality clones can be purchased for the price of a shrub, and they
are available at a variety of sources ranging from home supply stores to special-
ist growers. Orchids have become plants that anyone with a sunny windowsill
or fluorescent light setup can afford and enjoy. They have rapidly become one
of America and Europe’s most popular houseplants; in fact, in the United
States, they are now the second most popular blooming plant next to poinset-
tias! And unlike poinsettias, their popularity and sales are climbing every year.
Orchids are not difficult to grow. They just have cultural requirements
that must be met, like all plants. In this chapter I will present fundamental
orchid growing information, based largely on my own experience of growing
orchids in a greenhouse, under lights, and in windowsills for about 40 years.
Fortunately, many fine books are available on basic orchid care that you can
consult for more detailed information. Check out the American Orchid Soci-
ety’s Web site and their bookstore for some sound advice on book selection
based on your level of knowledge, what part of the country you live in, and
which types of orchids you prefer to grow.
Sufficient Light
Light is one of the most critical cultural requirements for orchids as it is for all
green plants. It, along with water and carbon dioxide (CO2), are the raw mate-
rial plants use to produce their food. Providing sufficient light is the cultural
26
The Basics of Growing Orchids 27
requirement most challenging to meet for indoor gardeners in areas of the

country like New England, the Northeast, and the Midwest that suffer from
short days and low light during the winter. Fortunately, plenty of species and
hybrids of orchids don’t require super high light intensities and so are more
suited to these climates. Orchid growers blessed with naturally high light in
places like Hawaii, California, and Florida have more of a problem reducing
the light intensities and lowering high temperatures.
The Ins and Outs of Light Intensities

Orchids are traditionally categorized by their light requirements—high (2500
foot candles or higher), medium (1500–2500 foot candles), and low (less than
1500 foot candles). Modestly priced light meters are available to measure light
in these units. All the orchids mentioned in this book are listed in appendix B
by their light requirements. Most of them are in the medium light category.
Those in the low to medium categories are very feasible under lights or in
bright windowsills throughout the United States. From a practical point of
view, the ones with high light requirements are most successfully grown in
bright greenhouses.
Greenhouses collect light and are the brightest light option for growing
orchids. The amount of light penetrating the greenhouse is determined by
the glazing material used, the geographical location of the greenhouse, how it
is sited, and whether it is shaded or not by surrounding trees or a commercial
shading compound or fabric.
Windowsills also collect light, though not to the degree that greenhouses
do. The amount of light that windowsills can provide is primarily determined
by the size of the windows, the direction the windows face, and how far the
plants are placed from the windows. The time of the year can also make a great
deal of difference. During winter, for example, the sun is lower in the sky and
the day length is shorter. As a result a south-facing window may be fine for
certain orchids during the winter, but in summer the increased light intensity
and duration of light may require moving the orchids to an east-facing window.
Artificial light sources make it possible for people without greenhouses or
bright windowsills to still enjoy this hobby. Although what can be grown
under these light sources is only restricted by equipment and electricity costs,
growing plants under lights is a most practical method with low to medium
light orchids.
The Canadian Orchid Congress published a handy chart showing the light
levels offered in various growing situations. It is used here with their permis-
sion. Light levels for windowsill orchids was measured by the number of
hours of sunlight offered and the direction of the window. Greenhouse light
levels were expressed as a percentage of summer light to be deducted from
100 percent, the amount of light a greenhouse would receive in full sun in
28 Chapter 3
summer. For example, to grow an orchid requiring very high light, the last
category in this chart, you would subtract 45 percent from 100 percent, leav-
ing 55 percent. That is, an orchid requiring very high light should be grown in
a greenhouse under shading with a shade density of 55 percent. Finally, light
levels for plants grown under fluorescent lights were calculated in number of
watts per square meter (9.84 square feet) rather than in foot candles.
Displaying tropical orchids in bloom on a plant stand indoors is a great way

to chase away the winter blues. This stand backs up to an east-facing sliding
glass door.
light level windowsill & hours of sun greenhouse fluorescent lights

Low Bright north or east facing; 15% of summer light 100–200 watts/meter2
1–2 hours of sun
Medium East or west facing; 25% of summer light 200 watts/meter2
2–3 hours of sun
High West or south facing; 35% of summer light 400 watts/meter2
4 hours of sun
Very high South facing; 45% of summer light Not recommended
5–6 hours of sun
Orchids Tell You How Much Light They Need

Different types of orchids have varying light requirements since they natu-
rally grow in a wide range of habitats. Some thrive in full sun on exposed rock,
while others are at home in dense jungle shade. The leaves of the plant give you
some clue as to their light requirements. Very tough, thick, stout and some-
time narrow leaves frequently are adapted to very high light intensity. Softer,
more succulent, and wider leaves usually are from a lower light environment.
Although some orchid growers rely on light meters to read foot candles to
determine correct light levels, the plant themselves are very good indicators.
Orchids will tell you by their growth habits and leaf color if they are receiving
adequate, too little, or too much
light. When orchids are receiving
sufficient light, the mature leaves
are usually a medium to light green,
the new leaves are the same size or
larger and the same shape as the
mature ones, the foliage is stiff and
compact, not floppy, and the plants
are flowering on schedule.
One of the most frequent results
of inadequate light is succulent,
dark green foliage and no flowers.
Other symptoms include “stretch-
ing,” where the distance between
the new leaves on the stem of
orchids like paphiopedilum, phala-
enopsis, or vandas, are further apart
than with the older, mature leaves.
Also, the new leaves and leads tend The light yellow coloration indicates this
to be longer and thinner. cattleya leaf is receiving the maximum
When orchids receive too much amount of light before sunburn will occur.
30 Chapter 3
Notice that the long distance between the leaves on A paphiopedilum leaf with a round or
the stem of this paphiopedilum causes a ladder oval brown spot caused by too much
effect. This is the result of insufficient light. light or sunburn.
light the leaves turn a yellow-green or take on a reddish cast and may appear
stunted. In extreme cases, the leaves show circular or oval sunburn spots. The
“sunburn” is actually caused by the leaf overheating and although, in itself,
this leaf damage may not cause extreme harm to the plant if it is isolated to a
small area, it does make the plant unsightly.
If the sunburn occurs at the growing point, it can kill that lead or the entire
plant. It is possible to grow orchids under higher-than-usual light intensities
if the ventilation is increased to lower the elevated leaf temperatures. Some
orchid cut flower growers “push” their orchids to produce the maximum num-
ber of blooms by growing plants under the highest light intensity that does not
burn them. Most hobby growers, however, want a plant that has attractive
foliage and flowers and thus do not follow this practice.
Many Options with Artificial Lights

It can be rather daunting for a beginner to wade through the many lighting
options available today. Fluorescent systems are still the most accessible and
economical ones to buy. Three-tiered light carts are highly versatile and practi-
cal. Most of them are about 2 feet wide by 4 feet long (60 by 120 cm) so their three
shelves provide 24 square feet (about 2 square meters) of growing area. If you
grow compact orchids, this will be enough space to have at least one or more
orchids in bloom year around. If you grow miniatures, it will provide space ade-
quate for an entire collection. The convenience of such a cart can’t be beat. You
can place it in a heated garage, in the basement, or in a spare bedroom.
The choice of which bulbs or lamps you burn in your fixtures is a highly
debated topic. Years ago the only real choices were cool white and warm white
tubes. Some people still feel that a mix of half cool white and half warm white
Four-tube, rather than two-tube, units are highly recommended for low to
medium light orchids.
An adjustable light fixture like

this one is very handy for
accommodating developing
flower spikes.
32 Chapter 3
tubes is the best option because they are bright and very inexpensive. With the
introduction of Sylvania’s Gro-Lux tubes, designed to provide light that more
closely reflected the spectrum of light that plants used in photosynthesis, a
new race began to produce the “best” plant bulb. The evolution of lamps has
gone from Gro-Lux to wide spectrum types and now to the full spectrum
bulbs. Reputedly the light cast by the full spectrum lamp most closely resem-
bles natural sunlight. Viewed under these lamps, colors of the flowers are ren-
dered more accurately. I have grown orchids well under all three lamp types.
For growers who want flowers to appear most naturally colored under the
lights and don’t mind paying a premium for the lamps, the full spectrum types
are the best choice. The most economical and still satisfactory pick is half
warm white and half cool white lamps. A compromise between these two
options would be a blend of half warm white and cool white tubes and half
wide or full spectrum lamps.
Newer to the artificial light choices are the high intensity discharge (HID)
lights. They are very efficient in their production of light and are especially
useful for growing orchids that require higher light intensities than fluorescent
lamps can provide and/or where greater working distance between the lights
and plants are desired. For much more detail on this topic I recommend
Charles Marden Fitch’s excellent guide Growing Orchid Under Lights (2002) and
Patti Lee’s chapter in The Gardener’s Guide to Growing Orchids (Fitch 2004b).
Some Like It Hot, Some Like It Cold

Orchids are frequently placed in three difference categories based on their
night temperature preferences:
Cool 45–50ºF (7–10ºC)
Intermediate 55–60ºF (12–15ºC)
Warm 65ºF (18ºC) and above
The assumption is that the daytime temperature will be 15 degrees Fahrenheit
(8 degrees Celsius) or more warmer than this night temperature. These num-
bers are not absolutes, but rather guidelines. Most orchids are quite adapt-
able and tolerant of varying temperatures, short of freezing, but for optimum
growth these temperature ranges are good targets. If orchids are exposed to
cooler than recommended ranges, their growth will be slowed down and in
extreme cases can lead to buds falling off before they open. Also, cooler tem-
peratures can reduce the plant’s disease resistance. A short bout of higher-
than-desired temperatures will not prove that harmful as long as the humid-
ity stays high. If daytime temperatures routinely run much above those
recommended, the plant will also be stressed and growth will be retarded or
will stop altogether.
One critically important factor with orchids is their temperature differen-

tial requirement of at least 10 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit (5–8 degrees Celsius)
between the warmer day temperature and the cooler evening temperature. If
this differential is not met, the orchids will not grow vigorously, and probably
most importantly, will not set flower buds. Not meeting this requirement is
one of the most common reasons that home grown orchids don’t bloom.
Humidity Is the Moisture in the Air

Humidity is something you can’t see, but can feel on a muggy summer day or
in a steamy greenhouse. Most plants, except those from arid areas, relish it.
The vast majority of orchids are from the tropics where high rainfall and
humidity predominate.
When plants receive ample humidity they grow lushly and their leaves
have a healthy shine. Insufficient humidity can cause stunting of the growth
and, in severe cases, brown tips on leaves. It can also contribute to buds falling
off (bud blast), leaves wrinkling, and drying of the sheaths that can trap the
buds resulting in twisted or malformed flowers.
During the winter, homes, especially those in cold climates with forced-air
heating systems, have a relative humidity of about 15 percent. Since this is the
average humidity found in most desert areas, something has to be done to
raise the indoor humidity to 50 percent or more—the level that makes orchids
and other houseplants happy. For greenhouses, this process is a relatively sim-
ple matter. Either the walkways can be regularly hosed down or foggers and
commercial humidifiers can be hooked up to a humidistat so that the entire
operation is automatic.
High humidity levels that are no problem in a greenhouse would peel the
paint, plaster, and wallpaper off walls in a house, so home growers require a
different approach. Several steps can be taken to get to the desirable humid-
ity range without damaging results. First, it is a good idea to locate the grow-
ing area for your orchids in a naturally damp area, like the basement. Second
whether or not a naturally damp area is available, the home grower will need
a room humidifier. I find the best type is an evaporative-type humidifier. These
units have a pad that is dampened by water in a reservoir and then a fan draws
air across this pad and expels cool, humid air. Evaporative humidifiers are
superior to mist type humidifiers because they don’t result in a white film
from the minerals in the water being deposited on leaves or furniture.
To further increase the humidity level, it is commonly recommended to
grow the plants on top of a waterproof tray filled with pebbles. Water is added
to the tray so that the level is just below the surface of the pebbles, then the
plants are put on top of this bed of damp gravel. I don’t recommend this sys-
tem because I find that the pots, especially the heavy clay ones, unless they are
34 Chapter 3
placed on inverted saucers, quickly sink into the pebbles resulting in the
media in the pots getting soggy and, after repeated waterings, the pebbles
become clogged with algae and are a repository for insects and various disease
organisms. An approach that works much better in my experience is to add
sections of egg crate louvers, sold in home supply stores for diffusing fluores-
cent lights, to the trays. This material can be cut with a hack saw to whatever
size you need, is rigid so will support the plants above the water, exposes more
water to air so more humidity results, and is simply cleaned by removing and
spraying the grating with warm water. To prevent algae or disease buildup, you
can add a disinfectant like Physan to the water in the trays.
Misting is another frequently suggested method for increasing humidity.
This works OK, but must be done several times a day to be effective, since the
water usually evaporates very quickly. A problem with misting is that if your
water source is mineral laden, your orchid’s leaves may become encrusted in
white to the degree that they are unsightly and light is prevented from pene-
trating the leaves. A side benefit to misting is that it can clean the dust from
the leaves and keep down populations of pests like mites that thrive when it is
hot and dry.
Orchids Need Constant Air Movement

In most tropical lands where orchids reside, they luxuriate in incessant trade
winds. Air movement in a growing environment assures a more uniform air
temperature and dramatically reduces disease problems by preventing the
leaves from staying wet too long. It also evenly distributes the carbon dioxide
that is produced by the plants in the dark and used in photosynthesis during
the daylight hours.
The intention is not to create gale force winds, but to produce enough air-
flow to cause the leaves of the orchids to very gently sway in the breeze. I have
found that two of the most effective methods to provide such an air flow for
both a hobby greenhouse and an indoor growing area are the use of ceiling
and oscillating fans. Ceiling fans move a huge volume of air at a low velocity
in a circular pattern (from floor to ceiling or vice-versa), so they effectively
prevent severe temperature stratification. They are also inexpensive, easy to
install, and, if you purchase outdoor types, stand up well in moist conditions.
Oscillating fans are also a good choice, since they effectively cover large
areas with a constantly changing airflow pattern without excessively drying off
the plants. If you decide to go with oscillating fans, splurge for the better grade
ones. Inexpensive oscillating fans have plastic gears that strip easily, so the
oscillating feature won’t last long.
For small hot or cold spots in the greenhouse, windowsill, or light cart,
the small muffin fans frequently sold for electronic devices are efficient, quiet,
and very inexpensive to operate.
The Art of Watering Orchids

Probably more orchids are killed by improper watering, usually by over water-
ing, than by any other cultural practice. Learning how to properly water
orchids is one of the most challenging aspects of orchid culture.
When I give talks about orchids, one of the first questions asked by those
attending is, “How often should I water my orchids?” I really wish there was
an easy answer to this question, but there is not. There are so many variables
involved! Here are just a few of them:
• Are you growing in plastic or clay pots? The media in plastic pots dries off
much slower than it does in clay. With plastic, the media dries out from
the top down, so although it may be dry on top, it may still be damp 1
inch (2.5 cm) below the surface. With clay pots, the media dries out more
uniformly because the pot is porous.
• What type of media are you using? Media vary dramatically on how much
water they retain. For instance, sphagnum moss usually stays wet much
longer than bark.
• Is the orchid pot bound or not? An overgrown orchid will dry off much
more quickly than one that has plenty of space in the pot.
• What is your growing environment? Is it high humidity or low? Plants and
media in low humidity dry off quicker. What temperature are your plants
growing in? Warmer temperatures increase water evaporation. How much
ventilation do you plant have? The more ventilation, especially if air is
vented to the outside, the quicker water in the media evaporates.
• Are the orchids actively growing or dormant? When species of certain
orchids like some of the dendrobiums and catasetums are going through
their winter rest period, they need and should only be given very little
water, but when they start active growth in the spring and summer they
require copious amounts of water.
• What type of orchid are you growing? Some, like cattleyas, like to get dry
between waterings; others like paphiopedilums, phalaenopsis, and mil-
tonias prefer to always be damp.
• How old is the orchid growing medium? Anyone who has repotted an
orchid in fresh fir bark knows that the plant has to be watered much
more frequently the first few weeks until the medium gets properly
wetted. As this bark gets older it retains water longer. That’s true for
most media.
36 Chapter 3
You can now see why this is not an easy question to answer without consider-
ing many different factors.
Watering Techniques
Taking all of the above in consideration, you need to make the decision when
and how much to water. I find the pot weighing method one of the easiest to
learn. This first involves very thoroughly watering the orchid in its pot. Then
“weigh” it by picking it up. Now you know what it feels like when it is saturated
with water. Wait a day or so and weigh it again by picking it up. Feel the differ-
ence in the weight as the medium becomes drier. Keep doing this each day
until you judge, by looking at the surface and sticking your finger into the top
1 inch (2.5 cm) or so of the media and knowing whether this orchid prefers to
be on the damp or dry side, that it is time to water. Note what the weight is
now. Then water thoroughly. This entire process sounds tedious, but you will
be amazed how quickly you catch on. Once you master it, you will always
know the right time to water. Just lift the pot and you will get your answer.
Here are some other watering tips:
• Grow plants of similar type, media, pot type, and sizes in the same area.
This will make watering them easier, since they will have very similar
moisture requirements.
• Water with warm water. Very cold water can cause root and bud shock.
• Always use a water breaker, or for only a few plants, a sprinkling can with
a long spout and a water diffusing rose. These instruments water plants
thoroughly without washing out the media. A huge selection of watering
wands is offered now. I really like the ones with multiple settings on the
head that allow you to drench or mist without changing attachments, and
I find that those equipped with a finger trigger make it easier to regulate
the flow of water than those with an on-and-off valve.
• Never let the water breaker or the end of hose touch the ground. This was
a commandment given to me by my first horticulture professor, D. C.
Kiplinger. He preached that floors and soil are where the pathogens hang
out and a hose can be an all too effective way of spreading them.
• When you water, water thoroughly. The water should pour out from the
bottom of the pot. This method of watering ensures that the media is sat-
urated and flushes out any excessive fertilizer salts.
• Never let an orchid pot sit in water for any length of time. If the pot has a
saucer, make sure to keep the saucer free of water. Excess standing water
will prematurely rot the media and roots and will be a source of accumu-
lating fertilizer salts and pathogens.
• Water the plants early in the day or afternoon when there is adequate time
for the foliage to dry off before nightfall. Wet foliage in the evening is an
invitation for disease.
Signs of Improper Watering—Roots Tell the Story

Unfortunately, over and under watering show many of the same symptoms
because the net effect of both practices is the same, damaged or destroyed
root systems, which results in dehydration of the plant. The signs of this prob-
lem can be pleated leaves on miltonias, excessively shriveled pseudobulbs on
cattleyas, yellow and wilted bottom leaves on phalaenopsis, and bud blast
(buds fall off instead of opening) on all orchids.
To better evaluate whether over or under watering has caused these symp-
toms, you must remove the plant from its pot. Many beginner growers are
reluctant to do this, but if done carefully it will not harm plants and it is an
absolutely necessary procedure to see what is going on with the root system.
When the plant is removed from the pot, check out the medium. Is it soggy?
Does it have a bad (rotting) smell? Are the roots dark and mushy? These are all
signs of over watering. If the roots are dry rather than succulent, and have no
or few growing root tips, the orchid probably has not received enough water.
This can be because the media is too coarse and thus makes poor contact with
the roots or the water was not applied frequently enough.
The remedy to this situation depends on how dire the root condition of the
plant is. If there are still healthy, firm roots, then cut off all the soft ones with
a sterile tool like a single-edged razor, and repot in new mix. Water lightly for
a few weeks to encourage new root development. Mist the plants a few times
a day to prevent the leaves from drying out.
If the roots are almost all gone, emergency measures are called for and
recovery is not definite. Cut off all the dead or damaged roots, then drench the
roots with a liquid rooting hormone like Dip ’n Grow. Allow this liquid hor-
mone to dry on the roots for about an hour, then repot the orchid in fresh
media that has been pre-dampened.
Don’t water for a day, then water
once and place the potted orchid in
an enclosed terrarium (like a High
Top Propagator or an empty aquar-
ium) with damp sphagnum moss or
pebbles on the bottom. Close the
top and put the terrarium in a loca-
tion with diffused light. In a green-
house, this would be a shady spot
with no direct sunlight; under
lights, this would be at the ends of
the tubes where there is less illumi- Enclosed containers like this High Top Propagator
nation. If the terrarium is in the provide an atmosphere of 100-percent humidity
cool part of the greenhouse or grow- in which plants with damaged roots can reroot
ing area, put the entire terrarium on themselves.
38 Chapter 3
a heating mat set for 70ºF (21ºC) to provide bottom heat to stimulated rooting.
If disease is a concern, spray the orchid leaves with a disinfectant solution
like Physan. In this environment of 100% humidity the leaves will not dehy-
drate, so there will be no stress on the orchid while it reroots itself. Water the
media only when it gets dry, keep the gravel or moss in the bottom of the ter-
rarium damp, and leave the plant enclosed until new roots growth is very
apparent. This may take a few months. There are no guarantees with this
method, but it has brought back several orchids for me that were in the “hope-
less” category.
Fertilizing Is Not a Cure-All

Many people put much too much faith in fertilizers. They think fertilizer is
some type of elixir that will save the day. Actually, if the plant is in poor health,
fertilizers are rarely the answer. In fact, if the roots are damaged, as is fre-
quently the case, applying fertilizers worsens the problem. If roots are not
functioning well, they cannot absorb the fertilizer, and the fertilizer that is
not used by the plant can accumulate in the orchid media. This buildup of
fertilizer salts can further dehydrate and damage the remaining roots. Fertil-
izers are most useful as a boost to help an already healthy plant grow better.
The number and types of fertilizers on the market can make your head
spin! There is much mumbo-jumbo about why one fertilizer is better than
another. Fortunately, the choice is not near as complicated as some manufac-
turers seem to make it. The most enlightening and cogent explanation of
orchid fertilization that I have read appeared in Orchids in an article titled
“Without High Phosphorous, A New Fertilizer Proves Itself with Orchids” by
Jan Szyren (2003) and the accompanying sidebar by Bill Argo from the Hor-
ticulture Department at Michigan State University. According to Szyren,
orchids, like all plants, need a balanced fertilizer, but they do have some spe-
cial requirements. A good water-soluble fertilizer, the kind most recom-
mended and used by orchid growers, should have various qualities. From this
article and my own experience, I believe the following criteria apply to fertil-
izers for most orchid growing situations:
• Nitrogen should be provided as nitrate and ammonia. Both forms are
more immediately available to orchids in warm and cool temperatures
and do not have to be broken down by soil organisms before they become
available, which is what is required with urea-based products.
• High amounts of nitrogen, much more than 20 percent, are not neces-
sary to grow the best plants no matter what media they are grown in. Too
much of any nutrient cannot be used by the orchid plant and, as a result,
merely ends up as a pollutant.
• A high-phosphorous fertilizer (sometimes called “bloom booster”) is not

necessary to trigger better blooming.
• For most water sources a fertilizer with supplementary calcium (up to 15
percent) and magnesium (up to 8 percent) is a real plus. Get a water test
to find out if you happen to have sufficient quantities of either of these so
that they don’t need to be included in the fertilizer that you use.
• For most water sources, trace amounts of sodium, manganese, copper,
zinc, boron, iron, and molybdenum are beneficial.
The article mostly discusses two special orchid fertilizers developed for
orchids, one formulated for the well water at Michigan State University and
another for “pure” water. Although I have tried and am still using the “pure”
water formulation with good results, other fertilizers on the market also have
these qualities.
Other pointers to keep in mind are that it is better to fertilize more fre-
quently at a more dilute rate that less often at a higher concentration. Follow
the recommendations on the fertilizer container regarding how much to use.
When in doubt apply less, not more fertilizer. If you apply fertilizer at higher-
than-recommended dosage, root burn can occur. Remember fertilizers are a
form of salt and salts were some of the earliest weed killers, so they will dam-
age plants at high concentrations. Also, to be on the safe side, be sure your
media is damp before applying fertilizer. It is a good practice to drench the
media every few weeks or so with fresh water that contains no nutrients to
wash out any excess fertilizer salts. This is called “leaching.”
Pots, Potting, and Potting Media

Plastic pots have replaced clay as the standard. They are lightweight, inexpen-
sive, available in a vast range of sizes and types, and do not break easily. For
orchids that prefer constant moisture, they are almost always the choice. Clay
pots do still have a place, though. Their advantages include that they dry off
very thoroughly; are heavier, which can be a bonus for top-heavy orchids; and
are easier to use with clamp-on supports and clips, since clay pots are more
rigid than plastic. All of these features make them favored by some growers.
The truth is, you can grow most orchids in either type of pot, as long as you
learn the watering characteristics of each.
Orchids can also be mounted on wood or cork, a growing method often
recommended for plants that resent frequent potting and grow naturally as
epiphytes in situations where their roots accustomed to being exposed to the
air. Orchids that require excellent drainage and those with downward-growing
flower spikes, like stanhopeas, do well in slatted wooden baskets.
The range of choices in potting media is overwhelming and the ratios of
40 Chapter 3
When an epiphytic orchid like

this cattleya runs out of room,
new roots and leads form outside
of the pot. It would have been
best to repot this orchid just as
new roots are forming rather
than after they have already fully
developed. In this case the roots
will need to be trimmed before
placing into a new pot.
what materials are combined to give just the right potting media are just as
varied as everyone’s favorite recipe for brownies. Most all of them will work
OK, but each has its good and bad features. Here are some considerations
and generalizations regarding orchid potting and potting media:
• Determine whether your orchid is a terrestrial or epiphyte. Terrestrials do
better in a heavy, moisture-retaining mix, while epiphytes require excel-
lent drainage.
• Know your watering habits. If you water frequently, use a more free drain-
ing mix, one that contains larger grades of bark, coco chunks, charcoal,
or Aliflor. If you water less often, choose a media that retains more water,
such as sphagnum moss or a finer grade of bark, coco chunks, or charcoal.
• Use fine media for orchids with smaller roots, larger media for orchids
with larger roots.
• Remember that the frequency of repotting varies from eight months to
two years depending on how often you water, how quickly the orchid out-
grows its space, and the type of media used.
• Keep in mind that the best time to repot orchids is when they are putting
out new roots. This is usually immediately after they bloom.
• When repotting, remove all dead or shriveled growths and roots with a
sterile knife. A disposable single-edged razor blade is perfect for this. Use
one blade per plant to prevent disease spread.
Insect and Disease Control—Think Least-Toxic Solution

Fortunately, orchids have relatively few pest problems. Prevention is the key,
so isolate new orchids purchased for at least three weeks. Routinely examine
the young developing leaves, especially their undersides, and the flower buds
because insects are always attracted to succulent new growth. When you find
any insect pests, eliminate them immediately. This can be done most simply
by washing them off with warm water. I frequently follow this up with a spray
of insecticidal soap, light horticultural oil, or neem. One of my newest favorite
general insect controls is OrangeGuard, which is basically orange oil. It’s food-
safe; effective on all soft-bodied insects like aphids, scale, and mealy bugs;
and smells great. If you stay on top of insect control in the early stages, you will
rarely have to resort to the more toxic petrochemical choices.
It is basically the same story for diseases. Keep your growing operation
clean and you will greatly reduce your disease problems. Again isolate new
plants, water only during the day and afternoon so the foliage dries by the
evening, be sure you have good air circulation, and use sterile tools when per-
forming any cutting. If you discover a portion of a leaf with a suspicious spot,
remove the affected portion with a new single-edged razor or sharp shears
that have been flame sterilized. Cut the leaf back to at least 1⁄2 inch (1.5 cm) of
healthy tissue, and then spray the plant with a general disinfectant like
Physan. Some growers have successfully treated cuts with cinnamon.
For much more detail on this subject, I highly recommend the superb
American Orchid Society booklet titled Orchid Pests and Diseases (Watson 2002).
Summer Care
Some orchid growers continue growing their plants indoors under lights, in
windowsills, or in the greenhouse throughout the summer. The challenge
during this time is to reduce the light intensity and control the high heat, both
Vandaceous plants can easily be summered over outdoors by hanging them from a free-
standing support or suspended rod against the garage.
The author’s shade house is an 8-foot (2.4-meter) square simply constructed structure
using wood lath and 4- x 4-inch (10- x 10-cm) pressure treated wood posts.
Inside the shade house plants are arranged on stepped wire benches to allow easy
watering, good air circulation, and adequate water drainage.
of which can be damaging. For these reasons, summering the orchids out-
doors is an attractive option. For growers who rely on lights, moving plants
outdoors means a welcome relief from high electric bills and for greenhouse
and windowsill growers it provides an opportunity to clean up the growing
area. Also, most orchids are not in bloom during the summer so they are not
at their best visually and they respond very favorably to a summer vacation
outdoors. I summer my orchids in a lath house constructed of pressure-
treated wood supports and lath.
Shading, usually 50–60 percent or more depending on the location of the
shade house and the types of orchids grown, is very necessary and is provided
by lath or shading fabrics. I also installed in this shade house a watering sys-
tem consisting of multiple small sprayers or misters controlled by a timer
that has a manual override. I grow the plants on stepped wire frame benches
that ensure even lighting and easy watering.
I covered the roof of the lath house with 6-mil clear plastic, which is
stretched over a peaked wooden frame. I used to leave the roof of the lath
house open to receive natural rainfall, but found that it sometimes rained
when I didn’t want it to, at night, when it was too cool or when it was already
wet. The covered roof gives me control to water when it is needed. Besides pro-
viding an opportunity to clean up your indoor growing area, having a space
outdoors allows you to apply heavier duty pest controls, if necessary, without
smelling up your house. Finally, the natural temperature differential between
day and night, especially in the early fall, is very effective in setting flower
buds for the upcoming late fall and winter blooming.
Chapter 4
The Cattleya Alliance
To many people, especially those from the older generation, the words orchid
and cattleya were synonymous. The first prom or Mother’s Day corsage that
they gave or received was likely purple. In fact the color “orchid” is this purple
hue.
The Cattleya Alliance has long been a favorite of both professional and
amateur orchid growers worldwide because it has one of the widest spectrums
of rich colors and is found with growth habits ranging from miniature to 3 feet
(90 cm) or more. Sweet, heavy fragrance has also frequently been a trademark
of some of the species and many of the hybrids in this group.
Most genera within this illustrious group, including Brassavola, Encyclia,
Epidendrum, and Rhyncholaelia, can be interbred to produce a seemingly end-
less array of color and fragrance combinations.
Since the first cattleya hybrids were made in the mid 1800s by the famous
English company, Veitch Nurseries, breeders have kept up a furious pace of
new introductions with no end in sight. Before cloning made award-quality
plants affordable, the best forms and hybrids commanded sky-high prices.
Today’s hobbyist growers are treated to the finest quality hybrids and clones at
very reasonable prices, and these plants are easier to grow.
Earlier hybridizing efforts, as was case with many other garden flowers,
particularly roses, were primarily focused on producing bigger and more
numerous flowers per stem in a broader range of colors with more vigorous
plants. Little or no effort was made to retain fragrance in these hybrids. Since
fragrance can be a recessive characteristic, the result was that fewer hybrids
retained this most desirable quality. Fortunately, orchid buyers have been
clamoring for the sweet scent of many of the species, and so breeders are
responding with efforts to bring back fragrance in many of today’s hybrids.
In this chapter I present profiles of some of key members of the Cattleya
Alliance, starting with the species, followed by the hybrids. Standard-sized
44
The Cattleya Alliance 45
cattleya hybrids grow 12–18 inches (30–45 cm) on average, but can get larger.
Minicatts (dwarf and miniature cattleya hybrids) range from less than 6 inches
(15 cm) to more than 12 inches (30 cm).
Species
Brassavola flagellaris
Pronunciation: bra-SAH-vo-la
Origin: Brazil
Description and qualities: Produces one of the most pleasing fragrances
of all the orchids.
Intensity of fragrance: Very strong
When fragrant: Evening
Description of fragrance: Hot-chocolate
Flower description: Creamy green petals and sepals with white heart-
shaped lip and a green-yellow throat. Flowers less than 3 inches (7.5 cm)
wide. Inflorescence 3–5 inches (7.5–12.5 cm) tall, bearing three to five
flowers.
Season of bloom: Fall
Mature plant: Skinny, fleshy, semi-pendulous, terete leaves up to 18
inches (45 cm) long.
Ease of culture: Intermediate
Suitable growing area: Windowsill, greenhouse
Light: High to full sun
Brassavola flagellaris is very fragrant yet not commonly grown. Photo by Allen Black.
46 Chapter 4
Temperature: Intermediate to warm

Recommended potting medium: A clay pot or wooden basket supple-
mented with chunks of cork
Brassavola nodosa
Pronunciation: bra-SAH-vo-la
Aka: Epidendrum nodosum, Brassavola venosa
Origin: Mexico, Central America, Columbia, Venezuela
Common name: Lady of the night
Fragrant offspring: Brassavola Moonlight Perfume (B. nodosa × B. glauca)
Description and qualities: This very popular native of Mexico and South
America is very easy to grow and bloom.
Intensity of fragrance: Strong
Description of fragrance: Freesia, lily-of-the-valley
Flower description: Pale green to creamy white flowers with lips some-
times marked purple. Flowers 3–6 inches (7.5–15 cm) across. Inflores-
cence erect, 8 inches (20 cm) tall, bearing one to six flowers.
Season of bloom: Variable
Mature plant: Clump forming, to 18 inches (45 cm) tall but usually much
shorter. Stems and leaves are subterete.
Ease of culture: Easy
Suitable growing area: Windowsill, lights, greenhouse
Light: Medium to high
A wonderful beginner’s orchid, Brassavola nodosa fills up the evening air

with its enchanting scent.

Recommended potting medium: Fine- to medium-textured, well-drained
mix.
Special cultural tip: Don’t divide unnecessarily as this orchid flowers and
looks best when grown into a large specimen plant.
Comment: This species frequently passes on its ease of blooming, compact
habit, and fragrance to its offspring.
Other fragrant brassavolas: B. cucullata—musty-soapy; B. Little Stars—
soapy-sweet; B. martiana—soapy-sweet; B. tuberculata—nicotiana, gar-
denia; B. Yaki ‘Black’s Best’—musty-soapy.
Cattleya bicolor var. grossii

Pronunciation: KAT-lee-a
Aka: Cattleya grossii, Epidendrum iridee, Epidendrum bicolor
Origin: Brazil
Common name: Bi-colored cattleya
Description and qualities: A handsome, scented variety that is not
common in today’s collections.
Intensity of fragrance: Light
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Spicy,
aromatic floral, rose
Flower description: Coppery to pinkish
brown flowers with striking dark pink
lips. Flowers 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide. In-
florescence terminal, 8–10 inches (20–35
cm) long, bearing up to 10 flowers.
Mature plant: Slender pseudobulbs grow
to 20 to 36 inches (50–85 cm) tall.
Suitable growing area: Windowsill,
greenhouse
Temperature: Intermediate
Recommended potting medium:
Medium-textured, well-drained mix
Special cultural tip: Repot only when
new roots are starting to develop.
Comment: Introduced by Messrs. Loddi- A waxy dark flower with a contrasting bright
ges of England in 1838 after it was col- pink lip makes Cattleya bicolor var. grossii a
lected from Brazil. stunner.
48 Chapter 4
Cattleya guttata
Aka: Epidendrum elegans, Cattleya elatior
Origin: Brazil
Common name: Spotted cattleya
Description and qualities: A spectacular addition to any collection.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Sweet floral
Flower description: Waxy green flowers with purple spots. The top por-
tion of the lip is white while the bottom is purple. Flowers 2–3 inches
(5–7.5 cm) wide. Inflorescence up to 18 inches (45 cm) tall, bearing five
to six flowers.
Season of bloom: Summer to fall
Mature plant: Medium-sized grower to 24 to 40 inches (60–100 cm) tall.
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured cattleya mix
Special cultural tip: Repot only when new roots are forming.
Comment: First collected by Portuguese botanist José Vellozo in Brazil in
1790.
Nature has a way of being dramatic, as Cattleya guttata with its flamboyant
flowers illustrates.
Cattleya intermedia
Aka: Cattleya ovata, Cattleya maritima
Origin: Brazil
Common name: Intermediate cattleya
Description and qualities: This
species, which is easy to grow and
bloom, has many color forms, includ-
ing ‘Carlos’, a selected cultivar with a
floral fragrance.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Sweet
floral
Flower description: White to pale
purple flowers up to 6 inches (15 cm)
wide. Inflorescence 10 in. (25 cm)
long, with few to several flowers. Cattleya intermedia var. orlata has an arresting
Season of bloom: Variable purple lip that contrasts with its light pink
petals and sepals.
Mature plant: Stems can reach about
15 inches (40 cm) and leaves about 6
greenhouse
Medium-textured orchid mix
Comment: Introduced in 1824 by
Captain Graham and first grown at
the Glasgow Botanic Garden in
Scotland.
Cattleya maxima
Aka: Epidendrum maximum
Origin: Ecuador, Colombia, Peru
Description and qualities: Consid- An exceptional selection of the species,
ered one of Ecuador’s most beauti- Cattleya maxima ‘Mountainside’ is from the
ful orchids. Vermont orchid growing establishment,
Intensity of fragrance: Strong Mountain Orchids.
50 Chapter 4
When fragrant: Day

Description of fragrance: Heliotrope, sweet pea
Flower description: Lavender-pink flowers with dark purple veins in the
lips and yellow throats. Flowers 5 inches (12.7 cm) wide. Inflorescence
up to 12 inches (30 cm) tall, bearing flowers in groups of three or more.
Mature plant: Reaches 5 to 15 inches (12.5–45 cm) tall.
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured bark or coco chunk
mix
Comment: Discovered by Hipólito Ruíz López and José A. Pavon, Spanish
botanists in 1777 in the Peruvian Andes.
Cattleya walkeriana var. alba

Aka: Cattleya bulbosa
Origin: Brazil
Common name: Walker’s cattleya
Fragrant offspring: Laeliocattleya Mini Purple (Cattleya walkeriana ×
Laelia pumila)
A white form of the species, Cattleya walkeriana var. alba has fine shape and super
fragrance. It is used extensively in breeding because of both characteristics.
Description and qualities: The species is found in various color forms

with the white-flowering ones usually having the best shape.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Vanilla, cinnamon
Flower description: White, flat flowers of a waxy, thick substance. Flower
3 inches (7.5 cm) across. Inflorescence 8 inches (20 cm) long, bearing
one to a few flowers. The typical species has rose-purple flowers.
Mature plant: A miniature grower, up to about 6 inches (15 cm) tall.
Recommended potting medium: Medium orchid mix
Comment: An easy-to-grow and popular species. The compact habit and
fragrance of this species have made it a cornerstone in miniature cattleya
breeding. Discovered by Mr. Gander in Brazil in 1839.
Encyclia cordigera
Pronunciation: en-SIK-lee-a
Aka: Encyclia atropurpurea
Origin: Central America, Columbia,
Venezuela, Mexico
Description and qualities: Consid-
ered by many to be the handsomest
Mexican encyclia. Has many color
forms. Produces its strongest fra-
grance in full sunlight.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Honey
and vanilla
Flower description: Deep maroon-
red flowers with bright pink lips.
Flowers about 3 inches (7.5 cm)
wide. Inflorescence 24 inches (60
cm) tall, bearing 2 to 10 flowers.
Mature plant: Clusters of fat, oblong Vanilla fragrance and easy culture make
pseudobulbs grow 12–15 inches (30- Encyclia cordigera a favorite with beginners
37 cm) tall. and veteran orchid growers.
52 Chapter 4

Recommended potting medium: Standard cattleya mix
Comment: Described by F. H. A. von Humboldt in 1815 as Cymbidium
cordigerum.
Encyclia fragrans
Pronunciation: en-SIK-lee-a
Aka: Epidendrum fragrans
Origin: Mexico, Central America, northern South America
Common name: Clamshell orchid
Description and qualities: A cockle-shell orchid that is simple to grow.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Honey, vanilla, gardenia, magnolia, lilac
Flower description: Greenish white sepals and petals with purple stripes
in the lip. Flowers 2 inches (5 cm) across. Inflorescence to 5 inches (13
cm) long, bearing two to eight flowers.
Mature plant: Reaches up to 16 inches (40 cm) tall.
The flower of Encyclia fragrans may not be that impressive, but its heavy gardenia
fragrance is.

Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: Standard cattleya mix
Comment: A great beginner’s orchid because of its undemanding culture.
One of the earliest orchids in cultivation, it flowered at the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, in England in 1782.
Other fragrant encyclias: Encycl. adenocaula—floral; Encycl. citrina—
lemon; Encycl. lancifolia—spicy; Encycl. phoenicea—chocolate; Encycl.
polybulbon—sandalwood, cloves; Encycl. radiata—spicy floral, coconut
cream pie, lilac, carnation, hyacinth; Encycl. tampensis—honey; Encycl.
trulla—spice.
Laelia anceps
Pronunciation: LAY-lee-a
Aka: Laelia barkeriana
Origin: Mexico
Common name: El Toro
Description and qualities: This species comes in many color forms.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Primrose, vanilla
Flower description: Light lavender flowers with darker purple lips and
throats. Flowers 2.5–3 inches (6–8
cm) wide. Inflorescence a tall spike
up to 3 feet (1 m) long, bearing flow-
ers in clusters of two to six.
Mature plant: A compact plant about
1 foot (30 cm) tall.
Suitable growing area: Greenhouse,
windowsill
Recommended potting medium: Well-
drained cattleya mix or mounted
Comment: A hardy orchid to 20ºF
(−6ºC) that is sometimes planted
outdoors in parts of Florida and Cal- Laelia anceps comes in many color forms. This
ifornia. First introduced by Messrs. especially fine selection in the photo comes from
Loddiges in 1835. J & L Orchids in Connecticut.
54 Chapter 4
Laelia perrinii
Aka: Cattleya perrinii, Cattleya intermedia var. angustifolia
Origin: Central Brazil
Common name: Perrin’s laelia
Description and qualities: A compact grower not yet commonly grown.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Spicy floral
Flower description: Lavender flowers with deep violet-edged trumpet-
shaped lips and with white throats. Flowers up to 6 inches (15 cm) wide.
Inflorescence 3–6 inches (7–15 cm), bearing one to four flowers. The spe-
cies has several color forms including a white (alba) and a blue (coerulea).
Mature plant: Reaches about 6 inches (15 cm) high.
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured epiphytic mix
Special cultural tip: Prefers warm, wet summers and cooler, drier winters.
Comment: Described by botanist James Bateman in 1847, who named it
after a Mr. Perrin, gardener for R. Harrison.
A compact grower and not yet commonly grown, Laelia perrinii has a light,
spicy, pleasant scent.
Laelia tenebrosa
Aka: Laelia grandis var. tenebrosa
Origin: Brazil
Common name: Dark laelia
Description and qualities: This laelia species displays a very wide range
of rich, bright colors in its flowers, from yellow to orange and shades of
red. The lip is also variable in color, but always striking.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Spicy
Flower description: Bronze- or copper-colored flowers, lips trumpet-like
and flaring, white with a purple ring. Flowers up to about 7 inches (18
cm) wide. Inflorescence about 12 inches (30 cm) long, bearing two or
three flowers that last about two weeks.
Mature plant: Reaches about 18 inches (45 cm) tall. Leaves sometimes
have a purplish tint.
Ease of culture: Challenging
Recommended potting medium: Coarse-textured, fast-draining mix
Laelia tenebrosa displays a dazzling color combination that only nature

could have imagined.
56 Chapter 4
Special cultural tip: Water heavily during the growing season, but keep
on the dry side for about three months during the winter. Increase light
intensity to initiate flowering.
Comment: Described in Orchid Review in 1893 by Robert A. Rolfe.
Other fragrant laelias: L. albida—primrose; L. lundii—floral scent; L.
pumila var. coerulea—light floral; L. purpurata var. werckhauseri—spice,
anise; L. rubescens—wintergreen.
Rhyncholaelia digbyana
Pronunciation: rink-oh-LAY-lee-a
Aka: Brassavola digbyana, Laelia digbyana
Origin: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras
Fragrant offspring: Brassolaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise (Brassolaeliocatt-
leya Fortune × Rhyncholaelia digbyana)
Description and qualities: Very important as a parent to impart its won-
derful fragrance, fringed lip, and large flower size. Ernest Hetherington
(1986a) of Fred E. Stewart Orchids stated, “The delightful fragrance
blends with other species, such as Cattleya dowiana, into a multitude
of pleasing fragrances.”
Description of fragrance: Lily-of-the-valley, lemon
Flower description: Apple green flowers with spectacular, unique,
fringed lips. Flowers usually 4–5 inches (10–13 cm) across, but can be
Rhyncholaelia digbyana has passed on its unique fringed lip, lime-colored flower,
and sumptuous fragrance to many modern hybrids.
up to 7 inches (18 cm). Inflorescence 3–6 inches (7.5–15 cm) tall, bearing
one flower.
Season of bloom: Spring to summer
Mature plant: Compact habit, up to 14 inches (40 cm) tall.
Ease of culture: Challenging
Recommended potting medium: Mounted on a slab or in very loose, well-
draining medium in a clay pot
Special cultural tip: Keep dry and on the very bright side. Allow plants to
dry out well between waterings.
Comment: Named after Vincent Digby of Minterne in Dorsetshire, Eng-
land, who flowered it for the first time in 1845.
Rhyncholaelia glauca
Pronunciation: rink-oh-LAY-lee-a
Aka: Brassavola glauca
Origin: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras
Description and qualities: Another fragrant beauty that is easier to grow
than its revered cousin, Rhyncholaelia digbyana.
Description of fragrance: Rose, lily-
of-the-valley, cyclamen, raspberry
Flower description: Pale green flow-
ers with white lips. Flowers about 21⁄2
inches (6.5 cm) wide. Inflorescence
3–6 inches long, with a single flower.
Season of bloom: Spring
Mature plant: Compact habit. Leaves
grow to about 5 inches (12.5 cm) long.
lights, greenhouse
Light: Medium
Temperature: Warm
Medium-textured epiphytic mix
Comment: Originally found by J.
Henchman in the 1800s in Mexico. Rhyncholaelia glauca is a popular species be-
cause of its sweet fragrance and showy flower.
58 Chapter 4
Hybrids
Brassocattleya Binosa ‘Kirk’ AM/AOS
Pronunciation: brass-oh-KAT-lee-a
Origin: Brassavola nodosa × Cattleya bicolor
Fragrant parents: Both parents
Description and qualities: Binosa is a popular grex because it usually
results in very compact, colorful plants that are also fragrant.
Flower description: Bright green sepals and petals, white lips flared and
sprinkled with purple spots. Flowers 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide. Inflores-
cence 4 inches (10 cm) long, with one or two flowers.
Mature plant: A compact grower, reaching 8–10 inches (20–30 cm) tall.
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured, well-drained mix
Other fragrant brassocatttleyas: Bc. Mount Hood—vanilla
Brassocattleya Binosa ‘Kirk’ AM/AOS combines a sweet scent with striking colors.
Brassolaeliocattleya Formosan Gold

Pronunciation: brass-oh-lay-lee-oh-KAT-lee-a
Origin: Laeliocattleya Lorraine Shirai × Brassolaeliocattleya Spun Gold
Description and qualities: An extremely attractive bicolored orchid.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Vanilla
Flower description: Golden yellow petals and sepals with dark red ruffled
lips. Flowers about 41⁄2 inches (11 cm)
wide. Inflorescence 6 inches (15 cm)
tall, with one flower.
Season of bloom: Winter
Mature plant: Standard cattleya size.
greenhouse
Medium-textured bark or coco
chunk mix
Brassolaeliocattleya Goldenzelle
‘Lemon Chiffon’ AM/AOS The dramatic contrast of the rich red lip
Pronunciation: brass-oh-lay-lee-oh- against gold petals makes Brassolaeliocattleya
KAT-lee-a Formosan Gold stand out.
Origin: Brassolaeliocattleya Fortune ×
Cattleya Horace
Description and qualities: The soft
yellow flower of this cattleya makes it
distinct and in demand.
When fragrant: Day
floral
Flower description: Lemon yellow
flowers with a splash of deep red on
the lips. Flowers 6 inches (15 cm)
across. Inflorescence 6 inches (15 cm),
bearing one or two flowers.
Season of bloom: Winter The cultivar name of Brassolaeliocattleya Gold-
Mature plant: Standard cattleya size. enzelle ‘Lemon Chiffon’ AM/AOS says it all.
60 Chapter 4

mix
Comment: A plant frequently displayed and awarded at orchid shows.
Brassolaeliocattleya Hawaiian Avalanche

Origin: Brassolaeliocattleya Oconee × Brassolaeliocattleya George King
Fragrant parents: Brassolaeliocattleya George King
Description and qualities: A popular hybrid with a prizewinning parent,
Brassolaeliocattleya George King.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Sweet floral, vanilla
Flower description: Apricot pink flowers with golden-orange fringed lips
and a purple flare down the center of the lip. Flower 6 inches (15 cm)
wide. Inflorescence 6 inches (15 cm) tall, bearing one or two flowers.
Brassolaeliocattleya Hawaiian Avalanche shows off a delightful display of tropical color.


Brassolaeliocattleya Pamela Hetherington ‘Coronation’ FCC/AOS

Origin: Laeliocattleya Paradisio × Brassocattleya Mount Anderson
Description and qualities: This cattleya hybrid is among the very few to
be awarded a First Class Certificate (FCC), the American Orchid Society’s
highest accolade.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Lavender-pink flowers with pink ruffled lips and
orange-yellow throats. Flowers 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Inflorescence 6
inches (15 cm) tall, bearing one to three flowers.
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured bark or coco
chunk mix
Comments: Named for a family
member of the illustrious
orchid breeder, Ernest
Hetherington.
Other fragrant brasso-
laeliocattleyas: Blc. Arthur
Bossin ‘Rapture’—sweet
floral; Blc. George King
‘Serendipity’ AM/AOS—
vanilla; Blc. Haw Yuan
Beauty ‘Orchis’—vanilla; Blc.
Momilani Rainbow—sweet
floral; Blc. Ports of Paradise
‘Emerald Isle’ HCC/AOS—
citrus; Blc. Rio’s Green Brassolaeliocattleya Pamela Hetherington ‘Coronation’
Magic—citrus. FCC/AOS has a sweet floral scent.
62 Chapter 4
Cattleya Chocolate Drop ‘Kodama’ AM/AOS

Origin: Cattleya guttata × Cattleya aurantiaca
Description and qualities: Valued for its many glossy red flowers and
ease of culture.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Lily-of-the-valley, citrus, rose, lily
Flower description: Glossy, dark red flowers with yellow on the side lobes
of the lip. Flowers 21⁄2 inches (6 cm) wide. Inflorescence 8 inches (20
cm), bearing clusters of up to 20 flowers.
Light: Medium
Comment: Chocolate Drop, a primary hybrid registered in 1965, has been
very popular as a parent.
plate 42. Cattleya Chocolate Drop ‘Kodama’ AM/AOS is a fine clone of a very popular
hybrid.
Epicattleya Dora Tinschert ‘Springdale’ HCC/AOS

Pronunciation: eh-pi-KAT-lee-a
Origin: Cattleya aurantiaca × Epidendrum selligerum
Description and qualities: Two popular parents combine in this cross to
produce a fragrant, easy-to-grow hybrid.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Rusty red-orange flowers with pink-tinged lips.
Flowers 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide. Inflorescence 8 inches (20 cm) tall,
bearing six or more flowers.
Mature plant: Reaches 12–18 inches (30–45 cm) tall.
Light: Medium
Epicattleya Dora Tinschert ‘Springdale’ HCC/AOS was one of the sweet-scented

favorites in the 2004 New York International Orchid Show fragrance competition.
64 Chapter 4
Laeliocattleya Angel Love

Pronunciation: lay-lee-oh-KAT-lee-a
Origin: Laeliocattleya Puppy Love ×
Laeliocattleya Angelwalker
Fragrant parents: Cattleya walkeri-
ana (grandparent)
hybrid has the same wonderful fra-
grance as Cattleya walkeriana, but is
easier to grow.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Citrus
Flower description: Pink flowers
The color, shape, and heady citrus scent of with frilled lips and golden to yellow
the flower of Laeliocattleya Angel Love owe throats. Flowers 4 inches (10 cm)
much to one of the grandparents, Cattleya across. Inflorescence 3 inches (7.5
walkeriana. cm) tall, bearing one or two flowers.
Mature plant: Compact hybrid. Gets small habit from Cattleya walkeriana.
Light: Medium
Laeliocattleya Mari’s Song ‘CTM 217’ HCC/AOS

Pronunciation: lay-lee-oh-KAT-lee-a
Origin: Laeliocattleya Irene Finney × Cattleya Cherry Chip
Description and qualities: A popular compact, fragrant, splash-petaled
cattleya.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: White flowers with bright magenta flares and lips,
pink sepals, and yellow throats. Flowers 41⁄2 inches (11 cm) wide. Inflo-
rescence 6 inches (15 cm) tall, bearing two to four flowers.
Mature plant: Very compact grower, less than 12 inches (30 cm) tall.
Laeliocattleya Mari’s Song ‘CTM 217’ HCC/AOS is a favorite among windowsill and
light growers because of its compact habit and colorful show. Photo by Bill Norton.
Recommended potting medium: Cattleya mix
Comment: One of the more recent fragrant minicatts.
Potinara Burana Beauty ‘Burana’ HCC/AOS

Pronunciation: pot-tin-AH-rah
Origin: Potinara Netrasiri Starbright × Cattleya Netrasiri Beauty #4
The citrus fragrance of the compact-

growing Potinara Burana Beauty
‘Burana’ HCC/AOS can fill up an
entire room.
66 Chapter 4
Description and qualities: The genus Potinara has parents from four
different genera—Brassavola, Cattleya, Laelia, and Sophronitis.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Yellow-green sepals and petals, both with red flares.
Flowers 31⁄2 inches (9-cm) across. Inflorescence 8 inches (20 cm) tall,
three to six flowers.
Mature plant: A compact grower, about 12 inches (30 cm) high.
Suitable growing area: Windowsill, greenhouse, lights
Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured cattleya mix
Potinara Twentyfour Carat ‘Lea’ AM/AOS

Pronunciation: pot-tin-AH-rah
Origin: Potinara Lemon Tree × Brassolaeliocattleya Yellow Imp
Description and qualities: A
scented, cheerful variety for a
windowsill.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Vanilla
Flower description: Clear golden-
yellow flowers with flared lips.
Flowers 4 inches (10 cm) across. Inflo-
rescence 6 inches (15 cm) tall,
bearing one or two flowers.
Mature plant: Slightly smaller than
standard cattleya size.
greenhouse, lights
Light: Medium
The sunny golden-yellow flowers make Potinara Recommended potting medium:
Twentyfour Carat ‘Lea’ AM/AOS stand out. Medium-textured epiphytic mix
Chapter 5
The Dendrobium Tribe
This group of orchids is immense. With more than 1000 species, the dendro-
biums are one of the largest groups in the orchid family. They hail from the
Old World tropics—China, India, Malaysia, Borneo, New Guinea, New
Zealand, and Australia—and are just now starting to receive the attention
from orchid growers that they deserve. The following is just a sampling of
these impressive orchids.
Species
Bulbophyllum rothschildianum
Pronunciation: bulb-oh-FILL-um
Aka: Cirrhopetalum rothschildianum
Origin: India
Description and qualities: One of the most spectacular Bulbophyllum
species.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Peach, fruity
Flower description: Rusty red flowers about 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide and up
to 7 inches (17.5 cm) long. Inflorescence is an umbel, 10–12 inches
(26–30 cm) tall, with five or six flowers.
Mature plant: Reaches about 12 inches (30 cm) high.
Light: Medium
67
68 Chapter 5

Mounted on a slab of tree fern or in
a well-drained mix in a shallow con-
tainer
Comment: First described as a Cirrho-
petalum by James O’Brien in 1895.
Other fragrant bulbophyllums:
Bulb. ambrosia—honey, bitter
almonds; Bulb. cocoinum—coconut;
Bulb. comosum—hay scented; Bulb.
hamatipes—musky; Bulb. laxi-
florum—musky; Bulb. lobbii—
jasmine, orange blossoms; Bulb.
maximum—musky; Bulb. odoratis-
simum—pleasant fragrance; Bulb.
suavissimum—musky.
Dendrobium chrysotoxum
Bulbophyllum rothschildianum ‘Red Chimney’, Pronunciation: den-DROH-bee-um
awarded as Cirrhopetalum rothschildianum ‘Red Origin: India, Thailand
Chimney’ FCC/AOS, is considered one of the Description and qualities: A bril-
finest forms of the species. liant and cheery orchid.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Pine-
apple, melon, mango
Flower description: Butter yellow
flowers with fringed lips and darker
orange throats. Flowers 1 inch (2.5
cm) across, short-lived, no more
than 10 days. Inflorescence a spike
12 inches (30 cm) long, bearing 6 to
12 or more flowers, depending on
the size of the plant.
Mature plant: A compact, evergreen
plant.
Dendrobium chrysotoxum shows off bright Ease of culture: Intermediate
yellow fragrant flowers with fringed lips. Suitable growing area: Windowsill,
greenhouse
The Dendrobium Tribe 69
Recommended potting medium: Well-drained, medium-textured epi-

phytic mix or mounted
Special cultural tip: Keep on the dry side during winter.
Comment: First described by John Lindley in 1847.
Dendrobium heterocarpum
Pronunciation: den-DROH-bee-um
Aka: Dendrobium aureum, Dendrobium rhombeum
Origin: India to China, Malaysia, Philippines
Description and qualities: One of the most widely distributed Dendro-
bium species.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Honeysuckle, primrose
Flower description: Creamy yellow flowers with darker yellow lips
streaked with red. Flowers 11⁄2–23⁄4 inches (4–7 cm) across. Inflores-
cence short, 2 inches (5 cm), bearing two to three flowers.
Mature plant: Erect canes range 8–16 inches (20–50 cm) high.
Dendrobium heterocarpum is a highly valuable species, ranging from 6 to 50 inches

(15–120 cm) in height. Flower color also varies from cream to amber.
70 Chapter 5
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured, well-drained epi-
phytic mix
Special cultural tip: Give a dry resting period in the winter and early
spring.
Comment: First described by John Lindley in 1830.
Dendrobium jenkinsii
Aka: Dendrobium lindleyi var. jenkinsii
Origin: India
Dendrobium jenkinsii is a bright, fragrant, and welcomed addition to any

orchid collection.
Description and qualities: Similar to Dendrobium lindleyi but smaller in

habit.
Intensity of fragrance: Mild
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Golden yellow flowers with wide, almost heart-
shaped lips. Flowers about 1 inch (2.5 cm) across, lasting 7 to 10 days.
Inflorescence about 3 inches (7.5 cm) tall, with flowers in groups of two
or three.
Season of bloom: Winter to spring
Mature plant: A miniature grower. Pseudobulbs only reach slightly over 1
inch (2.5 cm) tall. The plant can spread to 4 or more inches (10 cm) wide.
Recommended potting medium: Mounted on a slab of tree fern or cork,
or in a well-drained mix in a pot
Special cultural tip: Transplant very infrequently so as not to disturb
roots.
Comment: Develops as a superb specimen plant. Discovered in 1836 in
India by a military man named Jenkins.
Dendrobium kingianum
Origin: Australia
Description and qualities: One of the easiest Australian orchids to grow.
Adapts well to a variety of growing situations.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Floral, hyacinth, lilac, honey
Flower description: Flowers display a huge range of colors including pur-
ple, red, white, and striped. They average about 1–11⁄2 inches (2.5–4 cm)
across and last about two weeks. The flowers of some clones or selections
are more fragrant than others. Inflorescence up to 8 inches (20 cm) long,
bearing two to nine flowers.
Mature plant: A variable species, from a dwarf growth habit under 6 inches
(15 cm) to 20 inches (50 cm). The foliage is attractive and dark green.
72 Chapter 5
This select form of Dendrobium kingianum is called ‘Baby Blue’.
Temperature: Cool to intermediate

Recommended potting medium: Mounted on a slab or in a shallow pot in
a very well drained mix
Special cultural tip: Keep cool in the fall and winter to set buds. Reduce
watering in the winter until buds are showing. These plants can tolerate
down to 35ºF(1.6ºC) or below. During the growing season, water and fer-
tilize heavily with a low-nitrogen fertilizer.
Comment: First discovered in mountainous areas of Australia in 1844.
Dendrobium lawesii
Aka: Dendrobium warburgianum
Origin: Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea
Description and qualities: The florescent bright flowers make this
orchid stand out in the windowsill or greenhouse.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Floral
Flower description: Red-orange, waxy, tubular flowers tipped in yellow.
Flowers about 1 inch (2.5 cm) long, lasting for a few months. Inflores-
cence is a leafless stem, with two to eight flowers. The species has many
color forms.

Mature plant: Stems or canes up to 24 inches (60 cm) long. Leaves 21⁄4
inches (6 cm) long by 3⁄8 inch (1 cm) wide and deciduous.
Recommended potting medium: Mounted on a slab or planted in a basket
Special cultural tip: Provide a dry rest period in winter to encourage
blooming.
Comment: Discovered in New Guinea by Rev. W. G. Lawes of the London
Missionary Society.
Dendrobium lawesii comes from New Guinea and is in high demand

because of its bright flowers and fragrance.
74 Chapter 5
Dendrobium macrophyllum
Aka: Dendrobium veitchianum
Origin: Java to Philippines to Samoa
Description and qualities: The flowers have an out-of-this-world look
that always creates attention.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Variably colored flowers 2 inches (5 cm) across and
long-lasting. Inflorescence a spike 6–15 inches (15–40 cm) tall and bear-
ing up to 10 flowers.
Mature plant: Pseudobulbs up to 24 inches (60 cm) long. Leaves up to 12
Suitable growing area: Greenhouse
Special cultural tip: Keep damp year-round.
Comment: First described in 1834 by French botanist Achille Richard.
The exotic coloration, lip markings, and fragrance make Dendrobium macrophyllum an
Old World orchid that most orchid growers would love to have in their collection.
Hybrids
Dendrobium Chrystaline
Origin: Dendrobium Kathryn Banks × Dendrobium Bicentennial Blush
Description and qualities: A hybrid with Dendrobium kingianum in its
background.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Hyacinth
Flower description: White flowers with purple markings in the lips.
Flowers 11⁄4 inches (3 cm) across. Inflorescence 10 inches (25 cm) tall,
bearing six to eight flowers.
Mature plant: Compact growing.
Light: Medium
The cultivar name describes well the glistening flowers of Dendrobium Chrystaline.
76 Chapter 5
Dendrobium Comet King ‘Akatsuki’

Origin: Dendrobium New Comet ×
Dendrobium Wave King
Description and qualities: One of
more than 100 nobile-type hybrids
that are popular because of their
many flowers, bright colors, and
ease of flowering.
When fragrant: Day
floral
Flower description: Purple flowers
with golden centers, flowers 21⁄2
inches (6 cm) across and long-last-
ing. Inflorescence short and bearing
flowers in such abundance that they
present a “bouquet” effect.
Mature plant: Reaches 12–18 inches
Dendrobium Comet King ‘Akatsuki’ can be
(30–45 cm) tall.
depended on for profuse production of brightly
colored, perfumed blossoms.
greenhouse
Special cultural tip: Keep cool (45–50ºF/7–10ºC) and dry in the fall or
winter to set buds for spring flowering.
Comment: This dendrobium does not lose it leaves until the second year.
Dendrobium Jesmond Gem

Origin: Dendrobium Yondi × Dendrobium speciosum
Fragrant parents: Dendrobium speciosum
Description and qualities: A tough Australian hybrid that can tolerate
temperatures close to freezing with little damage.
When fragrant: Day
The pristine white, sweet-smelling flowers of Dendrobium Jesmond Gem make

this hybrid a standout.
Flower description: White flowers with purple specks on lips and yellow
stripes down center of the lips. Flowers 2 inches (5 cm) across. Inflores-
cence 6–8 inches (15–20 cm) tall, bearing 8 to 10 flowers.
Mature plant: Reaches about 18 inches (45 cm) tall.
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured bark mix
Special cultural tip: Cool off in the fall to 40 to 49ºF (4–9ºC) to set buds.
78 Chapter 5
Dendrobium Light River

Origin: Dendrobium Red River × Dendrobium speciosum
Fragrant parents: Dendrobium speciosum
Description and qualities: Another
Australian hybrid that is stunning
and dependable.
When fragrant: Day
floral
Flower description: Creamy flowers
with purple markings. Lip brightly
marked in purple with yellow in the
center. Flowers 2 inches (5 cm)
across. Inflorescence 6–8 inches
(15–20 cm) tall, bearing 8 to 10
flowers.
Mature plant: Reaches about 18
inches (45 cm) tall.
greenhouse
Australian hybrids like Dendrobium Light River Recommended potting medium:
are quickly gaining popularity because of their Medium-textured cattleya mix
low temperature requirements, long blooming Special cultural tip: Cool off in the
period, and fragrance. fall to 40 to 49ºF (4–9ºC) to set buds.
Chapter 6
The Oncidium Alliance
There is something particularly joyful about the members of the Oncidium

Alliance. They sport some of the brightest and wildest color combinations in
the orchid family. Many of them are easy to grow and have a broad range of
pleasing fragrances.
Species
Brassia longissima
Pronunciation: BRASS-ee-ah
Aka: Brassia lawrenceana
Origin: Costa Rica, Panama, Peru
Description and qualities: The spider-like flower makes a dramatic
statement.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Light, sweet candy
Flower description: Large, spidery flowers open greenish and turn
orange over several days. Petals, sepals, and lip are spotted maroon.
Flowers 7–8 inches (18–20 cm) long. Inflorescence to 18 inches (45 cm)
tall, bearing six to eight flowers.
Mature plant: Reaches about 30 inches (75 cm) tall.
Temperature: Warm
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured, well drained mix
79
80 Chapter 6
The spidery flowers of Brassia longissima ‘Pumpkin Patch’ line up to parade themselves.
Comment: First flowered in cultivation by W. Butler in England in 1868.

Other fragrant brassias: Brs. gireoudiana—musky; Brs. ochroleuca—
spicy, spiced apple pie; Brs. verrucosa—musky.
Miltonia spectabilis
Pronunciation: mil-TONE-ee-ah
Aka: Macrochilus fryanus
Origin: Brazil
Description and qualities: This is the largest flowering species in this
genus.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Rose, spicy
Flower description: White flowers tinged pink with rose-pink lips and
purple columns. Flowers 4 inches (10 cm) wide. Inflorescence 8 inches
(20 cm) tall, bearing a single flower.
Mature plant: Reaches 10 inches (25 cm) tall.
Light: Medium
The Oncidium Alliance 81
Fine-textured, well-drained mix
Special cultural tip: As is true for
other miltonias, keep the growing
medium damp.
Comment: The species was first
described in 1839 by John Lindley
from a specimen collected in
Brazil by Hugh Weddell.
Other fragrant miltonias: Milt.
regnellii—oranges, coriander;
Milt. schroederiana—spice floral,
carnation.
Miltonia spectabilis var. moreliana

Pronunciation: mil-TONE-ee-ah
Origin: Brazil
Miltonia spectabilis presents an elegant
Description and qualities: Has
picture.
long-lasting flowers.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Rose,
spicy
Flower description: Dark plum
red petals and sepals contrast
with a large bright rose-pink lip
with darker veins. Flowers 4
inches (10 cm) wide. Inflores-
cence 8 inches (20 cm) tall, with
a single flower.
Mature plant: Reaches 10 inches
(25 cm) high.
Suitable growing area: Window-
sill, greenhouse, lights
Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: Miltonia spectabilis var. moreliana is a
Fine-textured, well-drained mix spectacular variant of the species.
82 Chapter 6
Special cultural tip: As is true for other miltonias, keep the growing
medium damp.
Comment: Miltonia spectabilis var. moreliana was first sent by M. Porte from
Brazil to G. M. Morel in Paris in 1846.
Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis
Pronunciation: mil-tone-ee-OP-sis
Aka: Odontoglossum roezlii, Miltonia roezlii
Origin: Colombia
Description and qualities: The striking markings on the flower lip sepa-
rate this species from the others in the genus.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Rose, lily-of-the-valley, cyclamen
Flower description: White pansy-shaped flowers with purple waterfall
pattern on the lip. Flowers 13⁄4 inches (4-cm) wide. Inflorescence 10
inches (25 cm) tall, bearing three to five flowers.
(15–30 cm) tall.
lights, greenhouse
Light: Medium
Fine-textured mix, or mounted on
tree fern, or in basket
Special cultural tip: Provide warm
winters and cold summers. Reduce
water during the winter.
Comment: Discovered in Colombia in
1850 by Louis Schlim, cousin to
Belgium plant explorer Jean Linden,
and sent to Messrs. Linden in
Brussels.
Miltoniopsis santanaei
Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis is responsible for the Aka: Miltonia roezlii var. alba
wonderful “waterfall” patterns in the lips of Origin: Venezuela, Colombia,
some of today’s hybrids. Ecuador
Fragrant offspring: Miltoniopsis

Angel Falls (Mtps. santanaei ×
Mtps. phalaenopsis); Miltoniopsis
Mary Catherine Messina (Mtps.
santanaei × Oncidium
warscewiczii)
Description and qualities: One
of the most heat-tolerant species
in the genus and thus one of the
easiest to grow.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Rose A very compact, warm-tolerant plant,
Flower description: Flat, white Miltoniopsis santanaei is a perfect choice
pansy-shaped flowers with a for a windowsill or under lights. Photo by
bright yellow flare on the top of Marc Herzog.
the lip. Flowers 2 inches (5 cm)

wide. Inflorescence about 20 inches (25 cm) tall, bearing two to five
flowers.
Mature plant: Compact growing, 6–8 inches (15–20 cm) tall.
Light: Low to medium
Recommended potting medium: Fine-textured, moisture-retentive mix
Comment: This species continues to be used extensively as a parent for
today’s Miltoniopsis hybrids. It usually imparts its warmth tolerance and
fragrance to its offspring.
Other fragrant miltoniopsis: Mtps. Celle ‘Wasserfall’ AM/AOS—rosy-
flora; Mtps. Hamburg ‘Red Velvet’—rosy-flora; Mtps. roezlii—fruity, rose.
Oncidium cheirophorum
Pronunciation: on-SID-ee-um
Origin: Colombia
Fragrant offspring: Oncidium Tsiku Marguerite (Onc. ornithorhynchum ×
Onc. Twinkle); Oncidium Twinkle (Onc. cheirophorum × Onc.
ornithorhynchum)
Description and qualities: Closely related to Oncidium ornithorhynchum
and frequently used as a parent to lend its fragrance and dwarf habit.
When fragrant: Day
84 Chapter 6
Description of fragrance:
Citrus, lemon
Flower description: Bright yel-
low flowers on a branched
arching spray. Many flowers,
1
⁄2 inch (1.3 cm) wide. Inflo-
rescence to 12 inches (30 cm)
long.
Season of bloom: Winter to
spring
Mature plant: Reaches only 3
inches (7.5 cm) high.
Suitable growing area: Win-
dowsill, lights, greenhouse
Light: Medium
Recommended potting
medium: Fine- to medium-
textured orchid mix
Comment: Very easy to grow and
bloom. Described by H. G.
Reichenbach in 1852 and dis-
covered by the famous
Oncidium cheirophorum is a bright and cheery Lithuanian plant collector,
dwarf, fragrant orchid. Józef Ritter von Rawicz
Warscewicz.
Oncidium maculatum
Origin: Mexico
Description and qualities: An attractive and easy-to-grow species.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Yellow flowers with mahogany spots. Flowers 3
inches (8 cm) wide. Inflorescence an arching spike 20 inches (50 cm)
long, with many flowers.
Mature plant: Medium-large, dark green leaves.
Oncidium maculatum
has well-marked honey-
scented flowers.
Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: Very well drained potting material in a
pot or basket
Special cultural tip: Provide a dry resting period in winter.
Oncidium ornithorhynchum
Origin: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica
Common name: Vanilla-scented dancing lady, lavender and old lace
Description and qualities: ‘Lilac Blossom’ is a select form highly recom-
mended to beginning growers because of its ease of culture, dependable
blooming, and sweet fragrance.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Vanilla, “like a fresh morning,” baby powder,
grape, spicy, cinnamon, cocoa, sweet candy
86 Chapter 6
Flower description: Lavender-pink flowers produced by the hundreds on

a mature plant. Flowers about 1 inch (2.5 cm) across. Inflorescence 24
inches (60 cm) long, with many flowers.
Mature plant: Reaches 6–8 inches (15–20 cm) high.
Oncidium ornithorhynchum ‘Lilac Blossom’ comes from Ha’iku Maui

Orchids in Hawaii. Photo by Marc Herzog.

Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: Fine- to medium-textured orchid mix
Comment: First described by German botanist and explorer Alexander von
Humboldt in 1815.
Sigmatostalix radicans
Pronunciation: sig-mat-oh-STAY-licks
Origin: Brazil
Description and qualities: A delicate-looking but easy-to-grow, sweet-
scented miniature.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Small white flowers with greenish sepals and petals,
a brown column, and white lip. Flowers 3⁄4 inch (1 cm) wide. Inflores-
cence 6–8 inches (15–20 cm) tall, bearing many flowers.
Mature plant: Thin grassy foliage about 6 inches (15 cm) long.
Sigmatostalix radicans ‘HMO’s Petite Prince’, a dainty, charming miniature with grass-
like foliage and a honey scent, comes from Ha’iku Maui Orchids in Hawaii. Photo by
Marc Herzog.
88 Chapter 6

Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: Fine-textured mix
Comment: The genus comprises about 20 species in the American tropics.
Trichopilia suavis
Pronunciation: trik-oh-PILL-ee-ah
Aka: Trichopilia kienastiana
Origin: Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
Description and qualities: The flowers are borne at the bottom of the
plant.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Floral; intoxicating
Flower description: Flowers usually white spotted with red. The lip is
tubular and has pink and orange spots. Flowers 4 inches (10 cm) wide.
Inflorescence pendant, 4 inches (10 cm) long, bearing two to five flowers.
Mature plant: Oblong pseu-
dobulbs with leaves about
16 inches (40 cm) long.
Suitable growing area:
Windowsill, light, green-
house
Light: Medium
Recommended potting
medium: Medium-textured,
well-drained mix
Special cultural tip: Fre-
quently grown in baskets.
Comment: Discovered by
Józef Ritter von Rawicz
Warscewicz in Costa Rica
in 1848.
Other fragrant
trichopilias: Trpla.
fragrans—narcissus
Trichopilia suavis is considered one of the most
attractive species in the genus.
Hybrids
Beallara Marfitch ‘Howard’s Dream’
AM/AOS
Pronunciation: bee-al-ARE-ah
Origin: Miltassia Charles M. Fitch ×
Odontoglossum Fremar
complex hybrid has parents from
four different genera—Brassia,
Cochlioda, Miltonia, and Odonto-
glossum.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Rose
Flower description: Star-shaped
flowers burgundy, magenta, and
white, 4–5 inches (10–13 cm) across,
and lasting a few months. Inflores- The color combination of Beallara Marfitch
cence 24–36 inches (60–90 cm) long, ‘Howard’s Dream’ AM/AOS sparkles.
bearing up to 20 or more flowers.
Can flower twice a year.
(45–60 cm) tall.
greenhouse
Light: Medium
Medium-textured mix with coco
chunks
Miltoniopsis Bert Field

Origin: Miltoniopsis Mulatto Queen ×
Miltoniopsis Woodlands
Description and qualities: A gor-
geous orchid with pansy-shaped Miltoniopsis Bert Field has pure red velvet-
flowers. textured flowers.
90 Chapter 6

When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Light floral
Flower description: Large, variable flowers that may be solid red or have
waterfall patterns in the lips. Flowers 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide. Inflores-
cence 12 inches (30 cm) tall, bearing three to five flowers.
Mature plant: Reaches 12–16 inches (30–40 cm) tall.
Recommended potting medium: Fine-textured, well-drained mix
Special cultural tip: Keep the growing medium damp to avoid pleating of
the foliage.
Miltoniopsis Hajime Ono

Origin: Miltoniopsis Martin Orenstein
× Miltoniopsis Pearl Ono
Description and qualities: The
huge flowers are a testament to the
progress made by today’s orchid
breeders.
Intensity of fragrance: Mild
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Light
rose
Flower description: Dark red velvety
flowers with a lip fantastically
marked with a waterfall pattern.
Flowers 31⁄2 inches (9 cm) wide.
Inflorescence 12 inches (30 cm) tall,
bearing four to six flowers.
(30–35 cm) high.
Miltoniopsis Hajime Ono is a spectacular grex, Suitable growing area: Windowsill,
the result of modern breeding efforts to make greenhouse, lights
the waterfall pattern in the lip more prominent. Light: Low to medium

Comment: This glorious hybrid was named after the noted Hawaiian milto-
niopsis breeder, Hajime Ono.
Odontioda Vesta ‘Charm’

Pronunciation: oh-don-TEA-oh-da
Origin: Odontioda Charlesworthii × Odontoglossum Prince Albert
Description and qualities: A compact orchid that is perfectly suited for
windowsill or under lights culture.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: White flowers with distinct purple and red markings
on petals and sepals and with yellow on the throat. Flowers 21⁄2 inches
(6.5-cm) in diameter.
Mature plant: Compact growing, 6–8 inches (15–20 cm) tall. Foliage light
green, about 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide.
Recommended potting medium: Fine-textured epiphytic mix
Odontioda Vesta ‘Charm’ is a charming plant with a sweet citrus scent.

92 Chapter 6
Odontobrassia Fangtastic Bob

Henley
Pronunciation: oh-don-toh-BRASS-
ee-ah
Origin: Brassia Rex × Odontobrassia
Kenneth Bivin
Fragrant parents: Brassia longissima
Description and qualities: Odonto-
brassia is a complex hybrid consist-
ing of Brassia gireoudiana, Brassia
longissima, Brassia verrucosa and
Odontoglossum cariniferum.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Spidery yellow
flowers with maroon markings and
yellow lip. Flowers 4–5 inches (10–
Odontobrassia Fangtastic Bob Henley is a
spidery, dramatic beauty.
13 cm) across. Inflorescence an
arching spike, 24–36 inches (60–90
cm) tall, with many flowers.
Mature plant: Reaches 18 inches (45
cm) tall.
greenhouse
Light: Medium
Fine- to medium-textured mix
Oncidium Issaku Nagata ‘Volcano

Queen’ HCC/AOS
Pronunciation: mil-tone-ID-ee-um
Origin: Oncidium leucochilum ×
Oncidium warscewiczii
Description and qualities: A heavy
flowerer that is undemanding in its
Oncidium Issaku Nagata ‘Volcano Queen’ culture.
HCC/AOS displays a spectacular spire of Intensity of fragrance: Light
blooms on a long spike. When fragrant: Day

Flower description: Yellow petals and sepals overlaid with mahogany.
The flared lip is white at the bottom and red-purple at the top. Flowers
11⁄2 inches (4-cm) across. Inflorescence a tall multibranched spike, bear-
ing many flowers.
Mature plant: Foliage 18–24 inches (45-60 cm) long.
Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured orchid mix for mature
plants
Comment: An easy-to-grow orchid.
Oncidium Sharry Baby ‘Misaki’

Origin: Oncidium Jamie Sutton × Oncidium Honolulu
Description and qualities: Sharry Baby is a very popular grex.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Chocolate, vanilla
Flower description: Yellow flowers
overlaid with mahogany. Flared
white lip has purple markings in
center. Flowers 1⁄2 inch (1.5 cm)
wide. Inflorescence a spike, bearing
many flowers. Frequently blooms
twice a year
Mature plant: Very fast growing to
more than 30 inches tall (75 cm).
greenhouse
Light: Medium
Comment: Very easy to grow and
bloom. Frequently flowers around ‘Misaki’ is one of the many select forms of
Christmas time. Oncidium Sharry Baby.
94 Chapter 6
A sweetly scented miniature plant, Oncidium Tsiku Marguerite is an ideal beginner’s

orchid.
Oncidium Tsiku Marguerite

Origin: Oncidium ornithorhynchum × Oncidium Twinkle
Description and qualities: A very popular hybrid because of its frequent
blooming and ease of culture.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Sweet, soapy
Flower description: Densely branched sprays of 3⁄4-inch (2-cm) cream to
pink flowers with gold lips. Inflorescence 12 inches (30 cm) tall.
Mature plant: Miniature habit with leaves about 6 inches (15 cm) long.
Light: Medium
Comment: One of several crosses using Oncidium ornithorhynchum for its
dwarf habit and fragrance.
Oncidium Twinkle ‘Red Fantasy’

Origin: Oncidium cheirophorum × Oncidium ornithorhynchum

Description and qualities: Highly recommended as a beginner’s orchid
because it is so easy to grow and bloom.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Rose-colored flowers with darker lips. Flowers 1 inch
(2.5 cm) wide. Inflorescence 12 inches (30 cm) tall, with a profusion of
flowers. The grex produces many color forms.
Mature plant: Dwarf, to 6 to 8 inches (15–20 cm) tall.
Light: Medium
Combining two outstanding dwarf species resulted in this winning

hybrid, Oncidium Twinkle ‘Red Fantasy’.
96 Chapter 6

Comment: The original Twinkle was registered by famous Hawaiian orchid
hybridizer Goodale Moir in 1958.
Other fragrant oncidiums: Onc. Twinkle ‘Fragrance Fantasy’—sweet.
Trichocentrum Nathakhun
Pronunciation: trik-oh-CEN-trum
Origin: Trichocentrum lanceanum × Trichocentrum Maui Gold
Fragrant parents: Trichocentrum lanceanum
Description and qualities: Called a mule-eared orchid because of the
shape of its leaves.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Flat, long-lasting flowers of contrasting brown and
yellow with yellow lip. Flowers 21⁄2 inches (6 cm) in diameter. Inflores-
cence bears 12 or more flowers.
Mature plant: Mule ear foliage about 12 inches (30 cm) or more.
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured bark or coco chunk mix
Trichocentrum Nathakhun inherited the striking color combination

and honey fragrance from its Trichocentrum lanceanum parent.
Chapter 7
The Vanda/Phalaenopsis Alliance
Vandas are probably best known by orchid growers in the American South,
particularly, Florida, since the plants thrive in this bright, hot climate, while
phalaenopsis are undoubtedly the most widely grown orchid in the world.
Neither genera is known for fragrance, but individuals within each genus are
sweet scented. Other orchid species and hybrids of this large alliance also con-
tain a good number of fragrant members.
Species
Since all of the orchids in this alliance grow vertically, they can get very tall. So,
for these orchids, I have given their approximate spread and height of plants
after a few years of mature growth.
Aerangis citrata
Pronunciation: ay-er-RANG-giss
Aka: Angraecum citratum
Origin: Africa
Description and qualities: An easy, choice, and adaptable plant that
thrives in lower light conditions and is a very compact grower. It blooms
several times a year.
Description of fragrance: Lemon
Flower description: Small, white flowers with long spurs. Inflorescence a
spike 6–10 inches (15–25 cm) long, with up to 15 or more flowers.
Mature plant: Dwarf
97
98 Chapter 7

Light: Medium
Special cultural tip: Keep in small pots, 3 inches (7.5 cm) in diameter on
average, 4 inches (10 cm) maximum. Does best with good air circulation.
Comment: Placed in the genus Aerangis in 1822.
Once established, Aerangis citrata is an easy orchid to grow. It produces a

flurry of flowers with a lemon scent.
The Vanda/Phalaenopsis Alliance 99
Other fragrant aerangis: Aergs. appendiculata—gardenia; Aergs. articu-

lata—jasmine; Aergs. biloba—gardenia, lily; Aergs. brachycarpa—vanilla,
jasmine; Aergs. confusa—tuberose, gardenia; Aergs. fastuosa—tuberose,
lily; Aergs. kirkii—tuberose, gardenia; Aergs. kotschyana—gardenia; Aergs.
modesta—minty spice; Aergs. mooreana—jasmine; Aergs. mystacidii—lily
of the valley; Aergs. somalensis—gardenia.
Aerides fieldingii
Pronunciation: ay-AIR-ee-deez
Aka: Aerides rosea, Aerides williamsii
Origin: India
Fragrant offspring: Aerides Dominyanum (Aer. affine × Aer. fieldingii);
Aerides Dottie’s Delight (Aer. crassifolia × Aer. fieldingii)
Description and qualities: A specimen plant of this species puts on quite
a show.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Lily-
of-the-valley, cyclamen
Flower description: Pink flow-
ers, sometimes spotted. Flowers
3
⁄4 inch (2 cm) wide. Inflores-
cence a long raceme, 12 inches
(60 cm), with up to 30 flowers.
Season of bloom: Summer
Mature plant: Leaves 8 inches (25
cm) long.
Suitable growing area: Window-
sill, greenhouse
Light: Medium
Temperature: Intermediate to
warm
Medium-textured, very well
drained mix
Special cultural tip: Keep dry
during cooler winters.
Comment: First cultivated by
Thomas Lobb, plant collector The genus Aerides comprises many species
for the famous English orchid that are sweetly scented including this one,
firm, Veitch & Sons. Aerides fieldingii.
100 Chapter 7
Other fragrant aerides: Aer. crassifolia—aromatic floral; Aer. falcata var.

houlletiana—citrus, fruity; Aer. falcata—citrus, fruity; Aer. lawrenceae—
lemon-spice, honey, anise; Aer. lawrenceae var. sanderiana—lemon-spice;
Aer. odorata—spicy; ribbon candy, cloves, lilac; Aer. quinquevulnera—cin-
namon.
Angraecum leonis
Pronunciation: an-GRYE-kum
Aka: Aeranthes leonis
Origin: Madagascar, Comoro Islands
Fragrant offspring: Angraecum Hillerman’s Last (Angcm. leonis × Angc.
superbum)
Description and qualities: The species has two different forms: the
Madagascan form is smaller vegetatively than the Comoro Island form.
Description of fragrance: Jasmine
Flower description: White flowers 11⁄2 inches (3 cm) wide. Inflorescence
a spike, 3–5 inches (7.5–13 cm), with three to five flowers.
(15–25 cm) tall. Handsome foliage.
lights, greenhouse
Light: Medium
Mounted on a slab or potted in a
loose epiphytic mix
Comment: A popular species because
of its compact habit and relatively
large flower. Named by Veitch in
1894.
Angraecum sesquipedale
Pronunciation: an-GRYE-kum
Origin: Madagascar
Common name: Star of Bethlehem,
For those who adore the jasmine scent of most king of angraecums
angraecums but have limited space, the com- Fragrant offspring: Angraecum
pact Angraecum leonis is the answer. Appalachian Star (Angcm. sesqui-
pedale × Angcm. praestans); Angraecum Dianne’s Darling (Angcm. sesqui-

pedale × Angcm. Alabaster)
Description and qualities: The largest and showiest of the angraecums.
Flower description: Huge waxy white blossoms with a spur up to 15
inches (60 cm) long. Flowers are the largest in the genus, up to 41⁄2
inches (11 cm) across. Inflorescence 12 inches (30 cm) long, bearing two
to four flowers.
Mature plant: Reaches 24 inches (60 cm) or more high and wide.
Temperature: Warm
Recommended potting medium: Medium- to coarse-textured fir bark mix
Special cultural tip: Do not re-pot younger plants.
Comment: This species was made famous by Charles Darwin who postu-
lated the existence of a night-flying moth with an 11-inch (28-cm) pro-
boscis to be able to harvest the nectar
located at the end of this flower’s long
spur. Thirty-five years after Darwin’s
death, he was proven right when a
hawk moth with this proboscis length
was found to pollinate this orchid.
Other fragrant angraecums: Angcm.
aporoides—gardenia; Angcm. birri-
nense—orange blossom; Angcm. bois-
serianum—jasmine; Angcm. bosseri—
spicy floral; Angcm. compactum—
spicy, citrusy; Angcm. didieri—sweet,
spicy; Angcm. distichum—jasmine;
Angcm. eburneum—gardenia; Angcm.
eichlerianum—jasmine, lily; Angcm.
germinyanum—jasmine; Angcm.
Lemforde White Beauty—jasmine;
Angcm. Longiscott ‘Lea’—jasmine;
Angcm. magdalenae—jasmine; Angcm.
Veitchii—jasmine; Angcm. White Angraecum sesquipedale can grow into a spec-
Emblem—jasmine. tacular specimen but requires plenty of room
in a bright greenhouse.
102 Chapter 7
Neofinetia falcata
Pronunciation: nee-oh-fin-EE-tha
Aka: Angraecum falcatum
Origin: Japan
Common name: Fu-ran, Japanese wind orchid
Fragrant offspring: Ascofinetia Cherry Blossom (Neofinetia falcata × Asco-
centrum ampullaceum); Darwinara Charm (Neofinetia falcata × Vascostylis
Tham Yuen Hae)
Description and qualities: These small plants are easy to bloom in a
bright windowsill. Has produced many intergeneric vandaceous hybrids
noted for compact growth habit and fragrance.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Jasmine, vanilla
For all fragrant plant lovers, the diminutive Neofinetia falcata is a must.
Flower description: Elegant, snow-white waxy flowers about 1 inch (2.5

cm) wide with a 2-inch (5-cm) spur. Inflorescence 2 inches (5 cm) tall,
with up to a dozen or more flowers. The species produces forms with
other flower colors and forms with variegated foliage. Flowers last a
month or two.
Mature plant: A dwarf plant from 3 to 6 inches (7.5–15 cm) tall. Forms
multiple clumps. Foliage is keel shaped and 4–6 inches (10–15 cm) long.
Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: Mounted, in a basket in sphagnum
moss, or in a cattleya mix in a pot
Special cultural tip: Reduce water in the winter.
Comment: Once the exclusive property of the royal family of Japan. Its culti-
vation dates many centuries back to the Edo Period in Japan. It was first
described in 1784.
Phalaenopsis bellina
Pronunciation: fal-en-OP-sis
Aka: Phalaenopsis violacea ‘Borneo’, Pha-
laenopsis violacea var. bellina
Origin: Malaysia, East Malaysia
Description and qualities: A compact
sweetly scented phalaenopsis that has
both a beautiful flower and very attrac-
tive, glossy green foliage.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Freesia, lily
of the valley, rose, touch of velvet,
lemon
Flower description: Waxy, greenish
flowers with purple markings, 2
inches (5 cm) across, borne sequen-
tially. Inflorescence 4–6 inches (10–15
cm) tall, bearing three to four flowers.
Mature plant: A compact grower with Phalaenopsis bellina is used extensively as a
glossy green leaves 8–10 inches (20– parent to impart its waxy substance, color, and
25 cm) long. fragrance to its progeny.
104 Chapter 7

Light: Low
Temperature: Warm
Recommended potting medium: Sphagnum moss, medium-textured
bark, or coco chunk mix
Special cultural tip: Smaller seedling plants can be very susceptible to
crown rot. Ensure that the growing point of the plant is dry going into the
evening.
Comment: Discovered by Dutch botanist Johannes E. Teijsmann in 1859.
Phalaenopsis schilleriana
Aka: Sometimes spelled Phalaenopsis schillerana
Origin: Philippines
Description and qualities: Along with handsome silver-marked foliage,
this species produces branching inflorescences of long-lasting pink
flowers.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Bright pink flowers 3–31⁄2 inches (8–9 cm) wide.
Inflorescence up to 3 feet (91 cm) long, with many flowers. It is reported
that one plant had 733 blossoms! The flowers open at one time and there-
fore are not very long lasting.
Mature plant: Leaves are 6–18 inches (15–46 cm) long, mottled dark green
above, entirely purple below.
greenhouse
Light: Low
Temperature: Warm
Medium-textured orchid mix,
mounted on a slab or tree fern, or in
a basket of sphagnum moss
Special cultural tip: Provide even
moisture. Do not allow to dry out.
Even when Phalaenopsis schilleriana is not in Comment: Named for the first grower
bloom, its magnificent foliage alone makes it of this species, Consul Schiller of
a stunner. Hamburg, Germany.
Rhynchostylis gigantea
Pronunciation: rink-oh-STYE-liss
Origin: Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
Common name: Foxtail orchid
Fragrant offspring: Rhynchostylis Winona Jordan (Phalaenopsis Doris ×
Rhy. gigantea); Vandachostylis Azure (Rhy. gigantea × Vanda coerulea)
When Rhynchostylis gigantea is in bloom, its heady citrus fragrance can fill
a house.
106 Chapter 7
Description and qualities: This species also produces solid red and pure
white forms.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Flowers white with purple speckles, about 1 inch (2.5
cm) across. Inflorescence 15 inches (37.5 cm) long, bearing a multitude
of flowers.
Season of bloom: Fall to winter
Mature plant: Slow growing, usually no taller than 12 inches (30 cm).
Leaves can grow more than 12 inches (30 cm) long.
Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: Course-textured, well-drained mix
Special cultural tip: Resents frequent repotting. Often grown in slatted
baskets.
Comment: Discovered in the 1830s in Myanmar by Danish physician and
botanist Nathaniel Wallich.
Other fragrant rhynchostylis:
Rhy. coelestis—citrus; Rhy. illustre—
citrus; Rhy. retusa—citrus.
Sedirea japonica
Pronunciation: se-DEER-ee-ah
Origin: Japan, Korea
Common name: Yabukouji (Japanese)
Fragrant offspring: Rhynchodirea
Dragon Charmy (Sedirea japonica ×
Rhynchostylis gigantea); Vandirea
Newberry Jasmine (Sedirea japonica
× Vanda amesiana)
Description and qualities: A de-
lightful miniature from Asia that is
finally receiving the attention and
appreciation it deserves.
When fragrant: Day
Sedirea japonica is a delightful plant long highly Description of fragrance: Fresh
admired by Asian orchid lovers for its delicate lemon
fragrance. Flower description: Cream to green
flowers with purple bars and spots on the lips and sepals. Flowers 1 inch
(2.5 cm) across. Inflorescence 3–6 inches (8–15 cm) tall, with 3 to 12
flowers.
Mature plant: Miniature plant habit. Leaves about 6 inches (15 cm) long.
Light: Medium
Temperature: Warm
Recommended potting medium: Sphagnum moss or a fine-textured pha-
laenopsis mix
Special cultural tip: Grow much like a phalaenopsis with slightly more
light.
Comment: An orchid enjoyed and revered by the Japanese for hundreds of
years is now starting to become more available to Western countries.
Trichoglottis philippinensis
Pronunciation: trik-oh-GLOTT-iss
Aka: Stauropsis philippinensis
Origin: Philippines
Description and qualities: A strik-
ing plant with attractive, unique
flowers.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Ripe
apples
Flower description: Dark burgundy
flowers with a bright pink lip. Flow-
ers are 1–11⁄2 inches (2.5–4 cm)
wide, borne singly from the axils of
the leaves. The species produces
color forms ranging from brown to
dark burgundy.
Mature plant: A slow grower up to 48
inches (90 cm) high. Can be topped
to keep it short. Leaves tightly
arranged on the stem.
Ease of culture: Intermediate Trichoglottis philippinensis ‘Pololei’ is a curious
Suitable growing area: Windowsill, plant with the delicious scent of ripe fruit.
lights, greenhouse Photo by Marc Herzog.
108 Chapter 7
Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured orchid mix
Comment: Described in 1845 by John Lindley.
Other fragrant trichoglottis: Trgl. wenzellii—sweet
Tuberolabium kotoense
Pronunciation: too-burr-oh-LAY-bee-um
Aka: Saccolabium quisumbingii
Origin: Southeast Asia including Taiwan and Philippines
Description and qualities: An easy-to-grow species commonly found on
Ficus trees in mountainous areas of Taiwan and the Philippines.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Small, white, long-lasting, waxy flowers with purple-
tipped lips. Flowers 1⁄2 inch (1 cm) across. Inflorescence 2–3 inches
(5–7.5 cm) tall, with 50 or more flowers per spike as the plant matures.
Season of bloom: Fall to winter
Mature plant: Dwarf grower.
The diminutive Tuberolabium kotoense can display up to 50 small, sweetly scented

flowers on a single plant.
Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: Mounted on a slab, in medium-textured
bark, or in coco chunks mix in a pot
Other fragrant tuberolabiums: Tblm. odoratissium—sweet
Vanda denisoniana
Pronunciation: VAN-da
Origin: Myanmar
Fragrant offspring: Aeridovanda Kinnaree (Vanda denisoniana × Aerides
lawrenceae)
Description and qualities: A compact grower with many color forms.
Flower description: Flower 2 inches (5 cm) across. Yellow petals and
sepals with light spotting. Center of flower is white. Inflorescence 6
inches (15 cm) tall, bearing four to six flowers.
Mature plant: Spreads about 12 inches (30 cm) but takes several years to
reach 12 inches (30 cm) tall.
Temperature: Warm
Recommended potting medium: Coarse-textured mix
Special cultural tip: Fre-
quently grown in wooden
baskets with or without
media.
Comment: Often used in breed-
ing vandas for its yellow color
and erect flower spike.
Other fragrant vandas:
V. coerulescens—grape bubble-
gum, concord grapes; V.
cristata—floral; V. dearei—
vanilla, cinnamon; V. roeblin-
giana—sweet; V. tesselata—
grapes, lilac; V. tricolor var.
suavis—vanilla; V. tricolor— Several species of vandas, including Vanda
vanilla. denisoniana, are pleasantly fragrant.
110 Chapter 7
Hybrids
Angranthes Grandalena
Pronunciation: an-GRAN-theez
Origin: Angraecum magdalenae × Aeranthes grandiflora
Description and qualities: As this plant matures, it produces multiple
growths with recurring, almost constant, blooming.
Flower description: Greenish white spurred flowers 3 inches (7.5 cm)
across. Inflorescence 10–12 inches (25–30 cm) tall, with one flower.
Mature plant: A compact plant, 8–10 inches (20–24 cm) tall. Forms addi-
tional plants at base. Foliage dark green and glossy.
lights, greenhouse
Light: Medium
Medium-textured orchid bark or
coco chunk mix
Special cultural tip: Like most
angraecoids, this plant resents
repotting.
Comment: Hybridized by orchid
grower and author Fred Hillerman
in 1979.
Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Pinky’

AM/AOS
Pronunciation: nee-oh-STYE-liss
Origin: Neofinetia falcata × Rhyncho-
stylis coelestis
Description and qualities: A very
compact growing orchid perfect for
Because of its ease of culture and frequency of windowsills and under lights.
blooming, Angranthes Grandalena has become Intensity of fragrance: Light
one of my favorites angraecoids. When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Vanilla, candy

Flower description: Clouds of 1-inch (2.5-cm) wide, deliciously fragrant,
creamy white flowers richly marked in pink, with bright fuchsia pink
lips. Inflorescence 6–8 inches (15–20 cm) tall, bearing many flowers.
Mature plant: Very compact growing.
Light: Medium
Special cultural tip: Grow in pots or baskets.
Comment: Orchid suppliers are beginning to provide Neostylis crosses, of
which the Lou Sneary grex is one of the most popular.
Other fragrant neostylis: Neost. Lou Sneary ‘Blue Moon’—jasmine;
Neost. Lou Sneary—vanilla, candy.
Neostylis Lou Sneary is a

floriferous prize-winning grex.
112 Chapter 7
Phalaenopsis Caribbean Sunset

‘Sweet Fragrance’
Origin: Phalaenopsis Cassandra ×
Phalaenopsis Mambo
Description and qualities: A sweet-
smelling, charming miniature
phalaenopsis.
When fragrant: Day
floral
Phalaenopsis Caribbean Sunset ‘Sweet Fra- Flower description: Rose-red
grance’ is a delightful, dwarf, red phalaenopsis
flowers 2 inches (5 cm) across. Inflo-
hybrid with a delicate, roselike scent.
rescence 6 inches (15 cm) tall, with
many flowers.
Mature plant: Dwarf. Leaves 6 inches (15 cm) long.
Light: Low
Temperature: Warm
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured mix
Comment: Part of a series of fragrant phalaenopsis bred by Norman’s
Orchids.
Phalaenopsis Ember ‘Blumen Insel’ AM/AOS

Origin: Phalaenopsis Mahalo ‘Carmella’ FCC/AOS × Phalaenopsis George
Vasquez ‘Eureka’ FCC/AOS
Description and qualities: Gorgeous foliage and flowers distinguish this
orchid.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Rose floral
Flower description: Glossy, waxy solid dark red flowers 21⁄2 inches (6.5
cm) wide. Inflorescence thick and stiff, 12 inches (30 cm) tall, with five to
six flowers. Blooms more than one time per year.
Mature plant: Leaves broad and long,

10–12 inches (26–30 cm).
lights, greenhouse
Light: Low
Temperature: Warm
Phalaenopsis Kilby Cassviola ‘Sweet

Fragrance’
Origin: Phalaenopsis Cassandra × Phalaenopsis Ember ‘Blumen Insel’ AM/AOS
makes a perfect houseplant with its waxy, dark
Phalaenopsis violacea
red, lightly rose scented flowers and dark
Fragrant parents: Phalaenopsis vio-
green, glossy leaves.
lacea
Description and qualities: A superb
combination of a flurry of white flow-
ers on a compact plant with beauti-
fully marbled foliage.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Clear white
flowers with a yellow flush and light
brown barring on the lower sepals and
throat. Flowers 21⁄2 inches (6 cm)
tall, bearing 5–10 flowers.
Season of bloom: Variable Phalaenopsis Kilby Cassviola ‘Sweet Fragrance’
Mature plant: A very compact grower. produces glistening white, spicy scented
Ease of culture: Intermediate flowers.
lights, greenhouse
Light: Low
Temperature: Warm
Comment: Part of a series of fragrant phalaenopsis bred by
Norman’s Orchids.
114 Chapter 7
Phalaenopsis Mini Mark ‘Maria

Teresa’
Origin: Phalaenopsis Micro Nova ×
Phalaenopsis philippinensis
Description and qualities: A
delightful phalaenopsis that every-
one has space for. Some clones of
the grex Mini Mark are fragrant,
others are not.
When fragrant: Day
floral
Flower description: White flowers
Phalaenopsis Mini Mark is a darling miniature
with dark red speckles and orange
orchid that some growers claim has a delicate
floral scent while others cannot detect it.
and yellow lips. Flowers 11⁄4 inches
Photo by Marc Herzog. (3 cm) wide. Inflorescence 3–4
inches (7.5–10 cm) tall, bearing four
to six flowers.
Mature plant: A miniature habit.
Temperature: Warm
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured epiphytic orchid mix
Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Roman Holiday’ AM/AOS

Origin: Phalaenopsis Malibu Imp × Phalaenopsis Deventeriana
Fragrant parents: Phalaenopsis Deventeriana
Description and qualities: All cultivars in the grex Orchid World are
noted for their fabulous fragrance.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Impressive, yellow flowers with red bars. Flowers
21⁄2 inches (6 cm) across and of a heavy substance. Inflorescence 12
inches (30 cm) tall, bearing five to six flowers.
Mature plant: Average phalaenopsis size, that is, with a leaf spread of 12
inches (30 cm).
Temperature: Warm
mix in northern climates. High quality sphagnum moss in warmer, drier
growing areas.
Other fragrant phalaenopsis:
Phal. Orchid World ‘Bonnie
Vasquez’ AM/AOS—spicy
Phalaenopsis Perfection Is ‘Chen’

FCC/AOS
Origin: Phalaenopsis Golden Peoker
× Phalaenopsis Black Eagle
Description and qualities: One
of my favorite small-growing, fra-
grant phalaenopsis.
Intensity of fragrance: Strong Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Roman Holiday’ AM/AOS
When fragrant: Day is one of many fine-colored and sweet-scented culti-
Description of fragrance: Spicy, vars in its grex.
cloves, carnation
Flower description: Flat yellow
flowers of heavy substance cov-
ered with burgundy red spots.
Flowers 21⁄2 inches (6.5 cm)
wide.
Mature plant: A compact
phalaenopsis.
Suitable growing area: Win-
dowsill, greenhouse, lights
Light: Low
Temperature: Warm
Recommended potting Phalaenopsis Perfection Is ‘Chen’ FCC/AOS is a gor-
medium: Medium-textured geous, flat, waxy, bright flower with a strong, spicy
orchid mix or sphagnum moss scent. Photo by Marc Herzog.
116 Chapter 7
Phalaenopsis Sweet Memory ‘Amy Dawn’ AM/AOS

Origin: Phalaenopsis Deventeriana × Phalaenopsis violacea
Description and qualities: Makes a spectacular specimen plant and has
long-lasting flowers.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Freesia
Phalaenopsis Sweet Memory ‘Amy Dawn’ AM/AOS, like all members of its grex, has
delightful fragrance. Photo by Eric Goo from Bud Terrell’s collection.
Flower description: Rich pink flowers strongly resembling Phalaenopsis

violacea in shape but with broader petals and sepals. Flowers 3 inches (7.6
cm) wide. Inflorescence 12–14 inches (30–40 cm) tall, bearing six to eight
flowers.
Mature plant: Forms keikis (baby plants) at its base, providing the potential
to become a large specimen plant. Standard phalaenopsis size, that is,
with a leaf spread of 12 inches (30 cm).
Light: Low
Temperature: Warm
Recommended potting medium: Medium-textured orchid mix or sphag-
num moss
Phalaenopsis Valentinii
Origin: Phalaenopsis violacea × Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi
Fragrant parents: Phalaenopsis violacea
Description and qualities: Another
phalaenopsis noted for its fine foli-
age and fragrant, colorful flowers.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Freesia
Flower description: Glossy, waxy,
violet over brown flowers with pur-
ple lips and yellow in the throats.
Flowers 21⁄2 inches (6 cm) wide.
Inflorescence 6 inches (15 cm) tall,
bearing three to four flowers.
Mature plant: A compact grower.
lights, greenhouse
Light: Low
Temperature: Warm
Medium-textured orchid mix or The primary hybrid Phalaenopsis Valentinii has
sphagnum moss varnished flat flowers with the freesia scent
from its Phalaenopsis violacea parent.
118 Chapter 7
Vanda Pat Delight

Pronunciation: VAN-da
Origin: Vanda Kasem’s Delight ×
Vanda Fuch’s Delight
Description and qualities: One of
the best blue-purple vandas.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Ripe
grapes
Flower description: Impressive deep
purple blooms 5 inches (12 cm)
across. Inflorescence 24 inches (60
cm) tall, bearing 6 to 10 flowers.
Mature plant: Standard vanda size,
that is, with a leaf spread of 12
inches (30 cm).
Vanda Pat Delight is a huge luscious hybrid
that smells like ripe grapes.
greenhouse
Recommended potting medium: In a basket. Will grow in a course-tex-
tured mix in a pot
Vascostylis Crownfox Red Gem

Pronunciation: vass-coh-STYE-liss
Origin: Rhynchostylis gigantea ‘Red’ × Ascocenda Red Gem
Fragrant parents: Rhynchostylis gigantea
Description and qualities: Combines fragrance from its rhynchostylis
parent with the compact growth habit of its ascocenda parent.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Cranberry red, long-lasting flowers 13⁄4 inches (4 cm)
across. Inflorescence 12 inches (30 cm) tall, bearing 10–12 flowers.
Mature plant: Average ascocenda size, that is, about 10 inches (25 cm)
across.
Vascostylis Crownfox Red Gem produces an alluring citrus scent.

Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: In a basket or in a medium-textured,
well-drained mix
Other fragrant vascostylis: Vasco. Tham Yuen Hae ‘Blue Queen’
HCC/RSPC, JC/AOS, HCC/AOS—jasmine
Chapter 8
Other Orchids
Some orchid genera are comprised of only a smattering of fragrant species

and hybrids. They include members of the subfamily Epidendrum, tribe Max-
illaria, the slipper orchids (Paphiopedilum and Phragmipedium), the Pleu-
rothallid Alliance, and a group that I am calling the “Stinkers”. As I have men-
tioned earlier, the focus of this book is pleasant-smelling orchids, not
malodorous ones, but I feel it is necessary to mention at least a few of these.
For those so inclined, here are a few other plants, not profiled, that fit in this
group: Bulbophyllum beccarii, Bulb. echinolabium, Bulb. maximum, Bulb. pha-
laenopsis, Cirrhopetalum graveolens. Cirr. ornatissimum, Eria hyacinthoides,
Gongora grossa, Masdevallia triangularis, Oncidium crispum, and Pleurothallis
cocornaensis. You can check out details about them in the various appendices.
Subfamily Epidendrum Species

Ansellia africana
Pronunciation: an-SELL-ee-a
Aka: Ansellia gigantea
Origin: Africa
Common name: Leopard orchid
Description and qualities: Has best fragrance under very high light con-
ditions.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Yellowish flowers with brown spots. Flowers 11⁄2–2
inches (3–5 cm) across. Inflorescence a branched spike, up to 3 feet (90
cm) tall, bearing up to 100 flowers.
120
Other Orchids 121
Mature plant: Very large plant with

pseudobulbs up to 2 feet (60 cm)
long and leaves about 5 inches (12.5
cm) long.
Light: High
Temperature: Warm
Medium-textured mix
Special cultural tip: Keep damp dur-
ing the growing season. Reduce
water slightly when not actively
growing.
Comment: Named for English gar-
dener John Ansell who discovered
this plant on an expedition to Niger
in 1840.
The prominently marked flowers of Ansellia
Arundina graminifolia africana explain its common name, the leopard
orchid.
Pronunciation: a-run-DEE-na
Aka: Bletia graminifolia, Arundina bam-
busifolia
Origin: Southeast Asia
Common name: Bamboo orchid
Description and qualities: An
orchid that requires a lot of space.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Flower 3 inches
(7.5 cm) across, usually rosy mauve
but color is variable, short lived
(usually three to four days). Inflores-
cence 4–6 feet (120–180 cm) tall,
bearing two to six flowers.
Mature plant: The slender, upright
stems grow in clusters.
Suitable growing area: Greenhouse Arundina graminifolia is commonly grown as a
Light: High “garden orchid” in the tropics.
122 Chapter 8
Temperature: Warm
Recommended potting medium: Terrestrial mix in a large pot or directly
in ground
Special cultural tip: Grow in beds or large pots.
Comment: Originally described in 1825 by David Don as Bletia graminifolia.
Coelogyne lawrenceana
Pronunciation: see-LOJ-in-ee
Origin: Vietnam
Description and qualities: A very vigorous-growing species.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Waxy, tan flowers with white lips. Flowers 31⁄2 inches
(9 cm) across. Inflorescence 10 inches (25 cm), bearing one to three
flowers.
Mature plant: Soft, pleated foliage about 12 inches (30 cm) high.
Suitable growing area: Greenhouse, windowsill, lights
Light: Medium
Temperature: Warm
Special cultural tip: Repot before new growth begins.
Coelogyne lawrenceana is an uncommon and sought-after species from Vietnam.

Other Orchids 123
Coelogyne ochracea
Pronunciation: see-LOJ-in-ee
Origin: India
Description and qualities: The most popular species in this genus
because it is easy to grow, very fragrant, and compact in habit.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Musk
Flower description: Pure white flowers with striking yellow and orange
markings on the lip. Flowers 11⁄4 inches (4 cm) wide. Inflorescence 8
inches (20 cm) tall, bearing 6 to 10 flowers.
Light: Medium
Temperature: Cool
Comment: This species does not lose its leaves during the winter.
Other fragrant coelogynes: Coel. cristata—banana, candy sweet; Coel.
fimbriata—yeasty; Coel. Intermedia—sweet, fruity; Coel. pandurata—cin-
namon; Coel. zurowetzii—spicy floral.
Coelogyne ochracea sports crisp white flowers with bright yellow and orange
markings on the lip and in the throat.
124 Chapter 8
Hybrids
Catasetum Orchidglade ‘Davie Ranches’ AM/AOS
Pronunciation: kat-a-SEE-tum
Origin: Catasetum pileatum × Catasetum expansum
Description and qualities: As is the case with most catasetums, the male
flowers have a stronger scent than the female flowers. The fragrance of
the blossoms remains, to some degree, even after the flowers dry, making
them useful for potpourri. Flowers are most fragrant in warm sunlight.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Spicy, medicinal
Flower description: Creamy, thick, waxy flowers covered with red freck-
les. Flowers 2 inches (5 cm) across. Inflorescence 6–8 inches (15–20 cm)
tall, with up to 15 flowers.
Mature plant: Leaves deciduous, 12–16 inches (30–40 cm) long.
Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: In
a basket so plants will have rapid
drainage.
Special cultural tip: Water and fertil-
ize heavily during the growing sea-
son. Stop water for four to six weeks
during the winter.
Comment: The first commercial Cata-
setum hybrid. Created by Jones and
Scully, commercial orchid growers
in Miami.
Other fragrant catasetums: Ctsm.
candida—wintergreen; Ctsm. col-
lare—wintergreen; Ctsm. discolor—
rye bread; Ctsm. expansum—turpen-
tine in morning; rye bread in after-
noon; Ctsm. fimbriatum—spice;
Ctsm. gnomus—wintergreen; Ctsm.
Catasetum Orchidglade ‘Davie Ranches’ integerrimum—spice; Ctsm. macula-
AM/AOS has rich color and fragrance. tum—rye bread; Ctsm. roseum—
Other Orchids 125
Vicks VapoRub in the morning, cinnamon at night; Ctsm. tenebrosum—

citrus; Ctsm. warscewiczii—lemon.
Cymbidium Golden Elf ‘Sundust’ HCC/AOS

Pronunciation: sim-BID-ee-um
Origin: Cymbidium ensifolium × Cymbidium Enid Haupt
Fragrant parents: Cymbidium ensifolium
Description and qualities: The clear golden yellow, sweetly fragrant flow-
ers on a compact plant make this miniature cymbidium a favorite.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Clear bright yellow flowers 21⁄2 inches (6 cm) across.
Inflorescence a spike, with four to six flowers. Can bloom several times a
year. Flowers last about two weeks.
Mature plant: Considered a miniature cymbidium.
Light: High
Terrestrial mix.
Special cultural tip: Requires less
cooling than most other cymbidiums
to initiate buds. This makes it easier to
bloom than many other cymbidiums.
More heat tolerant than most cym-
bidiums so it is suited for warmer
climates.
Other fragrant cymbidiums: Cym.
cyperifolium—sweet; Cym. eburneum—
sweet, like paperwhite narcissus; Cym.
goeringii—jasmine, lily-of-the valley,
lemons; Cym. kanran—lemon peel;
Cym. mastersii—almonds; Cym. sinen-
sis—light, sweet floral; Cym. suave—
sweet; Cym. virescens—the sweet, deli-
cate fragrance earned it the moniker
of “the scent of the king.” Cymbidium Golden Elf ‘Sundust’ HCC/AOS is
a compact, warm-tolerant, fragrant hybrid.
126 Chapter 8
Tribe Maxillaria Species

Bifrenaria harrisoniae
Pronunciation: bye-fren-AIR-ee-a
Aka: Dendrobium harrisoniae
Origin: Brazil
Description and qualities: The long-lasting very fragrant flower is the
prime feature of this orchid.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Fruity
Flower description: Waxy, fleshy,
usually white flowers that last up to
six weeks. Flowers 2–3 inches (5–7
cm) across. Inflorescence 2 inches
(5 cm) tall, with one to two flowers.
Mature plant: Pseudobulbs 2–3
inches (5–7.5 cm) long. Leaves 8–10
inches (20–30 cm) long.
Bifrenaria harrisoniae features waxy white greenhouse
flowers with a sweet scent. Light: Medium
Special cultural tip: Needs no rest
period. Reduce water during winter
to improve bud set. Divide sparingly.
Comment: Sent to England from Rio de
Janeiro by W. Harrison in the 1820s.
Cochleanthes amazonica
Pronunciation: kok-lee-AN-theez
Origin: Costa Rica, Panama
Fragrant offspring: Cochleanthes
Moliere (Cnths. discolor × Cnths.
The exotic flower of Cochleanthes amazonica is amazonica); Cochleanthes Amazing
made more exciting with dark purple veins on (Cnths. flabelliformis × Cnths.
the impressive lip and in the throat. amazonica)
Other Orchids 127
Description and qualities: The large dramatically marked lip makes this
orchid stand out.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Candy, rose, narcissus, verbena
Flower description: White flowers with contrasting dark purple veins on
very prominent lips and in the throats. Flowers 2 inches (5 cm) across.
Inflorescence 3 inches (7.5 cm) tall, bearing one flower.
the foliage. Make sure potting mix is fresh and not broken down as this
plant does not tolerate a soggy medium.
Other fragrant cochleanthes: Cnths. discolor—candy, cedar, pepper,
camphoraceous
Lycaste aromatica
Pronunciation: lye-KASS-tee
Aka: Colax aromaticus, Lycaste suaveolens
Origin: Mexico
Description and qualities: This is a deciduous orchid that drops its
leaves in the winter. It blooms before
the plant grows new foliage in the
early spring.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Cinna-
mon, spicy, like Big Red chewing gum
Flower description: Bright yellow-
orange flowers 21⁄2 inches (6 cm)
tall, bearing flowers in groups of 30 to
40 from previous year’s growth or on
new growth.
Season of bloom: Spring Lycaste aromatica has a compact plant habit
Mature plant: Leaves 12–16 inches with cheery, bright cinnamon-scented yellow-
(30-40 cm) long, soft and pleated. orange flowers. Photo by Allen Black.
128 Chapter 8

Recommended potting medium: In a clay pot with a mix of rock wool and
perlite, or in bark
Special cultural tip: Reduce water during the winter. Mist occasionally to
keep the pseudobulbs from shriveling. More intense light results in
richer flower color.
Comment: One of the easier to grow and rewarding lycastes. First collected
by Lord Napier in Mexico and sent to the Royal Botanic Garden in Edin-
burgh, where it flowered in 1826.
Other fragrant lycastes: Lyc. Alan Salzman—spicy; Lyc. bradeorum—
lemon; Lyc. brevispatha—fresh apples; Lyc. ciliata—ripe apples; Lyc.
cochleata—oranges; Lyc. cruenta—spicy, cinnamon, lemon, cloves; Lyc.
deppei—peppermint, eucalyptus; Lyc. lanipes—heady, honey perfume;
Lyc. leucantha—sweet, heady perfume; Lyc. locusta—Granny Smith
apples; Lyc. powellii—sweet floral; Lyc. Walnut Valley ‘Black’s Glow’—
spicy.
Maxillaria tenuifolia
Pronunciation: mak-si-LAIR-ee-a
Aka: Maxillaria gracilifolia
Origin: Mexico to Costa Rica
Common name: Coconut orchid
Description and qualities: Found in semi-deciduous forests at low eleva-
tions. One of the most popular of the 200 or so Maxillaria species.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Coconut; box of crayons
Flower description: Brick red flowers 11⁄2–2 inches (4–5 cm) across.
Inflorescence 4–5 inches (10–12.5 cm) tall, with one flower.
Season of bloom: Summer
Mature plant: Reaches 10 inches (25 cm) high.
Light: Medium
Recommended potting medium: Mounted on a raft or slab. Can be grown
in pots with a mixture of well-draining media like shredded tree fern.
Special cultural tip: Keep moist.
Other Orchids 129
Comment: Discovered in Veracruz, Mexico, by German orchid collector

Karl Theodor Hartweg in 1837.
Other fragrant maxillarias: Max. ochroleuca—tutti-frutti; Max. picta—
sweet floral; Max. rufescens—vanilla, egg crème; Max. sanderiana—sweet
floral; Max. seymouriana—lemony.
No one can resist the mouthwatering coconut fragrance of Maxillaria

tenuifolia.
130 Chapter 8
Tribe Maxillaria Hybrids

Cochleanthes Moliere
Pronunciation: kok-lee-AN-theez
Origin: Cochleanthes amazonica ×
Cochleanthes discolor
Description and qualities: The gor-
geous, huge royal purple lip and
candy sweet fragrance combined
with easy phalaenopsis-like culture
has made this hybrid a hit.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Candy,
rose
Flower description: White petals
and sepals tipped with pink contrast
with the huge dramatic purple lip.
Flowers 2 inches (5 cm) across.
Cochleanthes Moliere is a spectacular result of
Inflorescence 3–5 inches (8–12.5
the marriage of two species.
cm) tall, with a single flower.
the foliage. Make sure potting mix is fresh and not broken down as this
plant does not tolerate a soggy medium.
Lycaste Aquila ‘Détente’ FCC/AOS

Origin: Lycaste Brugensis × Lycaste Jason
Description and qualities: This hybrid has in its parentage four Lycaste
species—Lyc. longipetala, Lyc. skinneri, Lyc. lasioglossa, and Lyc. macro-
bulbon.
When fragrant: Day
Other Orchids 131
Flower description: Peach-colored

flowers 4 inches (10 cm) wide. Inflo-
rescence 6 inches (15 cm) tall, with a
single flower.
(30–45 cm) tall.
greenhouse
Special cultural tip: Provide a rest
This select clone, Lycaste Aquila ‘Détente’
period during the winter to induce
FCC/AOS, was awarded the American
flowering. Orchid Society’s highest award, the First
Class Certificate.
Lycaste Imschootiana
Origin: Lycaste cruenta × Lycaste skinneri
Description and qualities: A lovely
softly colored, lightly scented lycaste.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Beautiful, well-
shaped, white to cream-colored flow-
ers with rose-colored specks, each
bloom 4 inches (10 cm) across. Inflo-
rescence 6 inches (15 cm) tall, with a
single flower.
The delicate creamy flowers and spicy scent
Mature plant: Foliage grows to about
make Lycaste Imschootiana a favorite. Photo
12 inches (30 cm).
by Allen Black
lights, greenhouse
Recommended potting medium: In a clay pot with a mix of rock wool and
perlite or bark and perlite
132 Chapter 8
Special cultural tip: If possible, grow the plant in the cooler area of your
growing area. Greatly reduce water from late fall to early winter until
buds appear.
Lycaste Lucianii
Origin: Lycaste skinneri × Lycaste lasioglossa
Description and qualities: A very handsome, hardy, easy-to-grow lycaste.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Sweet and spicy
Flower description: Rose-pink sepals contrast with much smaller white
petals, and a fuzzy red lip with yellow
in the throat. Flowers 6 inches (15
cm) across. Inflorescence 6–8 inches
(15–20 cm) tall, with a single flower.
(30–45 cm) high.
greenhouse
Light: Medium
Rosy pink Lycaste Lucianii adds a touch of ele- Medium-textured epiphytic mix
gance and fragrance to any orchid collection.
Zygopetalum Artur Elle ‘Tanzanite’
AM/AOS
Pronunciation: zeye-go-PET-a-lum
Origin: Zygopetalum Blackii ×
Zygopetalum BG White
Description and qualities: A tall,
dark, and handsome zygopetalum.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance:
Hyacinth, violets, sweet perfume
Flower description: Green flowers
overlaid with maroon. Wide white
Zygopetalum Artur Elle ‘Tanzanite’ AM/AOS lip covered with purple. Flowers 23⁄4
fills the room with its hyacinth fragrance. inches (7 cm) across.
Other Orchids 133

Light: Medium
Other fragrant zygopetalums: Zygopetalum—sweet; Z. BG White
‘Stonehurst’ HCC/AOS, AM/AOS—hyacinths, violets, sweet perfume;
Z. crinitum—spicy-floral, narcissus; Z. intermedium—rose, lilac; Z. mack-
ayi—hyacinth, narcissus; Z. maxillare—floral; Z. Redvale ‘Fire Kiss’—
hyacinth.
Paphiopedilum and Phragmipedium Species

Paphiopedilum delenatii
Pronunciation: paff-ee-oh-PED-i-lum
Aka: Cypripedium delenatii
Origin: Vietnam
Description and qualities: A form of this species, discovered from Viet-
nam in the 1990s, is more vigorous and easier growing than the older
form, and is the one most often sold today.
When fragrant: Day
Paphiopedilum delenatii is one of the few Asian slipper orchids with a

fragrance.
134 Chapter 8
Description of fragrance: Rose, lemon honey.

Flower description: Pale pink flowers with darker pink pouch. Flowers 3
inches (7.5 cm) across. Inflorescence 8–10 inches (20–25 cm) tall, bear-
ing one to two flowers. Season of bloom: Variable
Mature plant: Very compact habit with gorgeous mottled, dark green
foliage 4 inches (10 cm) long.
Light: Low
Special cultural tip: Easy to grow with other paphiopedilums.
Comment: First discovered in northern Vietnam by a French army officer in
1914. Prior to the early 1990s most of the plants of this species available
for sale originated from plants raised from seed by the famous French
orchid nursery of Messrs. Vacherot and Lecoufle.
Paphiopedilum malipoense
Origin: Southern China, Vietnam
Description and qualities: A species with various flower forms.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Raspberry, apple
Flower description: Distinctive flower with green petals and sepals. Flow-
ers 3–4 inches (7.5–10 cm) across. Inflorescence tall, at least 12 inches (30
cm), usually bearing one flower.
Slipper orchid Paphiopedilum

malipoense rewards the grower
with an exotic flower and a
raspberry scent.
Other Orchids 135

Mature plant: Leaves beautifully marked and 4–6 inches (10–15 cm) long.
Light: Low
Comment: First described by notable Chinese botanists Sing-Chi Chen and
Zhan-Huo Tsi in 1984.
Other fragrant paphiopedilums: Paph. emersonii—chocolate; Paph.
Joyce Hasagawa—raspberry; Paph. kolopakingii—honeysuckle; Paph.
Lynleigh Koopowitz—raspberry.
Phragmipedium Wilcox AM/AOS

Pronunciation: frag-mi-PEE-dee-um
Aka: Cypripedium schlimii
Origin: Phragmipedium schlimii × Phragmipedium Sedenii
Description and qualities: A well-grown, mature species of this orchid
can be in bloom most of the year.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: White flowers with pink pouches borne successively
along the inflorescence. Flowers 2 inches (5 cm) wide. Inflorescence up
to 12 inches (30 cm) tall, bearing two or three flowers.
Phragmipedium Wilcox AM/AOS is one of the few scented

phragmipediums.
136 Chapter 8

Mature plant: Reaches up to 18 inches (45 cm) tall but frequently
smaller.
Recommended potting medium: Light, well-drained mix
Special cultural tip: Keep growing medium damp.
Comment: Discovered by L. J. Schlim in 1852.
Other Orchid Hybrids

Paphiopedilum Armeni White
Origin: Paphiopedilum armeniacum × Paphiopedilum delenatii
Fragrant parents: Paphiopedilum delenatii
Description and qualities: A vigorous plant with beautifully marked
foliage and elegant flowers.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Creamy white flowers 31⁄2 inches ( 9 cm) wide.
Inflorescence about 18
inches (45 cm) long, with
one or two flowers.
Season of bloom: Spring to
summer
Mature plant: A compact
plant 6 inches (15 cm) high
and 8–10 inches (20–25 cm)
wide. Foliage a very attrac-
tive dark patterned green.
Suitable growing area:
Windowsill, lights, green-
house
Light: Low
The soft white flowers of slipper orchid Paphio- Recommended potting
pedilum Armeni White emit a delicate citrus medium: Fine- to medium-
fragrance. textured orchid mix
Other Orchids 137
The Pleurothallid Alliance Hybrids

Polystachya Darling Star
Pronunciation: pol-lee-STACK-ya
Origin: Polystachya ottoniana × Polystachya virginea
Description and qualities: One of the relatively few hybrids found in this
genus of miniature plants, Darling Star delivers sweet smelling snowy
white, waxy flowers in a compact package.
When fragrant: Day
Flower description: Clear white flowers borne upside down. Flowers 3⁄4
inch (2 cm) wide. Inflorescence 3–4 inches (7.5–10 cm) tall, bearing three
to four flowers.
Mature plant: A dwarf grower, about 6 inches (15 cm) high.
Light: Medium
Polystachya Darling Star, a miniature gem from J & L Orchids in Connecti-

cut, has crystalline white flowers that shimmer.
138 Chapter 8
Other fragrant polystachyas: Pol. bella—fruity, “like Lemon Pledge”;

Pol. campyloglossa—bananas, strawberries; Pol. cultriformis—lily-of-the
valley, lime blossoms; Pol. fallax—jasmine, tropical fruit; Pol. mazum-
baiensis—rose, gardenia; Pol. pubescens—honey.
“Stinkers”
Bulbophyllum echinolabium
Origin: Borneo, Sulawesi
Description and qualities: A star among the bulbophyllums because of
its large striking flower.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Carrion
Flower description: Dark cream-
colored flowers with mahogany
stripes. Dramatic for their size, 12
inches (30 cm) long or longer, which
makes them among the largest flow-
ers in the genus. Inflorescence 12
inches (30 cm) tall, bearing one flower.
Mature plant: Compact plant, 6–8
inches (10–15 cm) tall.
lights, greenhouse
Medium-textured, well-drained mix,
tree fern, or bark
Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis
Aka: Bulbophyllum giganteum
Origin: New Guinea
Description and qualities: Bulbophyl-
Stinker Bulbophyllum echinolabium puts on lum species with dark flower colors
quite a show, which makes it a conversation are frequently “stinkers.”
piece when it blooms. Intensity of fragrance: Strong
Other Orchids 139
When fragrant: Day

Description of fragrance: Carrion
Flower description: Dark red flowers with yellow protuberances that
according to Emly Siegerist (2001, p. 127) make them look “(at least to
flies) [like] rotting flesh covered with maggots.” Flowers 11⁄2 inches (4
cm) across. Inflorescence 8–10 inches (20–25 cm), bearing many flowers.
Mature plant: Very large leaves, resembling Phalaenopsis gigantea.
Recommended potting medium: Mounted because of its long pendulous
leaves
Comment: A huge specimen of this plant with leaves about 4 feet (1.2
meters) long was awarded a Certificate of Cultural Merit at the 2004 New
York International Orchid Show. It was said to be valued at about
$10,000!
Other fragrant bulbophyllums: Bulb. beccarii—said to smell like 100
dead elephants rotting in the sun.
Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis can empty a whole room of people with its foul odor when it
is in full bloom.
140 Chapter 8
Oncidium crispum
Origin: Brazil
Description and qualities: The brown flowers with yellow markings
make this orchid a favorite with floral artists.
When fragrant: Day
Description of fragrance: Musty,
like cockroaches
Flower description: Rust-red flowers
and lip, with yellow and orange
markings on the lip. Flowers 3
inches (8 cm) across. Inflorescence
long up to 3 feet (90 cm) long, bear-
ing up to 40 to 80 flowers.
Mature plant: Leaves 6–8 inches
(15–20 cm) tall.
greenhouse
The flower of Oncidium crispum is quite attrac- Comment: Introduced and described
tive, but its musty scent is not one of its assets. by Messrs. Loddiges in 1832.
Appendix A
Orchids by Ease of Culture
Easy Culture
Aerangis biloba Brassidium Dragon Flight ‘Fluff’
Aerangis citrata Brassocattleya Binosa ‘Kirk’
Aerangis fastuosa AM/AOS
Aeranthes Grandiose Brassocattleya Mt. Hood
Aerides odorata Brassolaelia Memoria Bernice
Angraecum compactum Foster
Angraecum distichum Brassolaelia Yellow Bird
Angraecum germinyanum Brassolaeliocattleya Momilani
Angraecum leonis Rainbow
Angraecum White Emblem Bulbophyllum beccarii
Angranthes Grandalena Bulbophyllum hamatipes
Arundina graminifolia Bulbophyllum laxiflorum
Ascofinetia Cherry Blossom Bulbophyllum lobbii
‘Delicado’ Bulbophyllum rothschildianum
Beallara Marfitch ‘Howard’s Dream’ Cattleya Chocolate Drop ‘Kodama’
AM/AOS AM/AOS
Bothriochilus bellus Cattleya luteola
Brassavola Little Stars Cochleanthes Moliere
Brassavola Yaki ‘Black’s Best’ Cochleanthes discolor
Brassavola cordata Coelogyne Intermedia
Brassavola nodosa Coelogyne ochracea
Brassavola tuberculata Darwinara Charm ‘Blue Star’
Brassia gireoudiana Dendrobium Chrystaline
Brassia longissima ‘Pumpkin Patch’ Dendrobium Comet King ‘Akatsuki’
Brassia verrucosa Dendrobium Sea Mary ‘Snow King’
141
142 Appendix A
Dendrobium Sweet Song ‘Memory’ Oncidium Sharry Baby

Dendrobium kingianum Oncidium Sharry Baby ‘Misaki’
Dendrobium nobile Oncidium Tsiku Marguerite
Dendrobium nobile var. virginale Oncidium Twinkle ‘Fragrance
Doritaenopsis Garnet Elf ‘Mary’ Fantasy’
Doritaenopsis Phoenix Fire ‘Cardinal’ Oncidium Twinkle ‘Red Fantasy’
Encyclia adenocaula Oncidium cheirophorum
Encyclia fragrans Oncidium longipes
Encyclia phoenicea Oncidium maculatum
Encyclia radiata Oncidium ornithorhynchum ‘Lilac
Epicattleya Dora Tinschert ‘Spring- Blossom’
dale’ HCC/AOS Paphiopedilum Armeni White
Epidendrum ciliare Paphiopedilum delenatii
Epidendrum phoeniceum Phalaenopsis Caribbean Sunset
Gongora horichiana ‘Sweet Fragrance’
Laelia anceps Phalaenopsis Desert Red ‘Ruby’
Laelia perrinii Phalaenopsis Dotty Woodson
Laeliocattleya Angel Love ‘Claudette’ HCC/AOS
Laeliocattleya Jungle Festival Phalaenopsis Ember ‘Blumen Insel’
Laeliocattleya Mari’s Song ‘CTM 217’ AM/AOS
HCC/AOS Phalaenopsis Mary Lillian Taylor
Laeliocattleya Mini Purple ‘Desert Orange’ AM/AOS
Laeliocattleya Nora’s Melody Phalaenopsis Mini Mark
Lycaste aromatica Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Bonnie
Lycaste brevispatha Vasquez’ AM/AOS
Lycaste cruenta Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Roman
Lycaste powellii Holiday’ AM/AOS
Maxillaria seymouriana Phalaenopsis Perfection Is ‘Chen’
Maxillaria tenuifolia FCC/AOS
Milpasia Leslie Garay Phalaenopsis Samba
Milpasia Milt’s Choice ‘Helen of Phalaenopsis Sweet Memory ‘Amy
Troy’ Dawn’ AM/AOS
Miltoniopsis roezlii Phalaenopsis Valentinii
Miltoniopsis santanaei Phalaenopsis Wes Addison ‘Blood
Neostylis Lou Sneary Brother’
Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Blue Moon’ Phalaenopsis schilleriana
Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Pinky’ Polystachya bella
AM/AOS Potinara Burana Beauty ‘Burana’
Odontioda Vesta ‘Charm’ HCC/AOS
Oncidium Issaku Nagata ‘Volcano Potinara Free Spirit ‘Lea’ AM/AOS
Queen’ HCC/AOS Sigmatostalix radicans ‘HMO’s Petite
Oncidium Gold Dust Prince’
Orchids by Ease of Culture 143
Spathoglottis deplanche Tuberolabium kotoense

Stanhopea oculata Tuberolabium odoratissium
Trichopilia suavis
Intermediate Culture
Acampe papillosa Brassolaelia Sarah Black
Acineta superba Brassolaeliocattleya Arthur Bossin
Aerangis appendiculata ‘Rapture’
Aerangis articulata Brassolaeliocattleya Formosan Gold
Aerangis brachycarpa Brassolaeliocattleya George King
Aerangis confusa ‘Serendipity’ AM/AOS
Aerangis kirkii Brassolaeliocattleya Goldenzelle
Aerangis kotschyana ‘Lemon Chiffon’ AM/AOS
Aerangis modesta Brassolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan
Aerangis mooreana Beauty ‘Orchis’
Aerangis mystacidii Brassolaeliocattleya Hawaiian
Aerangis somalensis Avalanche
Aerides crassifolia Brassolaeliocattleya Pamela Hether-
Aerides falcata ington ‘Coronation’ FCC/AOS
Aerides falcata var. houlletiana Brassolaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise
Aerides fieldingii ‘Emerald Isle’ HCC/AOS
Aerides quinquevulnera Brassolaeliocattleya Rio’s Green
Amesiella philippinense Magic
Angraecum Lemforde White Beauty Bulbophyllum ambrosia
Angraecum Veitchii Bulbophyllum cocoinum
Angraecum aporoides Bulbophyllum comosum
Angraecum birrinense Bulbophyllum echinolabium
Angraecum boisserianum Bulbophyllum maximum
Angraecum bosseri Bulbophyllum odoratissimum
Angraecum didieri Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis
Angraecum eburneum Bulbophyllum suavissimum
Angraecum eichlerianum Cadetia chionantha
Angraecum magdalenae Cadetia taylori
Angraecum sesquipedale Catasetum Orchidglade ‘Davie
Anguloa clowesii Ranches’ AM/AOS
Ansellia africana Catasetum candida
Bifrenaria harrisoniae Catasetum collare
Brassavola cucullata Catasetum discolor
Brassavola flagellaris Catasetum expansum
Brassavola martiana Catasetum fimbriatum
Brassia ochroleuca Catasetum gnomus
144 Appendix A
Catasetum integerrimum Cycnoches warscewiczii

Catasetum maculatum Cymbidium Golden Elf ‘Sundust’
Catasetum roseum HCC/AOS
Catasetum tenebrosum Cymbidium cyperifolium
Catasetum warscewiczii Cymbidium eburneum
Cattleya Brabantiae Cymbidium ensifolium
Cattleya Fascelis Cymbidium goeringii
Cattleya Peckhaviensis Cymbidium kanran
Cattleya Pradit Spot ‘Black Prince’ Cymbidium mastersii
Cattleya bicolor var. grossii Cymbidium sinensis
Cattleya dowiana Cymbidium suave
Cattleya forbesii Cymbidium tracyanum
Cattleya granulosa Cymbidium virescens
Cattleya guttata Dendrobium Gai Quest
Cattleya harrisoniana Dendrobium Jesmond Fancy
Cattleya intermedia Dendrobium Jesmond Gem
Cattleya intermedia ‘Carlos’ Dendrobium Light River
Cattleya labiata Dendrobium Spring Bride
Cattleya loddigesii Dendrobium Spring Doll
Cattleya lueddemanniana ‘Waterfield’ Dendrobium anosmum
Cattleya maxima ‘Mountainside’ Dendrobium antennatum
Cattleya mossiae Dendrobium aureum
Cattleya quadicolor Dendrobium bellatulum
Cattleya schilleriana Dendrobium cariniferum
Cattleya schroederae Dendrobium chrysotoxum
Cattleya walkeriana var. alba Dendrobium delicatum ‘Brechts’
Cattleya warneri Dendrobium densiflorum
Cattleya warscewiczii Dendrobium draconis
Caularthron bicornutum Dendrobium fimbriatum var. oculatum
Cirrhopetalum graveolens Dendrobium griffithianum
Cirrhopetalum ornatissimum Dendrobium hainanense
Cochleanthes amazonica Dendrobium heterocarpum
Coelogyne cristata Dendrobium jenkinsii
Coelogyne fimbriata Dendrobium lawesii
Coelogyne lawrenceana Dendrobium loddigesii
Coelogyne pandurata Dendrobium macrophyllum
Coelogyne zurowetzii Dendrobium moniliforme
Coryanthes bruckmuelleri Dendrobium monophyllum
Coryanthes leucocorys Dendrobium musciferum
Cycnoches chlorochilon Dendrobium parishii
Cycnoches loddigesii Dendrobium primulinum var. gigan-
Cycnoches ventricosum teum
Dendrobium pugioniforme Laelia pumila var. coerulea

Dendrobium rhodopterygium var. Laelia purpurata var. werckhauseri
semialba Laelia rubescens
Dendrobium speciosum Laeliocattleya Angel Love
Dendrobium unicum Laeliocattleya Hausermann’s Sultan
Dendrobium virgineum Laeliocattleya Whitiniae
Dendrobium wardianum Leptotes bicolor
Dendrobium williamsonii Leptotes unicolor
Dendrochilum cobbianum Lycaste Alan Salzman
Dendrochilum glumaceum Lycaste Aquila ‘Détente’ FCC/AOS
Dendrochilum arachnites Lycaste Imschootiana
Dendrochilum magnum Lycaste Lucianii
Diaphananthe pellucida Lycaste Walnut Valley ‘Black’s Glow’
Diaphananthe pulchella Lycaste bradeorum
Dracula chestertonii Lycaste ciliata
Encyclia cordigera Lycaste cochleata
Encyclia lancifolia Lycaste deppei
Encyclia polybulbon Lycaste lanipes
Encyclia tampensis Lycaste leucantha
Encyclia trulla Lycaste locusta
Epidendrum difforme Masdevallia Confetti
Epidendrum falcatum Masdevallia agaster
Epidendrum inversum Masdevallia attenuata
Epidendrum nocturnum Masdevallia cyclotega
Epidendrum parkinsonianum Masdevallia glandulosa
Epilaelia Beverly Shea Masdevallia laucheana
Eria gigantea ‘Waterfield’ Masdevallia livingstoneana
Eria hyacinthoides Masdevallia mejiana
Eurychone rothschildianum Masdevallia triangularis
Gongora galeata Maxillaria ochroleuca
Gongora grossa Maxillaria picta
Gongora leucochila Maxillaria rufescens
Gongora pleiochroma Maxillaria sanderiana
Gongora quinquenervis Meiracyllium trinasutum
Gongora unicolor Miltonia regnellii
Haraella odorata Miltonia schroederiana
Iwanagaara Appleblossom ‘Fantastic’ Miltonia spectabilis
Jumellea confusa Miltonia spectabilis var. moreliana
Jumellea densifoliata Miltoniopsis Bert Field
Jumellea sagittata Miltoniopsis Celle ‘Wasserfall’
Laelia albida AM/AOS
Laelia lundii Miltoniopsis Hajime Ono
146 Appendix A
Miltoniopsis Hamburg ‘Red Velvet’ Potinara Twentyfour Carat ‘Lea’

Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis AM/AOS
Neofinetia falcata Rangaeris amaniensis
Odontobrassia Fangtastic Bob Rhyncholaelia glauca
Henley Rhynchostylis coelestis
Odontocidium Tiger Crow ‘Golden Rhynchostylis gigantea
Girl’ HCC/AOS Rhynchostylis gigantea Sagarik Strain
Odontoglossum pendulum Rhynchostylis gigantea var. alba
Odontoglossum pulchellum Rhynchostylis illustre
Oeniella polystachys Rhynchostylis retusa
Oncidium concolor Ronnyara Manuel Ugarte ‘H & R’
Oncidium crispum Schoenorchis fragrans
Oncidium cucullatum Schoenorchis gemmata
Oncidium microchilum Sedirea japonica
Oncidium tigrinum Sobennikoffia humbertiana
Otaara Haw Yuan Bay ‘She Shu’ Sophrolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan Star
Paphiopedilum Joyce Hasagawa ‘Pink Lady’
Paphiopedilum Lynleigh Koopowitz Stanhopea candida
Paphiopedilum emersonii Stanhopea cirrhata
Paphiopedilum kolopakingii Stanhopea costaricensis
Paphiopedilum malipoense Stanhopea ecornuta
Peristeria elata Stanhopea embreei
Phalaenopsis Kilby Cassviola ‘Sweet Stanhopea grandiflora
Fragrance’ Stanhopea jenischiana
Phalaenopsis amboinensis Stanhopea pulla
Phalaenopsis bellina Stanhopea reichenbachiana
Phalaenopsis fasciata Stanhopea saccata
Phalaenopsis gigantea Stanhopea tigrina
Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica Stanhopea tricornis
Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana Stanhopea wardii
Phalaenopsis mannii Stelis pusilla
Phalaenopsis modesta Thunia marshalliana
Phalaenopsis violacea Trichocentrum albococcineum
Phragmipedium Wilcox AM/AOS Trichocentrum Nathakhun
Pleurothallis cocornaensis Trichocentrum tigrinum
Pleurothallis ramulosa Trichoglottis philippinensis ‘Pololei’
Polystachya Darling Star Trichoglottis wenzellii
Polystachya campyloglossa Trichopilia fragrans
Polystachya cultriformis Vanda Pat Delight
Polystachya fallax Vanda coerulescens
Polystachya mazumbaiensis Vanda cristata
Polystachya pubescens Vanda dearei
Vanda denisoniana Zygopetalum

Vanda roeblingiana Zygopetalum Artur Elle ‘Tanzanite’
Vanda tesselata AM/AOS
Vanda tricolor Zygopetalum BG White ‘Stonehurst’
Vanda tricolor var. suavis HCC/AOS, AM/AOS
Vascostylis Crownfox Red Gem Zygopetalum Redvale ‘Fire Kiss’
Vascostylis Tham Yuen Hae ‘Blue Zygopetalum crinitum
Queen’ HCC/RSPC, JC/AOS, Zygopetalum intermedium
HCC/AOS Zygopetalum mackayi
Woodwardara Adelaide Zygopetalum maxillare
Zygoneria
Challenging Culture
Aerides lawrenceae Encyclia citrina
Aerides lawrenceae var. sanderiana Laelia tenebrosa
Angraecum Longiscott ‘Lea’ Rhyncholaelia digbyana
Cattleya aclandiae Zygocolax
Appendix B
Orchids by Light Requirements
Low Light (less than 1500 footcandles)

Doritaenopsis Garnet Elf ‘Mary’ Phalaenopsis Mary Lillian Taylor
Doritaenopsis Phoenix Fire ‘Cardinal’ ‘Desert Orange’ AM/AOS
Paphiopedilum Armeni White Phalaenopsis Perfection Is ‘Chen’
Paphiopedilum Joyce Hasagawa FCC/AOS
Paphiopedilum Lynleigh Koopowitz Phalaenopsis Samba
Paphiopedilum delenatii Phalaenopsis Sweet Memory ‘Amy
Paphiopedilum emersonii Dawn’ AM/AOS
Paphiopedilum kolopakingii Phalaenopsis Valentinii
Paphiopedilum malipoense Phalaenopsis Wes Addison ‘Blood
Phalaenopsis Caribbean Sunset Brother’
‘Sweet Fragrance’ Phalaenopsis amboinensis
Phalaenopsis Desert Red ‘Ruby’ Phalaenopsis bellina
Phalaenopsis Dotty Woodson Phalaenopsis fasciata
‘Claudette’ HCC/AOS Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica
Phalaenopsis Ember ‘Blumen Insel’ Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana
AM/AOS Phalaenopsis mannii
Phalaenopsis Kilby Cassviola ‘Sweet Phalaenopsis modesta
Fragrance’ Phalaenopsis schilleriana
Low to Medium Light

Angraecum compactum Bulbophyllum echinolabium
Bothriochilus bellus Bulbophyllum hamatipes
Bulbophyllum beccarii Bulbophyllum laxiflorum
Bulbophyllum cocoinum Bulbophyllum odoratissimum
Bulbophyllum comosum Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis
148
Orchids by Light Requirements 149
Bulbophyllum suavissimum Masdevallia triangularis

Cattleya lueddemanniana Miltonia regnellii
‘Waterfield’ Miltoniopsis Bert Field
Cirrhopetalum graveolens Miltoniopsis Hajime Ono
Cirrhopetalum ornatissimum Miltoniopsis santanaei
Cochleanthes Moliere Odontioda Vesta ‘Charm’
Cochleanthes amazonica Phalaenopsis Mini Mark
Cochleanthes discolor Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Roman
Dracula chestertonii Holiday’ AM/AOS
Eurychone rothschildianum Phalaenopsis gigantea
Masdevallia Confetti Phalaenopsis violacea
Masdevallia agaster Phragmipedium Wilcox AM/AOS
Masdevallia attenuata Pleurothallis cocornaensis
Masdevallia glandulosa Spathoglottis deplanche
Masdevallia mejiana
Medium Light (1500–2500 footcandles)

Aerangis appendiculata Ascofinetia Cherry Blossom
Aerangis articulata ‘Delicado’
Aerangis biloba Beallara Marfitch ‘Howard’s Dream’
Aerangis brachycarpa AM/AOS
Aerangis citrata Bifrenaria harrisoniae
Aerangis confusa Brassavola cordata
Aerangis fastuosa Brassidium Dragon Flight ‘Fluff’
Aerangis kirkii Brassolaeliocattleya Arthur Bossin
Aerangis kotschyana ‘Rapture’
Aerangis modesta Brassolaeliocattleya Momilani
Aerangis mooreana Rainbow
Aerangis mystacidii Bulbophyllum ambrosia
Aerangis somalensis Bulbophyllum lobbii
Aeranthes Grandiose Bulbophyllum maximum
Aerides crassifolia Bulbophyllum rothschildianum
Aerides fieldingii Cadetia chionantha
Amesiella philippinense Cadetia taylori
Angraecum didieri Catasetum Orchidglade ‘Davie
Angraecum distichum Ranches’ AM/AOS
Angraecum germinyanum Catasetum candida
Angraecum leonis Catasetum collare
Angraecum magdalenae Catasetum discolor
Angranthes Grandalena Catasetum expansum
Anguloa clowesii Catasetum fimbriatum
150 Appendix B
Catasetum gnomus Eria gigantea ‘Waterfield’

Catasetum integerrimum Eria hyacinthoides
Catasetum roseum Gongora galeata
Catasetum warscewiczii Gongora grossa
Cattleya Chocolate Drop ‘Kodama’ Gongora horichiana
AM/AOS Gongora leucochila
Cattleya Peckhaviensis Gongora pleiochroma
Cattleya Pradit Spot ‘Black Prince’ Gongora quinquenervis
Cattleya loddigesii Gongora unicolor
Caularthron bicornutum Haraella odorata
Coelogyne fimbriata Jumellea confusa
Coelogyne lawrenceana Jumellea densifoliata
Coelogyne ochracea Jumellea sagittata
Coryanthes bruckmuelleri Laeliocattleya Angel Love
Coryanthes leucocorys Laeliocattleya Jungle Festival
Cycnoches chlorochilon Laeliocattleya Mini Purple
Cycnoches loddigesii Laeliocattleya Nora’s Melody
Cycnoches ventricosum Laeliocattleya Whitiniae
Cycnoches warscewiczii Leptotes bicolor
Darwinara Charm ‘Blue Star’ Leptotes unicolor
Dendrobium Chrystaline Lycaste Alan Salzman
Dendrochilum glumaceum Lycaste Lucianii
Dendrochilum arachnites Lycaste brevispatha
Dendrochilum magnum Lycaste cochleata
Diaphananthe pellucida Lycaste cruenta
Diaphananthe pulchella Lycaste locusta
Encyclia adenocaula Lycaste powellii
Encyclia citrina Masdevallia cyclotega
Encyclia fragrans Masdevallia laucheana
Encyclia lancifolia Masdevallia livingstoneana
Encyclia phoenicea Maxillaria ochroleuca
Encyclia polybulbon Maxillaria picta
Encyclia tampensis Maxillaria rufescens
Encyclia trulla Maxillaria sanderiana
Epicattleya Dora Tinschert ‘Spring- Maxillaria seymouriana
dale’ HCC/AOS Maxillaria tenuifolia
Epidendrum ciliare Meiracyllium trinasutum
Epidendrum difforme Milpasia Leslie Garay
Epidendrum falcatum Milpasia Milt’s Choice ‘Helen of
Epidendrum parkinsonianum Troy’
Epidendrum phoeniceum Miltonia schroederiana
Miltonia spectabilis Polystachya campyloglossa

Miltonia spectabilis var. moreliana Polystachya cultriformis
Miltoniopsis Celle ‘Wasserfall’ Polystachya fallax
AM/AOS Polystachya mazumbaiensis
Miltoniopsis Hamburg ‘Red Velvet’ Polystachya pubescens
Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis Potinara Burana Beauty ‘Burana’
Miltoniopsis roezlii HCC/AOS
Neofinetia falcata Potinara Twentyfour Carat ‘Lea’
Neostylis Lou Sneary AM/AOS
Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Blue Moon’ Rhyncholaelia glauca
Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Pinky’ AM/AOS Rhynchostylis coelestis
Odontobrassia Fangtastic Bob Henley Rhynchostylis gigantea
Odontocidium Tiger Crow ‘Golden Rhynchostylis gigantea Sagarik Strain
Girl’ HCC/AOS Rhynchostylis gigantea var. alba
Odontoglossum pendulum Rhynchostylis illustre
Odontoglossum pulchellum Rhynchostylis retusa
Oeniella polystachys Schoenorchis fragrans
Oncidium longipes Schoenorchis gemmata
Oncidium Gold Dust Sedirea japonica
Oncidium Issaku Nagata ‘Volcano Sigmatostalix radicans ‘HMO’s Petite
Queen’ HCC/AOS Prince’
Oncidium Sharry Baby Sobennikoffia humbertiana
Oncidium Sharry Baby ‘Misaki’ Stanhopea candida
Oncidium Tsiku Marguerite Stanhopea cirrhata
Oncidium Twinkle ‘Fragrance Fan- Stanhopea costaricensis
tasy’ Stanhopea embreei
Oncidium Twinkle ‘Red Fantasy’ Stanhopea grandiflora
Oncidium cheirophorum Stanhopea jenischiana
Oncidium concolor Stanhopea oculata
Oncidium cucullatum Stanhopea pulla
Oncidium maculatum Stanhopea reichenbachiana
Oncidium microchilum Stanhopea saccata
Oncidium ornithorhynchum ‘Lilac Stanhopea tigrina
Blossom’ Stanhopea tricornis
Oncidium tigrinum Stanhopea wardii
Peristeria elata Stelis pusilla
Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Bonnie Thunia marshalliana
Vasquez’ AM/AOS Trichocentrum albococcineum
Pleurothallis ramulosa Trichoglottis philippinensis ‘Pololei’
Polystachya Darling Star Trichoglottis wenzellii
Polystachya bella Trichopilia fragrans
152 Appendix B
Trichopilia suavis Zygopetalum Artur Elle ‘Tanzanite’

Tuberolabium kotoense AM/AOS
Tuberolabium odoratissium Zygopetalum BG White ‘Stonehurst’
Vascostylis Crownfox Red Gem HCC/AOS, AM/AOS
Vascostylis Tham Yuen Hae ‘Blue Zygopetalum Redvale ‘Fire Kiss’
Queen’ HCC/RSPC, JC/AOS, Zygopetalum intermedium
HCC/AOS Zygopetalum mackayi
Zygocolax Zygopetalum maxillare
Medium to High Light

Acampe papillosa Brassolaelia Memoria Bernice
Acineta superba Foster
Aerides falcata Brassolaelia Yellow Bird
Aerides falcata var. houlletiana Brassolaeliocattleya Formosan Gold
Aerides lawrenceae Brassolaeliocattleya George King
Aerides lawrenceae var. sanderiana ‘Serendipity’ AM/AOS
Aerides odorata Brassolaeliocattleya Goldenzelle
Aerides quinquevulnera ‘Lemon Chiffon’ AM/AOS
Angraecum aporoides Brassolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan
Angraecum birrinense Beauty ‘Orchis’
Angraecum bosseri Brassolaeliocattleya Hawaiian
Angraecum boisserianum Avalanche
Angraecum eburneum Brassolaeliocattleya Pamela Hether-
Angraecum eichlerianum ington ‘Coronation’ FCC/AOS
Angraecum Lemforde White Brassolaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise
Beauty ‘Emerald Isle’ HCC/AOS
Angraecum Longiscott ‘Lea’ Brassolaeliocattleya Rio’s Green
Angraecum sesquipedale Magic
Angraecum White Emblem Catasetum maculatum
Brassavola Yaki ‘Black’s Best’ Catasetum tenebrosum
Brassavola cucullata Cattleya Brabantiae
Brassavola martiana Cattleya Fascelis
Brassavola nodosa Cattleya bicolor var. grossii
Brassavola tuberculata Cattleya dowiana
Brassia gireoudiana Cattleya granulosa
Brassia longissima ‘Pumpkin Patch’ Cattleya guttata
Brassia ochroleuca Cattleya harrisoniana
Brassia verrucosa Cattleya intermedia
Brassocattleya Binosa ‘Kirk’ Cattleya intermedia ‘Carlos’
AM/AOS Cattleya labiata
Brassocattleya Mt. Hood Cattleya luteola
Cattleya maxima ‘Mountainside’ Dendrobium kingianum

Cattleya mossiae Dendrobium lawesii
Cattleya quadicolor Dendrobium loddigesii
Cattleya schilleriana Dendrobium macrophyllum
Cattleya schroederae Dendrobium moniliforme
Cattleya walkeriana var. alba Dendrobium monophyllum
Cattleya warneri Dendrobium musciferum
Cattleya warscewiczii Dendrobium nobile
Coelogyne Intermedia Dendrobium nobile var. virginale
Coelogyne cristata Dendrobium parishii
Coelogyne pandurata Dendrobium primulinum var. gigan-
Coelogyne zurowetzii teum
Cymbidium ensifolium Dendrobium pugioniforme
Cymbidium mastersii Dendrobium rhodopterygium var.
Cymbidium sinensis semialba
Cymbidium suave Dendrobium speciosum
Cymbidium tracyanum Dendrobium unicum
Cymbidium virescens Dendrobium virgineum
Dendrobium Comet King ‘Akatsuki’ Dendrobium wardianum
Dendrobium Gai Quest Dendrobium williamsonii
Dendrobium Jesmond Fancy Dendrochilum cobbianum
Dendrobium Jesmond Gem Encyclia cordigera
Dendrobium Light River Encyclia radiata
Dendrobium Sea Mary ‘Snow King’ Epidendrum inversum
Dendrobium Spring Bride Epidendrum nocturnum
Dendrobium Spring Doll Epilaelia Beverly Shea
Dendrobium Sweet Song ‘Memory’ Iwanagaara Appleblossom
Dendrobium anosmum ‘Fantastic’
Dendrobium antennatum Laelia albida
Dendrobium aureum Laelia anceps
Dendrobium bellatulum Laelia perrinii
Dendrobium cariniferum Laelia pumila var. coerulea
Dendrobium chrysotoxum Laelia purpurata var. werckhauseri
Dendrobium delicatum ‘Brechts’ Laelia tenebrosa
Dendrobium densiflorum Laeliocattleya Hausermann’s Sultan
Dendrobium draconis Laeliocattleya Mari’s Song ‘CTM 217’
Dendrobium fimbriatum var. HCC/AOS
oculatum Lycaste Aquila ‘Détente’ FCC/AOS
Dendrobium griffithianum Lycaste Imschootiana
Dendrobium hainanense Lycaste Walnut Valley ‘Black’s Glow’
Dendrobium heterocarpum Lycaste aromatica
Dendrobium jenkinsii Lycaste bradeorum
154 Appendix B
Lycaste ciliata Stanhopea costaricensis

Lycaste deppei Stanhopea ecornuta
Lycaste lanipes Trichocentrum Nathakhun
Lycaste leucantha Trichocentrum tigrinum
Oncidium crispum Vanda Pat Delight
Otaara Haw Yuan Bay ‘She Shu’ Vanda dearei
Potinara Free Spirit ‘Lea’ AM/AOS Vanda denisoniana
Rangaeris amaniensis Vanda tesselata
Rhyncholaelia digbyana Woodwardara Adelaide
Ronnyara Manuel Ugarte ‘H & R’ Zygoneria
Sophrolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan Star Zygopetalum crinitum
‘Pink Lady’
High Light (2500 footcandles or higher)

Angraecum Veitchii Cymbidium eburneum
Ansellia africana Cymbidium goeringii
Arundina graminifolia Cymbidium kanran
Brassavola Little Stars Laelia lundii
Brassavola flagellaris Laelia rubescens
Brassolaelia Sarah Black Vanda coerulescens
Cattleya aclandiae Vanda cristata
Cattleya forbesii Vanda roeblingiana
Cymbidium Golden Elf ‘Sundust’ Vanda tricolor
HCC/AOS Vanda tricolor var. suavis
Cymbidium cyperifolium
Appendix C
Orchids by Nighttime
Temperature Preferences
It is assumed that day temperatures will be 15 degrees Fahrenheit (8 degrees

Celsius) or warmer than the nighttime temperatures cited here.
Cool Temperature (45–50ºF/7–10ºC)

Coelogyne ochracea Cymbidium sinensis
Cymbidium cyperifolium Cymbidium suave
Cymbidium eburneum Cymbidium tracyanum
Cymbidium goeringii Cymbidium virescens
Cymbidium kanran Dendrobium Gai Quest
Cymbidium mastersii
Cool to Intermediate Temperature

Cadetia chionantha Lycaste Walnut Valley ‘Black’s Glow’
Cymbidium ensifolium Lycaste aromatica
Dendrobium Chrystaline Lycaste bradeorum
Dendrobium Jesmond Fancy Lycaste locusta
Dendrobium Jesmond Gem Masdevallia Confetti
Dendrobium Light River Masdevallia agaster
Dendrobium bellatulum Masdevallia attenuata
Dendrobium hainanense Masdevallia cyclotega
Dendrobium kingianum Masdevallia glandulosa
Dendrobium primulinum var. gigan- Masdevallia laucheana
teum Masdevallia livingstoneana
Encyclia citrina Masdevallia mejiana
Eria hyacinthoides Masdevallia triangularis
Lycaste Imschootiana Maxillaria sanderiana
155
156 Appendix C
Miltoniopsis Bert Field Zygopetalum Artur Elle ‘Tanzanite’

Miltoniopsis Celle ‘Wasserfall’ AM/AOS
AM/AOS Zygopetalum BG White ‘Stonehurst’
Miltoniopsis Hajime Ono HCC/AOS, AM/AOS
Miltoniopsis Hamburg ‘Red Velvet’ Zygopetalum Redvale ‘Fire Kiss’
Odontoglossum pulchellum Zygopetalum crinitum
Thunia marshalliana Zygopetalum intermedium
Vanda cristata Zygopetalum mackayi
Zygocolax Zygopetalum maxillare
Intermediate Temperature (55–66ºF/12–15ºC)

Acampe papillosa Brassolaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise
Acineta superba ‘Emerald Isle’ HCC/AOS
Aerangis confusa Brassolaeliocattleya Rio’s Green
Aerangis fastuosa Magic
Aerangis kirkii Bulbophyllum ambrosia
Aerangis kotschyana Bulbophyllum beccarii
Aerangis somalensis Bulbophyllum cocoinum
Angranthes Grandalena Bulbophyllum maximum
Anguloa clowesii Beallara Marfitch Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis
‘Howard’s Dream’ AM/AOS Bulbophyllum suavissimum
Bifrenaria harrisoniae Cadetia taylori
Brassia ochroleuca Catasetum Orchidglade ‘Davie
Brassolaelia Memoria Bernice Foster Ranches’ AM/AOS
Brassolaelia Yellow Bird Catasetum candida
Brassolaeliocattleya Arthur Bossin Catasetum collare
‘Rapture’ Catasetum discolor
Brassolaeliocattleya Formosan Gold Catasetum expansum
Brassolaeliocattleya George King Catasetum fimbriatum
‘Serendipity’ AM/AOS Catasetum gnomus
Brassolaeliocattleya Goldenzelle Catasetum integerrimum
‘Lemon Chiffon’ AM/AOS Catasetum maculatum
Brassolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan Catasetum roseum
Beauty ‘Orchis’ Catasetum tenebrosum
Brassolaeliocattleya Hawaiian Catasetum warscewiczii
Avalanche Cattleya Brabantiae
Brassolaeliocattleya Momilani Cattleya Chocolate Drop ‘Kodama’
Rainbow AM/AOS
Brassolaeliocattleya Pamela Hether- Cattleya Fascelis
ington ‘Coronation’ FCC/AOS Cattleya Peckhaviensis
Orchids by Nighttime Temperature Preferences 157
Cattleya Pradit Spot ‘Black Prince’ Dendrobium delicatum ‘Brechts’

Cattleya aclandiae Dendrobium densiflorum
Cattleya bicolor var. grossii Dendrobium draconis
Cattleya dowiana Dendrobium fimbriatum var.
Cattleya granulosa oculatum
Cattleya harrisoniana Dendrobium griffithianum
Cattleya intermedia Dendrobium heterocarpum
Cattleya intermedia ‘Carlos’ Dendrobium jenkinsii
Cattleya labiata Dendrobium lawesii
Cattleya loddigesii Dendrobium macrophyllum
Cattleya maxima ‘Mountainside’ Dendrobium moniliforme
Cattleya mossiae Dendrobium monophyllum
Cattleya quadicolor Dendrobium musciferum
Cattleya schilleriana Dendrobium nobile
Cattleya schroederae Dendrobium nobile var. virginale
Cattleya walkeriana var. alba Dendrobium parishii
Cattleya warneri Dendrobium pugioniforme
Cattleya warscewiczii Dendrobium rhodopterygium var.
Caularthron bicornutum semialba
Cirrhopetalum graveolens Dendrobium speciosum
Cirrhopetalum ornatissimum Dendrobium unicum
Cochleanthes Moliere Dendrobium virgineum
Cochleanthes amazonica Dendrobium wardianum
Cochleanthes discolor Dendrobium williamsonii
Coelogyne Intermedia Dendrochilum glumaceum
Coelogyne fimbriata Dendrochilum arachnites
Coelogyne pandurata Diaphananthe pellucida
Coelogyne zurowetzii Diaphananthe pulchella
Cycnoches Dracula chestertonii
Cymbidium Golden Elf ‘Sundust’ Encyclia adenocaula
HCC/AOS Encyclia fragrans
Darwinara Charm ‘Blue Star’ Encyclia lancifolia
Dendrobium Comet King ‘Akatsuki’ Encyclia phoenicea
Dendrobium Sea Mary ‘Snow King’ Encyclia polybulbon
Dendrobium Spring Bride Encyclia radiata
Dendrobium Spring Doll Encyclia tampensis
Dendrobium Sweet Song ‘Memory’ Encyclia trulla
Dendrobium antennatum Epicattleya Dora Tinschert ‘Spring-
Dendrobium aureum dale’ HCC/AOS
Dendrobium cariniferum Epidendrum ciliare
Dendrobium chrysotoxum Epidendrum falcatum
158 Appendix C
Epidendrum inversum Miltonia regnellii

Epidendrum nocturnum Miltonia schroederiana
Epidendrum parkinsonianum Miltonia spectabilis
Epidendrum phoeniceum Miltonia spectabilis var. moreliana
Haraella odorata Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis
Iwanagaara Appleblossom ‘Fantastic’ Miltoniopsis roezlii
Jumellea confusa Miltoniopsis santanaei
Jumellea densifoliata Odontioda Vesta ‘Charm’
Jumellea sagittata Odontobrassia Fangtastic Bob
Laelia albida Henley
Laelia anceps Odontocidium Tiger Crow ‘Golden
Laelia lundii Girl’ HCC/AOS
Laelia perrinii Odontoglossum pendulum
Laelia pumila var. coerulea Oncidium Issaku Nagata ‘Volcano
Laelia purpurata var. werckhauseri Queen’ HCC/AOS
Laelia rubescens Oncidium longipes
Laelia tenebrosa Oncidium Sharry Baby
Laeliocattleya Angel Love Oncidium Sharry Baby ‘Misaki’
Laeliocattleya Hausermann’s Sultan Oncidium cheirophorum
Laeliocattleya Jungle Festival Oncidium concolor
Laeliocattleya Mari’s Song ‘CTM 217’ Oncidium cucullatum
HCC/AOS Oncidium maculatum
Laeliocattleya Mini Purple Oncidium microchilum
Laeliocattleya Nora’s Melody Oncidium ornithorhynchum ‘Lilac
Leptotes bicolor Blossom’
Lycaste Alan Salzman Paphiopedilum Armeni White
Lycaste Aquila ‘Détente’ FCC/AOS Paphiopedilum Joyce Hasagawa
Lycaste Lucianii Paphiopedilum Lynleigh Koopowitz
Lycaste brevispatha Paphiopedilum delenatii
Lycaste ciliata Paphiopedilum emersonii
Lycaste cochleata Paphiopedilum kolopakingii
Lycaste cruenta Paphiopedilum malipoense
Lycaste deppei Phragmipedium Wilcox AM/AOS
Lycaste lanipes Pleurothallis cocornaensis
Lycaste leucantha Pleurothallis ramulosa
Lycaste powellii Polystachya Darling Star
Maxillaria seymouriana Polystachya campyloglossa
Maxillaria tenuifolia Polystachya cultriformis
Meiracyllium trinasutum Polystachya fallax
Milpasia Leslie Garay Polystachya mazumbaiensis
Milpasia Milt’s Choice ‘Helen of Polystachya pubescens
Troy’ Potinara Burana Beauty ‘Burana’
HCC/AOS Stanhopea pulla

Potinara Free Spirit ‘Lea’ AM/AOS Stanhopea reichenbachiana
Potinara Twentyfour Carat ‘Lea’ Stanhopea saccata
AM/AOS Stanhopea tigrina
Rangaeris amaniensis Stanhopea tricornis
Rhyncholaelia digbyana Stanhopea wardii
Sigmatostalix radicans ‘HMO’s Petite Stelis pusilla
Prince’ Trichocentrum albococcineum
Sophrolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan Star Trichocentrum tigrinum
‘Pink Lady’ Trichoglottis philippinensis ‘Pololei’
Stanhopea candida Trichopilia fragrans
Stanhopea cirrhata Trichopilia suavis
Stanhopea costaricensis Tuberolabium odoratissium
Stanhopea ecornuta Vanda tricolor var. suavis
Stanhopea embreei Woodwardara Adelaide
Stanhopea grandiflora Zygoneria
Stanhopea jenischiana Zygopetalum
Stanhopea oculata
Intermediate to Warm Temperature

Aerangis appendiculata Bothriochilus bellus
Aerangis articulata Brassavola cordata
Aerangis biloba Brassavola cucullata
Aerangis brachycarpa Brassavola flagellaris
Aerangis citrata Brassavola Little Stars
Aerangis modesta Brassavola martiana
Aerangis mooreana Brassavola nodosa
Aerangis mystacidii Brassavola tuberculata
Aeranthes Grandiose Brassavola Yaki ‘Black’s Best’
Aerides crassifolia Brassidium Dragon Flight ‘Fluff’
Aerides falcata Brassocattleya Binosa ‘Kirk’
Aerides falcata var. houlletiana AM/AOS
Aerides fieldingii Brassocattleya Mt. Hood
Aerides lawrenceae Brassolaelia Sarah Black
Aerides lawrenceae var. sanderiana Bulbophyllum comosum
Aerides odorata Bulbophyllum echinolabium
Aerides quinquevulnera Bulbophyllum hamatipes
Amesiella philippinense Bulbophyllum laxiflorum
Angraecum leonis Bulbophyllum odoratissimum
Ascofinetia Cherry Blossom Bulbophyllum rothschildianum
‘Delicado’ Cattleya forbesii
160 Appendix C
Cattleya guttata Neofinetia falcata

Cattleya lueddemanniana ‘Waterfield’ Neostylis Lou Sneary
Cattleya luteola Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Blue Moon’
Coelogyne cristata Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Pinky’
Coryanthes bruckmuelleri AM/AOS
Coryanthes leucocorys Oncidium Gold Dust
Cycnoches chlorochilon Oncidium Tsiku Marguerite
Cycnoches loddigesii Oncidium Twinkle ‘Fragrance Fan-
Cycnoches ventricosum tasy’
Cycnoches warscewiczii Oncidium Twinkle ‘Red Fantasy’
Dendrobium loddigesii Oncidium crispum
Dendrochilum magnum Oncidium tigrinum
Encyclia cordigera Otaara Haw Yuan Bay ‘She Shu’
Epidendrum difforme Peristeria elata
Epilaelia Beverly Shea Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Bonnie
Eria gigantea ‘Waterfield’ Vasquez’ AM/AOS
Eurychone rothschildianum Polystachya bella
Gongora galeata Rhynchostylis gigantea
Gongora grossa Rhynchostylis illustre
Gongora horichiana Ronnyara Manuel Ugarte ‘H & R’
Gongora leucochila Spathoglottis deplanche
Gongora pleiochroma Trichocentrum Nathakhun
Gongora quinquenervis Trichoglottis wenzellii
Gongora unicolor Tuberolabium kotoense
Laeliocattleya Whitiniae Vanda Pat Delight
Leptotes unicolor Vascostylis Crownfox Red Gem
Maxillaria ochroleuca Vascostylis Tham Yuen Hae ‘Blue
Maxillaria picta Queen’ HCC/RSPC, JC/AOS,
Maxillaria rufescens HCC/AOS
Warm Temperature (65ºF/18ºC and above)

Angraecum aporoides Angraecum Lemforde White Beauty
Angraecum birrinense Angraecum Longiscott ‘Lea’
Angraecum bosseri Angraecum magdalenae
Angraecum boisserianum Angraecum sesquipedale
Angraecum compactum Angraecum Veitchii
Angraecum didieri Angraecum White Emblem
Angraecum distichum Ansellia africana
Angraecum eburneum Arundina graminifolia
Angraecum eichlerianum Brassia gireoudiana
Angraecum germinyanum Brassia longissima ‘Pumpkin Patch’
Brassia verrucosa Phalaenopsis Wes Addison ‘Blood

Bulbophyllum lobbii Brother’
Coelogyne lawrenceana Phalaenopsis amboinensis
Dendrobium anosmum Phalaenopsis bellina
Dendrochilum cobbianum Phalaenopsis fasciata
Doritaenopsis Garnet Elf ‘Mary’ Phalaenopsis gigantea
Doritaenopsis Phoenix Fire ‘Cardinal’ Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica
Oeniella polystachys Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana
Phalaenopsis Caribbean Sunset Phalaenopsis mannii
‘Sweet Fragrance’ Phalaenopsis modesta
Phalaenopsis Desert Red ‘Ruby’ Phalaenopsis schilleriana
Phalaenopsis Dotty Woodson Phalaenopsis violacea
‘Claudette’ HCC/AOS Rhyncholaelia glauca
Phalaenopsis Ember ‘Blumen Insel’ Rhynchostylis coelestis
AM/AOS Rhynchostylis gigantea Sagarik Strain
Phalaenopsis Kilby Cassviola ‘Sweet Rhynchostylis gigantea var. alba
Fragrance’ Rhynchostylis retusa
Phalaenopsis Mary Lillian Taylor Schoenorchis fragrans
‘Desert Orange’ AM/AOS Schoenorchis gemmata
Phalaenopsis Mini Mark Sedirea japonica
Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Roman Sobennikoffia humbertiana
Holiday’ AM/AOS Vanda coerulescens
Phalaenopsis Perfection Is ‘Chen’ Vanda dearei
FCC/AOS Vanda denisoniana
Phalaenopsis Samba Vanda roeblingiana
Phalaenopsis Sweet Memory ‘Amy Vanda tesselata
Dawn’ AM/AOS Vanda tricolor
Phalaenopsis Valentinii
Appendix D
Orchids by Intensity of Fragrance
Although many orchids mentioned in this book have very strong, noticeable
scents, some of them have light scents, which some growers may not be able
to detect.
Light Fragrance
Acineta superba—light vanilla Bulbophyllum comosum—hay scented
Amesiella philippinense—minty Bulbophyllum hamatipes—musky
Angraecum distichum—jasmine Bulbophyllum laxiflorum—musky
Ansellia africana—light floral Bulbophyllum rothschildianum—
Arundina graminifolia—floral peach, fruity
Ascofinetia Cherry Blossom ‘Deli- Cadetia chionantha—sweet floral
cado’—sweet floral Cadetia taylori—vanilla
Beallara Marfitch ‘Howard’s Dream’ Catasetum roseum—Vicks VapoRub
AM/AOS—rose in the morning, cinnamon at
Brassavola Yaki ‘Black’s Best’— night
musty-soapy; similar to the B. Cattleya Brabantiae—spicy
cucullata parent Cattleya Fascelis—spicy
Brassia gireoudiana—musky Cattleya bicolor var. grossii—spicy,
Brassia longissima ‘Pumpkin aromatic-floral, rose
Patch’—light, sweet candy Cattleya forbesii—fragrance of bubble
Brassia verrucosa—musky gum
Brassidium Dragon Flight ‘Fluff’— Cattleya granulosa—rosy-flora
heliotrope Cattleya guttata—sweet floral
Brassocattleya Binosa ‘Kirk’ AM/ Cattleya harrisoniana—floral
AOS—spicy Cattleya intermedia ‘Carlos’—floral
Bulbophyllum ambrosia—honey, Cattleya luteola—fresh floral
bitter almonds Cattleya mossiae—garlic
162
Orchids by Intensity of Fragrance 163
Cattleya schilleriana—honey Epidendrum difforme—medicinal

Cattleya warneri—clean, spicy Epidendrum parkinsonianum—spicy
Cattleya warscewiczii—violets to floral
Cirrhopetalum graveolens—carrion Epilaelia Beverly Shea—sweet floral
Coelogyne lawrenceana—sweet floral Gongora horichiana—sweet floral
Coelogyne ochracea—musk Gongora leucochila—spicy, nutmeg
Coryanthes bruckmuelleri—herbal Gongora pleiochroma—powdered
Cymbidium Golden Elf ‘Sundust’ cocoa, lilac, hyacinth, sweet floral
HCC/AOS—rose Gongora quinquenervis—cinnamon,
Cymbidium cyperifolium—sweet cloves, lily of the valley
Cymbidium sinensis—light, sweet Gongora unicolor—chocolate fla-
floral vored corn chips, sweet, cocoa
Dendrobium Comet King ‘Akatsuki’— Iwanagaara Appleblossom ‘Fantas-
sweet floral tic’—sweet floral
Dendrobium Spring Bride—fresh, Jumellea confusa—jasmine
clean fragrance Jumellea densifoliata—jasmine
Dendrobium Spring Doll—fresh, Laelia albida—primrose
clean fragrance Laelia anceps—primrose, vanilla
Dendrobium Sweet Song ‘Memory’— Laelia lundii—floral scent
fresh, clean fragrance Laelia perrinii—spicy floral
Dendrobium bellatulum—lemon, Laelia pumila var. coerulea—light
orange floral
Dendrobium chrysotoxum—pineapple, Laelia tenebrosa—spicy
melon, mango Laeliocattleya Mini Purple—Charles
Dendrobium jenkinsii—honey Marden Fitch describes it as
Dendrobium lawesii—floral “light spicy blend with under-
Dendrobium loddigesii—sweet floral tones of dusky cloves”
Dendrobium macrophyllum—sweet Laeliocattleya Whitiniae—sweet
floral floral
Dendrobium nobile—honey, musk by Leptotes bicolor—vanilla
day; mown hay at night Leptotes unicolor—sweet floral
Dendrobium nobile var. virginale— Lycaste Alan Salzman—spicy
floral Lycaste Aquila ‘Détente’ FCC/AOS—
Dendrobium parishii—rhubarb, sweet floral
raspberry Lycaste Imschootiana—spicy
Doritaenopsis Garnet Elf ‘Mary’— Lycaste bradeorum—lemon
sweet floral Lycaste brevispatha—fresh apples
Doritaenopsis Phoenix Fire ‘Cardi- Lycaste ciliata—ripe apples
nal’—sweet floral Lycaste cochleata—oranges
Dracula chestertonii—fungus Masdevallia Confetti—spicy, “like
Encyclia adenocaula—floral Necco wafers”
Encyclia polybulbon—sandalwood, Masdevallia agaster—floral
cloves
164 Appendix D
Masdevallia attenuata—floral Paphiopedilum Lynleigh Koopowitz—

Masdevallia cyclotega—floral raspberry
Masdevallia laucheana—rosy-floral Paphiopedilum delenatii—roses,
Masdevallia livingstoneana—fruity lemon honey
scent Paphiopedilum emersonii—chocolate
Masdevallia mejiana—spice Paphiopedilum kolopakingii—honey-
Maxillaria ochroleuca—tutti-frutti suckle
Maxillaria picta—sweet floral Paphiopedilum malipoense—rasp-
Maxillaria rufescens—vanilla, egg berry, apple
crème Peristeria elata—citrus, eucalyptus
Maxillaria sanderiana—sweet floral Phalaenopsis Caribbean Sunset
Meiracyllium trinasutum—cinnamon ‘Sweet Fragrance’—rose floral
Milpasia Leslie Garay—rosy-flora Phalaenopsis Desert Red ‘Ruby’—
Miltoniopsis Bert Field—light floral sweet
Miltoniopsis Celle ‘Wasserfall’ Phalaenopsis Dotty Woodson
AM/AOS—rosy-flora ‘Claudette’ HCC/AOS—sweet
Miltoniopsis Hajime Ono—light rose Phalaenopsis Ember ‘Blumen Insel’
Miltoniopsis Hamburg ‘Red Velvet’— AM/AOS—rose floral
rosy-flora Phalaenopsis Kilby Cassviola ‘Sweet
Miltoniopsis santanaei—rosy Fragrance’—spicy
Neostylis Lou Sneary—vanilla candy Phalaenopsis Mary Lillian Taylor
Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Pinky’ ‘Desert Orange’ AM/AOS—spicy
AM/AOS—vanilla, candy Phalaenopsis Mini Mark ‘Holm’—
Odontioda Vesta ‘Charm’—citrus sweet floral
Odontobrassia Fangtastic Bob Phalaenopsis Samba—sweet floral
Henley—floral Phalaenopsis Valentinii—freesia
Odontocidium Tiger Crow ‘Golden Phalaenopsis Wes Addison ‘Blood
Girl’ HCC/AOS—light floral Brother’—floral
Oncidium Gold Dust—floral Phalaenopsis amboinensis—musk
Oncidium Issaku Nagata ‘Volcano Phalaenopsis fasciata—rosy-floral
Queen’ HCC/AOS—light floral Phalaenopsis gigantea—orange peel
Oncidium Tsiku Marguerite—sweet, Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica—rosy-
soapy floral
Oncidium concolor—spiced apple pie Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana—sweet
Oncidium crispum—musty, “like Phalaenopsis mannii—mandarin
cockroaches” orange
Oncidium microchilum—cider Phalaenopsis schilleriana—rose petals
Otaara Haw Yuan Bay ‘She Shu’— Phalaenopsis violacea—floral with a
vanilla touch of spice and cinnamon
Paphiopedilum Armeni White— Phragmipedium Wilcox AM/AOS—
citrus roses
Paphiopedilum Joyce Hasagawa— Pleurothallis cocornaensis—moldy
raspberry socks
Pleurothallis ramulosa—sweet Stanhopea pulla—lemon-lime candy,

Polystachya Darling Star—floral cool minty, citrus
Polystachya bella—fruity, “like Stelis pusilla—sweet
Lemon Pledge” Thunia marshalliana—orange
Potinara Free Spirit ‘Lea’ Trichocentrum albococcineum—floral
AM/AOS—sweet floral Trichoglottis philippinensis ‘Pololei’—
Schoenorchis fragrans—sweet ripe apples
Schoenorchis gemmata—sweet Trichoglottis wenzellii—sweet
Sedirea japonica—clean and fresh Vanda Pat Delight—ripe grapes
lemon fragrance Vanda cristata—floral
Sigmatostalix radicans ‘HMO’s Petite Vanda roeblingiana—sweet
Prince’—honey Vascostylis Tham Yuen Hae ‘Blue
Spathoglottis deplanche—fragrance Queen’ HCC/RSPC, JC/AOS,
of grape soda HCC/AOS—jasmine
Stanhopea candida—sweet Zygopetalum maxillare—floral
Stanhopea cirrhata—Vicks
Strong Fragrance
Acampe papillosa—hyacinths Aerides lawrenceae var. sanderiana—
Aerangis appendiculata—gardenia lemon-spice
Aerangis articulata—jasmine Aerides odorata—spicy; ribbon
Aerangis biloba—gardenia, lily candy, cloves, lilac
Aerangis brachycarpa—vanilla, Aerides quinquevulnera—cinnamon
jasmine Angraecum aporoides—gardenia
Aerangis citrata—lemon Angraecum birrinense—orange blos-
Aerangis confusa—tuberose, gardenia som
Aerangis fastuosa—tuberose, lily Angraecum bosseri—spicy floral
Aerangis kirkii—tuberose, gardenia Angraecum compactum—spicy, cit-
Aerangis kotschyana—gardenia rusy
Aerangis modesta—minty spice Angraecum didieri—sweet, spicy
Aerangis mooreana—jasmine Angraecum germinyanum—jasmine
Aerangis mystacidii—lily of the valley Angraecum leonis—jasmine
Aerangis somalensis—gardenia Angraecum magdalenae—jasmine
Aeranthes Grandiose—jasmine Angraecum sesquipedale—jasmine
Aerides crassifolia—aromatic floral Angraecum Veitchii—jasmine
Aerides falcata—citrus, fruity Angraecum White Emblem—
Aerides falcata var. houlletiana— jasmine
citrus, fruity Angranthes Grandalena—jasmine
Aerides fieldingii—lily-of-the-valley, Anguloa clowesii—chocolate and
cyclamen mint, paste, coconut, citrus
Aerides lawrenceae—lemon-spice, Bifrenaria harrisoniae—fruity
honey, anise
166 Appendix D
Bothriochilus bellus—almond/poppy Bulbophyllum maximum—musky

pastry filling Bulbophyllum odoratissimum—pleas-
Brassavola Little Stars—soapy-sweet ant fragrance
Brassavola cordata—soapy-sweet Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis—carrion
Brassavola cucullata—musty-soapy Bulbophyllum suavissimum—musky
Brassavola martiana—soapy-sweet Catasetum Orchidglade ‘Davie
Brassavola nodosa—freesia, lily-of- Ranches’ AM/AOS—spicy,
the-valley medicinal
Brassavola tuberculata—nicotiana, Catasetum candida—wintergreen
gardenia Catasetum collare—wintergreen
Brassia ochroleuca—spicy, spiced Catasetum discolor—rye bread
apple pie Catasetum expansum—turpentine in
Brassocattleya Mt. Hood—vanilla morning; rye bread in afternoon
Brassolaelia Memoria Bernice Catasetum gnomus—wintergreen
Foster—sweet floral Catasetum integerrimum—spice
Brassolaelia Yellow Bird—citrus to Catasetum maculatum—rye bread
spicy Catasetum tenebrosum—citrus
Brassolaeliocattleya Arthur Bossin Catasetum warscewiczii—lemon
‘Rapture’—sweet floral Cattleya Chocolate Drop ‘Kodama’
Brassolaeliocattleya Formosan Gold— AM/AOS—lily-of-the-valley,
vanilla citrus, roses, lilies
Brassolaeliocattleya George King Cattleya Peckhaviensis—honey
‘Serendipity’ AM/AOS—vanilla Cattleya Pradit Spot ‘Black Prince’—
Brassolaeliocattleya Goldenzelle sweet floral
‘Lemon Chiffon’ AM/AOS—sweet Cattleya aclandiae—spicy
floral Cattleya dowiana—lemon, soapy,
Brassolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan Beauty spicy, vanilla
‘Orchis’—vanilla Cattleya intermedia—sweet floral
Brassolaeliocattleya Hawaiian Cattleya labiata—spicy, aromatic,
Avalanche—sweet floral, vanilla cloves
Brassolaeliocattleya Momilani Rain- Cattleya loddigesii—baked milk
bow—sweet floral chocolate
Brassolaeliocattleya Pamela Hether- Cattleya lueddemanniana ‘Water-
ington ‘Coronation’ FCC/AOS— field’—floral
sweet floral Cattleya maxima ‘Mountainside’—
Brassolaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise heliotrope, sweet pea
‘Emerald Isle’ HCC/AOS—citrus Cattleya quadicolor—ripe plums
Brassolaeliocattleya Rio’s Green Cattleya schroederae—almonds
Magic—citrus Cattleya walkeriana var. alba—
Bulbophyllum cocoinum—coconut vanilla, cinnamon
Bulbophyllum echinolabium—carrion Caularthron bicornutum—fruit,
Bulbophyllum lobbii—jasmine, candy, cotton candy, raspberries,
orange blossoms strawberries
Cirrhopetalum ornatissimum—said by Dendrobium anosmum raspberry

Linet Hamman to smell like whale Dendrobium antennatum—rosy-flora
oil, while the lip smells like fresh Dendrobium aureum—fruity, violets
herring Dendrobium cariniferum—tanger-
Cochleanthes Moliere—candy, rose ines
Cochleanthes discolor—candy, cedar, Dendrobium delicatum ‘Brechts’—
pepper, camphoraceous wintergreen
Coelogyne Intermedia—sweet, fruity Dendrobium densiflorum—honey
Coelogyne cristata Banana, candy Dendrobium draconis—mandarins,
sweet tangerines
Coelogyne fimbriata—yeasty Dendrobium fimbriatum var. ocula-
Coelogyne pandurata—cinnamon tum—sweet
Coelogyne zurowetzii—spicy floral Dendrobium griffithianum—spicy-
Cycnoches—vanilla, spice floral
Cycnoches chlorochilon—jasmine Dendrobium hainanense—honey
Cycnoches loddigesii—jasmine Dendrobium heterocarpum—honey-
Cycnoches ventricosum—jasmine suckle, primrose
Cycnoches warscewiczii—ripe fruit Dendrobium kingianum—floral,
Cymbidium eburneum—sweet, like hyacinth, lilac, honey
paperwhite narcissus Dendrobium moniliforme—rosy-floral
Cymbidium ensifolium—citrus, Dendrobium monophyllum—rosy-
lemony scent with a touch of floral, jasmine, fruity
jasmine Dendrobium musciferum—vanilla
Cymbidium goeringii—jasmine, lily- Dendrobium primulinum var. gigan-
of-the valley, lemons teum—primrose
Cymbidium kanran—lemon peel Dendrobium pugioniforme—vanilla
Cymbidium mastersii—almonds Dendrobium rhodopterygium var.
Cymbidium suave—sweet semialba—sweet floral
Cymbidium tracyanum—peach Dendrobium speciosum—hyacinth
Cymbidium virescens—the sweet, Dendrobium unicum—peach, apricot
delicate fragrance earned it the Dendrobium virgineum—gardenia,
moniker of “the scent of the king” rose, woody
Darwinara Charm ‘Blue Star’— Dendrobium wardianum—caramel
vanilla Dendrobium williamsonii—spicy,
Dendrobium Chrystaline—hyacinths citrus
Dendrobium Gai Quest—sweet floral Dendrochilum cobbianum—fresh,
Dendrobium Jesmond Fancy—sweet vanilla
floral Dendrochilum arachnites—cinnamon
Dendrobium Jesmond Gem—sweet Dendrochilum magnum—sweet
floral “wheaty” or spicy scent
Dendrobium Light River—sweet floral Diaphananthe pellucida—heavy
Dendrobium Sea Mary ‘Snow King’— floral sweet scent
sweet floral Diaphananthe pulchella—gardenia
168 Appendix D
Encyclia citrina—lemon Lycaste Lucianii—sweet and spicy

Encyclia cordigera—honey and vanilla Lycaste Walnut Valley ‘Black’s
Encyclia fragrans—honey, vanilla, Glow’—spicy
gardenias, magnolias, lilac Lycaste deppei—peppermint, euca-
Encyclia lancifolia—spicy lyptus
Encyclia phoenicea—chocolate Lycaste locusta—Granny Smith
Encyclia radiata—spicy floral, apples
coconut cream pie, lilac, carna- Masdevallia glandulosa—cloves
tion, hyacinth Masdevallia triangularis—musty,
Encyclia tampensis—honey repugnant
Encyclia trulla—spice Maxillaria seymouriana—lemony
Epicattleya Dora Tinschert ‘Spring- Maxillaria tenuifolia—coconut; box
dale’ HCC/AOS—sweet floral of crayons
Epidendrum ciliare—white floral, Milpasia Milt’s Choice ‘Helen of
grapefruit Troy’—rosy-floral
Epidendrum falcatum—jasmine, Miltonia regnellii—oranges, coriander
Easter lily Miltonia schroederiana—spice floral,
Epidendrum inversum—cloves carnation
Epidendrum nocturnum—eucalyptus, Miltonia spectabilis—rose, spicy
aniseed Miltonia spectabilis var. moreliana—
Epidendrum phoeniceum—chocolate rose, spicy
Eria gigantea ‘Waterfield’—citrus Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis—rose, lily-
Eria hyacinthoides—carrion of-the-valley, cyclamen
Eurychone rothschildianum—cinna- Miltoniopsis roezlii—fruity, rose
mon Neofinetia falcata—jasmine, vanilla
Gongora galeata—orange Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Blue Moon’—
Gongora grossa—fishy, stale, musty, jasmine
sweaty gym clothes Odontoglossum pendulum—lemony
Haraella odorata—citrus rose
Jumellea sagittata—floral, jasmine Odontoglossum pulchellum—vanilla,
Laelia purpurata var. werckhauseri— rosy-floral
spice, anise Oeniella polystachys—vanilla; lily-of-
Laelia rubescens—wintergreen the-valley
Laeliocattleya Angel Love—citrusy Oncidium cucullatum—violet
Laeliocattleya Hausermann’s Sul- Oncidium longipes—aniseed, cinna-
tan—cloves mon, floral
Laeliocattleya Jungle Festival—sweet Oncidium maculatum—honey
floral Oncidium ornithorhynchum ‘Lilac
Laeliocattleya Mari’s Song ‘CTM 217’ Blossom’—vanilla, “like a fresh
HCC/AOS—sweet floral morning,” baby powder, grape,
Laeliocattleya Nora’s Melody—sweet spicy, cinnamon, cocoa, candy-
floral sweet
Oncidium Sharry Baby ‘Misaki’— Rhynchostylis gigantea Sagarik

chocolate, vanilla Strain—citrus
Oncidium tigrinum—vanilla, freesia Rhynchostylis gigantea var. alba—
Oncidium Twinkle ‘Fragrance Fan- citrus
tasy’—sweet Rhynchostylis illustre—citrus
Oncidium Twinkle ‘Red Fantasy’— Rhynchostylis retusa—citrus
sweet Ronnyara Manuel Ugarte ‘H & R’—
Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Bonnie sweet floral
Vasquez’ AM/AOS—spicy Sobennikoffia humbertiana—spice
Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Roman Sophrolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan Star
Holiday’ AM/AOS—spicy ‘Pink Lady’—sweet, floral
Phalaenopsis Perfection Is ‘Chen’ Stanhopea ecornuta—fresh floral,
FCC/AOS—spicy, cloves, cinnamon
carnation Stanhopea embreei—chocolate
Phalaenopsis Sweet Memory ‘Amy Stanhopea oculata—chocolate
Dawn’ AM/AOS—freesia Stanhopea reichenbachiana—
Phalaenopsis bellina—freesia, lily of jasmine
the valley, rose cologne, touch of Stanhopea saccata—cinnamon
velvet, lemon Stanhopea tricornis—jasmine
Phalaenopsis modesta—honeysuckle, Trichocentrum Nathakhun—honey
lilac, grapes, sweet candy Trichocentrum tigrinum—lily-of-the-
Polystachya campyloglossa—bananas, valley
strawberries Trichopilia fragrans—narcissus
Polystachya cultriformis—lily-of-the Trichopilia suavis—floral; intoxi-
valley, lime blossoms cating
Polystachya fallax—jasmine, tropical Tuberolabium kotoense—floral
fruit Vanda coerulescens—like grape bub-
Polystachya mazumbaiensis—rose, blegum, concord grapes
gardenia Vanda dearei—vanilla, cinnamon
Polystachya pubescens—honey Vanda denisoniana—sweet
Potinara Burana Beauty ‘Burana’ Vanda tesselata—grapes, lilac
HCC/AOS—citrus Vanda tricolor—vanilla
Potinara Twentyfour Carat ‘Lea’ Vanda tricolor var. suavis—vanilla
AM/AOS—vanilla Vascostylis Crownfox Red Gem—
Rangaeris amaniensis—lily-of-the- citrusy
valley, lily Woodwardara Adelaide—sweet
Rhyncholaelia digbyana—lily-of-the- Zygocolax—sweet
valley, lemon Zygoneria—hyacinth
Rhyncholaelia glauca—rose, lily-of- Zygopetalum—sweet
the-valley, cyclamen Zygopetalum Artur Elle ‘Tanzanite’
Rhynchostylis coelestis—citrus AM/AOS—hyacinths, violets,
Rhynchostylis gigantea—citrus sweet perfume
170 Appendix D
Zygopetalum BG White ‘Stonehurst’ Zygopetalum crinitum—spicy-floral,

HCC/AOS, AM/AOS— narcissus
hyacinths, violets, sweet perfume Zygopetalum intermedium—rose, lilac
Zygopetalum Redvale ‘Fire Kiss’— Zygopetalum mackayi—hyacinth, nar-
hyacinth cissus
Very Strong Fragrance

Angraecum Lemforde White Beauty— Lycaste cruenta—spicy, cinnamon,
jasmine lemon, cloves
Angraecum Longiscott ‘Lea’—jasmine Lycaste lanipes—heady, honey
Angraecum boisserianum—jasmine perfume
Angraecum eburneum—gardenia Lycaste leucantha—sweet, heady
Angraecum eichlerianum—jasmine, perfume
lily Lycaste powellii—sweet floral
Brassavola flagellaris—hot chocolate Oncidium cheirophorum—citrus,
Brassolaelia Sarah Black—very sweet lemon
floral Stanhopea costaricensis—very sweet,
Bulbophyllum beccarii—said to smell cloves, baby powder, spicy
like 100 dead elephants rotting in Stanhopea grandiflora—jasmine
the sun Stanhopea jenischiana—cinnamon,
Catasetum fimbriatum—spice fruity
Cochleanthes amazonica—candy, rose, Stanhopea tigrina—sweet
narcissus, verbena Stanhopea wardii—jasmine, floral
Coryanthes leucocorys—mint hand soap, candy, chocolate
Dendrochilum glumaceum—curry Tuberolabium odoratissium—sweet
Lycaste aromatica—cinnamon, spicy,
like Big Red chewing gum
Appendix E
Orchids by Time of Fragrance
Day
Acampe papillosa Brassolaeliocattleya Formosan
Acineta superba Gold
Aerangis fastuosa Brassolaeliocattleya George King
Aerides crassifolia ‘Serendipity’ AM/AOS
Aerides falcata Brassolaeliocattleya Goldenzelle
Aerides falcata var. houlletiana ‘Lemon Chiffon’ AM/AOS
Aerides fieldingii Brassolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan
Aerides lawrenceae Beauty ‘Orchis’
Aerides lawrenceae var. sanderiana Brassolaeliocattleya Hawaiian
Aerides odorata Avalanche
Aerides quinquevulnera Brassolaeliocattleya Momilani
Anguloa clowesii Rainbow
Ansellia africana Brassolaeliocattleya Pamela Hether-
Arundina graminifolia ington ‘Coronation’ FCC/AOS
Ascofinetia Cherry Blossom ‘Delicado’ Brassolaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise
Beallara Marfitch ‘Howard’s Dream’ ‘Emerald Isle’ HCC/AOS
AM/AOS Bulbophyllum ambrosia
Bifrenaria harrisoniae Bulbophyllum beccarii
Bothriochilus bellus Bulbophyllum cocoinum
Brassia gireoudiana Bulbophyllum comosum
Brassia longissima ‘Pumpkin Patch’ Bulbophyllum echinolabium
Brassia ochroleuca Bulbophyllum hamatipes
Brassia verrucosa Bulbophyllum laxiflorum
Brassidium Dragon Flight ‘Fluff’ Bulbophyllum lobbii
Brassocattleya Mt. Hood Bulbophyllum maximum
Brassolaeliocattleya Arthur Bossin Bulbophyllum odoratissimum
‘Rapture’ Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis
171
172 Appendix E
Bulbophyllum rothschildianum Cattleya warneri

Bulbophyllum suavissimum Cattleya warscewiczii
Cadetia chionantha Caularthron bicornutum
Cadetia taylori Cirrhopetalum graveolens
Catasetum Orchidglade ‘Davie Cirrhopetalum ornatissimum
Ranches’ AM/AOS Cochleanthes Moliere
Catasetum candida Cochleanthes amazonica
Catasetum collare Cochleanthes discolor
Catasetum discolor Coelogyne Intermedia
Catasetum expansum Coelogyne cristata
Catasetum fimbriatum Coelogyne fimbriata
Catasetum gnomus Coelogyne lawrenceana
Catasetum integerrimum Coelogyne ochracea
Catasetum maculatum Coelogyne pandurata
Catasetum roseum Coelogyne zurowetzii
Catasetum tenebrosum Coryanthes bruckmuelleri
Catasetum warscewiczii Coryanthes leucocorys
Cattleya Brabantiae Cycnoches
Cattleya Chocolate Drop ‘Kodama’ Cycnoches chlorochilon
AM/AOS Cycnoches loddigesii
Cattleya Fascelis Cycnoches ventricosum
Cattleya Peckhaviensis Cycnoches warscewiczii
Cattleya Pradit Spot ‘Black Prince’ Cymbidium Golden Elf ‘Sundust’
Cattleya aclandiae HCC/AOS
Cattleya bicolor var. grossii Cymbidium cyperifolium
Cattleya dowiana Cymbidium eburneum
Cattleya forbesii Cymbidium ensifolium
Cattleya granulosa Cymbidium goeringii
Cattleya guttata Cymbidium kanran
Cattleya harrisoniana Cymbidium mastersii
Cattleya intermedia Cymbidium sinensis
Cattleya intermedia ‘Carlos’ Cymbidium suave
Cattleya labiata Cymbidium tracyanum
Cattleya loddigesii Cymbidium virescens
Cattleya lueddemanniana ‘Waterfield’ Darwinara Charm ‘Blue Star’
Cattleya luteola Dendrobium Chrystaline
Cattleya maxima ‘Mountainside’ Dendrobium Comet King ‘Akatsuki’
Cattleya mossiae Dendrobium Gai Quest
Cattleya quadicolor Dendrobium Jesmond Fancy
Cattleya schilleriana Dendrobium Jesmond Gem
Cattleya schroederae Dendrobium Light River
Cattleya walkeriana var. alba Dendrobium Sea Mary ‘Snow King’
Orchids by Time of Fragrance 173
Dendrobium Spring Bride Doritaenopsis Garnet Elf ‘Mary’

Dendrobium Spring Doll Doritaenopsis Phoenix Fire ‘Cardinal’
Dendrobium—Sweet Song ‘Memory’ Dracula chestertonii
Dendrobium anosmum Encyclia adenocaula
Dendrobium antennatum Encyclia citrina
Dendrobium aureum Encyclia cordigera
Dendrobium bellatulum Encyclia fragrans
Dendrobium cariniferum Encyclia lancifolia
Dendrobium chrysotoxum Encyclia phoenicea
Dendrobium delicatum ‘Brechts’ Encyclia polybulbon
Dendrobium densiflorum Encyclia radiata
Dendrobium draconis Encyclia tampensis
Dendrobium fimbriatum var. Encyclia trulla
oculatum Epicattleya Dora Tinschert ‘Spring-
Dendrobium griffithianum dale’ HCC/AOS
Dendrobium hainanense Epidendrum difforme
Dendrobium heterocarpum Epidendrum falcatum
Dendrobium jenkinsii Epidendrum inversum
Dendrobium kingianum Epidendrum parkinsonianum
Dendrobium lawesii Epidendrum phoeniceum
Dendrobium loddigesii Epilaelia Beverly Shea
Dendrobium macrophyllum Eria gigantea ‘Waterfield’
Dendrobium moniliforme Eria hyacinthoides
Dendrobium monophyllum Eurychone rothschildianum
Dendrobium musciferum Gongora galeata
Dendrobium nobile Gongora grossa
Dendrobium nobile var. virginale Gongora horichiana
Dendrobium parishii Gongora leucochila
Dendrobium primulinum var. Gongora pleiochroma
giganteum Gongora quinquenervis
Dendrobium pugioniforme Gongora unicolor
Dendrobium rhodopterygium var. Haraella odorata
semialba Iwanagaara Appleblossom ‘Fantastic’
Dendrobium speciosum Laelia albida
Dendrobium unicum Laelia anceps
Dendrobium virgineum Laelia lundii
Dendrobium wardianum Laelia perrinii
Dendrobium williamsonii Laelia pumila var. coerulea
Dendrochilum cobbianum Laelia purpurata var. werckhauseri
Dendrochilum glumaceum Laelia rubescens
Dendrochilum arachnites Laelia tenebrosa
Dendrochilum magnum Laeliocattleya Angel Love
174 Appendix E
Laeliocattleya Angel Love Milpasia Milt’s Choice ‘Helen of

Laeliocattleya Hausermann’s Sultan Troy’
Laeliocattleya Jungle Festival Miltonia regnellii
Laeliocattleya Mari’s Song ‘CTM 217’ Miltonia schroederiana
HCC/AOS Miltonia spectabilis
Laeliocattleya Mini Purple Miltonia spectabilis var. moreliana
Laeliocattleya Nora’s Melody Miltoniopsis Bert Field
Laeliocattleya Whitiniae Miltoniopsis Celle ‘Wasserfall’
Leptotes bicolor AM/AOS
Leptotes unicolor Miltoniopsis Hajime Ono
Lycaste Alan Salzman Miltoniopsis Hamburg ‘Red Velvet’
Lycaste Aquila ‘Détente’ FCC/AOS Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis
Lycaste Imschootiana Miltoniopsis roezlii
Lycaste Lucianii Miltoniopsis santanaei
Lycaste Walnut Valley ‘Black’s Glow’ Neofinetia falcata
Lycaste aromatica Neostylis Lou Sneary
Lycaste bradeorum Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Blue Moon’
Lycaste brevispatha Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Pinky’
Lycaste ciliata AM/AOS
Lycaste cochleata Odontioda Vesta ‘Charm’
Lycaste cruenta Odontobrassia Fangtastic Bob
Lycaste deppei Henley
Lycaste lanipes Odontocidium Tiger Crow ‘Golden
Lycaste leucantha Girl’ HCC/AOS
Lycaste locusta Odontoglossum pendulum
Lycaste powellii Odontoglossum pulchellum
Masdevallia Confetti Oeniella polystachys
Masdevallia agaster Oncidium Issaku Nagata ‘Volcano
Masdevallia attenuata Queen’ HCC/AOS
Masdevallia cyclotega Oncidium longipes
Masdevallia glandulosa Oncidium Gold Dust
Masdevallia livingstoneana Oncidium Sharry Baby
Masdevallia mejiana Oncidium Sharry Baby ‘Misaki’
Masdevallia triangularis Oncidium Tsiku Marguerite
Maxillaria ochroleuca Oncidium Twinkle ‘Fragrance
Maxillaria picta Fantasy’
Maxillaria rufescens Oncidium Twinkle ‘Red Fantasy’
Maxillaria sanderiana Oncidium cheirophorum
Maxillaria seymouriana Oncidium concolor
Maxillaria tenuifolia Oncidium crispum
Meiracyllium trinasutum Oncidium cucullatum
Milpasia Leslie Garay Oncidium maculatum
Oncidium microchilum Phalaenopsis mannii

Oncidium ornithorhynchum ‘Lilac Phalaenopsis modesta
Blossom’ Phalaenopsis schilleriana
Otaara Haw Yuan Bay ‘She Shu’ Phalaenopsis violacea
Paphiopedilum Armeni White Phragmipedium Wilcox AM/AOS
Paphiopedilum Joyce Hasagawa Pleurothallis cocornaensis
Paphiopedilum Lynleigh Koopowitz Pleurothallis ramulosa
Paphiopedilum delenatii Polystachya Darling Star
Paphiopedilum emersonii Polystachya bella
Paphiopedilum kolopakingii Polystachya pubescens
Paphiopedilum malipoense Potinara Burana Beauty ‘Burana’
Peristeria elata HCC/AOS
Phalaenopsis Caribbean Sunset Potinara Free Spirit ‘Lea’ AM/AOS
‘Sweet Fragrance’ Potinara Twentyfour Carat ‘Lea’
Phalaenopsis Desert Red ‘Ruby’ AM/AOS
Phalaenopsis Dotty Woodson Rhynchostylis coelestis
‘Claudette’ HCC/AOS Rhynchostylis gigantea
Phalaenopsis Ember ‘Blumen Insel’ Rhynchostylis gigantea Sagarik Strain
AM/AOS Rhynchostylis gigantea var. alba
Phalaenopsis Kilby Cassviola ‘Sweet Rhynchostylis illustre
Fragrance’ Rhynchostylis retusa
Phalaenopsis Mary Lillian Taylor Ronnyara Manuel Ugarte ‘H & R’
‘Desert Orange’ AM/AOS Schoenorchis fragrans
Phalaenopsis Mini Mark ‘Holm’ Schoenorchis gemmata
Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Bonnie Sedirea japonica
Vasquez’ AM/AOS Sigmatostalix radicans ‘HMO’s Petite
Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Roman Prince’
Holiday’ AM/AOS Sobennikoffia humbertiana
Phalaenopsis Perfection Is ‘Chen’ Sophrolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan Star
FCC/AOS ‘Pink Lady’
Phalaenopsis Samba Spathoglottis deplanche
Phalaenopsis Sweet Memory ‘Amy Stanhopea candida
Dawn’ AM/AOS Stanhopea cirrhata
Phalaenopsis Valentinii Stanhopea costaricensis
Phalaenopsis Wes Addison ‘Blood Stanhopea ecornuta
Brother’ Stanhopea embreei
Phalaenopsis amboinensis Stanhopea grandiflora
Phalaenopsis bellina Stanhopea jenischiana
Phalaenopsis fasciata Stanhopea oculata
Phalaenopsis gigantea Stanhopea pulla
Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica Stanhopea reichenbachiana
Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana Stanhopea saccata
176 Appendix E
Stanhopea tigrina Vanda tricolor

Stanhopea tricornis Vanda tricolor var. suavis
Stanhopea wardii Vascostylis Crownfox Red Gem
Stelis pusilla Vascostylis Tham Yuen Hae ‘Blue
Thunia marshalliana Queen’ HCC/RSPC, JC/AOS,
Trichocentrum albococcineum HCC/AOS
Trichocentrum Nathakhun Woodwardara Adelaide
Trichocentrum tigrinum Zygocolax
Trichoglottis philippinensis ‘Pololei’ Zygoneria
Trichoglottis wenzellii Zygopetalum
Trichopilia suavis Zygopetalum Artur Elle ‘Tanzanite’
Tuberolabium kotoense AM/AOS
Tuberolabium odoratissium Zygopetalum BG White ‘Stonehurst’
Vanda Pat Delight HCC/AOS, AM/AOS
Vanda coerulescens Zygopetalum Redvale ‘Fire Kiss’
Vanda cristata Zygopetalum crinitum
Vanda dearei Zygopetalum intermedium
Vanda roeblingiana Zygopetalum mackayi
Vanda tesselata Zygopetalum maxillare
Evening
Aerangis appendiculata Angraecum distichum
Aerangis articulata Angraecum eburneum
Aerangis biloba Angraecum eichlerianum
Aerangis brachycarpa Angraecum germinyanum
Aerangis citrata Angraecum Lemforde White Beauty
Aerangis confusa Angraecum leonis
Aerangis kirkii Angraecum Longiscott ‘Lea’
Aerangis kotschyana Angraecum magdalenae
Aerangis modesta Angraecum sesquipedale
Aerangis mooreana Angraecum Veitchii
Aerangis mystacidii Angraecum White Emblem
Aerangis somalensis Angranthes Grandalena
Aeranthes Grandiose Brassavola Little Stars
Amesiella philippinense Brassavola Yaki ‘Black’s Best’
Angraecum aporoides Brassavola cordata
Angraecum birrinense Brassavola cucullata
Angraecum bosseri Brassavola flagellaris
Angraecum boisserianum Brassavola martiana
Angraecum compactum Brassavola nodosa
Angraecum didieri Brassavola tuberculata
Brassocattleya Binosa ‘Kirk’ AM/AOS Masdevallia laucheana

Brassolaelia Memoria Bernice Foster Oncidium tigrinum
Brassolaelia Sarah Black Polystachya campyloglossa
Brassolaelia Yellow Bird Polystachya cultriformis
Brassolaeliocattleya Rio’s Green Magic Polystachya fallax
Diaphananthe pellucida Polystachya mazumbaiensis
Diaphananthe pulchella Rangaeris amaniensis
Epidendrum ciliare Rhyncholaelia digbyana
Epidendrum nocturnum Rhyncholaelia glauca
Jumellea confusa Trichopilia fragrans
Jumellea densifoliata Vanda denisoniana
Jumellea sagittata
Appendix F
Orchids by Season of Bloom
Spring Blooming
Aerangis citrata Dendrobium hainanense
Aerangis fastuosa Dendrobium kingianum
Aerangis modesta Dendrobium loddigesii
Angraecum germinyanum Dendrobium moniliforme
Angraecum White Emblem Dendrobium monophyllum
Arundina graminifolia Dendrobium musciferum
Bifrenaria harrisoniae Dendrobium rhodopterygium var.
Brassia gireoudiana semialba
Brassia ochroleuca Dendrobium virgineum
Bulbophyllum maximum Dendrochilum glumaceum
Catasetum tenebrosum Dracula chestertonii
Cattleya Pradit Spot ‘Black Prince’ Epicattleya Dora Tinschert ‘Spring-
Cattleya bicolor var. grossii dale’ HCC/AOS
Cattleya loddigesii Epidendrum phoeniceum
Cattleya lueddemanniana ‘Waterfield’ Gongora horichiana
Cattleya luteola Iwanagaara Appleblossom ‘Fantastic’
Cattleya schroederae Laelia lundii
Caularthron bicornutum Lycaste aromatica
Coelogyne ochracea Lycaste bradeorum
Cymbidium goeringii Lycaste brevispatha
Cymbidium suave Lycaste ciliata
Cymbidium virescens Lycaste cochleata
Dendrobium cariniferum Lycaste cruenta
Dendrobium densiflorum Lycaste lanipes
Dendrobium fimbriatum var. oculatum Lycaste locusta
Dendrobium griffithianum Masdevallia Confetti
178
Orchids by Season of Bloom 179
Masdevallia agaster Phalaenopsis Sweet Memory ‘Amy

Masdevallia cyclotega Dawn’ AM/AOS
Maxillaria ochroleuca Phalaenopsis amboinensis
Maxillaria seymouriana Phalaenopsis gigantea
Meiracyllium trinasutum Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana
Miltoniopsis Bert Field Phalaenopsis modesta
Miltoniopsis Hajime Ono Phragmipedium Wilcox AM/AOS
Odontoglossum pendulum Pleurothallis cocornaensis
Odontoglossum pulchellum Pleurothallis ramulosa
Oeniella polystachys Polystachya Darling Star
Oncidium concolor Potinara Twentyfour Carat ‘Lea’
Oncidium maculatum AM/AOS
Oncidium microchilum Rhyncholaelia glauca
Phalaenopsis Desert Red ‘Ruby’ Stelis pusilla
Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Bonnie Trichopilia suavis
Vasquez’ AM/AOS Vanda dearei
Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Roman Vanda denisoniana
Holiday’ AM/AOS
Spring to Summer Blooming

Aerangis appendiculata Cycnoches chlorochilon
Aerangis brachycarpa Cycnoches warscewiczii
Aerangis confusa Cymbidium eburneum
Aerangis kirkii Dendrobium chrysotoxum
Aerangis kotschyana Dendrobium macrophyllum
Aerangis mooreana Dendrobium parishii
Aerangis somalensis Dendrobium williamsonii
Angraecum compactum Doritaenopsis Phoenix Fire ‘Cardinal’
Angraecum didieri Encyclia adenocaula
Angraecum magdalenae Encyclia phoenicea
Ansellia africana Encyclia tampensis
Brassia verrucosa Epidendrum difforme
Bulbophyllum odoratissimum Epidendrum inversum
Cattleya Peckhaviensis Laelia purpurata var. werckhauseri
Cattleya forbesii Lycaste Aquila ‘Détente’ FCC/AOS
Cattleya granulosa Masdevallia glandulosa
Cattleya mossiae Masdevallia laucheana
Cattleya schilleriana Masdevallia mejiana
Cattleya warneri Miltoniopsis Celle ‘Wasserfall’
Coelogyne lawrenceana AM/AOS
180 Appendix F
Miltoniopsis Hamburg ‘Red Velvet’ Rhynchostylis retusa

Oncidium crispum Schoenorchis fragrans
Oncidium ornithorhynchum ‘Lilac Sedirea japonica
Blossom’ Spathoglottis deplanche
Oncidium tigrinum Thunia marshalliana
Paphiopedilum Armeni White Trichocentrum Nathakhun
Phalaenopsis Wes Addison ‘Blood Trichocentrum tigrinum
Brother’ Trichoglottis philippinensis ‘Pololei’
Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica Vanda coerulescens
Polystachya bella Vanda cristata
Rangaeris amaniensis Zygopetalum Artur Elle ‘Tanzanite’
Rhyncholaelia digbyana AM/AOS
Rhynchostylis coelestis
Summer Blooming
Aerangis mystacidii Maxillaria rufescens
Aerides crassifolia Maxillaria sanderiana
Aerides falcata Maxillaria tenuifolia
Aerides fieldingii Oncidium cucullatum
Angraecum eichlerianum Peristeria elata
Bothriochilus bellus Phalaenopsis Dotty Woodson
Brassolaeliocattleya Arthur Bossin ‘Claudette’ HCC/AOS
‘Rapture’ Schoenorchis gemmata
Bulbophyllum comosum Sobennikoffia humbertiana
Bulbophyllum suavissimum Stanhopea candida
Catasetum candida Stanhopea cirrhata
Catasetum collare Stanhopea costaricensis
Catasetum expansum Stanhopea ecornuta
Catasetum roseum Stanhopea grandiflora
Cattleya labiata Stanhopea jenischiana
Cattleya warscewiczii Stanhopea oculata
Cymbidium cyperifolium Stanhopea pulla
Dendrobium antennatum Stanhopea reichenbachiana
Dendrobium bellatulum Stanhopea saccata
Doritaenopsis Garnet Elf ‘Mary’ Stanhopea tigrina
Epidendrum parkinsonianum Stanhopea tricornis
Jumellea densifoliata Stanhopea wardii
Masdevallia triangularis Trichoglottis wenzellii
Summer to Fall Blooming

Aerides falcata var. houlletiana Coelogyne fimbriata
Aerides odorata Cycnoches
Aerides quinquevulnera Cycnoches ventricosum
Angraecum birrinense Cymbidium Golden Elf ‘Sundust’
Brassavola cucullata HCC/AOS
Brassia longissima ‘Pumpkin Patch’ Gongora galeata
Bulbophyllum hamatipes Gongora leucochila
Bulbophyllum lobbii Haraella odorata
Bulbophyllum rothschildianum Laelia tenebrosa
Catasetum Orchidglade ‘Davie Lycaste deppei
Ranches’ AM/AOS Lycaste powellii
Catasetum fimbriatum Masdevallia attenuata
Catasetum integerrimum Miltonia regnellii
Catasetum warscewiczii Miltonia schroederiana
Cattleya aclandiae Miltonia spectabilis
Cattleya dowiana Miltonia spectabilis var. moreliana
Cattleya guttata Miltoniopsis roezlii
Cattleya maxima ‘Mountainside’ Neofinetia falcata
Cirrhopetalum graveolens Trichocentrum albococcineum
Cirrhopetalum ornatissimum Zygopetalum crinitum
Fall Blooming
Aerangis articulata Dendrochilum magnum
Angraecum Lemforde White Beauty Gongora quinquenervis
Angraecum Longiscott ‘Lea’ Laelia anceps
Brassavola flagellaris Laelia perrinii
Catasetum maculatum Laelia rubescens
Cattleya Chocolate Drop ‘Kodama’ Oncidium longipes
AM/AOS Sigmatostalix radicans ‘HMO’s Petite
Cymbidium sinensis Prince’
Cymbidium tracyanum Vanda roeblingiana
Dendrobium wardianum Zygopetalum intermedium
Dendrochilum cobbianum
Fall to Winter Blooming

Aerides lawrenceae Cycnoches loddigesii
Aerides lawrenceae var. sanderiana Diaphananthe pulchella
Angraecum eburneum Epilaelia Beverly Shea
Catasetum discolor Eurychone rothschildianum
182 Appendix F
Lycaste leucantha Tuberolabium kotoense

Rhynchostylis gigantea Vanda tesselata
Rhynchostylis gigantea Sagarik Strain Vanda tricolor
Rhynchostylis gigantea var. alba Vanda tricolor var. suavis
Rhynchostylis illustre Zygopetalum mackayi
Winter Blooming
Acampe papillosa Bulbophyllum ambrosia
Acineta superba Bulbophyllum cocoinum
Amesiella philippinense Cattleya quadicolor
Angraecum Veitchii Cymbidium mastersii
Angraecum aporoides Dendrobium Gai Quest
Angraecum bosseri Dendrobium Jesmond Fancy
Angraecum sesquipedale Dendrobium Light River
Brassavola Little Stars Dendrobium Sea Mary ‘Snow King’
Brassolaeliocattleya Formosan Gold Dendrobium delicatum ‘Brechts’
Brassolaeliocattleya Goldenzelle Dendrobium heterocarpum
‘Lemon Chiffon’ AM/AOS Dendrobium speciosum
Brassolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan Dendrobium unicum
Beauty ‘Orchis’ Diaphananthe pellucida
Brassolaeliocattleya Hawaiian Jumellea sagittata
Avalanche Laeliocattleya Angel Love
Brassolaeliocattleya Pamela Hether- Lycaste Imschootiana
ington ‘Coronation’ FCC/AOS Lycaste Walnut Valley ‘Black’s
Brassolaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise Glow’
‘Emerald Isle’ HCC/AOS Trichopilia fragrans
Winter to Spring Blooming

Angraecum leonis Leptotes unicolor
Cochleanthes amazonica Masdevallia livingstoneana
Coelogyne cristata Maxillaria picta
Dendrobium draconis Oncidium cheirophorum
Dendrobium Jesmond Gem Paphiopedilum emersonii
Dendrobium Spring Bride Paphiopedilum kolopakingii
Dendrobium Spring Doll Paphiopedilum malipoense
Dendrobium jenkinsii Phalaenopsis fasciata
Dendrobium lawesii Phalaenopsis mannii
Dendrobium primulinum var. gigan- Phalaenopsis schilleriana
teum Polystachya fallax
Laelia albida Zygoneria
Leptotes bicolor Zygopetalum maxillare
Variable Blooming
These orchids can flower different times of the year and sometimes bloom
multiple times in one year.
Aerangis biloba Cattleya intermedia

Aeranthes Grandiose Cattleya intermedia ‘Carlos’
Angraecum boisserianum Cattleya walkeriana var. alba
Angraecum distichum Cochleanthes Moliere
Angranthes Grandalena Cochleanthes discolor
Anguloa clowesii Coelogyne Intermedia
Ascofinetia Cherry Blossom Coelogyne pandurata
‘Delicado’ Coelogyne zurowetzii
Beallara Marfitch ‘Howard’s Dream’ Coryanthes bruckmuelleri
AM/AOS Coryanthes leucocorys
Brassavola Yaki ‘Black’s Best’ Cymbidium ensifolium
Brassavola cordata Cymbidium kanran
Brassavola martiana Darwinara Charm ‘Blue Star’
Brassavola nodosa Dendrobium Chrystaline
Brassavola tuberculata Dendrobium Comet King ‘Akatsuki’
Brassidium Dragon Flight ‘Fluff’ Dendrobium Sweet Song ‘Memory’
Brassocattleya Binosa ‘Kirk’ Dendrobium anosmum
AM/AOS Dendrobium aureum
Brassocattleya Mt. Hood Dendrobium nobile
Brassolaelia Memoria Bernice Foster Dendrobium nobile var. virginale
Brassolaelia Sarah Black Dendrobium pugioniforme
Brassolaelia Yellow Bird Dendrochilum arachnites
Brassolaeliocattleya George King Encyclia citrina
‘Serendipity’ AM/AOS Encyclia cordigera
Brassolaeliocattleya Momilani Encyclia fragrans
Rainbow Encyclia lancifolia
Brassolaeliocattleya Rio’s Green Encyclia polybulbon
Magic Encyclia radiata
Bulbophyllum beccarii Encyclia trulla
Bulbophyllum echinolabium Epidendrum ciliare
Bulbophyllum laxiflorum Epidendrum falcatum
Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis Epidendrum nocturnum
Cadetia chionantha Eria gigantea ‘Waterfield’
Cadetia taylori Eria hyacinthoides
Catasetum gnomus Gongora grossa
Cattleya Brabantiae Gongora pleiochroma
Cattleya Fascelis Gongora unicolor
Cattleya harrisoniana Jumellea confusa
184 Appendix F
Laelia pumila var. coerulea Phalaenopsis Caribbean Sunset

Laeliocattleya Angel Love ‘Sweet Fragrance’
Laeliocattleya Hausermann’s Sultan Phalaenopsis Ember ‘Blumen Insel’
Laeliocattleya Jungle Festival AM/AOS
Laeliocattleya Mari’s Song ‘CTM 217’ Phalaenopsis Kilby Cassviola ‘Sweet
HCC/AOS Fragrance’
Laeliocattleya Mini Purple Phalaenopsis Mary Lillian Taylor
Laeliocattleya Nora’s Melody ‘Desert Orange’ AM/AOS
Laeliocattleya Whitiniae Phalaenopsis Mini Mark ‘Holm’
Lycaste Alan Salzman Phalaenopsis Perfection Is ‘Chen’
Lycaste Lucianii FCC/AOS
Milpasia Leslie Garay Phalaenopsis Samba
Milpasia Milt’s Choice ‘Helen of Phalaenopsis Valentinii
Troy’ Phalaenopsis bellina
Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis Phalaenopsis violacea
Miltoniopsis santanaei Polystachya campyloglossa
Neostylis Lou Sneary Polystachya cultriformis
Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Blue Moon’ Polystachya mazumbaiensis
Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Pinky’ Polystachya pubescens
AM/AOS Potinara Burana Beauty ‘Burana’
Odontioda Vesta ‘Charm’ HCC/AOS
Odontobrassia Fangtastic Bob Potinara Free Spirit ‘Lea’ AM/AOS
Henley Ronnyara Manuel Ugarte ‘H & R’
Odontocidium Tiger Crow ‘Golden Sophrolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan Star
Girl’ HCC/AOS ‘Pink Lady’
Oncidium Gold Dust Stanhopea embreei
Oncidium Issaku Nagata ‘Volcano Tuberolabium odoratissium
Queen’ HCC/AOS Vanda Pat Delight
Oncidium Sharry Baby Vascostylis Crownfox Red Gem
Oncidium Sharry Baby ‘Misaki’ Vascostylis Tham Yuen Hae ‘Blue
Oncidium Tsiku Marguerite Queen’ HCC/RSPC, JC/AOS,
Oncidium Twinkle ‘Fragrance HCC/AOS
Fantasy’ Woodwardara Adelaide
Oncidium Twinkle ‘Red Fantasy’ Zygocolax
Otaara Haw Yuan Bay ‘She Shu’ Zygopetalum
Paphiopedilum Joyce Hasagawa Zygopetalum BG White ‘Stonehurst’
Paphiopedilum Lynleigh Koopowitz HCC/AOS, AM/AOS
Paphiopedilum delenatii Zygopetalum Redvale ‘Fire Kiss’
Appendix G
Sources for Fragrant Orchids
Most orchid sellers have at least some fragrant offerings, but some suppliers
consciously breed for fragrance or search out crosses that have fragrance
potential. These are the sources in the following list. Some of them offer mail
order while others also sell at their greenhouse. The list is by no means com-
plete, but will get you started. You can also check out the Web. The American
Orchid Society (AOS) has an excellent Web site that lets you search for suppli-
ers by geographic location. The society publishes Orchids, a magazine with
additional sources. In fact, joining AOS, is highly recommended for the many
resources it provides.
The Web addresses have not been given in this list, since they are subject
to frequent change and can be found easily with any search engine.
Andy’s Orchids Big Leaf Orchids

734 Oceanview Avenue 4932 Longwood Court
Encinitas, California 92024 Irving, Texas 75038
Phone: (888) 514-2639 Phone: (972) 659-1406
Fax: (888) 632-8991 Fax: (972) 659-1438
E-mail: info@AndysOrchids.com E-mail: phal@bigleaforchids.com
This company grows over 3000 Peter Lin, owner of this small, back-
species. Its Web site has a very effec- yard company, loves phalaenopsis
tive search engine that allows you to and has a special affection for the
search for fragrant orchids. The last fragrant ones. Check out his Web
time I used it, I came up with a list site for some quality clones and
of more than 100 fragrant orchids crosses. The site hosts a highly
for sale. The Web site is also very informative phalaenopsis forum.
informative and gives helpful cul-
tural information.
185
186 Appendix G
Cal Orchids species in his work are Cattleya

1251 Orchid Drive aclandiae, C. walkeriana, and C. lute-
Santa Barbara, California 93111 ola, along with other sweetly scented
Phone: (805) 967-1312 species such as Rhyncholaelia digby-
Fax: (805) 967-6882 ana and Brassavola nodosa. His Web
E-mail: info@calorchid.com site offers on-line ordering.
Owners Lauris and James Rose have
been in the orchid business since Ha’iku Maui Orchids
1970. They offer some choice fra- 2612 Pololei Place
grant species and hybrids including Ha’iku, Hawaii 96708
select neofinetias and their hybrids, Phone: (808) 573-1130
as well as a good selection of angrae- Fax: (808) 572-7015
coids, miscellaneous cymbidiums, E-mail: haikumaui.orchids@
and brassavolas. Web-only catalog. verizon.net
Norman Mizuno, the president of
Countryside Orchids this company, is from New York
P.O. Box 958 where he grew prize-winning
Corrales, New Mexico 87048 orchids under lights. He specializes
Phone: (505) 263-6888 in orchids and selected forms that
Fax: (505) 792-9807 are easy to grow. His printed and on-
E-mail: billschn@aol.com line catalogs include a broad selec-
This company offers an absolutely tion of fragrant orchids which are
mind-boggling range of mostly prominently marked as such. The
species, but some hybrids and meri- company makes special efforts to
clones. The on-line catalog is highly grow their plants under lower light
informative and indicates which conditions so they will adapt well to
orchids are fragrant. An amazing growers in mainland United States.
resource!
Hoosier Orchid Company
Gold Country Orchids 8440 West 82nd Street
390 Big Ben Road Indianapolis, Indiana 46278
Lincoln California 95648 Phone: (888) 291-6269
Phone: (916) 645-8600 Fax: (317) 291-8949
Fax: (916) 645-7076 E-mail:
E-mail: gcorchids@aol.com orchids@hoosierorchid.com
Owner Alan Koch is one of the few The company offers a broad selec-
orchid breeders putting a great deal tion of species, including an extraor-
of effort into producing compact dinary number of angraecoids,
and miniature cattleyas that have most of which are fragrant. It also
fragrance. Among the conspicuous includes other genera noted for fra-
Sources for Fragrant Orchids 187
grant species, such as Zygopetalum Lauray of Salisbury

and Stanhopea. 432 Undermountain Road
Route 41
I. N. Komoda Orchids Salisbury, Connecticut 06068
P.O. Box 576 Phone: (860) 435-2263
Makawao, Hawaii 96768 E-mail: jbecker@mohawk.net
Phone/Fax: 808-572-0756 Owner Judy Becker is an AOS judge,
E-mail: orchidhi@maui.net so knows her orchids and is specifi-
Owner Ivan Komoda specializes in cally knowledgeable about some of
and breeds primarily miltoniopsis the fragrant ones. She assisted me
but offers some masdevallis and greatly with this book, and she and
other species. He is developing pink I are working to offer more fragrant
forms with waterfall patterns and orchids to our customers. Her com-
has often used Miltoniopsis santanaei pany offers a broad range of orchid
(profiled in this book) to give warmth species and hybrids, as well as some
tolerance and fragrance. He has no nice orchid companions like bego-
catalog, but offers specials in Orchids nias, gesneriads, and succulents.
magazine ads and has a Web site.
Norman’s Orchids
J & L Orchids 11039 Monte Vista Avenue
20 Sherwood Road Montclair, California 91763
Easton, Connecticut 06612 Phone: (909) 627-9515
Phone: (203) 261-3772 Fax: (909) 627-3889
Fax: (203) 261-8730 E-mail: support@orchids.com
E-mail: jlorchid@snet.net This company has the most useful
A miniature orchid lover’s paradise. and easy-to-navigate site for pur-
The highly knowledgeable owners, chasing orchids on-line that I have
Cordelia Head, Marguerite Webb, experienced. You can search by vari-
and Lucinda Winn, know their ous requirements—light needs,
orchids and are very familiar with flower color, plant size, fragrance—
which ones are fragrant. Their print to come up with a list of orchids that
and on-line catalogs also indicate if fit your needs. Then you can store
the plants are fragrant. the names of these orchids in your
wish list until you’re ready to pur-
chase plants. The company has a
series of fragrant phalaenopsis as
well as a very broad selection of
other fragrant species, hybrids, and
clones. On-line catalog only.
188 Appendix G
Porter’s Orchids Phoenix Orchids

10868 Royston Road 2807 West Villa Rita Drive
Grand Ledge, Michigan 48837 Phoenix, AZ 85053
Phone: (888) 622-7643 Phone: (602) 938-3741
Fax: (517) 622-4188 E-mail: phxorchids@msn.com
This company specializes in orchids Owner Eric Goo breeds phalaenop-
that are easy to grow and bloom and sis. His various crosses and meris-
are well suited to home culture. It tems focus on the reds and yellows,
offers a broad range of hybrids and a good number of which are fragrant.
species, a good number of which are Web catalog only.
fragrant and marked as such on the
on-line catalog.
Glossary
axil the angle between the upper side of a leaf and the stem from which it
grows
column the central part of the orchid flower that contains both the male
(stamen) and female (pistil) parts
cultivar a cultivated variety
deciduous dropping the leaves; not evergreen
dormant a state of inactive growth
epiphyte, epiphytic a plant that grows on another and gets its nutrients
from air and moisture
grex a group of hybrid plants with the same parents
hybrid a cross between two plants, generally of two different species or
genera
intergeneric involving two or more genera
keiki a plantlet. The Hawaiian word for baby.
lip the lowermost petal of an orchid flower, usually different from the other
two petals in shape, color, and size
inflorescence the arrangement of flowers on an axis
mericlone a plant derived from tissue culture that is genetically identical to
its parents
meristem undifferentiated tissue that can develop into specialized tissues
or new organs
monopodial a type of growth habit in which the plant continues to grow
vertically from its tip. Examples: phalaenopsis, vandas
pendulous hanging downward
proboscis a long, hollow tube attached to the head of an animal and used
for taking in food and drink
pseudobulb the thickened (bulb-like) stem of many orchid plants
189
190 Glossary
raceme an unbranded flower stem in which the flowers are borne on short
stalks and usually open from the bottom of the stem to the top
rhizome a root-bearing stem found on sympodial orchids
sepal one of three outermost parts of an orchid flower
sheath a modified leaf that encloses developing flower bulbs
spike an unbranched flower stem with many stalkless flowers
spur a tubular or sac-like extension of an orchid flower, generally containing
nectar
subterete somewhat cylindrical
sympodial a type of growth habit in which a new shoot arises from the
rhizome of the previous growth. Examples: cattleyas, oncidiums
terete cylindrical
terminal at the end of a stem
terrestrial a plant that grows in or on the ground
throat the opening in the lip of an orchid flower
umbel a flat-topped flower stem in which all the flower stalks originate
from the same point on the stem
vandaceous having a growth habit like that of the genus Vanda in which the
leaves grow in two rows
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Plant Name Index
Boldface numbers indicate photo pages. For more listings of fragrant orchid
species and hybrids, see appendices A through G.
Aerangis, 11 Angraecum citratum. See Aerangis

Aerangis appendiculata, 99 citrata
Aerangis articulata, 99 Angraecum compactum, 101
Aerangis biloba, 99 Angraecum Dianne’s Darling, 101
Aerangis brachycarpa, 99 Angraecum didieri, 101
Aerangis citrata, 98 Angraecum distichum, 101
Aerangis confusa, 99 Angraecum eburneum, 101
Aerangis fastuosa, 99 Angraecum eichlerianum, 101
Aerangis kirkii, 99 Angraecum falcatum. See Neofinetia
Aerangis kotschyana, 99 falcata
Aerangis modesta, 99 Angraecum germinyanum, 101
Aerangis mooreana, 99 Angraecum Hillerman’s Last, 100
Aerangis mystacidii, 99 Angraecum Lemforde White Beauty’,
Aerangis somalensis, 99 101
Aeranthes leonis. See Angraecum leonis Angraecum leonis, 100
Aerides Dominyanum, 99 Angraecum Longiscott ‘Lea’, 101
Aerides Dottie’s Delight, 99 Angraecum magdalenae, 101
Aerides fieldingii, 99 Angraecum sesquipedale, 101
Aerides rosea. See A. fieldingii Angraecum Veitchii, 101
Aerides williamsii. See A. fieldingii Angraecum White Emblem, 101
Aeridovanda Kinnaree, 109 Angranthes Grandalena, 110
Angraecum, 11 Ansellia africana, 121
Angraecum aporoides, 101 Ansellia gigantea. See A. africana
Angraecum Appalachian Star, 100 Arundina bambusifolia. See A. gramini-
Angraecum birrinense, 101 folia
Angraecum boisserianum, 101 Arundina graminifolia, 121
Angraecum bosseri, 101 Ascofinetia Cherry Blossom, 102
195
196 Plant Name Index
bamboo orchid. See Arundina gramini- Brassolaeliocattleya Pamela Hethering-

folia ton ‘Coronation’ FCC/AOS, 61
Beallara Marfitch ‘Howard’s Dream’ Brassolaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise, 56
AM/AOS, 89 Brassolaeliocattleya Ports of Paradise
bi-colored cattleya. See Cattleya bicolor ‘Emerald Isle’, 61
var. grossii Brassolaeliocattleya Rio’s Green Magic,
Bifrenaria harrisoniae, 126 61
Bletia graminifolia. See Arundina Bulbophyllum ambrosia, 68
graminifolia Bulbophyllum beccarii, 120, 139
Bletia pumila. See Laelia pumila Bulbophyllum cocoinum, 68
Brassavola, 11, 66 Bulbophyllum comosum, 68
Brassavola cucullata, 47 Bulbophyllum echinolabium, 120, 138
Brassavola digbyana. See Rhyncholaelia Bulbophyllum giganteum. See B. pha-
digbyana laenopsis
Brassavola flagellaris, 45 Bulbophyllum hamatipes, 68
Brassavola glauca. See Rhyncholaelia Bulbophyllum laxiflorum, 68
glauca Bulbophyllum lobbii, 68
Brassavola Little Stars, 47 Bulbophyllum maximum, 68, 120
Brassavola martiana, 47 Bulbophyllum odoratissimum, 68
Brassavola Moonlight Perfume, 46 Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis, 120, 139
Brassavola nodosa, 46 Bulbophyllum rothschildianum, 67
Brassavola tuberculata, 47 Bulbophyllum rothschildianum ‘Red
Brassavola venosa. See B. nodosa Chimney’, 68
Brassavola Yaki ‘Black’s Best’, 47 Bulbophyllum suavissimum, 68
Brassia, 89
Brassia gireoudiana, 80, 92 Catasetum candida, 124
Brassia lawrenceana. See B. longissima Catasetum collare, 124
Brassia longissima, 79, 92 Catasetum discolor, 124
Brassia longissima ‘Pumpkin Patch’, 80 Catasetum expansum, 124
Brassia ochroleuca, 80 Catasetum fimbriatum, 124
Brassia verrucosa, 80, 92 Catasetum gnomus, 124
Brassocattleya Binosa ‘Kirk’ AM/AOS, 58 Catasetum integerrimum, 124
Brassocattleya Mt. Hood, 12, 58 Catasetum maculatum, 124
Brassolaeliocattleya Arthur Bossin ‘Rap- Catasetum Orchidglade ‘Davie
ture’, 61 Ranches’ AM/AOS, 124
Brassolaeliocattleya Formosan Gold, 59 Catasetum roseum, 124
Brassolaeliocattleya George King, 60 Catasetum tenebrosum, 125
Brassolaeliocattleya George King Catasetum warscewiczii, 125
‘Serendipity’, 60 Cattleya, 66
Brassolaeliocattleya Goldenzelle ‘Lemon Cattleya bicolor var. grossii, 47
Chiffon’ AM/AOS, 59 Cattleya bulbosa. See C. walkeriana var.
Brassolaeliocattleya Haw Yuan Beauty alba
‘Orchis’, 61 Cattleya Chocolate Drop ‘Kodama’
Brassolaeliocattleya Hawaiian Avalanche, AM/AOS, 62
60 Cattleya dowiana, 56
Cattleya elatior. See C. guttata Cymbidium mastersii, 125

Cattleya grossii. See C. bicolor var. grossii Cymbidium sinensisi, 125
Cattleya guttata, 48 Cymbidium suave, 125
Cattleya intermedia, 49 Cymbidium virescens, 125
Cattleya intermedia var. angustifolia. See Cypripedium delenatii. See Paphio-
Laelia perrinii pedilum delenatii
Cattleya intermedia ‘Carlos’, 49 Cypripedium schlimii. See Phragmi-
Cattleya maritima. See C. intermedia pedium Wilcox
Cattleya maxima, 49
Cattleya maxima ‘Mountainside’, 49 dark laelia. See Laelia tenebrosa
Cattleya ovata. See C. intermedia Darwinara Charm, 102
Cattleya Peckhaviensis, 14 Dendrobium aggregatum var. jenkensii.
Cattleya perrinii. See Laelia perrinii See D. jenkensii
Cattleya walkeriana, 64 Dendrobium aureum. See D. hetero-
Cattleya walkeriana var. alba, 50 carpum
chocolate orchid. See Oncidium Sharry Dendrobium chrysotoxum, 68
Baby Dendrobium Chrystaline, 75
Cirrhopetalum graveolens, 120 Dendrobium Comet King ‘Akatsuki’, 76
Cirrhopetalum ornatissimum, 120 Dendrobium harrisoniae. See Bifrenaria
Cirrhopetalum rothschildianum. See harrisoniae
Bulbophyllum rothschildianum Dendrobium heterocarpum, 69
clamshell orchid. See Encyclia fragrans Dendrobium jenkensii, 70
Cochleanthes Amazing, 126 Dendrobium Jesmond Gem, 77
Cochleanthes amazonica, 126 Dendrobium kingianum, 71
Cochleanthes discolor, 127 Dendrobium kingianum ‘Baby Blue’, 72
Cochleanthes Moliere, 126, 130 Dendrobium lawesii, 73
Cochlioda, 89 Dendrobium Light River, 78
coconut orchid. See Maxillaria tenuifolia Dendrobium lindleyi, 71
Coelogyne cristata, 123 Dendrobium lindleyi var. jenkensii. See
Coelogyne fimbriata, 123 D. jenkensii
Coelogyne Intermedia, 123 Dendrobium macrophyllum, 74
Coelogyne lawrenceana, 122 Dendrobium rhombeum. See D. hetero-
Coelogyne ochracea, 123 carpum
Coelogyne pandurata, 123 Dendrobium speciosum, 76, 78
Coelogyne zurowetzii, 123 Dendrobium veitchianum. See D. macro-
Colax aromaticus. See Lycaste aromatica phyllum
Cymbidium cordigerum. See Encyclia Dendrobium warburgianum. See D.
cordigera lawesii
Cymbidium cyperifolium, 125
Cymbidium eburneum, 125 El Toro. See Laelia anceps
Cymbidium ensifolium, 125 Encyclia adenocaula, 53
Cymbidium goeringii, 125 Encyclia atropurpurea. See E. cordigera
Cymbidium Golden Elf ‘Sundust’ Encyclia citrina, 53
HCC/AOS, 125 Encyclia cordigera, 51
Cymbidium kanran, 125 Encyclia fragrans, 52
Encyclia lancifolia, 53 Laelia lundii, 56

Encyclia phoenicea, 53 Laelia perrinii, 54
Encyclia polybulbon, 53 Laelia pumila var. coerulea, 56
Encyclia radiata, 53 Laelia purpurata var. werckhauseri, 56
Encyclia tampensis, 53 Laelia rubescens, 56
Encyclia trulla, 53 Laelia tenebrosa, 55
Epicattleya Dora Tinschert ‘Springdale’ Laeliocattleya Angel Love, 64
HCC/AOS, 63 Laeliocattleya Mari’s Song ‘CTM 217’
Epidendrum bicolor. See Cattleya bicolor HCC/AOS, 65
var. grossii Laeliocattleya Mini Purple, 50
Epidendrum elegans. See Cattleya guttata lavender and old lace. See Oncidium
Epidendrum fragrans. See Encyclia ornithorhynchum
fragrans leopard orchid. See Ansellia africana
Epidendrum iridee. See Cattleya bicolor Lycaste Alan Salzman, 128
var. grossii Lycaste Aquila ‘Détente’ FCC/AOS, 131
Epidendrum maximum. See Cattleya Lycaste aromatica, 127
maxima Lycaste bradeorum, 128
Epidendrum nodosum. See Brassavola Lycaste brevispatha, 128
nodosa Lycaste ciliata, 128
Eria hyacinthoides, 120 Lycaste cochleata, 128
Lycaste cruenta, 128
foxtail orchid. See Rhynchostylis Lycaste deppei, 128
gigantea Lycaste Imschootiana, 131
fu-ran. See Neofinetia falcata Lycaste lanipes, 128
Lycaste leucantha, 128
Gongora grossa, 120 Lycaste locusta, 128
Lycaste Lucianii, 132
intermediate cattleya. See Cattleya Lycaste powellii, 128
intermedia Lycaste suaveolens. See L. aromatica
Lycaste Walnut Valley ‘Black’s Glow’,
Japanese wind orchid. See Neofinetia 128
falcata
Macrochilus fryanus. See Miltonia
king of angraecums. See Angraecum spectabilis
sesquipedale Masdevallia glandulosa, 12
Masdevallia triangularis, 120
lady of the night. See Brassavola nodosa Maxillaria gracilifolia. See M. tenuifolia
Laelia, 66 Maxillaria ochroleuca, 129
Laelia albida, 56 Maxillaria picta, 129
Laelia anceps, 53 Maxillaria rufescens, 129
Laelia barkeriana. See L. anceps Maxillaria sanderiana, 129
Laelia digbyana. See Rhyncholaelia Maxillaria seymouriana, 129
digbyana Maxillaria tenuifolia, 129
Laelia grandis var. tenebrosa. See L. tene- Miltonia, 89
brosa Miltonia regnellii, 81
Miltonia roezlii. See Miltoniopsis pha- Oncidium Twinkle ‘Red Fantasy’, 95

laenopsis Oncidium Twinkle ‘Fragrance Fantasy’,
Miltonia roezlii var. alba. See M. san- 96
tanaei
Miltonia schroederiana, 81 Paphiopedilum, 120
Miltonia spectabilis, 81 Paphiopedilum Armeni White, 136
Miltonia spectabilis var. moreliana, 81 Paphiopedilum delenatii, 133, 136
Miltoniopsis Angel Falls, 83 Paphiopedilum emersonii, 135
Miltoniopsis Bert Field, 89 Paphiopedilum Joyce Hasagawa, 135
Miltoniopsis Celle ‘Wasserfall’ Paphiopedilum kolopakingii, 135
AM/AOS, 83 Paphiopedilum Lynleigh Koopowitz,
Miltoniopsis Hajime Ono, 90 135
Miltoniopsis Hamburg ‘Red Velvet’, 83 Paphiopedilum malipoense, 134
Miltoniopsis Mary Catherina Messina, Perrin’s laelia. See Laelia perrinii
83 Phalaenopsis bellina, 103
Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis, 82 Phalaenopsis Caribbean Sunset ‘Sweet
Miltoniopsis roezlii, 83 Fragrance’, 112
Miltoniopsis santanaei, 83 Phalaenopsis Deventeriana, 114
Phalaenopsis Ember ‘Blumen Insel’
Neofinetia falcata, 102 AM/AOS, 113
Neostylis Lou Sneary, 111 Phalaenopsis Kilby Cassviola ‘Sweet
Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Blue Moon’, 22, Fragrance’, 113
311 Phalaenopsis Mini Mark, 114
Neostylis Lou Sneary ‘Pinky’ AM/AOS, Phalaenopsis Mini Mark ‘Maria Teresa’,
110 114
Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Bonnie
Odontioda Vesta ‘Charm’, 91 Vasquez’ AM/AOS, 19, 115
Odontobrassia Fangtastic Bob Henley, Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Roman
92 Holiday’ AM/AOS, 115
Odontoglossum, 89 Phalaenopsis Perfection Is ‘Chen’
Odontoglossum cariniferum, 92 AM/AOS, 115
Odontoglossum roezlii. See Miltoniopsis Phalaenopsis schillerana. See P. schilleri-
phalaenopsis ana
Oncidium cheirophorum, 84 Phalaenopsis schilleriana, 104
Oncidium crispum, 120, 140 Phalaenopsis Sweet Memory ‘Amy
Oncidium Issaku Nagata ‘Volcano Dawn’ AM/AOS, 116
Queen’ HCC/AOS, 92 Phalaenopsis Valentinii, 117
Oncidium maculatum, 85 Phalaenopsis violacea, 113, 117
Oncidium ornithorhynchum, 83, 85, 94 Phalaenopsis violacea ‘Borneo’. See P.
Oncidium ornithorhynchum ‘Lilac bellina
Blossom’, 85 Phalaenopsis violacea var. bellina. See P.
Oncidium Sharry Baby, 12, 13 bellina
Oncidium Sharry Baby ‘Misaki’, 93 Phragmipedium, 120
Oncidium Tsiku Marguerite, 83, 94 Phragmipedium Wilcox AM/AOS, 135
Oncidium Twinkle, 83 Pleurothallis cocornaensis, 120
Polystachya bella, 138 Trichopilia kienastiana. See T. suavis

Polystachya campyloglossa, 138 Trichopilia suavis, 88
Polystachya cultriformis, 138 Tuberolabium kotoense, 108
Polystachya Darling Star, 137 Tuberolabium odoratissium, 109
Polystachya fallax, 138
Polystachya mazumbaiensis, 138 Vanda coerulescens, 109
Polystachya pubescens, 138 Vanda cristata, 109
Potinara Burana Beauty ‘Burana’ Vanda dearei, 109
HCC/AOS, 65 Vanda denisoniana, 109
Potinara Twentyfour Carat ‘Lea’ Vanda Pat Delight, 118
AM/AOS, 66 Vanda roeblingiana, 109
Vanda tesselata, 109
Rhynchodirea Dragon Charmy, 106 Vanda tricolor, 109
Rhyncholaelia digbyana, 56 Vanda tricolor var. suavis, 109
Rhyncholaelia glauca, 57 Vandachostylis Azure, 105
Rhynchostylis coelestis, 106 Vandirea Newberry Jasmine, 106
Rhynchostylis gigantea, 105, 118 vanilla-scented dancing lady. See
Rhynchostylis illustre, 106 Oncidium ornithorhynchum
Rhynchostylis retusa, 196 Vascostylis Crownfox Red Gem, 119
Rhynchostylis Winona Jordan, 105 Vascostylis Tham Yuen Hae ‘Blue
Queen’ HCC/RSPC, JC/AOS,
Saccolabium quisumbingii. See Tubero- HCC/AOS, 119
labium kotoense
Sedirea japonica, 106 Walker’s cattleya. See Cattleya walkeri-
Sigmatostalix radicans, 87 ana var. alba
Sigmatostalix radicans ‘HMO’s Petite
Prince’, 87 yabukouji (Japanese). See Sedirea
Sophronitis, 66 japonica
spotted cattleya. See Cattleya guttata
star of Bethlehem. See Angraecum Zygoneria hybrid, 25
sesquipedale Zygopetalum, 133
Stauropsis philippinensis. See Tricho- Zygopetalum Artur Elle ‘Tanzanite’
glottis philippinensis AM/AOS, 132
Zygopetalum BG White ‘Stonehurst’
Trichocentrum lanceanum, 96 HCC/AOS, AM/AOS, 133
Trichocentrum Nathakhun, 96 Zygopetalum crinitum, 133
Trichoglottis philippinensis, 107 Zygopetalum intermedium, 133
Trichoglottis philippinensis ‘Pololei’, 107 Zygopetalum mackayi, 133
Trichoglottis wenzellii, 108 Zygopetalum maxillare, 133
Trichopilia fragrans, 88 Zygopetalum Redvale ‘Fire Kiss’, 133

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And to my loving wife, Sascha, who shares my curiosity,

And to Janet and Paul Bowman, who gave me

The orchid community is a disparate group of people bound together by their

Fragrance Facts and Fancy

In the quiet valley I can see no orchids growing—

The Sense of Smell Plays an Important Role in Our Lives

What Is Scent and How Is It Perceived?

The Language of Scent

An old favorite, Brassocattleya Mount The gloriously colored hybrid Miltoniopsis

inhaling flowers in this category, the perception of scent is dulled to such a

The Most Fragrant Flower Colors

Related Plants Sometimes Have Similar Scents

Fragrance Has Notes

When Does an Orchid Smell Its Best?

Why Aren’t Flowers as Fragrant as They Used to Be?

The Function of Fragrance in Orchids

Fragrance in Orchids Gets New Respect

group, orchids were evaluated on four basic qualities of fragrance: intensity,

The Process of Judging Orchid Fragrance

Get Your Nose into Shape

Jochen (Joe) Heydel, a retired senior perfumer with Symrise Company

Selecting and Buying Orchids

A super beginner’s orchid, Phalaenopsis Orchid World ‘Bonnie Vasquez’ AM/AOS is a

To provide lower temperatures for those orchids requiring it, windowsill

Dendrobium Aussie Quest × Den. Ku-Ring-Gai is an example of cold-tolerant

Time of Day and Year for Blooming

This cross of Brassolaeliocattleya Erin Kobayashi and Potinara Marlene

The Plant Selection Process

Mature vs. Immature Plants

What you see is what

Buying Orchid Plants by Mail

The Basics of Growing Orchids

requirement most challenging to meet for indoor gardeners in areas of the

The Ins and Outs of Light Intensities

Displaying tropical orchids in bloom on a plant stand indoors is a great way

light level windowsill & hours of sun greenhouse fluorescent lights

Orchids Tell You How Much Light They Need

Many Options with Artificial Lights

An adjustable light fixture like

Some Like It Hot, Some Like It Cold

One critically important factor with orchids is their temperature differen-

Humidity Is the Moisture in the Air

Orchids Need Constant Air Movement

The Art of Watering Orchids

Signs of Improper Watering—Roots Tell the Story

Fertilizing Is Not a Cure-All

• A high-phosphorous fertilizer (sometimes called “bloom booster”) is not

Pots, Potting, and Potting Media

When an epiphytic orchid like

Insect and Disease Control—Think Least-Toxic Solution

The Cattleya Alliance

Temperature: Intermediate to warm

A wonderful beginner’s orchid, Brassavola nodosa fills up the evening air

Temperature: Intermediate to warm

Cattleya bicolor var. grossii

When fragrant: Day

Cattleya walkeriana var. alba

Description and qualities: The species is found in various color forms

Ease of culture: Intermediate