Archaeological and Historical Investigations of a Rural Agrarian Hamlet along U.S.H. 12 in Northwestern Dane County, Wisconsin The ALDEN’S CORNERS POST OFFICE Site Marlin Hawley Kimberly A. Cook Leah E. Rausch with contributions by Steven R. Kuehn Gerard Engelen, Ph.D. BioProfile Testing Laboratories Archaeology Research Series, Number 6 Wisconsin Historical Society Madison, Wisconsin 2011 The Alden’s Corners Post Office Site MAP May 2002 Excavating Feature 1 South, at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site (47DA758). Archaeology Research Series, Number 6 Museum Archaeology Program Wisconsin Historical Society Archaeological and Historical Investigations of a Rural Agrarian Hamlet along U.S.H. 12 in Northwestern Dane County, Wisconsin The Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Marlin F. Hawley Kimberly A. Cook Leah E. Rausch with contributions by Steven R. Kuehn Gerard Engelen, Ph.D. BioProfile Testing Laboratories Wisconsin Historical Society Madison, Wisconsin 2011 (47DA758) Museum Archaeology Program Wisconsin Historical Society 816 State Street, Madison, WI 53706-1488 ????? by Wisconsin Historical Society. Printed in the United States of America. Composed in Century Schoolbook. Printed and bound at ?????????. Layout, design and publication editing by Patricia Ladwig ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ???????????? Research for this project was authorized and funded by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Act. Contents List of Figures .................................................vi List of Tables ................................................... ix Acknowledgements ......................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction ..................... 1 History of Investigations 4. Report Organization 5. Field Methods 6. Laboratory Methods 7. Curation 7. Chapter 2: Physical Setting ...............9 Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners ................................. 13 Settlement of the Town of Roxbury 14. A Hamlet is Born 19. The Population of Alden’s Corners 29. The Alden’s Corners Post Office and It’s Postmasters 35. The Decline of Alden’s Corners 45. The End of Alden’s Corners 51. Summary 51. Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan ..................................... 55 Features 58. Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Plan 74. The Alden’s Corners Hamlet 80. Summary 87. Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts ............ 89 Chapter 7: Conclusions .................. 163 History and Archaeology of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site 164. Site and Community History, Based on the Documentary Record 164. The Archaeological Record of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site 167. Appendix 1: U.S. Census-Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 ............................................ 171 Appendix 2: U.S. Census-Agricultural Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 ............................................ 187 Appendix 3: Post Office Departmental Location Information, 1872 ............ 193 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from Phase 3 Investigations, Alden’s Corners Post Office ................................................ 197 Appendix 5: A PCR Analysis of Charred Bread Sample from the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site, Dane County, Wisconsin .......................... 269 Site Formation Processes 90. The Artifact Assemblage 92. Discussion 145. Summary 149. Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site, Combined Phase 2 and 3 Inventory ..... .......................................................... 273 Chapter 6: Archaeological Investigations: Zoological Analysis of the Alden’s Corners Post Office ...... 153 Appendix 7: Faunal Materials from Phase 2 Controlled Surface Collection . .......................................................... 319 Method of Analysis 153. Results 154. Discussion 160. Summary 162. References Cited ............................. 325 vi List of Figures Figure 1.1 .........................................................2 Location of the Alden’s Corners Post Office (47DA758) site and hamlet in Northwestern Dane County, Wisconsin. Figure 1.2 ......................................................... 3 Location of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site and hamlet, Town of Roxbury. Figure 1.3 ......................................................... 5 Excavation in the Feature 1 North Cellar (left) and Feature 1 South Cellar (upper right) at the Alden’s Corners Post Office (47DA758) site in 2002. Figure 3.1 ....................................................... 14 Schematic of the Alden’s Corners Hamlet. Figure 3.2 ....................................................... 15 The evolution of Alden’s Corners, 1861 to 1926. Figure 3.3 ....................................................... 20 The Communities of Northwestern Dane County, Wisconsin, ca. 1860-1880. Figure 3.4 ....................................................... 32 The Service Area of the Alden’s Corners Post Office, based on the U.S. 1870 Census. Figure 3.5 ....................................................... 36 Alden’s Corners Post Office established. Figure 3.6 ....................................................... 49 St. Norbert’s Catholic Church, Late Nineteenth-Early Twentieth Century. Figure 4.1 ....................................................... 56 Plan of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. Figure 4.2 ....................................................... 57 The Alden’s Corners Post Office site (47DA758), view to the south during 1993 Phase II investigations. Figure 4.3 ....................................................... 59 Feature 1 North as exposed during 1993 Phase II investigations. Figure 4.4 ....................................................... 59 Feature 1 North, North Wall Profile of EUs S13 E49-61. Figure 4.5 ....................................................... 60 Feature 1 North, West Wall Profile of EUs S7 E55 to S16 E55. Composite of Phase II and Phase III Profiles. Figure 4.6 ....................................................... 60 Feature 1 North fill, exposed during 2002 excavations. Figure 4.7 ....................................................... 63 Feature 1 South as exposed during 1993 Phase II investigations. Figure 4.8 ....................................................... 65 Feature 1 South, North Wall Profile of EUs S23 E52-67, composite of Phase II and Phase III profiles. Figure 4.9 ....................................................... 65 Feature 1 South, West Wall Profile of EUs S20-32 E58. Figure 4.10 ..................................................... 66 Planks placed on floor of Feature 1 South, exposed during the 2002 excavations. Figure 4.11 ..................................................... 67 Plan view of boards on floor of the Feature 1 South Cellar. Figure 4.12 ..................................................... 69 Feature 2 as seen during 1993 Phase II investigations. Figure 4.13 ..................................................... 70 Feature 2, privy, East Wall Profile. Figure 4.14 ..................................................... 71 Feature 2, plan view at base of Level 3 (22.5 inches below stripped surface). Figure 4.15 ..................................................... 72 Concentration of “Genuine Essence” bottles near base of Feature 2, privy. Figure 4.16 ..................................................... 72 Rusted tin plate in Feature 2, privy. Figure 4.17 ..................................................... 73 Features 3 and 4, East Wall Profiles, Phase II investigations. Figure 4.18 ..................................................... 78 Distribution of surface artifacts recovered at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site during the Phase II investigations. vii Figure 4.19 ..................................................... 81 The former store in the Hamlet of Alden’s Corners. Figure 4.20 ..................................................... 81 The former school in the Hamlet of Alden’s Corners. Figure 4.21 ..................................................... 83 Historic images of the public school house at Alden’s Corners, circa 1910 (top) to early 1930s (middle, bottom). Figure 4.22 ..................................................... 84 The Johan Brosemer House, constructed in 1874, Alden’s Corners. Figure 4.23 ..................................................... 85 The ground plan of the Brosemer Farmstead, as it appeared in the Late Twentieth Century. Figure 4.24 ..................................................... 85 The Feiling-Burger House, view to northnorthwest, Alden’s Corners. Figure 4.25 ..................................................... 87 The ground plan of the Feiling-Burger Farmstead, Late Twentieth Century. Figure 5.1 ....................................................... 98 Door Hardware: a) door handle pin, b) pintle. Figure 5.2. .................................................... 101 Pearlware sherds. Figure 5.3 ..................................................... 102 Transfer print ceramic sherds, probably Siam Pattern. Figure 5.4 ..................................................... 103 Portion of a transfer print decorated teacup. Figure 5.5 ..................................................... 104 Edge decorated plate fragment. Figure 5.6 ..................................................... 105 Annular Ware: a) possible serving pitcher, b) bowl fragment. Figure 5.7 ..................................................... 106 Sponge decorated cup fragment. Figure 5.8 ..................................................... 107 Relief decorated ceramics. Figure 5.9 ..................................................... 109 Redware storage crock or jar lid. Figure 5.10 ................................................... 110 Rhenish stoneware mineral water bottle. Inset shows the brand name and company logo: Selters. Figure 5.11 ................................................... 110 Advertisement for wine, liquor and Selters mineral water. Figure 5.12 ................................................... 113 Pictorial flask, “Drafted,” commemorating the federal drafts of 1862 and 1863. Figure 5.13 ................................................... 114 Pictorial flask showing Hessian soldier. Figure 5.14 ................................................... 115 Pictorial flask, reverse side with ballerina. Figure 5.15 ................................................... 116 Medicine vial: Dr. Koenig’s Hamburger Tropfen. Figure 5.16 ................................................... 117 Advertisements for Dr. August Koenig’s Hamburger Tropfen. Figure 5.17 ................................................... 118 Advertisements for Dr. August Koenig’s Hamburger Tropfen. Figure 5.18 ................................................... 119 Medicine bottle: Dr. J. Hostetter’s Stomach Bitters. Figure 5.19 ................................................... 119 Advertisement for Dr. J. Hostetter’s Bitters. Figure 5.20 ................................................... 120 Medicine bottle: G.W. Merchant, Rockport, N.Y. Figure 5.21 ................................................... 120 Advertisements for G.W. Merchant’s Gargling Oil. Figure 5.22 ................................................... 121 Medicine bottles: a) Genuine Essence, b) Sloan’s Ointment. Figure 5.23 ................................................... 121 Unmarked medicine bottle. Figure 5.24 ................................................... 122 Partial bottle, probably used for a condiment. Figure 5.25 ................................................... 123 Flatware fragments, including a twopronged fork and spoon. viii Figure 5.26 ................................................... 124 Worn knife with bone handle (a) and serrated knife blade and tang (b). Figure 5.27 ................................................... 125 Base fragment of a decorative glass vessel. Figure 5.28 ................................................... 125 Slate pencils. Figure 5.29 ................................................... 125 Conical ink or glue bottle. Figure 5.30 ................................................... 126 Glue bottle: Stickwell & Company. Figure 5.31 ................................................... 126 Dented tin ink well. Figure 5.32 ................................................... 127 Lamp parts: a) gallery, b) circular plate. Figure 5.33 ................................................... 127 Cabinet or trunk latch. Figure 5.34 ................................................... 127 Brass trunk or chest plate. Figure 5.35 ................................................... 128 Gun hammer (a) and percussion caps (b). Figure 5.36 ................................................... 128 Advertisement for “Tramps Terror,” hand gun. Figure 5.37 ................................................... 129 Driving gear from a spring-wound clock. Figure 5.38 ................................................... 129 Advertisement of John C. Lint’s clock shop in Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin. Figure 5.39 ................................................... 130 Spanish reale: a) obverse, b) reverse. Figure 5.40 ................................................... 131 U.S. Three Cent piece: a) obverse, b) reverse. Figure 5.41 ................................................... 131 U.S. Liberty Head One Cent coins: 1846 (a), 1849 (b), 1848 (c). Figure 5.42 ................................................... 132 Bone buttons. Figure 5.43 ................................................... 132 Brass military buttons: Scovill Company button a) obverse, b) reverse, and c) unmarked button. Figure 5.44. .................................................. 132 Black glass button with checker pattern. Figure 5.45 ................................................... 133 A selection of porcelain buttons. Figure 5.46 ................................................... 133 Shell buttons: a) plain shell buttons, b) shell button with brass pinshank. Figure 5.47 ................................................... 134 Hair comb fragments (a, b), lice comb fragment (c). Figure 5.48 ................................................... 134 Garment buckles (a) and clasps (b). Figure 5.49 ................................................... 135 Portion of a boot (a) with stacked heel (b). Figure 5.50 ................................................... 137 Heel or toe plates. Figure 5.51 ................................................... 137 Advertisement for shoe store, H. J. Ochsner, Proprietor, Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin. Figure 5.52. .................................................. 138 Straight pins. Figure 5.53 ................................................... 138 Glass (a, b) and stone (c) marbles. Figure 5.54 ................................................... 139 Pressed tin toy horse. Figure 5.55 ................................................... 140 Gambier pipe stem fragment. Figure 5.56 ................................................... 140 Peter Dorni pipe: a) obverse, b) reverse. Figure 5.57 ................................................... 141 G. Prence/In Gotha pipe: a) obverse, b) reverse. Figure 5.58 ................................................... 141 Portion of pipe bowl: “TD”. Figure 5.59 ................................................... 141 Gerkrooned 51 pipe bowl. Figure 5.60 ................................................... 142 Krijgsman pipe bowl with maker’s mark. Figure 5.61 ................................................... 142 Pipe bowl with vertical ribbing (a), portion of stem mismarked “Tullenbach” (b), and stem fragment with metal mouthpiece (c). Figure 5.62. .................................................. 142 Fragment of porcelain pipe bowl (a), and decal decorated pipe bowl fragment (b). Figure 5.63 ................................................... 143 Spark cap (a) and spark cap handle (b). ix Figure 5.64 ................................................... 143 Snaffle bit section (a) and harness buckle (b). Figure 5.65 ................................................... 144 A slice of charred bread recovered from the Feature 1 South Cellar. List of Tables Table 3.1 ......................................................... 21 Alden’s Corners Post Office lot deed transfers. Table 3.2 ......................................................... 22 Alden’s Corners Post Office taxation data. Table 3.3 ......................................................... 23 Abisha Alden residence (Ganser site) deed transfers. Table 3.4 ......................................................... 25 Abisha Alden residence (Ganser site) taxation data. Table 3.5 ......................................................... 26 Population statistics for the Town of Roxbury, 1860. Table 3.6 ......................................................... 26 Alden’s Corners store deed transfers. Table 3.7 ......................................................... 27 Alden’s Corners store taxation data. Table 3.8 ......................................................... 29 Alden’s Corners school deed transfers. Table 3.9 ......................................................... 30 Alden’s Corners school taxation data. Table 3.10 ....................................................... 34 Population statistics for Alden’s Corners, 1870. Table 3.11 ....................................................... 37 Postmaster compensation, Alden’s Corners Post Office, 1861-1879. Table 3.12 ....................................................... 38 Selected comparative data on rural postmaster tenure, Dane County, Wisconsin. Table 4.1 ......................................................... 61 Feature 1 North artifacts recovered during the Phase III investigations. Table 4.2 ......................................................... 62 Ceramic refits and near refits from Feature 1 North. Table 4.3 ......................................................... 64 Feature 1 South artifacts recovered during the Phase III investigations. Table 4.4 ......................................................... 68 Ceramic refits from Feature 1 South. Table 4.5 ......................................................... 69 Refitted container glass from Feature 1 South. Table 4.6 ......................................................... 73 Feature 2 artifacts recovered during the Phase III investigations. Table 4.7 ......................................................... 77 Ceramics refitted between Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South. Table 5.1 ......................................................... 90 Percentage of artifact class by feature. Table 5.2 ......................................................... 92 Percentage of architectural materials by feature. Table 5.3 ......................................................... 94 Size summary of identifiable common cut nails from Features 1 North and 1 South. Table 5.4 ......................................................... 94 Summary of nail condition. Table 5.5 ......................................................... 95 Frequency of window glass by Level, Feature 1 South and Feature 1 North. Table 5.6 ......................................................... 96 Shard thickness frequency by Level, Feature 1 South and Feature 1 North. Table 5.7 ......................................................... 97 Summary of window glass thickness. Table 5.8 ......................................................... 98 Ceramics from Alden’s Corners Post Office site. Table 5.9 ......................................................... 99 Ceramic vessels forms recovered from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. Table 5.10 ..................................................... 100 Summary of date ranges for Alden’s Corner Post Office site ceramics. Table 5.11 ..................................................... 102 Decorative elements found on whiteware and ironstore. x Table 5.12 ..................................................... 111 Mean ceramic date for the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. Table 5.13 ..................................................... 112 Mean ceramic date for Feature 1 South. Table 5.14 ..................................................... 112 Mean ceramic date for Feature 1 North. Table 5.15 ..................................................... 116 Summary data for selected bottles from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. Table 5.16 ..................................................... 139 Tobacco pipes and pipe fragments by feature. Table 5.17 ..................................................... 149 Ceramic Index Values for the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. Table 5.18 ..................................................... 150 Socioeconomic rank for ceramics from Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South. Table 6.1 ....................................................... 155 Faunal remains from Phase II and Phase III investigations. Table 6.2 ....................................................... 158 Distributions of major taxa by feature. Table 6.3 ....................................................... 159 Burned and calcined faunal remains by feature. Table 6.4 ....................................................... 159 Butchering marks by taxa and feature. Table 6.5 ....................................................... 161 Comparison of faunal materials from the Alden’s Corners Post Office and Warren Hause sites. Table 7.1 ....................................................... 165 Summary history of the Hamlet of Alden’s Corners. Acknowledgments We would like to thank the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) for their support in funding the excavations at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. WisDOT staff closely involved in the project include Shirley Stathus, Jim Becker, Curt Neuhauser and Rosie Meer. Also at WisDOT, we would like to acknowledge the assistance of Jeff Horsfall for arranging for deep coring of the suspected well feature. Joan Peterson (Strand & Associates) was a constant during all stages of the U.S. Highway 12 archaeology project. Mike Novey (DAAR Engineering Inc.) acted as the liaison between WisDOT and the general contractor, Mashuda Construction Incorporated, for the segment of USH 12 containing the Alden’s Corners site. Tom O’Keefe, of Mashuda, was of invaluable assistance in removal of the plowzone from the site, fencing the site area, and other logistical matters. Pat Fisher, and Robert and Chris Deaver, who respectively are residents in the former Alden’s Corners school house and the Alden’s Corners store, graciously allowed the senior author and MAP Architectural Historian Tim Heggland access to their homes and shared what they could about the history of these buildings. Others who provided information about local history include Pat Pulvermacher and Virgil Matz. Pat Pulvermacher also generously allowed us to use several of her period photographs, which greatly enhance the final report. Technical advice and information on a variety of issues came from Paul Storch (MHS Conservation Laboratory), Yvonne Bushland (UW Department of Food Science), Richard Zeitlin and Bill Brewster (Wisconsin Veteran’s Museum), William Robinson and Chris Barney (Wisconsin Postal History Society), Byron Sudbury (www.claypipes.com), Vicki Twinde-Javner (Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center), William B. Lees (University of Western Florida), Gerard Engelen (Bioprofile Testing Laboratories), Christie Hunter (UWMilwaukee Archaeology Lab), Leslie Bellais (Wisconsin Historical Society), Dane County Register of Deeds Office, and Wisconsin Historical Society Library & Archives staff. Brian Schell, of Minneapolis, Minnesota, volunteered time to help screen feature fill. Tim Bartholow, M.D. visited and helped in contacting knowledgeable local citizens. Tom Villand assisted in proofreading the final version and Carol Moretti (Madison Area Technical College, Graphic Design & Illustration Program) offered technical advice during formatting. Positive press coverage came courtesy of George Hesselberg (The Wisconsin State Journal) and Tom Davis and the staff of Wisconsin Trails Magazine. Stories about the bread and the Spanish reale coin from the site have been Wisconsin Historical Society Museum Object of the Week features on the Wisconsin Historical Society’s Website and the former was also included in the Odd Wisconsin exhibit at the Wisconsin Historical Museum in Madison, which was installed in Fall 2008. Without the services provided by Ron Richardson (Richardson Sanitation Service), life at the site would have been much less pleasant. Michael Gregory gave the draft report a thorough reading, providing us the benefit of his experience and knowledge. At MAP, Paul Reckner offered a number of useful comments on a draft, as well as some much needed eleventh hour encouragement. Patricia Ladwig provided the graphics. The field crew consisted of Rob Fullmer, Michael LaRonge, Steve Hughes, Ken Ritchie, and, for a day or two, Adam Marshall. Erin Barrentine organized and cataloged the collection. Doubtless, we have forgotten to thank some, and to anyone that we have overlooked, please accept our apologies for the omission and gratitude for your assistance. Any errors that remain are the responsibility of the authors. 1 Introduction This report is about an archaeological site, a post office and residence, and the southern Wisconsin hamlet in which it was located (Figures 1.1 and 1.2). The site, which is located in the SW¼ of Section 26 T9N R7E in the Town of Roxbury and comprised of two cellars, a privy, and several surrounding features, is referred to as the Alden’s Corners Post Office (47DA758), deriving its name from the marriage of its presumed function and its location within the now defunct hamlet of Alden’s Corners. Documentary evidence indicates that the post office was established in 1860 and lasted until 1879, when it was finally closed—the fate of many rural post offices in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Its location is established by two plat maps, one from 1861, and the other from 1873 (e.g., Harrison and Warner 1873; Ligowsky 1861). The community of Alden’s Corners persisted longer than the post office, as indicated by the presence of a functioning schoolhouse. The school was founded early in the community’s history—it may have been the nucleus for the community—and lasted until 1933, its last class reduced to two pupils and their teacher. Almost as soon as the community formed, larger social and economic forces set to work against it. By 1877, for instance, the community’s only store had apparently failed, possibly the victim of a major economic depression beginning in late 1873. Even prior to this, immigration brought numerous families to the Town of Roxbury from various 2 Chapter 1: Introduction Source: DOT County Maps (2004). 12  0 0 miles km 8 10 N Alden's Corners Post Office Figure 1.1 Location of Alden’s Corners Post Office (47DA758) site and hamlet in northwestern Dane County, Wisconsin. regions of what is now modern Germany but which then included Baden, Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria and other administrative units. The original Yankee settlers in the area, including the families of John and Jacob Alden, moved westward. There was then “a turnover” in the population, such that by 1880, contemporary observers noted that one could cross Roxbury Township and never hear a word of English spoken. Many of the newly arrived Germans were Catholic and settled in proximity to the Catholic Church founded in the 1840s by Father Adelbert Inama, and located in the as yet unnamed hamlet of Roxbury a few miles northeast of Alden’s Corners. In 1878, a post office was established near the church, and the hamlet of Roxbury was formally named. This hamlet, along with one or two other hamlets and post offices, gradually eclipsed Alden’s Corners as the main rural service communities in the area. While not entirely forgotten as a community—the name persisted well into the twentieth century (e.g., Kolb 1921)—the post office building itself was razed, the cellars filled with debris, and the whole turned under by the plow. Thus does Chapter 1: Introduction 3 Source: Map created with TOPO!TM © 2001 National Geographic Holdings, Inc. U.S.G.S. Sauk City, Lodi, Black Earth, and Springfield Corners 7.5' Topographic Quadrangles. 0 Miles 0 Kilometers 1 2 N Alden's Corners Post Office Figure 1.2 Location of Alden’s Corners Post Office (47DA758) site and hamlet, Town of Roxbury. 4 history become archaeology. History of Investigations Filled in and plowed over, the Alden’s Corners Post Office site sat until its rediscovery during an archaeological survey conducted in advance of a proposal to realign U.S. Highway (USH) 12 to accommodate increased traffic between Madison and the communities of Sauk County. In 1989, staff from the Museum Archaeology Program of the Wisconsin Historical Society, working under the auspices of a cooperative agreement with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation, conducted surveys along a proposed corridor route of the new highway. At one locality—on the corner of USH 12 and Breunig Road—the crew found a scatter of glass and other artifacts on the surface of a cultivated field. Historic plat maps were consulted, which marked the location as that of a post office, part of the vanished community of Alden’s Corners. Based on a review of historic maps and other documentary sources, which indicated that the site was apparently relatively short lived, additional investigation of the site was recommended (Kolb and Meinholz 1993; Meinholz 1990, 1993). Phase II evaluative investigations were conducted in 1993 and involved controlled surface collection, shovel testing, mechanical removal of the plow zone, and hand excavation of units and features (Hamilton et al. 1994; Hamilton 1995). Following the removal of the plow zone, 41 cultural features were identified, including two cellars, a privy, several small trash-filled pits, and traces of fence postholes. The cellars were designated as Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South, and these along with a portion of the privy (Feature 2), were partially excavated, resulting in the recovery of architectural materials (e.g., brick, wood, plaster, nails, and window glass), domestic (ceramics, drinking glasses, bottles, flatware, etc.) and household artifacts (e.g., decorative glass, furniture, gun parts, clock parts, slate pencils, inkwells, oil lamp parts, etc.), personal and clothing items (e.g., smoking pipes, toys, clothing and sewing items, buckles and fasteners, shoes, etc.), and faunal remains (e.g., eggshell and animal bone). Chapter 1: Introduction Based on the artifacts recovered from the site, it was recommended that the Alden’s Corners Post Office site be considered as eligible for the listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria D, indicating that the site has “yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important to prehistory or history” (Townsend et al. 1993:16). Phase III data recovery efforts were delayed pending final selection of a corridor, which had become mired in political controversy, as well as transfer of the site from private to state (i.e., Wisconsin Department of Transportation) ownership. Accordingly, further investigations were not initiated until April and May 2002. As with the Phase II test excavations, these investigations employed mechanical removal of the plow zone, though over a larger area than had previously been exposed in order to search for additional features (e.g., well and location of a purported grave). Once the site was cleared of plow zone, the main focus of the investigations was hand excavation of the cellars and the privy (Figure 1.3). The immediate goals were to further document feature size and shape and to gather a larger sample of artifacts which could then be used to address a number of research domains (Kolb and Hamilton 1996). The Data Recovery Plan outlines several broad research domains for which it was believed, based on the Phase II site evaluation, the Alden’s Corners Post Office site could provide additional information (Kolb and Hamilton 1996). These include: 1. Site and community history, based on the documentary record (i.e., plat maps; state and federal population and agricultural census; deed and tax data; business gazetteers; marriage and death records; school records; newspapers; postal history documents); 2. Community and site planning, including diachronic changes at the site and community level; 3. The archaeological assemblage; specifically, what do they reveal about the structures at the site; diachronic changes in the structures and site layout; site function; household composition, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status of the site’s occupants; do they support use of the site as a post office or other business; and 4. Subsistence patterns. Chapter 1: Introduction MAP May 2002 5 Figure 1.3 Excavation in the Feature 1 North cellar (left) and Feature 1 South cellar (covered at right) at the Alden’s Corners Post Office (47DA758) site in 2002. These broad themes are investigated in the chapters that follow. Report Organization Chapter 2 reviews the physical environment of the Town of Roxbury and the Alden’s Corners area, emphasizing resources critical to Euro-American settlement. As a necessary prelude to an understanding of the site, Chapter 3 employs a variety of archival and other documentary sources to construct a history of Alden’s Corners from its earliest days in the early 1850s through 1879, the year the post office closed. Contrary to the preliminary results of the review of historical records, the site formed around a rural schoolhouse. Yankee settlers tended to place a high value on education and as they moved west, schools became a significant feature on the landscape. While not all rural schools became the nucleus of a community, in the case of Alden’s Corners this appears to have been the case. It was no accident that a small community formed at the crossroads, as there is circumstantial evidence to suggest that the founders of the community petitioned to have the Sauk Road shifted east from its historic route, no doubt to take advantage of traffic moving along it. Also contrary to the initial findings, it is now clear that the site was not always the location of the community’s post office. Rather this facility shifted its location at least once, its services added to those of the local store across the road. Given this fact, it is not clear that the building(s) at the Alden’s Corner Post Office site were always inhabited. In keeping with the research goals, Chapter 3 also provides a synopsis of population changes in the Town of Roxbury, particularly those related to the demographic change from predominately early Yankee settlers to immigrants of German-origin or descent. Moreover, local sorting within the immigrant population, especially along religious denominational lines (i.e., Catholic versus Lutheran), is also apparent. The 1870 U.S. Census was the only one taken in the period when the hamlet had a functioning post office—key 6 to formal recognition of the community by the federal government. The census permits documentation of the approximate size and population of the Alden’s Corners service area, which in light of the presence of a post office, store, and other amenities was substantially larger than the Alden’s Corners hamlet. The hamlet was comprised of the post office, store, and a few residences loosely clustered at a crossroads, while the service area extended out a mile or more from the hamlet. Occupation, assets, and other information can also be derived from these records. At the same time, the available, albeit fragmentary documentation offers the opportunity to refine our understanding of the community, its origin, services, and ultimate decline. The archaeology of the site is presented in Chapter 4. Features—namely cellars, a privy, trash pits, post holes, and a possible well— are described. The distribution of features, together with inferences derived from feature deposits and the surface artifact distribution (from Phase II data), leads to a consideration of site layout and the type of buildings that may have been present. The site is then placed within the context of the larger hamlet, the plan of which is then considered in detail. Following Trewartha’s (1943) pioneering study of southern Wisconsin hamlets, the Alden’s Corners hamlet here includes all buildings within approximately 1000 feet (305 m) of the crossroads. Chapter 5 presents a discussion of the artifacts and miscellaneous organic remains (other than animal bone) recovered from the site, focusing particularly on those from the 2002 excavations, although some artifacts from the earlier test investigations are also included for comparative purposes. Although the Phase II investigations had resulted in a terminus post quem for the Alden’s Corners post office/residential complex of 1880, based on the latest dated artifact from the site (an 1880 coin), in this report the architectural artifacts, in particular, were used to refine site chronology, as well as aspects of the building’s architecture. The chapter explores, briefly, household composition and also tests whether the artifacts support use of the site as a federal post office and, as importantly, the ethnicity of the site’s occupants. Finally, the socioeconomic status of the site’s residents is investigated using economic scaling applied to the ceramic assemblage. Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 6 by Steven R. Kuehn, reports on the analysis of faunal remains (from both the Phase II and Phase III investigations) recovered from features at the site. For the most part the faunal remains recovered, which include eggshell and a variety of animal bones, are directly indicative of foodways at the site. The results adds to our current understanding of foodways at mid-nineteenth century rural sites in southern Wisconsin (Kuehn 2007). The final chapter, Chapter 7, summarizes the history of the Alden’s Corners Post Office, tying together the disparate strands of history and archaeology. As revealed by the historical record, the site originated with the first wave of Yankee settlers in the mid-1840s, but by the early 1860s, the township witnessed the arrival of hundreds of immigrants of Germanorigin or descent. The physical arrangement of the site reflects its use as both a residence and commercial enterprise, especially in the blurring of exterior private and public spaces. The features, feature fill, and the distribution of artifacts on the surface suggest that the original structure was a cabin, which was then subsequently added to and then replaced by a more imposing structure made at least partly of locally quarried stone. The recovered artifacts support a local demographic shift, indicating that persons of German-origin or descent replaced the founding population. The ethnicity of these persons is indicated by a number of artifacts. While ambiguous, artifacts also support use of the site consistent with a post office. Field Methods Hamilton et al. (1994:92) discuss the Phase II field method and the methods employed during the Phase III investigations in 2002 closely parallel them, thus insuring general comparability of results. Plow zone (Ap) across the site area was stripped with a bulldozer by Mashuda Construction Incorporated, although a thin veneer of plow zone was left overlying features. The area mechanically stripped during the Phase III study measured approximately 220 feet (north-south) by 400 feet (east-west), and was substantially larger than that exposed during the Phase II evaluation in which an area 160 feet (north-south) by 160 Chapter 1: Introduction feet (east-west) was exposed. A larger area was opened during the Phase III investigations to search for any additional features, including the location of a reputed grave. Mechanical stripping was monitored by the project archaeologist, and the stripped surface was carefully studied for clues to other features potentially present. The top of the modern plow zone is generally assumed to approximate the historic land surface. Three previously identified features, the two cellars (Features 1 North and 1 South) and the privy (Feature 2), were exposed as was one previously unidentified feature, Feature 42. Exposed features were flagged, and plow zone deposits remaining on top of the features were removed with shovels. Although the permanent datum placed at the edge of the site following the Phase II test excavations could not be relocated, it was possible to closely align the Phase III excavation grid with that of the Phase II based on the still sharp edges of several Phase II excavation units. Excavation proceeded by hand with 3 by 3-foot units excavated in 0.6 foot (7.5-inches) levels. Levels were numbered sequentially beginning from the surface downward in the excavation unit or feature. Feature fill was dry screened through ¼-inch wire mesh, and all material collected was then bagged and labeled by provenience. Additionally, small amounts of fill from the privy (Feature 2) were subjected to water flotation, a method used to extract small-scale plant and faunal remains. Unit and feature profiles were carefully documented and photographed. Laboratory Methods All cultural materials collected during the investigations were returned to the Museum Archaeology Program laboratory to be cleaned, catalogued, and eventually curated. The laboratory staff processed artifacts recovered from the project area in accordance with the standard laboratory procedures of the Museum Archaeology Program. Each bag of artifacts was cleaned separately and the material temporarily returned to the paper field bag containing the provenience information. As the analysis proceeded, artifacts were then 7 sorted into various analytical categories, such as glass, ceramics, bone and so forth, and placed in polyethelene bags with an acid-free paper tag providing provenience and other cataloguing information. Artifact analysis was facilitated by a wide range of reference sources, including books on specific classes of artifacts (e.g., bottles, ceramics, and coins), archaeological site reports, on-line internet sources, and consultation with curatorial staff of both the Wisconsin Historical Society and Wisconsin Veteran’s Museum. Analytical artifact classes are modified slightly from those proposed by South (1977). Faunal materials were analyzed separately (see Chapter 6). Curation All archaeological materials recovered from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, as well as associated documentation, maps, and photographs created during the investigations are curated by the Museum Division, Wisconsin Historical Society. Period diagnostic artifacts are labeled with a catalog number. Qualified researchers may contact the Museum Archaeology Program at the Wisconsin Historical Society to access any of the materials from the site. 2 Physical Setting The hamlet of Alden’s Corners lay within the Town of Roxbury in northwestern Dane County, Wisconsin (see Figure 1.1). John Clark observed that the landscape of the town is much diversified. The hills frequently rise to a great height, and are mostly filled with fine building stone…Between these hills or “bluffs,” as they are called, when of considerable height, the lands are very fertile. Some of the best wheat lands are on top of high hills. The land is what is called openings, with here and there a few acres which might be termed prairie (Clark 1877:495-496). Surface water was readily available in several lakes and numerous ponds, springs, creeks, and the Wisconsin River, which bordered the town on the northwest margin. Thus, the town possessed, in Clark’s view, the necessary prerequisites for settlement: building stone, arable soil, wood, and water (Clark 1877). Located on the western edge of the Eastern Ridges and Lowland Geographical Province of Wis- 10 consin (Martin 1965), Roxbury Township is underlain by Ordovician-age sandstone and dolomite, and Cambrian-age sandstone, siltstone, and dolomite (Cline 1965) mantled by glacial deposits. During the Woodfordian or Late Wisconsin glacial advance into Dane County, circa 25,000 to 10,000 years ago, ice rounded the plateaus while the valleys filled with till—rock, gravel, loess, and other sediments—of the Holy Hill Formation (Clayton and Attig 1997:4). The hummocky landscape imparted by the Wisconsin glaciation was a poorly drained one, the preglacial valleys and streams choked with till and other debris (Cline 1965:U13). Drainage of the town is principally to the north and west into the Wisconsin River. Although Durrie (n.d.) reported no streams “of any account in the Town,” there were several lakes, including Crystal Lake, Fish Lake, and Crane Lake, and many smaller ponds that have no outlets. Additionally, the aquifers of the underlying Cambrian sandstone and glacial tills offered ample quantities of quality well water (Cline 1965). The rolling, glacial topography of the town stands in contrast to the Driftless Area, which borders the town on its western edge. The Driftless Area is part of the Western Uplands Geographical Province (Martin 1965), characterized as a thoroughly dissected upland that was not directly affected during the last period of glaciation. Although not as rugged as the Driftless Area, the landscape of Roxbury Township retains aspects of pre-glacial topography, especially in terms of vertical relief and outcrops of Paleozoic rock (Clayton and Attig 1997). By the 1870s, if not well before, stone was quarried at various locations in the town for buildings (e.g., Clark 1877; Harrison and Warner 1873). Durrie (n.d.) deemed the limestone found in the bluffs of the town to be “very excellent.” Several limestone quarries were located within a few miles of Alden’s Corners and likely supplied at least some of the stone for its buildings, as well as perhaps lime for mortar. Clay, no doubt also of glacial origin, was used in the town as early as 1857 to make bricks (Smith, Dumoulin and Company 1857). In 1845, when settlement of the town began, the hills and valleys were covered with a mosaic of oak openings, prairie, and patches of closed, xeric forest (Finley 1976). Clark (1877) referred to the landscape as dominated by oak openings, a view consistent with the results of Chapter 2: Physical Setting the General Land Office (GLO) surveys of the 1830s and 1840s (Ellarson 1949), as well as other contemporary observers (e.g., Lapham 1999 [1846]). Oak openings contain elements of forest and prairie, and are, in fact, transitional between these vegetational communities. Among the dominate tree species found are bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), black oak (Quercus velutina), white oak (Quercus alba), and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) (Curtis 1959). Dense forest growth was primarily confined to well-drained sites: hillsides, hilltops, and ridges (Curtis 1959). Oak openings, formed during the mid-Holocene (Hypsithermal) dry period, circa 6500 to 3500 years ago, “resulted from the interaction of climate, topography, and fire” (Anderson 1998:9). The oak savannas, as Hibbard (1904:83) eloquently phrased it, “have been aptly described as immense ‘orchards’ of stately oaks—usually the burr oak—standing well apart, their superb tops spreading over a radius of forty or fifty feet, yet with plenty of room for wind and sunshine between.” The effect was a distinctive, park-like landscape that historically many but not all observers found pleasing (Lange 1990). Those who dissented labeled the openings “barrens,” suggesting the soils were unfit for cultivation. Peters (1972), for instance, notes that in Michigan, early government surveyors consistently recorded as “barrens” what others referred to as oak openings. The use of the former term, with its negative connotations, may have impeded settlement, at least initially (cf. Jordan 1964). By the 1820s and 1830s, settlers from western New York—“Yankees”—flocked to Michigan territory and found not barrens but oak openings, a landscape familiar to western New Yorkers and one that they knew was suitable for producing wheat (Gray 1996; Peters 1972). The early surveyors of what is now Dane County similarly expressed bias against prairie and savanna, where the soils were thought to be too poor for farming; only heavily forested land was deemed adequate for agriculture (Ruff and Will 2000:44). The bias of the GLO surveyors aside, many settlers in the Midwest, regardless of their origins, were quick to see the potential of land containing a mix of forest and prairie. Such land afforded adequate supplies of wood for fuel and buildings, as well as land that could readily be used for both pasturage and agriculture (Jordan 1964; see also Warren et al. 1984). There was Chapter 2: Physical Setting a tendency among many German settlers in the 1840s and 1850s to settle in the more heavily wooded area of southeastern Wisconsin, which resulted in a perception that the Germans preferred forests. Schafer (1922-23), however, convincingly dispelled the myth, demonstrating that rather than being attracted by forests, these settlers were attracted to the area because of its proximity to Lake Michigan ports. After breaking the prairies and clearing trees, wheat soon became the crop of choice of the new settlers; indeed, it so remained through the 1870s (Durand 1953; Gates 1960:160; Hibbard 1904; Nesbit 1985:5). Hibbard (1904:122-123) attributes the preference for wheat to several factors, including a generally held, although false belief that corn and other grains were unsuited to the climate. In the case of corn or maize, which had been successfully grown by Native American societies in Wisconsin for many hundreds of years, it was felt to be too bulky for the returns in the cost of shipping it to market. General stock raising was also initially felt to be too risky because of the long, cold Wisconsin winters; however, wheat was soon found to thrive in newly broken Wisconsin soils (Hibbard 1904). Wheat farming was also relatively simple; it required a relatively minimal outlay of capital, and reduced effort in tilling, sowing seed, 11 and harvesting. Returns on the investment in labor were generally favorable (Nesbit 1985:7). For a time, Wisconsin was the one of the world’s major wheat producers and during the American Civil War was commonly referred to as the “granary” of the North (Durand 1953:111). The zenith of production came in 1878 when over two million aces of wheat were cultivated. Wheat yields, however, in contrast to the increase in acreage given over to its production, had been declining steadily for many years and wheat agriculture began to wane by the early 1880s as the result of climbing land costs, the cost of new agricultural equipment, insect infestations, crop disease, and depleted soils (Durand 1953). Additionally, the opening of the Great Plains to settlement in the wake of the Civil War and the lure of cheap land drew many westward (Nesbit 1985). As a result, Elisha Keyes (1906:385) remarked that, “Most of the people of the present generation are engaged in dairying and stock raising.” In addition, by the late nineteenth century feed crops, such as barley, rye, and corn became important (Hibbard 1904; Keyes 1906:385; Nesbit 1985). The trend toward dairying as the mainstay of the agricultural sector of the economy did not happen until after the dissolution of the hamlet of Alden’s Corners. 3 Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Alden’s Corners was an unincorporated hamlet, one of thousands in Wisconsin and the Midwest during the nineteenth century. The community was located in northwestern Dane County at the prominent crossroads of the Dekorra-Mineral Point Road, and the Sauk Road, which linked the communities of Sauk County and Madison (Figure 3.1). Alden’s Corners was never large, never attained prominence, and ultimately faded into obscurity. In 1874, Daniel Durrie (1874:407) barely noticed it in his A History of Madison and the Four Lake Country, noting only that it was a “post office at [the] junction of sections 26, 27, 34, and 35.” Three years later, John Clark (1877:497), in his history of Roxbury Township remarked that “In the southeast corner of the town is a small village called ‘Alden’s Corners’.” The purpose of this chapter is to flesh out the history of not only the Alden’s Corners Post Office (47DA758) site but also the hamlet of Alden’s Corners, and to frame the vicissitudes of that history in terms of the settlement of southcentral Wisconsin. This chapter is divided into several parts. To the extent allowed by the fragmentary documentation, this chapter constitutes a social history of Alden’s Corners, albeit one focused heavily on the postmasters. The first part discusses the well-known demographic change from the initial Yankee settlement of Roxbury Township and their gradual succession by immigrants of German-origin or descent. The settlement of the Town of Roxbury can be understood within the terms of a model of colonization and settlement proposed by the geographer Charles Hudson (1969). The model offers a framework for understanding settlement processes, including the rise and fall of Alden’s Corners, as well as the related replacement of Yankee settlers by new comers from pre- and post-unification 14 Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Breunig Road 0 x x N x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Feiling/Burger Farmstead x x 0 meters 80 x x 400 feet x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Store x x x x x x School x x x x x x Alden Farmstead? x Former Residence A. Alden Ganser Site (47DA759) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Brosemer Farmstead x x x x x x x x x x U.S.H. 12, pre-2004 alig nment x location of Alden's Corners Post Office Figure 3.1 Schematic of the Alden’s Corners Hamlet. Germany, including Prussia, Baden, and Bavaria. These two ethnic groups, the Yankees and the Germans, are important in any consideration of the history of the area and the state (Lewis 1978; Schafer 1922-23). The next section focuses on the hamlet of Alden’s Corners and presents information on the creation of the hamlet, which formed at a well-trafficked crossroads in northwestern Dane County (Figure 3.2). This history highlights the change from a Yankee-founded, rural service center to one dominated by German immigrants in the 1860s and 1870s. The third section explores the population and size of the Alden’s Corners community by means of data from the Ninth (1870) U.S. Census. Attention then shifts to the post office and its officers. The concluding portion of this chapter examines the reasons for the decline of Alden’s Corners, which is seen to relate to several factors. Among these factors are a demographic shift, the increasing importance of Catholicism, and, finally, competition from other, nearby, service centers (e.g., Roxbury, Brereton P.O., and Meyer’s Corners [Marxville]). The source material for this chapter includes county, regional, and state histories, and other secondary materials. Reference is also made to a variety of primary materials, including U.S. Census population and agricultural schedules, Wisconsin State census records, census indexes (including on-line indexes), U.S. Post Office Department records, school records, plat maps, business gazetteers, marriage and death records, and Civil War dispensation records. On-line area newspaper collections were also searched, though generally around key dates, i.e., dates of changes in postmasters. These materials are curated by the Wisconsin Historical Society. Other sources include tax assessment, deed transfer, and mortgage records at the Register of Deeds office, Dane County Courthouse in Madison and at the Wisconsin Historical Society. Settlement of the Town of Roxbury Two elements central to understanding the settlement history of the Town of Roxbury and Alden’s Corners are immigration and ethnic- Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Ligowsky 1861 Harrison and Warner 1873 15 1873 Gay 1899 Foote and Company 1890 1861 1899 Cantwell Printing Company 1911 Dane County Atlas Company 1926 1890 1911 Figure 3.2 The evolution of Alden’s Corners, 1861 to 1926. 1926 16 ity. In the nineteenth century, immigration brought tens of thousands of people from Europe to the United States and then Wisconsin. There were many reasons why these people emigrated to the United States; economics, politics, kinship, and religion being chief among them. Improved regional transportation (such as the Erie Canal, which opened in 1825), cheap land, low taxes, and private and government promotion were inducements to settle in Wisconsin (Current 1976:42-46; Lewis 1978). Hudson (1969) has proposed an ecological model of rural settlement involving three phases: colonization, spread, and competition. Colonization, the first phase, he views as “the dispersal of settlement into new territory, or a new environment, or into an unoccupied portion of an old environment,” while spread denotes “increasing population density, creation of settlement clusters and eventual pressure on the environment, both physical and social” (Hudson 1969:367). Pressure on the environment, be it physical or social, results in “a struggle between settlements to hold their domains intact and to increase their holdings” (Hudson 1969:371). Viewed at the level of particular ethnic groups, the European and later American incursions into Wisconsin territory involved multiple episodes of colonization, not all of which were followed by spread, although sometimes competition ensued, as for example between the French, British, Americans, and indigenous Native Americans. The model has been criticized for not taking into account indigenous populations (Lightfoot and Martinez 1995); however, by the time American (which here implies U.S. citizens, though typically of European descent) society commenced settlement of Roxbury Township, Native Americans had already been forcibly displaced (Wyman 1998). The second element, ethnicity, is a concept that has deep historical roots but that remains poorly understood (see Jenkins 2001). In simplest terms, an ethnic group or ethnie is “a named human population with myths of common ancestry, shared historical memories, one or more elements of common culture, a link with a homeland and a sense of solidarity among at least some of its members” (Hutchinson and Smith 1996:6). An ethnie is, by most definitions, exclusive and ascriptive (Barth 1969; Ben-Rafael 2001; McGuire 1982; Staski 1990). Ascriptive implies that members are born into the group. In actu- Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners ality, there are other means of entry, and while membership may appear to be fixed and exclusive, in practice it “is no more fixed or unchanging than the culture of which it is a component or the social situations in which it is produced and reproduced” (Jenkins 2001:4827). Ethnicity is dynamic; ethnic identification changes over time, in response to internal and external factors, especially discrepancies in “power” (political or otherwise), and can be emphasized or de-emphasized situationally. In essence, it is socially constructed from within and without (Horowitz 1975; Jenkins 2001; McGuire 1982; Williams 1992). Zeitlin (2000:41), referring specifically to the Germans in Wisconsin, catches the oppositional nature of the social construction of ethnicity when he notes that “the non-German Wisconsinite tended to lump all Germans into one category.” The Germans often reacted similarly to Yankee and other non-German groups. In addition to obvious differences in language and culture, each also feared the relative political power of the other. Two ethnies, broadly and commonly defined as “Yankee” and “Teuton” (Schafer 1922-23), are important for Alden’s Corners and the Town of Roxbury. The term “Yankee” derives from a Dutch or possibly Algonquian term for the British and is commonly used in a narrow sense to denote origin in New England. Hudson’s (1986, 1988) study of migration demonstrates a Yankee zone of migration–Yankeeland, as he referred to it—confined to the Western Reserve of Ohio, southern Michigan, southeastern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, and the central Dakotas. Broadly defined, however, Yankee has come to refer to a mix of settlers from the northeastern and Midland states (i.e, Ohio, Indiana, southern Michigan and Pennsylvania) (Hudson 1986, 1988; Lewis 1978). In any case, Yankee might also be read as connoting the dominant or national ethnic group, the Anglo-American Protestant ethnie (Kaufman 1999); certainly the ethnie had an enormous influence in the early history of the state (Usher 1899). “Teuton” refers to Germans or persons of German descent. While it is now common to think of Germans or German-Americans as distinct, prior to unification in 1871, Germany was a loose collection of administrative units (Bruncken 1898; Zeitlin 2000:5) including among others Baden, Saxony, Bavaria, Wurtemburg, Prussia, Mecklenburg, and the Grand Duchy of Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Hesse-Darmstadt. Other settlers came from German-speaking Austria, then part of the larger, Hapsburg-ruled Austro-Hungarian Empire; and the Confederation of Switzerland. The German-speaking peoples immigrated to the United States in three waves: the first wave during 1845-1855, brought nearly a million men, women, and children from Nassau, Hesse, the Rhineland, Pfalz, Baden, Württemberg, and Bavaria; the second wave running circa 1865 to 1875, emanated mainly from Schleswig-Holstein, Ostfriesland, Hanover, Oldenburg, and Westphalia; and the third wave spanning 1880-1893, came mainly from Prussia, Pomerania, Upper Silesia, and Mecklenburg (Zeitlin 2000:6-7). The experience of these immigrants in their adoptive land created a distinctive “German” and, later, German-American identity (Greeley 1974; Zeitlin 2000). The German ethnie that arose in the United States did so from an amalgamation of a disparate parent stock (see Horowitz 1975; Kaufman 1999). By the latter part of the nineteenth century, the townships around the twin villages of Sauk City and Prairie du Sac came to be dominated by settlers from the German-speaking region of central Europe (Butterfield 1880a; Clark 1877; Kerl and Crowther 1877; Will and Ruff 2000). In geographical terms, the paired villages acted as competitive double centers (e.g, Peltonen 1974), each supplying many of the same services. The German population that settled in the area surrounding Sauk City and Prairie du Sac acculturated slowly, retaining their own language and, one assumes, many of their customs. John Clark, a prominent resident of Roxbury Township, wrote that in 1877, “so far as the language spoken and heard in the town is concerned, one might as well be in Deutchland [sic]” (Clark 1877:504). To meet the needs of the emerging German ethnie, the first of two German language newspapers began to be published in Sauk City in 1853. The paper, Pionier am Wisconsin (18531897), was later replaced by the Sauk City Presse (1897-1929). The two newspapers promoted a local, Teutonic, version of “the good life” and were “influential well beyond the Sauk City limits simply because they could be read by Germans” (Goc 1990:61). Additionally, there were other German language newspapers published in Madison, including Madison Zeitung (1872-1875), Madison Demokrat (1858-1860) and Wisconsin Staats-Zeitung 17 (1878-1918), all of which probably circulated amongst the Germans of the Town of Roxbury. Nucleation, newspapers, churches and other societies (i.e., Freethinkers), and social organizations (e.g., gesangverein or singing societies popular among the Germans) served to ameliorate the various economic, social, and political forces of acculturation and assimilation. However, with each passing generation, as children went off to public schools and as transportation improved, thereby increasing mobility, those of German descent adopted more and more characteristics of the dominant Anglo-American ethnie, though perhaps without ever completely assimilating (Lewis 1978; Zeitlin 2000). Settlement of Roxbury Township by German-speaking people began in the 1840s, following the establishment of the village of Prairie du Sac on the Wisconsin River by a Hungarian expatriate, Count Agostin Haraszthy de Moczska (Will and Ruff 2000). Haraszthy, who later moved to California and became a key figure in the blossoming of its wine culture (McGinty 1998), was an ambitious man: a man with a vision. Almost as soon as he had settled, he actively set about promoting immigration to the Sauk Prairie, as well as the Town of Roxbury (not yet named) across the river, and was instrumental in influencing a Norbertine priest, Adelbert Inama, to settle in the area. Father Inama, a critical figure in the history of the Town of Roxbury, was born in Tyrol in 1798 and visited the area in the early 1840s. In November 1845, Father Inama returned and settled on a 100 acre parcel of land a few miles from the river in the future Roxbury Township (Abing et al. 1994a; Clark 1877; Will and Ruff 2000). Haraszthy donated the land for the cause of building a church and promoting immigration. Over the years, Inama added another 1160 acres to the original donation, with the holdings centered in Sections 16, 17, 18 and 21 (Abing et al. 1994a). These lands were, he said, intended for “the Catholic part of the immigrating Germans; for … there would be danger that the land there would be bought by others and lost to us” (Anonymous 1927-28:350). Land was in fact sold or donated to over twenty different German Catholic immigrant groups (Abing et al. 1994a). Father Inama envisioned a German Catholic settlement, which would have the “inestimable advantage that the people live 18 near together and are not mixed with those of other religions and language.” A further advantage was that “almost all have come from the same European country … for this reason it is possible to hope for a unity of efforts, which is ordinarily very difficult among the Germans” (Anonymous 1927-1928:74-75). He built a chapel, which by 1860 had been outgrown and replaced by another. By 1877, work had begun on a much larger church, St. Norbert’s, in the hamlet of Roxbury (Abing et al. 1994a; Clark 1877). Father Inama donated land and funds to build a parochial school near the church, with instruction offered by the Dominican Sisters of Racine, so that German Catholic “children and youths [could be] instructed in the doctrines and faith of their fathers” (Clark 1877:503). Despite the predominately German character of settlement by the latter part of the nineteenth century, the early plat maps and census records indicate that many of the first generation of settlers were Yankees (Abing et al. 1994a; Schafer 1922-23). Indeed, the town took its name after Roxbury, Delaware County, New York (Cassidy 1968). Prior to and following land cessions by Native American populations in the wake of the Black Hawk War, Roxbury Township was largely vacant, although later settlers often remarked upon small groups of Native Americans traversing it. A small number of Yankees and some Germans arrived and began to settle in the town. In 1836, the territorial census tallied about 9000 persons in the Wisconsin Territory, with more than 5000 of those residing in Iowa County (then essentially all of southwestern Wisconsin, including western Dane County). But the population of southeastern Wisconsin was growing; Milwaukee County, which comprised most of that area (including the eastern portion of Dane County), had around 2900 people. For the most part these settlers were from the northeastern United States—New York mainly, but also New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan (Schafer 1922-23). By 1850, the southeastern counties in Wisconsin along and near Lake Michigan were home to over 35,000 Germans (Schafer 192223; cf. Zaniewski and Rosen 1998:72-79). The Germans tended to concentrate along Lake Michigan, where access to ports allowed for trans-shipment of goods and as ports of entry for newly arrived immigrants. The Town of Roxbury was officially es- Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners tablished during 1849, and in 1850, there were 285 persons living in the town, 93 of them German-born. Another 35 native-born residents had at least one parent who was born in Germany. The balance of the population consisted of Yankees. A decade later in 1860, the number of residents of German birth totaled 378, while those with at least one parent of German origin totaled another 249. As a result, those of German extraction comprised nearly 55 percent of the town’s population (Abing et al. 1994a). While Yankee names such as Hyers, Griffiths, Alden, Reynolds, Moon, and Warren, to name a few, can be found on the 1861 plat map of Roxbury Township, the names stand out amongst the Schlags, Pulvermachers, Schachters, Breunigs, Ballwegs, Classens, and Loessers. By 1870, the number of German-born settlers was 380, while the percentage of those of German descent comprised 75 percent of the population of the town (Abing et al. 1994a). Many were Catholic; however, there were a number of Lutherans as well (Will and Ruff 2000). Newly arrived immigrants were often relatives of families already established or at least beginning to settle down. Once settled, these families followed in a process referred to as chain migration, wherein settlement was initiated by one or a few members of a family with other related persons then following at a later time. The pattern of chain migration is apparent, to a degree, with the earlier Yankee settlement of the region, as well (Gray 1996:11). Warren et al. (1984) found in their study of settlement in northeastern Missouri that kin-based ties constituted a crucial element in immigration, more important than ethnicity, religion, or politics. In any case, the new arrivals had to contend with the availability of land. Kathleen Conzen (1980:8) notes that, “[t]he restlessness endemic in the native-born families farming population worked to the advantage of the immigrants, as did the withholding of land from the early market by speculators and others….” Population turnover and land speculation (including by Father Inama in the Town of Roxbury) favored settlement in the area by those of German descent. Conzen (1980:9) hypothesizes that “rural tipping points may have existed, so that when ethnic concentrations began to reach a certain level, other groups departed with greater dispatch than might otherwise Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners have been the case” (Conzen 1980:9). A significant factor in the turnover in population from the Yankees to those of German descent may be in large part in relation to how these two groups viewed the land (Lewis 1978; Nesbitt 1985; Salamon 1987; Schafer 1927). In her study of farming communities of Yankee and German descent in central Illinois, Salamon (1987:169) found that in general Yankee farmers tended to be market-driven and to view farming as entrepreneurial; “The predominant goal is the management of a well-run enterprise that optimizes short-run financial returns.” Farmers of German descent (particularly German Catholics) by contrast “seek to reproduce a viable farm and at least one farmer in each generation.” In their study of land tenure in Wisconsin, Parsons and Waples (1945:28) reached the same conclusion: “The farm is not merely an investment, it is an instrument for the continuity of the family.” The kinship-based farming of the latter ethnie meant that farms expanded only as necessary to bring other family members into the fold, while for the Yankees, economic selfsufficiency was the goal. Expansion was for them, mostly a matter of available capital and personal ambition (Salamon 1987). Unlike the German immigrants, the Yankees tended to view “farming both as a business and as a way of life.” “[C]apitalism for Yankees seemed to promise not the destruction but the intensification of familial and communal ties” (Gray 1996:12). Townley (2006), on the other hand, counters that this view is probably more of a myth than an accurate reflection of reality, finding little conclusive evidence for it in a study of Germanic immigrants in the Cross Plains, Wisconsin area. A Hamlet is Born The roots of Alden’s Corners lay in the initial period of American settlement; the period of colonization, in terms of Hudson’s (1969) model. Alden’s Corners was a rather typical, although small, rural agrarian hamlet. In a predominately agrarian area, farmers need centralized access to goods that they could not produce themselves or produce in a cost effective manner (Atack et al. 2000a; Brush 1953; Loehr 1952), as well as outlets for those goods that they did produce (e.g., grain, 19 livestock, and, later, dairy products). Small, rural centers—hamlets and villages—arose for the purpose of exchange, be it of information or goods and services (Brush 1953). “In any given area small centers are closely spaced and more numerous; large centers, offering greater services, are more widely spaced and less numerous” (Brush 1953:380). In geography, central place theory has been developed to explain the size and distance not only between cities, but between hamlets, villages and even single businesses or corporations. In simplest terms, the theory states that size and distance between communities are related to two factors: 1) the threshold or minimum market needed to create and sustain a given community, whether that community is a hamlet, village, or city; and 2) the range or average distance that anyone will travel for goods or services (Vogeler 2003). Usually a village or town has two or three roads entering it, and these roads carry traffic from outlying farms, residences and hamlets. The points converge on the trade or tributary center (toward which traffic flows) (Brush 1953). For Alden’s Corners—indeed for much of the Town of Roxbury—the trade center was for the most part one or the other of the nearby communities of Prairie du Sac and Sauk City (Brush 1953; Kolb 1921). Madison, the seat of state and county governance, was farther away and probably was visited less frequently. Obviously, transportation technology and improved roads expand the range and works to the advantage of centralization. Competition is an important aspect of central places; farmers compete for land, and trading centers compete for customers through a variety of means (Hudson 1969:371): improvements in transportation, the diversity of goods and services offered, and the pricing of merchandise. The effective minimum economic unit of central places is the unincorporated hamlet. Trewartha (1943) conducted a pioneering study of hamlets in southwestern Wisconsin and offered a working definition of a hamlet, one that is still widely used (e.g., Brush 1953; Kolb and Brunner 1952; Winstel 1994; Russo 2001). According to Trewartha (1943:37), “there must be a minimum of, (1) four active residence units, at least two of which are nonfarm houses; (2) a total of at least six active functional units,—residential, business, social or otherwise; and (3) a total of at least five buildings actively used by human beings.” 20 Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Moreover, he noted that “[i]n hamlets a building often houses more than one functional unit.” “A fairly common center of accretion … was the fourth-class post office” (Trewartha 1943:39). Brush (1953:385) observed that “grocery stores and schools are typical of hamlets; taverns, filling stations [obviously not applicable in the pre-automobile era], and churches are common.” Buildings formed a cluster, most often at a crossroads but always on a public roadway, where services are readily accessible. Hamlets have a maximum population of 150 persons with minimum populations of around 16 to 20 individuals. In 1870, the hamlet of Alden’s Corners had a population of 29 people. The service or traffic area was, of course, substantially larger with a concomitantly greater population. Trewartha (1943:74-75) noted: “…except for farmsteads the hamlet is by far the most ubiquitous settlement type in the United States”. CLIFTON Roxbury P.O. PRAIRIE DU SAC SAUK CITY Wis co n N CRY STAL Brush (1953) found in his study of central places in southern Wisconsin that “[h]amlets gravitate to the areas farthest from larger centers at a mean distance of 4.8 miles from other hamlets.” Early plat maps, particularly the Harrison and Warner map of 1873, depict as many as eight small communities in proximity to Alden’s Corners (Figure 3.3). These rural service centers were dispersed at distances of 0.9 miles (distance from Springfield Corners to Hyer’s Corners) to 5.1 miles (Alden’s Corners to River P.O., though River probably fell short of Trewartha’s criteria for a hamlet). Brush (1953:394) also notes … the more or less scattered distribution of hamlets in the voids between higher centers is accounted for by the dispersion of farm population throughout the area before 1880, when wagon roads were the sole means of access L. MORRISON Morrisonville P.O. River P.O. Norway Grove P.O. R er sin i v Dane P.O. De Forest P.O. Brereton P.O. Windsor P.O. Alden's Corners P.O. MAZOMANIE Waunakee P.O. Hyer's Corners P.O. Springfield Corners P.O. Token Creek SANDERSON STA. Mendota P.O. BLACK EARTH Cross Plains P.O. & Sta. Pleasant Branch P.O. FOXVILLE E LAK MEN DOoTr A KE RTH LA FOU Middleton P.O. & Sta. East Middleton P.O. Pine Bluff QUARRYTOWN MADISON LA West Middleton P.O. A ON E ORN AK MO L KE RD HI T EAST BLUE MOUND Clontarf P.O. West Blue Mound P.O. Syene P.O. & Sta. NINE MOUNDS L Blue Mound P.O. MACFARLAND EW A Mount Horeb P.O. UBES EC A ON OR D LAKE L. WINGRA AK Source: adapted from Harrison and Warner, 1873 CHRISTINA S Verona P.O. Stoners Prairie P.O. Lake View P.O. LAKE KEGONSA OR FIRST LAKE Barber P.O. Fitchburg P.O. MT VERNON Figure 3.3 Hook L. Communities of northwestern Dane County, Wisconsin, ca. 1860-1880. Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners to most territory away from the rivers and there were few railroads. With improved transportation—roads and the railroads, which came to Mazomanie in the 1870s and Prairie du Sac in the 1880s—many hamlets simply disappeared. Apparently, the first man to settle at the crossroads was Oliver Harmon Jackson, who in 1846, acquired at least a portion of the land where Alden’s Corners would arise (Tables 3.1 and 3.2). By 1849, Peter and Nancy Crispen had obtained Jackson’s land (the SE ¼ of the SE ¼ Section 27), as well as the patent deed on the SW ¼ of the SW ¼ and ¼ of the SE ¼ of Section 26. Collectively, these parcels constituted the core of what would become Alden’s Corners. There are indications that by 1850, when the Crispens sold their land to John and Jane Alden, then resident in Sauk County, a lot had been set aside, quite possibly for a residence. The transfer of land from Crispen to Alden included the SE ¼ of the SE ¼ of Section 27 and the NE ¼ of the NE ¼ of Section 34, plus a one acre lot in the SW ¼ of Section 26. James Crispen and his wife that same year sold their holdings in the SW ¼ of the SW ¼ of Section 27 and the NW ¼ of Section 35 to Marcus Warren, a non-resident owner. The one-acre lot in the SW ¼ of Section 26 corresponds to the future location of the Alden’s Corners Post Office (47DA758) site. The other parcel of land would appear to 21 include the location of the residence of Abisha Alden (Tables 3.3 and 3.4), which is represented archaeologically by the Ganser (47DA759) site. Jackson and Crispen’s interest in the land may have been pecuniary, although the creation of a residential lot by the latter suggests an intent to settle. Land speculation was an important factor in the settlement of the United States (see Atack et al. 2000b; Gates 1942). Exclusive of the original Thirteen Colonies, land in the west was divided into rectangular townships as stipulated in the Ordinance of 1785 that governed land survey. Each township was comprised of 36, one-mile square sections. In each township, land was set aside, the sale of which was to fund the creation of public schools. This land was to be sold at auction at a minimum of $1.00/acre. Unfortunately, the ordinance along with the Ordinance of 1784 favored land speculators over ordinary settlers (Brinkley 1997:143). Land speculation took many forms, but in its classic expression, it involved the purchase of large tracts to be held back for later sale—after the value of the land had risen. Speculation was rampant in Dane County, with prominent men such as James Doty, Lucius Lyon, C.C. Washburn (later governor) and others, involved. Unlike the good Father Inama, who was a major land speculator in the Town of Roxbury, the intent of these men was usually financial reward. In the Town of Roxbury, eastern speculators Type of Deed Grantor Grantee ¼ Sections Section 26 Land Patent U.S. Peter Crispin SW ¼ of SW ¼ Warranty Deed Peter Crispin John Alden 1 acre lot plus land in sec. 27 and 34 580.00 Jan 18, 1850 1000.00 Apr 1, 1862 1150.00 Oct 5, 1865 Warranty Deed John Alden Mathaus Roth 1 acre lot, ½ acre for schoolhouse plus land in sec. 27 and 34 Warranty Deed Mathaus & Anna Marie Roth Carl Wm. Schoenburg 1 acre lot, ½ acre for schoolhouse plus land in sec. 27 and 34 Source: Register of Deeds, Dane County, Wisconsin Table 3.1 Alden’s Corners Post Office lot deed transfers. $ Date Dec 1, 1849 22 Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Acres Value $ Ave $/acre in section 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 130.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 48.00 48.00 40.00 7.47 5.83 5.83 5.41 5.88 5.51 5.51 5.09 1866 1 40.00 5.09 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1 1 1 1 1 40.00 25.00 80.00 40.00 20.00 4.78 5.04 6.74 6.08 5.44 1 30.00 5.70 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 5.02 5.02 5.77 5.84 5.45 6.34 6.34 6.34 6.00 5.92 Year 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 Landowner John Alden Mathaus Roth 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 William Schoenburg John Kuhn Notes Roth listed as non-residential owner, Schoenburg paid taxes Kuhn is owner, Wm. Schoenburg paid the taxes No records William Schoenburg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 60.00 20.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.00 10.00 16.94 7.67 7.72 7.72 7.72 7.72 7.72 7.80 7.80 7.80 9.10 9.09 Source: Treasurer’s Office, Dane County, Wisconsin. Table 3.2 Alden’s Corners Post Office taxation data. even formed a company during 1837 or 1838 in order to lay out a town dubbed Superior City along the Wisconsin River. Whether the plan went forward, as Clark (1877:498-499) wryly commented, “with the honest expectation that such town would be built … or with the hope that a speculation might be made out of such parties residing in the east as had more money Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners and credulity than sound judgement,” is uncertain. In any case, the plan failed and no city ever materialized. Trewartha (1943:39) opined that many hamlets “were conceived, laid out, and platted by promoters who hoped thereby to profit from the sale of lots in the new settlement.” Marcus Warren, who purchased land in sections 27 and 35 from James Crispen, was an astute businessman and was involved in land deals in the region. Warren purchased land from James Crispen (probably Peter Crispen’s brother) and sold it the following year to Abisha (also referred to as Abisher) Alden, John Alden’s brother (see Table 3.3). Marcus Warren and his brother, Thompson M. Warren, were from old New England stock. The Warrens—Thompson, Marcus and unnamed other brothers—moved Type of Deed Grantor Grantee Land Patent U.S. Peter Crispen Warranty Deed James Crispin Marcus Warren Warranty Deed Marcus Warren Abisher Alden Quit Claim Deed Jason & Charlotte Alden 23 to the Wisconsin Territory in 1844, locating first in Mineral Point, where they were involved in merchandizing (Anonymous 1895:326). Within a year or two, the men had relocated to Sauk County. Marcus Warren had the foresight to bring with him “a heavy stock of goods, the first stock of any importance brought into the county” (Butterfield 1880b:431). Thompson, no less blessed with “rare foresight, keen perception and remarkably sound judgement traits” (Anonymous 1895:327), engaged in banking. He ultimately became a prominent individual in Baraboo, where he resided later in life (The Baraboo Republic 1892). Both men were heavily involved in real estate; “[i]n more than one instance Mr. [Thompson M.] Warren entered government lands at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, and lived ¼ Sections Section 26 SW ¼ of SW ¼ SW ¼ of SW ¼ plus part of NW ¼ of Sec 35 SW ¼ of SW ¼ plus part of NW ¼ of Sec 35 $ Date Dec 1, 1849 200.00 Aug 28, 1850 200.00 Dec 8, 1851 John Alden SW ¼ of SW ¼ except 1 acre for post office plus land in Sec 35 300.00 Apr 14, 1865 John & Jane Alden Marcus Warren SW ¼ of SW ¼ except 1 acre for post office plus land in Sec 35 900.00 May 30, 1865 Quit Claim Deed Marcus Warren John Brosemer SW ¼ of SW ¼ except 1 acre for post office 500.00 Oct 12, 1871 Warranty Deed John & Fredericka Brosemer Anton Ballweg S ½ of SW ¼ plus land in other sections 8000.00 Mar 12, 1897 Warranty Deed Anton & Florentina Ballweg Wilbert & Evelyn Ganser S ½ of SW ¼ plus land in other sections Quit Claim Deed Source: Register of Deeds, Dane County, Wisconsin Table 3.3 Abisha Alden residence (Ganser site) deed transfers. Nov 1, 1943 24 Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners to dispose of the same at one hundred dollars per acre” (Anonymous 1895:328). Early plats and other sources indicate that the Warrens owned numerous tracts of land in Roxbury Township, which they began to acquire as early as 1846 (Ligowsky 1861; Clark 1877). By an act of the legislature in 1850, Warren and a business partner were granted the right to maintain a ferry across the Wisconsin River (Sentinel and Gazette 1850) and as time passed Warren developed extensive business holdings in Sauk City and in the Town of Roxbury (Smith, Dumoulin and Company 1857: 16, 71, 96, 113, 116, 138, 148, 177, 233, 271). At the time of his death in 1872, his estate was valued at over $300,000 (Butterfield 1880b:431). His purchase of the SW ¼ of the SW ¼ of the Section 26 and the NW ¼ of Section 35 was almost certainly made with financial gain in mind. It is unlikely that he built a house on the property. Marcus Warren’s investment in real estate in the vicinity of the fledgling hamlet may well have been motivated by the prospects of financial reward, especially were the hamlet to attain local prominence. Yet it is also possible that the Aldens and the Warrens were related, and that the investment was motivated at least in part by familial obligation. The Warren brothers’ mother was named Polly Alden—at the very least a remarkable coincidence. Although speculative, two other fragments of circumstantial evidence hint at the possibility of kinship. In the 1850 Federal census for Wisconsin, Marcus Warren was listed as a merchant in the Village of Westfield in Sauk County; Jacob Alden, who was John and Abisha’s younger brother, was also listed as a resident of the village, his occupation given as laborer. Perhaps coincidentally, Warren’s name appears one line above that of Jacob Alden in the census (U.S. Census—Population 1850a), suggesting residential proximity. Further, according to tax records, Marcus Warren, after selling property to Abisha Alden in 1851, continued to pay the taxes on it through 1854 (Table 3.4). Marcus Warren also later stepped in and took over John Alden’s holdings, which allowed the family to move west. The Warrens, however, were from Maine, although they had lived in New York prior to moving to the Wisconsin Territory (Anonymous 1895). The Aldens, on the other hand, appear to have originated in New York State (U.S. Census—Population 1860). The Aldens apparently moved west sometime in the late 1840s. The deed transfer from Crispen to Alden indicates that John Alden resided in Sauk County (see Table 3.1). By 1852, when the lot for the school was sold, John’s wife Jane, born in Scotland, was also a signatory to the sale. Jacob Alden, as noted above, was listed as a laborer in the Village of Westfield in Sauk County. Abisha Alden was the eldest of the Alden brothers. The 1850 U.S. Census found him employed as a lumberman in the camps of Marathon County (Ancestry.com 2010). In 1851, Abisha purchased land in the SW ¼ of the SW ¼ of Section 26 and NW ¼ of the NW ¼ of Section 35 from Marcus Warren (see Table 3.3). Alden did not begin paying the taxes on the property until 1855 (see Table 3.4), however. John Alden’s holdings in 1850 were comprised of 20 acres of improved land with another 60 acres unimproved. The farm was valued at $400 with agricultural implements worth $10 and livestock valued at $60. Livestock included one milk cow and two working oxen. Alden grew a mix of crops, the farm yielding 150 bushels of wheat, 400 bushels of corn, 70 bushels of oats, and 40 bushels of Irish potatoes. He also brought in 8 tons of hay for winter forage for the animals. Dairy products produced on the farm included 100 pounds of butter. The value of slaughtered animals was estimated at $25 (U.S. Census—Agriculture 1850). A few years later, John Alden mortgaged his land to his brother Abisha for $360 (Dane County 1854a). Presumably the mortgage was a means to generate cash, which was apparently then used for further improvements to the land. By 1860, John Alden’s farm consisted of 60 acres of improved land with only 20 acres unimproved; the whole had increased significantly in value, as it now appraised at $1000. He had $70 worth of implements and machinery. Other assets included three horses, two milk cows, seven other cattle, and four swine. In 1859, his farm yielded 700 bushels of wheat, 40 bushels of Indian corn, 75 bushels of oats, 40 bushels of Irish potatoes, and 300 pounds of butter. Slaughtered animals were valued at $30 (U.S. Census-Agricultural 1860). The 1860 U.S. Census places the value of his real estate at $1200, with personal property at $485—near or above the mean for the Town of Roxbury (Table 3.5). The tax value of his holdings jumped from $16 to $48 between 1862 and 1863, suggesting some sort of material improvements. In 1860 as well, Abisha Alden’s real estate was valued at $800; Jacob Alden’s real estate was worth $400. (In 1854, Jacob also mortgaged 20 acres of his land to Abisha for Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners 25 Acres Value $ 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 70.00 100.00 100.00 85.00 120.00 90.00 500.00 352.00 352.00 350.00 350.00 320.00 320.00 320.00 2.50 2.13 3.00 2.25 12.82 9.03 9.03 8.97 8.97 8.21 8.21 8.21 1.42 1.43 2.32 2.07 7.47 5.83 5.83 5.41 5.88 5.51 5.51 5.09 39 320.00 8.21 5.09 1867 1868 1869 1870 79 79 79 79 500.00 470.00 640.00 575.00 6.33 5.95 8.10 7.28 4.78 5.04 6.74 6.08 1871 79 540.00 6.84 5.44 1872 1873 1874 79 79 79 580.00 400.00 400.00 7.34 5.06 5.06 5.70 5.02 5.02 1875 79 900.00 11.39 5.77 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 1000.00 900.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 900.00 900.00 12.66 11.39 12.66 12.66 12.66 11.39 11.39 79 79 79 79 79 79 2700.00 1200.00 1200.00 1200.00 1200.00 1200.00 34.18 15.19 15.19 15.19 15.19 15.19 5.84 5.45 6.34 6.34 6.34 6.00 5.92 No records 16.94 7.67 7.72 7.72 7.72 7.72 Year 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 Landowner Marcus Warren Abisha Alden Jacob Alden 1866 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 John Brosemer Average $ per acre Average $ per acre in section Source: Dane County Treasurer’s Office, Dane County, Wisconsin Table 3.4 Abisha Alden residence (Ganser site) taxation data. Notes 1852-1854 Marcus Warren listed as nonresident owner 1856-1857 Alden listed as non-resident owner Owner listed as Jacob Alden, John Brosemer listed as tax payer Brosemer is County Supervisor Brosemer is a County Overseer 26 Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Number of Farms: Number of Households: Household Size: 153 227 Range: 1 to 14 Mean: 5.4 Assets*: Value of Real Estate: Value of Personal Property: Range: $100 - $7000 Range: $25-$3000 Mean: $1314 Mean: $350 *Excluding M. and T.M. Warren whose real estate/personal property is valued at $100,000/25,000 and $20,000/10,000 respectively. Source: U.S. Census-Population 1860. Table 3.5 Population statistics for the Town of Roxbury, 1860. $106 [Dane County 1854b].) Although both Abisha and Jacob listed their occupations as farmer, neither name appeared in the agricultural schedules that year. For that matter, neither listed any personal property on the census (U.S. Census—Population 1860). Both names are shown on the 1861 plat map of Roxbury Township, however (Ligowsky 1861) (see Figure 3.2). John Alden not only farmed, but also dabbled, at least briefly, in county politics and had an entrepreneurial venture on the side. In September 1853, he was named as a delegate from the Town of Roxbury to the county convention (Daily Argus and Democrat 1853). A few years later, the Wisconsin State Directory for 1857 and 1858 listed him as the proprietor of a hotel (Smith, Dumoulin and Company 1857:157; Smith, Dumoulin and Company 1858:157). In 1858, John and Jane Alden sold a second lot—the first was the lot for the school—a one-acre parcel in the SE ¼ of the SE ¼ of Section 27, to Carl Andreas (Table 3.6). Early plat maps depict a store at this location (e.g., Ligowsky 1861); tax records (Table 3.7) show a sizeable increase in the valuation of the property from 1860 to 1861, suggesting that the store was built around that time. The 1861 plat (Ligowsky 1861) also depicts a dwelling west of the school, which Type of Deed Grantor Grantee ¼ Sections Section 27 Land Patent U.S. Oliver Jackson SE ¼ of SE ¼ WD Oliver Jackson Peter Crispin WD Peter & Nancy Crispin John & Jane Alden WD John & Jane Alden Carl Andreas SE ¼ of SE ¼ SE ¼ of SE ¼ plus 1 ac in SW corner of Sec 26 and NE ¼ of NE ¼ sec 34 1 acre in SE ¼ of SE ¼ WD Charles (Carl) Andreas Charles Schuchert WD Charles & Suzen Schuchertt WD WD WD WD Date Jun 27, 1846 77.00 Jun 17, 1848 580.00 Jan 18, 1850 100.00 Jun 26, 1858 1 acre in SE ¼ of SE ¼ 100.00 Mar 13, 1860 Godlip (Gottlieb) Roelke 1 acre in SE ¼ of SE ¼ 600.00 Jan 11, 1867 Gottlieb Roelke Edward Vorhaug John & Mary Horn Edward Vorhaug John Y. Horn Carl Truhl 1 acre in SE ¼ of SE ¼ 1 acre in SE ¼ of SE ¼ 1 acre in SE ¼ of SE ¼ 1000.00 100.00 1000.00 May 9, 1867 Nov 28, 1873 Apr 6, 1874 Maria Truehl (wife of Carl) J. Harker Simons and F.C. Hudson 1 acre in SE ¼ of SE ¼ 250.00 Nov 21, 1892 Source: Register of Deeds, Dane County, Wisconsin. WD = Warranty Deed Table 3.6 $ Alden’s Corners store deed transfers. QCD = Quick Claim Deed Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Year 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1900 Landowner John Alden Carl Andreas Charles Andreas Anton Mally E.A. Vorhaug Ed Vorhaug Carl Truehl Mary Truehl Simons & Hudson Acres 40 40 40 40 40 40 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Value $ 145.00 180.00 90.00 100.00 120.00 110.00 30.00 20.00 20.00 150.00 150.00 110.00 110.00 110.00 110.00 150.00 175.00 350.00 512.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 340.00 340.00 300.00 200.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 27 Ave $/acre in section 2.29 1.89 2.76 2.34 9.73 7.17 7.32 7.32 7.32 6.92 6.92 6.88 6.88 7.15 7.75 10.70 10.95 9.55 9.97 9.31 9.08 9.03 8.80 8.23 9.89 9.90 10.08 10.00 9.88 No records 300.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 100.00 400.00 480.00 480.00 480.00 480.00 530.00 500.00 Source: Tresurer’s Office, Dane County, Wisconsin. Table 3.7 Notes Alden’s Corners store taxation data. 28.28 13.23 13.45 13.45 13.45 13.45 13.40 13.44 13.98 14.45 17.12 17.14 17.38 17.38 19.03 55.27 1893-1897 Simons and Hudson listed as non-resident owners 28 may represent the home of the Alden’s at that time. Alden’s Corners was centered on the crossroads of the Sauk and the DekorraMineral Point roads and was thus relatively well placed to provide a few basic amenities to travelers moving from the Wisconsin River to points south. The Dekorra Road connected the hamlet of Dekorra with Mineral Point, a prosperous mining community in the Lead Region of southwestern Wisconsin. Dekorra was established on the Wisconsin River in 1836, immediately below the portage. Within a few years, it had a store, a flourmill, and several residences (Lapham 1999 [1846]). In the 1840s and 1850s, Dekorra served as a major distribution point for lumber, supplying Madison and much of the surrounding country, although its fortunes had faded by the 1860s (Butterfield 1880c:731). Through the 1850s, then, even as the hamlet of Alden’s Corners formed, the Dekorra-Mineral Point Road gradually dwindled in importance. The Sauk Road linked Madison with the twin communities of Sauk City and Prairie du Sac. As early as 1839, Haraszthy had established a ferry across the river at Sauk City (Butterfield 1880b:605) and, in 1844, Prescott Brigham began operation of a stage line between Baraboo and Madison (Butterfield 1880b:587). The Sauk Road had previously run through Meyer’s Corners (later Berry P.O., then Marxville); indeed, this was a major impetus for the establishment of that hamlet (Butterfield 1880a:924). At some point, the road was realigned to the east, taking it through Alden’s Corners. Butterfield (1880a) gives no reason for the realignment, but most likely following a petition from John Alden and other residents. Possibly it accounts for Alden’s interest in county politics. Probably as a result of the road’s realignment, by 1857 the hamlet had an inn (Smith, Dumoulin and Company 1857:157) and by 1860 a store and post office. Perhaps not coincidentally, Berry P.O. closed in 1863, 2 ½ to 3 years after the post office at Alden’s Corners opened. In any case, with a post office and other amenities in Alden’s Corners, its location on the latest version of the Sauk Road would allow for a convenient way station between Sauk City and Springfield Corners. The road, which by the 1860s was traversed three times a week by stagecoach (Suckow Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners 1866:161), was punctuated at fairly regular intervals by taverns, which may have also offered lodging for the night. Alden’s Corners was ideally situated to become one of the more prominent stops along the road. While it was probably not true in every case, too many of the roadside inns in this era offered the traveler little beyond “dirty bar-rooms, ill-cooked meals, and scantily furnished rooms” (Martin 1942:156). Alden’s hotel may not have been much different. There are no indications that there was a tavern at the crossroads, though it is likely that the store served liquor to passing travelers. The Sauk Road, once shifted to run through the hamlet, was its economic lifeline; it is telling that the extant structures at Alden’s Corners (i.e., school, store) faced onto it, rather than the fading Dekorra-Mineral Point Road. The seed for the classic Yankee hamlet was the public school. In 1852, John and Jane Alden sold a ½ acre lot in the SE ¼ of the SE ¼ of Section 27 to School District No. 5 of the Town of Roxbury (Table 3.8). When this district was formed—it would have required approval from the county board—is uncertain, but the school may have been built as early as 1848 (St. Norbert Congregation 1971:8). However, there is some doubt in the date. The 1865 report of the Superintendent of Schools in Dane County indicated that there were four school districts in the Town of Roxbury, which altogether possessed six schoolhouses, all with less than an acre of land each, none apparently fenced, and none made of stone or brick (Superintendent of Schools 1865). Not until 1875 did the Annual Report of County Superintendent of Schools list any schoolhouses constructed of brick or stone in the town; that year two were listed. Unfortunately, the location of each is not given (Superintendent of Schools 1875). However, the Superintendent’s report appears to have missed a stone school in the future hamlet of Roxbury; still extant, the stone structure was built in 1859. Vogel’s (1993:16) architectural study suggests a probable date range of 1850 to 1870 for construction of the school. Based on a recent inspection of the building, which is still extant, though converted into a residence, architectural historian Tim Heggland (2003) suggests that the stonework of the Alden’s Corners school is more typical of the 1850s than the 1870s. If the school dates as early as 1848 or even 1850, then it may predate the Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners 29 Type of Deed Grantor Grantee ¼ Sections Section 27 Land Patent U.S. Oliver Jackson SE ¼ of SE ¼ Warranty Deed Oliver Jackson Peter Crispin SE ¼ of SE ¼ Warranty Deed Pater & Nancy Crispen John Alden SE ¼ of SE ¼ Warranty Deed John & Jane Alden School District No. 5 .5 ac in the SE ¼ of SE ¼ 10.00 Apr 20, 1852 Quit Claim Deed School District No. 5 Walter Kelly .5 ac in SE ¼ of SE ¼ 1250.00 Oct 23, 1953 $ Date Jun 27, 1846 77.00 Jun 17, 1848 Jan 11, 1850 Source: Register of Deeds, Dane County, Wisconsin Table 3.8 Alden’s Corners school deed transfers. Alden’s arrival; in that instance, the sale of the lot may have merely formalized an informal arrangement. However it may be, the school was depicted on the 1861 plat map of the town (Ligowsky 1861); tax records make no mention of it until 1867 (Table 3.9). The school appears on an 1873 plat map of the town and is designated as “School No. 4” (Harrison and Warner 1873) (see Figure 3.2). Other services such as the store, established sometime between 1858 and 1860, and the post office, established in 1860, followed the school. These were aimed at attracting local residents, predominantly farmers, as well as passersby. It is uncertain if John Alden was still in the hostelry business by 1860; none of the business guides covers this period. Possibly the store, also extant and used as a residence, included a tavern and inn (there was a loft upstairs which could have accommodated a few travelers, assuming it was not otherwise occupied by the family of the proprietor) and eclipsed Alden’s enterprise. There appear to have been two, if not, three non-farm residences. The store probably housed its proprietor, as was likely the case for the post office, as least based upon the archaeological data. The third non-farm residence was torn down (or moved) in the nineteenth century and was located in the SE ¼ of the SE ¼ of Section 26, across the road from the Alden’s Corners Post Office archaeological site. In the early 1860s, this lot was owned by Abisha Alden and may have been the location of his residence (see Tables 3.3 and 3.4). As Abisha Alden had no farm holdings, the structure would seem to have been strictly residential. There were several farmhouses located within about a quarter-mile radius of the crossroads—fulfilling Trewartha’s (1943) criteria of a hamlet (see Figure 3.2). These houses included a large, stone Greek Revival house built by Leonard Feiling in 1860 and sold to Frank Berger in 1866 (Abing et al. 1994b), as well as the residences of John Alden and Johann (John) Brosemer. Slightly farther away were the farmhouses of David Hyer, Wilhelm Schoenburg, Lorenzo Farr, and Bernard Schlag (Ligowsky 1861). The Population of Alden’s Corners By mid-1860, the post office, store, and school had been built and all were functioning, and the name of Alden’s Corners (as it was surely informally known) would shortly appear on the map. The question then arises, how big was the Alden’s Corners community? Kolb (1921) noted that a great deal of confusion adheres to the precise meaning of the term community (see also Wilkinson 1999 [1991]; Young and Larson 1970). He preferred “rural primary group” to community and defined rural primary group as “that first grouping beyond the family which has social significance and which is conscious of some local unity” (Kolb 1921:5-6). Modern socio- 30 Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Year Landowner Acres Value $ Ave $/acre in section 1852 John Alden 40 145.00 - 1853 John Alden 40 180.00 - 1854-1866 no mention of school in records 1867 school 1 no value given 7.15 1868 school 0.5 no value given 7.75 1869 school 0.5 no value given 10.7 1870 school 0.5 no value given 10.95 1871 school 0.5 no value given 9.55 1872 school 0.5 no value given 9.97 1873 school 0.5 no value given 9.31 1874 school 0.5 no value given 9.08 1875 1876 1877-1900 school mentioned in section school 0.5 no value given 8.8 school listed in records, no other information Source: Treasurer's Office, Dane County, Wisconsin Table 3.9 Alden’s Corners school taxation data. logical definitions similarly stress the social interactional nature of community (Wilkinson 1999 [1991]:11), and while the community of Alden’s Corners has largely vanished from the landscape, the use of census data allows one to reconstruct, with a reasonable degree of accuracy, the size of Alden’s Corners’ postal service area community. Service area is not the same as community; post offices, banks, schools, and churches all have different, though overlapping service areas (Wilkinson 1999 [1991]). In the absence of other kinds of data, however, the reconstructed postal service area will have to serve as a proxy for the community as a whole. This is not unreasonable, given that post offices were important in the development and maintenance of a community, being places where people met and gossiped, and discussed the news of the day (see Fuller 1972; Margolis 1980). The 1860 census, the data for which was collected in June of that year, post-dated the establishment of the post office by a month. As the Alden’s Corners post office was new, it did not yet appear on postal service maps and, therefore, citizens of the area were identified collectively as residents of the Town of Roxbury. Fortunately, although information on population size, ethnicity, and financial assets (as measured in real estate and personal property) cannot be derived from the 1860 census, the 1870 census was enumerated by post office within townships, and included within the Town of Roxbury the post offices of Alden’s Corners, River, and Clifton. By 1880, with the closure of the Alden’s Corners and most other post offices in Roxbury Township, the census reverted to enumeration at the township level. The discussion that follows relies on information taken from both the population and agricultural schedules of the 1870 federal census. Before proceeding, sources of error in these data need to be considered. Thirtyseven states had been admitted to the union by 1870 and, thus, given the scale of the ninth census, it will come as no surprise that census Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners data have some problems. Francis Walker, the Superintendent of the Census in 1870, acknowledged this fact: It is not claimed that the census of any state is perfect… The omissions that have occurred, however, are probably not sufficient in any case to affect the practical result of congressional representation, although any degree of error, in a work of such character, is excessively annoying to every person of the least statistical instincts (Walker 1872:xix). A common complaint of those who use early census data is the spelling of names, something that can vary wildly from the actual spelling. This problem is, upon reflection, expectable. Enumerators were often confronted with the names of persons of different nationalities, which they then had to spell. Frequently, the enumerator encountered recently arrived immigrants who spoke little or no English, making the task of filling out the census forms even more difficult. Transcription errors are another common problem. Three copies were made of the federal census: one was kept at the county level, one was held by the state, and the other was forwarded to the U.S. Government in Washington. Occasionally names or ages do not agree between the copies and individual names vary from one version to another. The data from the population schedule compiled here was, for the most part, taken from the federal copy (U.S. Census—Population 1870a) with cross-referencing against the state copy (U.S. Census—Population 1870b). The federal copy appears to be more complete, often containing middle initials; given names were usually fully spelled out in it, as well. In the state copy, given names often have been abbreviated; thus Charles became Chas., for example. Middle initials were almost always dropped. In sum, the federal copy appears to be the more complete of the two and, potentially, the more accurate. The data from the agricultural schedule was taken from the state copy, where it was appended at the end of each county (see Appendices 1 and 2). A more significant issue encountered with the data of the ninth census for the Town of Roxbury involved serious discrepancies between the population and agricultural 31 schedules. While the census enumerated individuals by their respective post office, the two schedules do not agree on the assignment of those identified as farm landholders to a specific post office. Thus, there are approximately 35-40 individuals reported for Alden’s Corners that the population schedule ascribes to River P.O. Conversely, the agricultural schedule identifies around 10 individuals—farmers—as affiliated with River P.O. that the population schedule assigns to Alden’s Corners. This error appears to arise from the nature of the forms. The population schedule enumerates entire households, while the agricultural schedule only landholders. Thus, a page of the population census might hold the names of every member of 6 or 10 households but a page of the agricultural schedule holds the names of up to 40 landholders. The enumerators wrote the name of the post office, say, River P.O. and then commenced filling these pages, although they might well have crossed into the area of another post office by the time they reached the bottom of a sheet of the agricultural schedule. The error was probably, in this case, inadvertent; the enumerators were simply trying to fill the sheets in a manner that they felt was appropriate and that minimized waste. The problem is not fatal to the analysis that follows, as close comparison of the two schedules permits a reasonable degree of accuracy. Other minor problems abound. Data from the ninth census has been combined with the 1873 plat map to provide an estimate of the spatial dimensions of the Alden’s Corners service traffic area (Figure 3.4). For several reasons, the boundaries should be considered only an approximation. First, the base plat map was drawn in 1873, and between 1870 and 1873, there was some turnover in residency and, hence, not all people listed as landowners appear on it. Some names listed on the map are apparently of families that settled in the area after the 1870 census. This probably accounts for noticeable “holes” in the map, as a few names on it cannot be matched with the census data. For instance, C. Batzke, whose name appears as the owner of a 160 acre tract located a mile east of Alden’s Corners, does not appear in the census of Alden’s Corners. Second, the map depicts Brereton P.O. This post office was established after the 1870 census on March 7, 1872 and was discontinued July 6, 1877 (Moertl 1995:74). Presumably, those who lived in proximity of 32 Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners DANE COUNTY ATLAS, ROXBURY 120 40 45.5 224 80 160 School No1 M. Werly 531/4 40 P. Klassen 78.5 80 ge od .D W.K M. Boyle H. Knapp F. Koehler 79 M.E. Church 24 160 J. Mussen M. Herr 86 H. H. Brereton 195 40 80 80 G. Littel 40 80 40 120 40 35 C. Sieler M. Kelly 45 160 40 40 40 40 25 F. Hahn C. Schultz L. Bager C. Batzke 80 W.Schemburg 56 J. Shachte W. Schamburg C. Schwaner 80 School No4 80 W. Schomburg 99 80 238 J. Vetter 40 ALDEN'S CORNER PO 80 34 200 80 P. Gehrig 40 J. Maly F. Hoffman 40 40 120 A. Bitney 31 40 40 W.R. Goddard M. Herr 40 40 F. Menzel J. Wall 20 103 80 J.P. Ganser 26 40 A. Brown 70 40 Jno. Koehler 40 G. Dodge P. Eckstein F. Burger J. Brosemer C. Fehland H. Rieck M. Ackerman A. Baltes G.Baltes 33 30 80 G. Baltes 27 60 79.5 124 E. Burger 80 M. Michels 80 61 Geo. Brown 80 80 80 r G. Dodge 40 20 F.A. Brenning 140.86 Jno. Mack lle Stone Quarry 106 3/4 I Ballweg & Co. 40 ze C. Fairbanks 100 23 C. Schmidt er tz 40 ing Sc J. ha r 150 Jno. Weissend L. 40 Ballweg & Bro H. Ravenstein N eu J m. ey er 130 M. Shleck 80 F. Zoellner BS. Sh E. 80 Muller ane Lake Cr 80 G. Fischer C. Bergholz 80 N. Rummelfanger 80 J. Mack M. Muller 80 80 A. Breunig 60 E Vorhaug 80 F. De La Barre V. 20 Zeller 20 60 J.Roos J. Winheim M. Kemmer Classen 20 J.B.N. Greiber A. 20 Brennig D. Kelly J. Kippele J.J. Anott E. C. M.Bung Hawker Kirchner V. Zeller 160 13 ViJ. tte n 95 80 32J. Bung 22 Jno. Wiessend 240 80 M. Kemmer 40 M. Ackerman 114.5 120 es 116 130 40 ev 14 80 J. Weissend 40 60 Dr E. & L. Frey 80 80 A. 40 Bung 120 M. Theisen 40 J. Kloikher 40 M. Mechler 120 25 M. Le nertz P. Classen 55 55 J. New BS. Sh M. Theisen J.P. Anott R. Reible 60 J.Stem C. Illenfeld Jn o. 12 120 40 C. Luth 40 C. Paetzke 80 C. Loper 40 C.Otto C. Loper 40 11 40 J. 20 W. Evans Dreves F. Stahler F. Stuhler 40.29 120 36 C. Truehl 160 104 80 G. Marshhauser 28 70 120 E. Fry Stone Quarry 40 120 ls 80 C. Schuchartt 15 M. Wiessend F.A. Breunig 60 . Stone Quarry 160 M. Knehlges s rd ha Ric S. 40 80 80 G. Merklein 80 101.5 N. Schumacher P. Seiler 73.9 A. Inama 70 40 Stone Quarry 20 Pauly 1 40 F. Jannet R.G.Rolcke l he tc Pri 50 29 120 80 M 160 80 Jacob 400 J. Balweg 40 P. Benzmuller T. Trautman 79 40 145 . W.D 65 P.J. Lamberli 40 H. Fass 40 40 21 Stoffe 80 40 N. Brachtendorf 50 J. D ost art 120 M. Palvermacher 80 A. Seiler 31 16 160 40 School 80 M. 41 Theisen B E. Fry Reuter 39 P. N. Fabing Lamberty M. Brennig E.A. Lippert School 40 40 40 E. Monod 157.23 39.64 82 H.F. Mellier 38.81 A. Mollin Source: adapted from Harrison and Warner, 1873 H. Swippe M. Trautman M. G. Trautman Burgess 30 79.75 120 80 N. Fabing A. Homong J. Pulvermacher C. Pingo N Renk 10 G Uselman 40 Jno. T Clark C. Reuter J. Schmitz 80 40 40 112 39.69 80 G. Burgess W.D. Pritchell I.P. Pings 215 40 80 J. Blum 39.63 F&C Pingo M. Loeser 40 Store 40 160 40 B. Schmitz 40 M. Strobel School Church H. Schleker J. Guttlein 40 120 20 J. Blankenheim F. Pings G. Richards 80 159.08 40 L. 25 Herrbrand P. 15 Seiler 160 19 R. Taylor 40 M. Pulvermacher 40 M. Sclvreppe 80 C. Hornung 148.45 B. Jordan 80 J. Gmeinder 79.39 F. Guttlein P.J. Lamberti L. Herrbrand M. Engles G. Hornung 9 80 40 J. Kirshner J. Neumeyer Sr 650.12 50 P. Molitor A. Ganser 120 J. Welsh 80 80 J. Knabel 80 M. Lutz 80 79 17 School 160 40 P.C. Chavet N. 40 Grun wald A. Wahlfather C. Reible 40 40 J. Neumeyer Jr Jno. T. Clark P. Kummel A. Reaser 2 647.89 A. Brown Lake 642 40 Cem 458.66 3 School P.M. Fabing E.C. Varnell A. Inama N. Little 4 42 G. Thoma stal Jno. T. Clark 40 J. Ganser T. Trautman 1840 N. Schumacher 234.14 80 M. Leinekugel Jacob Thomas 79.5 J. Welch A. Fassbender J. Thomas e A. ssb 40 80 Fa 80 P.J ch Stor.S e leck RIVERr P.O. Cry L ake O.Coen A.M. Lambert 40 8 N. Lamberty Fish 120 7 P.O. de n 5 86 G. Roeser 80 G. Roeser J. Ganser 80 J. & A. Ganser 80 74 H. Ganser 80 J. & A. Ganser 100.5 H.E. Miller 109.10 W. Phillep 144.72 8090 2.4 CLIFTON 6 40.60 H. Tiedman 40 C. A. Henly Ganser 40 J. Kubler A. Hornung Wisco sin R iver n 80 P. Kehl W. Lentz C. Herley Township 9 North, Range 7 East of 4th Principal Meridian N. Endres F. Pappelbaum 40 40 W. Siek 120 80 : Alden's Corners : Clifton 0 : River P.O. Figure 3.4 mile 1 N The service area of the Alden’s Corners Post Office, based on the U.S. 1870 census. the Brereton post office would have no longer identified with Alden’s Corners. (If Brereton had a store or other functioning businesses that would have constituted an additional draw, these were not mentioned in contemporary business directories [Platt 1873; Murphy & Company 1876]. Although Brereton eventually faded, Kolb [1921] found that residents Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners of the area in the first decades of the twentieth century referred to the neighborhood as “Acorn.”) Third, there remains the persistent problem of reconciling the various spellings of surnames between the plat map and census records. Despite the difficulties inherent in the census and plat map data, it is interesting that the resultant depiction of the Alden’s Corners service area closely approximates the size of the Alden’s Corners community ascribed to it by Kolb (1921:Figure 4) based on information supplied by informants. The 1870 population census identifies 440 men, women, and children as residents of the Alden’s Corners postal service area; of these, 182 (99 male, 83 female) were foreign born, comprising 41 percent of the population (Table 3.10 and Appendix 1). Those of German origin or descent comprised 84 percent of the population. There were 79 households, which varied in their make up, with some consisting of as few as a single adult male, and others of two often related families. Domestic servants and farm laborers were included by the census as part of a given household; in one instance, a man was identified as a farm laborer in the population schedule but is shown in the agricultural schedule as owning land. In seven cases, men were identified as farmers in the population schedule but the value of real estate was not tallied. At face value, this would suggest that the men did not own land, although they considered themselves to be farmers. The agricultural schedule, however, shows them as owning land. As an enumerator recorded additional information, ranging from land holdings to counts of livestock, it seems reasonable to regard this data as more accurate than that recorded in the population schedule. Accordingly, this data has been combined with information derived from the population schedule in the discussion that follows (see Table 3.10). The combined census data indicates that 60 families owned farms, while 10 men identified themselves as farmers but did not own land. Fourteen men were identified as farm laborers, and seven of these men had families. One of the individuals, Edward Bleyhl, worked on the farm of one of the postmasters, John Brosemer. Bleyhl later purchased his own farm in the Town of Berry (U.S. Census—Population 1880a). Eight women worked as domestic servants, including Julie Veite, who was attached to the household of Edward 33 Vorhaug, merchant and postmaster. Frederika Vorhaug, presumably an older sister or relative of Edward Vorhaug, worked as a domestic servant in the household of Wilhelm Schoenburg. According to the census, among the residents of the community were one merchant, namely Edward Vorhaug; two shoemakers, Nicolaus Renk and Peter Machter; a carpenter and joiner, Joseph Gangel; and two stone masons, Anton Platner and Isadore Geier. Four men gave their occupations simply as “laborer” (U.S. Census—Population 1870a) (see Table 3.10 and Appendix 1). The data from the Agricultural Schedule (see Appendix 2) indicates that farms associated with the hamlet ranged in size from 40 acres to around 200 acres, and demonstrate a typical reliance for this era on wheat farming with corn and oats constituting the other major grain crops. Wheat production was limited prior to the invention and widespread use of roller mills during the 1870s to soft varieties, but with the advent of roller mills, hard varieties of wheat came to dominate the market (Leith 1919; Martin 1942:26). Barley and rye remained minor crops. Nearly every farm household grew potatoes, probably for self-consumption, although the possibility that a few families sold their surplus cannot be discounted. Most farmers kept a small number of livestock, commonly a couple of horses, milk cows, and pigs. A few raised sheep or had other cattle. The census did not count poultry until 1880, but most households probably kept a few chickens for eggs and meat (Martin 1942). Most farmers made butter; gross poundage suggests that much of this was meant for sale. For instance, Martin (1942:23) reports average consumption of butter in the Midwest at 14.62 lbs. per capita in circa 1860; the number rose slowly into the first quarter of the twentieth century. Alden’s Corners farmer Anton Ackerman produced 575 lbs. of butter in 1869; his household totaled six persons, which multiplied by the per capita rate of consumption comes to 87.72 lbs. of butter per year (see Appendix 1 and 2). While not to suggest that Ackerman’s family consumed nearly 90 lbs. of butter in a year, the estimated per capita rate of consumption does suggest that the bulk of the butter produced by this and many other farms in the Town of Roxbury was sold or exchanged. Butter was otherwise difficult to keep fresh. Indeed, unless the butter produced was sold lo- 34 Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Total Population: Place of Birth 440 Number Prussia Bavaria Mechlenburg Baden Hanover Wurtemburg Saxony Hesse Darmstadt Austria Tyrol Switzerland Bohemia Canada Ireland Wales France U.S.A. Wisconsin New York Ohio Pennsylvania Missouri Virginia Foreign Born: “German” Origin/ Descent: 84 50 7 6 3 2 1 1 7 2 3 3 1 8 1 4 19.1 11.4 1.6 1.4 0.68 0.45 0.23 0.23 1.6 0.45 0.68 0.68 0.23 1.8 0.23 0.9 227 14 11 3 1 1 51.6 3.2 2.5 0.68 0.23 0.23 182 41 370 84 Occupation: Farmers (inc. 2 retired) Farm Laborer Laborer Domestic Servant Merchant Stone Mason Shoemaker Carpenter and Joiner 70 15 4 8 1 2 2 1 Number of Farms: 60 Number of Households: 79 Household Size: Percent of Total Population Range: 1-15 Mean: 5.6 Assets: Value of Real Estate: Range: $400-$6600 Mean: $2,424 Value of Personal Property: Range: $100-$2000 Mean: $750 Source: U.S. Census-Population 1870a. Table 3.10 Population Statistics for Alden’s Corners, 1870. Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners cally, it is likely that the excess was consumed, not as food, but as axle grease (Nesbit 1985:17). No one reported making cheese or selling milk, which continues a trend noted in the 1860 agricultural census. Cheese was produced in the Town of Sumpter, north of Prairie du Sac, but only 700 lbs. of it was made in 1870, down significantly from 2500 lbs. made in the town during 1860 (Mueller 1983:185-186). The problem, as in the case of butter, was transportation. Dairy products tended to be perishable and until the coming of the railroad to Sauk City and Prairie du Sac in 1881, farmers had little incentive to produce these goods in large quantities. Nearly every farmer slaughtered some animals, in part, for self-consumption, but there can be little doubt that some farms had sufficient surplus for exchange (see Atack and Bateman 1984). The post-Civil War era was a period of market expansion and increased productivity to meet the needs of expanded markets. Productivity was fostered by increased mechanization and expanded labor pools, the latter deriving from larger families in the Midwest and western states, and the use of non-family laborers (Atack et al. 2000a). The 1870 census data indicates that twenty-three farmers hired outside labor in the previous year. The fact that few men were otherwise identified as farm laborers or were enumerated with specific households suggests an itinerant, perhaps seasonal, farm labor force. Many farmers may have relied on neighbors and kin, especially older sons and nephews, to meet the labor needs of the harvest or other labor intensive, time-critical tasks. Labor needs were greatest during the narrow window available for harvesting grain crops, although mixing of different crops in smaller fields lengthened the time of peak labor demand. On average, harvest time required one worker for each 7 to 10 acres of grain (Atack et al. 2000a:263). Alden’s Corners Post Office and Its Postmasters Post offices, rural or urban, were important for several reasons. Wayne Fuller, in his magisterial history of the postal service, The 35 American Mail, observes that in the early republic, “in an age when men looked for whatever bonds might hold the Union together, they turned to the Post Office” (1972: 81). In a new nation seemingly blessed with an almost infinite abundance of land, that blessing harbored a dark fear—the dissolution of the Union. So large did the new land seem that many feared it was beyond the power of any central authority to hold it together. The humble post office or postal rider was, then, a symbol, a reminder of the existence and daily operation of the Federal government, otherwise so distant. The postal service was critical to the rise and development of newspapers in the early republic and was, thus, important in the dissemination of information, including acts of the federal and state governments (Bretz 1909; Fuller 1972). A post office provided a community with a link to developing regional and national markets, as well as the opportunity to interact with a larger regional economy through involvement with mail order enterprises. Notwithstanding the irritation or disappointment felt by anyone who did not receive an expected missive, Charles William Eliot (quoted in Margolis 1980:6) summed up the general public sentiment in the late nineteenth century toward the institution: Carrier of news and knowledge Instrument of trade and commerce Promoter of mutual acquaintance Among men and nations and hence Of peace and good will. Carrier of love and sympathy Messenger of friendship Consoler of the lonely Servant of the scattered family Enlarger of the common life. The rise and fall of the number of post offices tracks well the spread of American society across the continent and subsequent changes— improvements, to use an old-fashioned term— to that land in the form of roads and railroads, and the rise of towns and cities. In 1845, there were in the United States, 14,183 post offices with 143,940 miles traveled annually in delivery of the mails; by 1860, the number of offices had doubled, totaling 28,498 with 240,594 miles traveled (Scheele 1970: Table 1). Indeed, the mail was often a central impetus in fostering the creation and maintenance of roads. Where the roads went, so too went the mail. 36 Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Because many of the new maps of America were really postal maps— drawn, as often as not, on the basis of contemporary mail routes and stations—it was literally true that no new community could claim to be ‘on the map’ until it could first claim to have a post office (Margolis 1980:7). Thus, while the name Alden’s Corners may well have been in use informally for years, the name was not formalized until the time its post office was established (Figure 3.5). The office filled a gap in the mail route between Springfield Corners and Clifton. On the day that the office was officially established, the Wisconsin State Journal noted that mail sent to Sauk City went “via Pheasant Branch [now part of Middleton], Ashton, Dane [Springfield Corners], Roxbury [Clifton], [and] Prairie du Sac,” each Tuesday and Friday (Wisconsin State Journal 1860). During the nineteen years that the Alden’s Corners post office was in operation, nine men served as postmaster, listed here with the date on which they assumed their responsibilities: Charles Andreas, May 4, 1860; Mathias Roth, August 21, 1862; Anthony Moely, November 25, 1864; Joseph Chavet, December 20, 1866; Edward Vorhaug, June 7, 1867; John Kuhn, September 20, 1870; John Brosemer, February 21, 1873; Carl Truehl, November 23, 1874; Simon Eckstein, February 24, 1876 (National Source: The Constitution, Washington, D.C.1860 There was a post office at Green Bay in 1821, at Mineral Point by 1829, and by 1836, more than two dozen others had been established throughout southern Wisconsin (Hale 1988:4). Post offices were important not only to patrons but also to postmasters, although the pay was often meager. Beyond pay, though, there was a healthy measure of prestige attached to the position. The postmaster was viewed as the representative of the federal government and the bearer of the office generally was perceived in the community as well connected politically. Additionally and importantly, postmasters were granted the franking privilege—the right to send mail without charge, a distinct monetary benefit with no small amount of prestige attached, as well (Fuller 1972). The postmasters of the first, second, and third class offices were appointed by the President and approved by the U.S. Senate, while the positions of the fourth and fifth class postmasters were the responsibility of the Postmaster General, and influenced more by local than national politics. (The system of ranking post offices— first, second, third, fourth and fifth—based on the percentage of annual receipts did not come into existence until 1864; the fifth class division was dropped in 1874 [Fuller 1972].) Postmasters were often “country storekeepers, editors of country weekly newspapers, or simply politically oriented farmers” (Fuller 1972:295). Indeed, storeowners who ran post offices from their premises used that fact as an added draw for business (Fuller 1972; cf. Hustis 1954). Regardless of their location, post offices often became gathering places where politics and other matters were discussed (Fuller 1972). The post office at Alden’s Corners probably ranked as a fourth or even fifth class office. Established on May 4, 1860, it continued in operation until May 7, 1879. Historic plat maps place the post office variously in the SW ¼ of Section 26 (the location of site 47DA758) (Ligowsky 1861; Harrison and Warner 1873) or in the SE ¼ of Section 27 (National Archives and Record Service 1980) (the location of the store). Margolis observed that Figure 3.5 Aldens Corners Post Office established (see arrow). Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Archives and Records Service 1974). As their compensation was based on sales receipts and, as at least into the early 1870s, postmasters “borrowed” critical supplies (stamps, stamped envelopes) against the salary, few of the men earned much in the post (Table 3.11). Still, meager as it was, when added to the earnings from other jobs or from farming it no doubt helped. In the early phase of research related to the site, it was hypothesized that each change of postmaster involved a relative newcomer to the area (Kolb and Hamilton 1996). This would have been an effective strategy for integrating newcomers into the community, given that postmasters often came to know their communities in a way few others could (Fuller 1972:295). In fact, sociological studies of small communities have shown that “one’s position in the occupational structure influences one’s opportunities for [social] interaction, both in terms of what groups one will have contact with and how frequent will be opportunity for contact in that group” (Young and Larson 1970:347). If the office was indeed being used in this way, then it suggests that new 37 arrivals exploited the low paying position as a means of entering the community. Moreover, postmasters may have also used the franking privilege to foster continued immigration. The act of relinquishing the post may have been voluntary, related to personal issues (i.e., a matter of convenience), economic issues (i.e., desire to purchase land or move elsewhere), and not been restricted to political factors. The fact that the postmasters were of German origin or descent is a dramatic indicator of the shift from Yankees to Germans as the dominant ethnic group in the Town of Roxbury. The position of postmaster was often greatly influenced by politics (Fuller 1972; Scheele 1970), but turnover among rural post offices in northwest Dane County was, in reality, highly variable (Table 3.12). The owners of stores with little competition, such as Bartolomaus Reuter in Roxbury and Peter J. Schlenk at River P.O., fared better than most, holding onto to the position for many years. Schlenk’s store was located on the Dane County side of the Wisconsin River Bridge at Sauk City and was, in 1877, one of only two functioning in Roxbury Township (Clark 1877:500). Postmaster Begin Date Compensation ($/yr)*^ Balance due US ($)*^ Report Year Charles Andreas May 4, 1860 7.41 8.70 Sept 1861 Charles Andreas “ 3.50 0.28 Sept 1863 M. Roth August 21, 1862 3.67 - “ Mathew Roth “ 9.58 7.58 Sept 1865 Anthony Moely November 25, 1864 6.50 7.08 “ Anton Moely “ 16.50 - Sept 1867 Joseph Chavet December 20, 1866 8.25 1.78 “ Edward Vorhaug June 7, 1867 8.25 4.06 “ Edward Vohang “ 15.00 77.56 Sept 1869 Salary ($/yr) - John Kuhn September 20, 1870 27.00 Sept 1871 John Brossmer February 21, 1873 12.00 Sept 1873 John Brossmer “ 6.73 Sept 1875 Carl Truehl December 23, 1874 4.52 “ S. Eckstein February 24, 1876 10.84 Sept 1878 Data from Register of Offices and Agents in the Service of the United States 1861-1879; data not reported in 1879 volume *”Auditor’s Report, showing the compensation of postmasters, and balances due the United States, inclusive of postage stamps, and stamped envelopes sold....” (U.S. Government 1861:30). This method of reporting data was changed for the Sept 1871 volume. ^Inflation adjustment: 1.00 (1861) 23.97 (2010); 1.00 (1863) 17.50 (2010); 1.00 (1865) 14.07 (2010); 1.00 (1867) 15.40 (2010); 1.00 (1869) 16.18 (2010); 1.00 (1871, 18730) 17.40 (2010); 1.00 (1875) 19.62 (2010); 1.00 (1878) 22.32 (2010) Table 3.11 Postmaster compensation, Alden’s Corners Post Office, 1861-1879. 38 Year Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Alden’s Corners Roxbury (Clifton) Roxbury (hamlet) Brereton River 1849 Ashton Westport H. Gillat 1850 1851 1852 J. F. Cutting 1853 “ S. Marsh 1854 D. R. Chase S. Tinker E. Hud….* “ T. Shillinglaw 1855 G. H. M….* “ O. Hendricks 1856 “ D. G. Bramley “ 1857 C. A. Waterbury “ “ 1858 “ “ “ 1859 H. C. Miller “ “ “ “ “ 1860 C. Andreas 1861 “ D. W. Smith “ “ 1862 M. Roth H. Schlicker “ “ 1863 “ “ “ “ 1864 A. Moely “ “ “ 1865 “ “ “ “ 1866 J. Chavet “ “ “ 1867 E. Vorhaug “ P. J. Schlenk G. Pickarts R. F. Hayes 1868 “ E. Huddart “ “ “ 1869 “ “ “ “ M. Roche 1870 J. Kuhn Z. Shaw “ “ “ 1871 “ “ “ “ “ 1872 “ J. M. Best Z. Shaw M. Kelly “ “ “ 1873 J. Brosemer “ L. Byrne “ “ E. Roach 1874 C. Truehl “ “ “ “ “ 1875 “ “ “ “ Mrs. C. Pickarts “ 1876 S. Eckstein A. J. Nutting W. H. Waffle “ “ Mrs. C. Dreeson Discontinued 1877 “ Discontinued J. Cook Discontinued “ “ 1878 “ Reestablished B. Reuter “ “ 1879 Discontinued “ “ “ 1880 “ “ “ 1881 “ “ “ 1882 “ Discontinued “ 1883 “ “ *Denotes illegible entry in original documents Table 3.12 Selected comparative data on rural postmaster tenure, Dane County, Wisconsin. Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Year Alden’s Corners Roxbury (Clifton) Roxbury (hamlet) 39 Brereton River Ashton 1884 “ “ 1885 “ “ 1886 “ “ 1887 “ “ 1888 “ “ 1889 “ “ 1890 “ “ 1891 “ J. B. Esser 1892 “ “ 1893 “ “ 1894 “ “ 1895 “ “ 1896 “ “ 1897 “ “ 1898 “ “ 1899 “ “ 1900 E. Reuter “ 1901 “ “ 1902 Discontinued “ 1903 Westport Discontinued Data derived from National Archives and Record Service 1974 and Moertl 1995 Table 3.12 (continued) Selected comparative data on rural postmaster tenure, Dane County, Wisconsin. Even before this time it was the only one for miles along the eastern shore of the Wisconsin River. Bartolomaus Reuter’s store was established near the Catholic Church in the as yet unnamed (at least officially) hamlet of Roxbury, long prior to his appointment as postmaster (Harrison and Warner 1873; Clark 1877). In 1878, after Roxbury P.O. (in Clifton) closed, he re-established it within his store, which resulted in the formal naming of the hamlet. In both cases, politics appears to have been a less important factor than economic considerations, that is, unless these men were exceedingly canny politicians. The Postmasters The first postmaster at Alden’s Corners was Charles (Carl) Andreas, who officially took office on May 4, 1860. Andreas was identified in the 1860 census as a “grocery keeper” (U.S. Census—Population 1860). At the time, he was 36 years old. Although many storekeepers did double duty as postmasters, Andreas sold the store to Carl Schuchartt for $100 in March 1860 (see Table 3.6), shortly before becoming postmaster. His real estate holdings were valued at $500 with another $100 listed as personal property (U.S. Census—Population 1860). In both instances, the numbers are well below the average for real estate value and personal property values in the Town of Roxbury (see Table 3.5). Presumably, his real estate would have consisted of the store and lot. Carl Andreas, along with his wife Louisa and brother Wilhelm (William), emigrated from Prussia and settled in the Town of Springfield around 1850. He farmed with his brother, at least until 1858, when he purchased the lot for the store at Alden’s Corners. It is unclear if he then moved with his family to Alden’s Corners; tax data suggest that the 40 store was not built until 1860. The interim from 1858 to 1860 may have been used to build capital to construct the store, if in fact, the store was not built prior to 1860. His household included his wife, Louisa (age 34), and their children Augusta (age 9), Badda (age 7), Emma (age 5), Charles (age 3), and Martha (age 2), all born in Wisconsin. Lutheran by faith, Carl and his brother were founding members of the St. John’s Evangelical Lutheran congregation (Scherbel 1920). The original log church and associated cemetery were located in Section 6 in the northwest corner of the Town of Springfield. A stone church was built later in Section 31, the far southwest corner of the Town of Dane, but was replaced by a wood frame church in Section 36, the southeastern most section of Roxbury Township (Matz 1997). Andreas served as postmaster until August 21, 1862, when he was succeeded by Mathias Roth. Andreas relocated with his family to Bear Valley in Sauk County, where he purchased a farm (U.S. Census—Population 1870b, 1880b). Exactly when this move occurred is uncertain; he continued to pay the taxes on the store through 1864 (see Table 3.7). Carl Andreas died on December 29, 1900, in Bear Valley from complications of old age (State of Wisconsin 1900). A few months prior to his appointment as postmaster, Mathias Roth, a Prussian immigrant, bought a sizeable portion of John Alden’s land in Sections 27 and 34 for $1000, including the lot on which site 47DA758 lay (see Table 3.1). There is no record of Roth in the area before this; his name does not appear in the U.S. Census for 1850 or 1860, or the Wisconsin State census for 1855 (U.S. Census—Population 1850b, 1860; State of Wisconsin 1855). On October 5, 1865, several years after settling in the area, Roth and his wife, Anne Marie, sold their property at Alden’s Corners to Carl Wilhelm Schoenburg for $1150 (see Table 3.1). In 1866, Roth was listed as a non-resident owner but Schoenburg paid the taxes (see Table 3.2). Schoenburg and his wife Wilhelmina, prominent, early residents of the town, farmed and lived nearby (Keyes 1906:786-787). In 1870, Roth and his wife, identified in the census as Catherine, and their daughter, Lena, lived in Sauk City. He gave his occupation as farmer (U.S. Census—Population 1870e); his assets totaled $500 in real estate and $200 in personal prop- Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners erty (U.S. Census—Population 1870d), both well below the average for Alden’s Corners in 1870 (see Table 3.10). The discrepancy in the name of Roth’s wife might indicate that his first wife died or that the couple divorced; it may also be nothing more than a transcription error. Appointed on November 25, 1864, Anthony Moely was the third postmaster at Alden’s Corners. Depending upon the document consulted, the surname is spelled four different ways: Moely, Mally, Maly, and Mayley. Postal records (e.g., National Archives and Record Service 1974) spell the name “Moely.” The U.S. Census for 1860, 1870, and 1880 does not list anyone with the name Anthony or Anton Moely in Wisconsin; however, the name Moely does appear, and the Maly family (rendered as Mayley in the 1860 federal census) lived a short distance east of Alden’s Corners. American Civil War draft records suggest that Maly is the correct spelling of the name, as in 1862, a man living in Roxbury Township named Anton Maly requested military dispensation due to “a distorted spine” (Dane County Clerk 1862). Possibly, Anton Maly was related to John Maly, who arrived in Roxbury Township in about 1854 or 1855 (Keyes 1906:602-603). Keyes (1906:602) reports that John Maly had six children, four of whom were still alive in 1906, though he named only John, Jr. and the Reverend Joseph Maly. The 1860 U.S. Census named only Simeon, a shoemaker, age 26, and John, Jr., then age 17 (U.S. Census—Population 1860). The 1870 U.S. Census listed an Anthony Maly (age 34), a Bohemian, making a living as a shoemaker—as had, perhaps not coincidentally, John Maly, Sr. and Simeon Maly—in Portage. In 1880, the same individual, now known as A.W. Maly, resided in Richland Center (U.S. Census—Population 1870c, 1880c). A brief death notice in 1892— he died after running to board a train—makes no mention of any prior residence or service as a postmaster in Dane County (Richland County Observer 1892). In spite of a lack of documentation regarding Maly, he did have an association with the store. Tax records for 1865 indicate that “Anton Mally” paid the taxes on it, while “Anton Maly” paid the taxes in 1866 (see Table 3.6). However, it remains unclear if he ran the store in those years, when the building was owned by Carl and Suzen Schuchartt. If so, he may have lived in the store. This raises Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners the question: Was the post office located in the store at this time? The Schuchartts bought the store from Carl Andreas in 1860 and they retained ownership until January 11, 1867, when they sold it to Gottlieb Roelke. Roelke made a quick turn around and sold the store to Edward A. Vorhaug on May 9, 1867 (see Table 3.6). However, as far as the available documentation goes, other than the two years for which Maly paid the taxes on the facility, there is no indication that he operated it. The one extant business directory for these two years has no listing for the store at all (Hawes 1865). Maly’s successor as postmaster was Joseph Chavet, who was appointed to the position on December 20, 1866. Chavet, a 32-year-old Prussian Catholic, was the son of Peter F. Chavet, who resided a few miles to the northwest in Roxbury Township (U.S. Census— Population 1860). His father immigrated to the United States in 1850 and owned a farm three miles west of Alden’s Corners, where he lived with his mother, Catherine (age 72) and a son, Peter S. Chavet (age 29), his son’s wife, Josephine (age 28), and their children Mary (age 5), Henry (age 4), Joseph (age 3), Mary A. (age 2), and Mathias (age 1). A laborer on the farm, Peter Smith, lived with the family, as well (U.S. Census—Population 1860). Peter F., who also listed personal property valued at $420, owned the farm, which was valued at $1200, both below the average for the Town of Roxbury in 1860 (see Table 3.5). After serving as postmaster at Alden’s Corners, Joseph Chavet moved across the Wisconsin River to Prairie du Sac, where he later made his living as a barber (U.S. Census—Population 1880b). Edward A. Vorhaug, a Prussian, became the postmaster at Alden’s Corners on June 7, 1867. The previous month he had bought the store and settled in as both merchant and postmaster. On January 31, 1870, Vorhaug submitted a document required by the U.S. Post Office Department that verified the location of the post office. In it, Vorhaug supplied the only firsthand, contemporary information on the post office (Appendix 3). Of most interest in the document is that he gave the post office location as the SE ¼ of Section 27. This was no slip of the pen, as on the attached map, he carefully placed a large X in the SE ¼ of that section, an X that also marked the location of his store (National Archives and Record Service 1980). During his tenure 41 as postmaster, the building associated with 47DA758 either then sat empty or was used as a residence by the Vorhaug family or possibly even by others. Incidentally, Vorhaug reported that the Alden’s Corners post office was located on route number 13142, intermediate on the Sauk Road between Dane P.O. (located in Springfield Corners) and Sauk City (National Archives and Record Service 1980). During his proprietorship, the store was also the local office for the American Express Company (Brown 1869; Edwards & Company 1868). Vorhaug was 36 years old in 1870. He resided in Alden’s Corners with his wife Barbara (age 29) and their three children, Ida (age 3), Cora (age 1), and Melvina (age 4 months). His real estate was valued at $2000 and his personal property at $1000 (U.S. Census— Population 1870a; cf. Table 8)—sufficient for the family to hire a domestic servant, Julia Veite. Like Roth, Vorhaug seemingly appeared out of nowhere, for he was not listed in the 1860 federal census (the 1865 state census was destroyed by fire) (U.S. Census—Population 1860). His occupation is given in the state copy of the 1870 Census as “merchant (ret);” the federal copy records his occupation as simply, “Merchant,” followed by a notation that appears to read, “& Dealer in Mafg [manufacturing?] Implements” (U.S. Census— Population 1870b). Presumably, “ret” is an abbreviation for “retail.” The Wisconsin Business Directory for 1871 contained a reference to a general store in Alden’s Corners named G. Herring & Company (Platt 1871:199, 1873:50). The directory defined a general store as a store “[w]here a general assortment of merchandise is to be found, such as Boots and Shoes, Dry Goods, Groceries, Drugs, Hardware, Crockery, Stoves, etc” (Platt 1871:199). Probably a portion of the store was used as a tavern, as well, though there is no specific mention of this in the documentary record. The name G. Herring presents another mystery; it is nowhere else found in association with Alden’s Corners. Butterfield (1880a:926), though, reported that one Gustave Herring donated land in Section 17 in the adjoining township of Berry for a German Lutheran cemetery and also made “the principle contribution [of $600] toward paying for the [church] building.” Likewise, Civil War draft records place a man named Gustav Hering in the Town of Berry (Dane County Clerk 1862; cf. Harrison and Warner 1873). The 42 Wisconsin Census for 1875 records the name of one Gustav Herring residing in the Town of Cross Plains (State of Wisconsin 1875) and in 1880 this same man appears in the federal agricultural census (but not the population census), where he is listed as a farmer (U.S. Census—Agriculture 1880a). Herring was a typical farmer for the era, relying on a mix of livestock and crops such as corn, oats, and wheat for his livelihood. There seems no way of knowing if these individuals are the same as the G. Herring of G. Herring & Company. The scrawled notation “& Dealer in Mafg [manufacturing?] Implements”in the federal census, assuming it is correctly interpreted here, is also inexplicable. A contemporaneous business directory makes no mention of manufacturing implement dealers or even farming implements for sale in Alden’s Corners or, for that matter, in all of Roxbury Township (e.g., Platt 1871, 1873). Vorhaug, however, may have been a local agent for dealers in various types of small machinery, most likely for farm use, for another dealer based in Madison, Sauk City, or Milwaukee. In any case, on November 28, 1873, Vorhaug sold the store to John Y. Horn of the Town of Lyons, Wayne County, New York for $100. The timing of the sale may relate to the disastrous Panic of 1873, which has been characterized “as the worst depression that the country had yet experienced” (Current 1976:452). The Vorhaugs apparently left the area; the name does not appear in the 1880 U.S. or Canadian censuses (i.e., Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 2001), but U.S. tax assessment lists put E.A. Vorhaug as resident in New Mexico in 1884 (ancestry.com 2011). The post office may have shifted from the store back to the 47DA758 site location following the completion of Vorhaug’s tenure as postmaster. John Kuhn became the postmaster on September 20, 1870; he also paid the taxes in 1872 on the post office lot (see Table 3.2), which was though still owned by Wilhelm Schoenburg. Some confusion adheres to the identity of John Kuhn, as the 1870 U.S. Census lists two John Kuhn’s living in Dane County. One, though, resided in Mazomanie and had a shoemaking business, while the other farmed in the Town of Springfield (U.S. Census—Population 1870a). Both men appear at those locations in the 1860 and 1880 censuses. Both men also had sons named John, though the younger John Kuhn in Mazomanie Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners was only 9 in 1870. John C. Kuhn, the son of John Kuhn of the Town of Springfield, however, was 20 years old in 1870 and, although young compared to the other postmasters, is a possible candidate for the postmaster position. For that matter, his father, who was 59 years old in 1870, could have been the postmaster. Although the Alden’s Corners postmaster could have been a different individual altogether—there were no fewer than 10 men named John Kuhn in the 1880 census for Wisconsin—proximity alone might argue for either the elder or younger John Kuhn of the Town of Springfield acting as the Alden’s Corners postmaster. The elder Kuhn was born in Prussia and with his wife Christina and children John C., Henry, and Agnes, immigrated to the United States sometime prior to1860, settling in the Town of Springfield. His farm in 1870 was valued at $9600 dollars and his personal estate at another $3000 (U.S. Census—Population 1870a); the 1873 plat map of the Town of Springfield suggests landholdings in excess of 320 acres (Harrison and Warner 1873). He was, in other words, a man of some wealth and for this reason, it seems unlikely that he would have relocated to Alden’s Corners, especially to take a position that offered little remuneration. By 1880, the younger John Kuhn had married and with his wife Margretha (age 26) and their children Peter (age 4), Charles (age 3), and Mary (age 1), farmed near his father (U.S. Census—Population 1880a). His assets included 65 acres of tilled ground and 15 acres of wood lot, all valued at $2000, plus an additional $200 in farm machinery and $425 in livestock (U.S. Census—Agriculture 1880a). On February 21, 1873 the position of postmaster at Alden’s Corners passed to Johan (John) Brosemer, a long time resident in the area (Butterfield 1880a:1274). With his parents John and Mary Ann Brosemer, he had immigrated to the United States from Baden in 1840, settling down first in Lewis County and then Oneida County, New York. The younger Brosemer moved to Indiana in 1847, then to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he resided for 2 ½ years. In 1850, he moved to Milwaukee and the following year purchased land in the Town of Roxbury, and settled down to farm in the SE ¼ of the SW ¼ of Section 26 with his family. At the time, Johan and his wife Frederika had several children: Lena (Caroline), age 11, Mary (age 8), Louisa (age Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners 5), twins Bertha and Martha (age 2), and Emma (age 9 months). In 1860, Brosemer’s farm had 65 acres of improved land with another 55 acres unimproved and was valued at $2500. Additionally, he owned $140 in machinery and farming implements. Livestock consisted of three horses, three milk cows, two working oxen, six other cattle, and eight swine, collectively valued at $655. Crops harvested in 1859 consisted of 500 bushels of wheat, 200 bushels of Indian corn, 200 bushels of oats, and 240 bushels of Irish potatoes. Other farm products included 170 pounds of butter—the bulk of which was likely to have been sold—and 20 tons of hay. Slaughtered animals were valued at $80 (U.S. Census— Agricultural 1860). The 1860 U.S. Census lists the value of Brosemer’s real estate at $3000 and personal property at $895 (U.S. Census—Population 1860), well above the 1860 mean for the Town of Roxbury. By 1870, Brosemer had expanded his holdings, which now totaled 200 acres, 130 acres of which were improved. The value of the farm had increased to $5000, making him one of the wealthier farmers in the area (see Table 3.10). Other assets included $550 worth of agriculture implements and $950 in livestock—four horses, five milk cows, 11 head of cattle (exclusive of milk cows), 24 sheep, and 15 swine. In the year preceding the census, the farm had produced 1200 bushels of spring wheat, 500 bushels of corn, 500 bushels of oats, 120 bushels of barley, and 200 bushels of potatoes. He had also put up 15 tons of hay. From his sheep, he had collected 100 pounds of wool (U.S. Census—Agriculture 1870a). By 1880, the value of his farm was around $9000 (Butterfield 1880a:1274). While he had not added any new acreage, his equipment and livestock were now assessed at $700 each. Census data indicate that crops had yielded 1000 bushels of wheat, the same as in 1870, while corn had yielded 550 bushels, oats 400 bushels, and potatoes 20 bushels. If crop yields had held steady or declined, numbers of livestock generally increased. He now claimed seven horses, seven milk cows, which produced an astonishing 650 pounds of butter, as well as 40 sheep and 27 swine. Sheep yielded 225 pounds of wool. Only one steer was counted, but the census did take note of 60 chickens, which had produced an estimated 480 eggs (U.S. Census—Agriculture 1880a). 43 Brosemer’s success as a farmer was mirrored by success in the community at large. As early as 1854, Brosemer was active in county politics, when he was a Democrat (The Daily Democrat 1854). Like many German Protestants in the middle decades of the nineteenth century, his party allegiance gradually shifted toward the Republican Party (Fowler 2010). In his history of Dane County, Butterfield (1880a:1274) declared Brosemer to be a “Republican in politics,” adding that he was Chairman of the Town Board in 1871 and in 1875 received “the unanimous vote of the town for Supervisor.” He was also nominated as an Assembly candidate in 1871 by his fellow Dane County Republicans (The Wisconsin State Journal 1871), though he did not win the seat. Butterfield (1880a:926) notes as well that Brosemer was also instrumental in organizing the [Town of] Berry Mutual Fire Insurance Company in 1876 and served on its Board of Directors. He was also its treasurer and an assessor for the company. By the time he became postmaster, Brosemer thus had a long history of involvement in public service in his community. Late in life, the Brosemers moved to Madison and then later still to Fairmont, Minnesota, where they lived with daughter Bertha (The Generations Network Inc. 2006a). The Brosemers lived less than a quarter miles from the crossroads at Alden’s Corners. As an indicator of his prosperity during his tenure as postmaster, Brosemer contracted with Caspar Steuber, a stone mason from the Honey Creek Swiss settlement in Sauk County, to build a new house. Constructed in 1874 in the “block-and-stack” style innovated by Steuber and his associates, Peter Kindschi and John Peter Felix (Eiseley n.d.; Perrin 1981:11). Possibly, the Brosemer’s relocated to the post office building during his tenure, as the new house was built; indeed, it may have been an incentive to accept the position. Just as likely, though, is that the family lived in the original homestead on the farm as the new house was built. Succeeding Brosemer as postmaster was another long time resident of the Town of Roxbury, Charles (Carl) Truehl. Truehl hailed from Mecklenburg and immigrated to America in 1847. He resided briefly in New York State before proceeding westward to Milwaukee. In 1848, he served as a soldier in Captain Perry’s 15th Regiment in the Mexican War (Butter- 44 field 1880a:1277; Meinholz 1993:33). Following this, he returned to Wisconsin and settled down in Roxbury Township. By 1860, Truehl, then 42 years old, his wife Mary and their children Mina (age 7) and Robert (age 3) (U.S. Census—Population 1860) had a well-established farm located about one and a half miles east of Alden’s Corners on Springfield Hill. The farm was comprised of 50 improved acres and 109 unimproved acres, and was valued at $1600. Implements and machinery were valued at $65. Livestock, including three horses, one milk cow, and four pigs, were valued at $230. Truehl harvested 170 bushels of wheat, 14 bushels of rye, 110 bushels of Indian corn, 205 bushels of oats, and 35 bushels of Irish potatoes in 1859; cream from his one milk cow was sufficient to yield 50 pounds of butter. Slaughtered animals were valued at $30 (U.S. Census—Agriculture 1860). The census placed the real estate at $1500 and his personal property at $385 (U.S. Census—Population 1860). In 1870, the farm was valued at $1920 and personal property at $1000, somewhat below the average for the area (see Table 3.10). Carl Truehl’s brother, Theodore, age 59, along with his wife, Augusta (age 30), and their son, Herman (age 8) worked on the farm (U.S. Census—Population 1870a). In 1880, according to census data, the farm contained 90 acres tilled, 8 acres in permanent pasture, 20 acres in woods, and 10 acres unimproved, valued at $2500 with $150 in farming equipment and another $350 in livestock. Truehl was able to hire labor for 18 weeks at a total cost of $150. In 1879, the farm yielded $550 in various products. Crops included 20 acres of wheat, 9 acres of barley, 9 acres of Indian corn, 8 acres of oats, and 6 acres of rye (U.S. Census—Agriculture 1880a). In short, Truehl was a reasonably prosperous farmer. He died on December 4, 1886, and was interred on his farm in a small cemetery known variously as the Springfield Hill or Truehl Cemetery (BDA0130) (Meinholz 1993). Carl Truehl was appointed postmaster on November 23, 1874, some months after buying the Alden’s Corners store in April 1874. He continued as owner of the store until his death in 1886, when the building then passed to his widow, Mary, who sold it in 1892 (see Table 3.6). The store closed by 1877, though exactly when remains unknown (Clark 1877). Once again, it is not known if Truehl actually ran the store or, in the event that he did, whether Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners or not the post office operated in conjunction with it. According to Schwarz (1998), the Truehl’s operated a tavern in Alden’s Corners for some years. The final postmaster at Alden’s Corners was Simon Eckstein. Eckstein was appointed on February 24, 1876. From Bavaria, Eckstein appears to have followed his brother Paul to Roxbury Township—the best example of chain migration among the names associated with Alden’s Corners—arriving sometime prior to 1875 (State of Wisconsin 1875). Following his tenure as postmaster, Eckstein and his family remained in the town. He became a prominent member of the St. Norbert’s Congregation (St. Norbert Congregation 1971). In 1880, he was 40 years old and apparently lived on his brother’s farm in Roxbury Township with his wife Maria C. (age 34) and their three sons: Nicolas (age 8 years), Franzikus (age 4 years) and Fredrich M. (age 9 months). There was no entry in the census for real estate or personal property under his name (U.S. Census—Population 1880a). Simon Eckstein’s brother, Paul (age 45), farmed 200 acres in Section 26 with his wife Veronika (age 39) and their children Ann (13), Peter (11), Andrew (9), Catherine (8), Theresa (6), Mary (3) and baby Veronika (10 months). His holdings totaled 60 acres of tilled ground, 2 acres in permanent meadow, pasture, orchard or vineyards, 100 acres of woodland, and 40 acres unimproved, all valued at $2500 (U.S. Census—Agriculture 1880a). Apparently Simon helped with the farm, both before and after his tenure as postmaster. Simon Eckstein died on February 17, 1895, and was interred in St. Norbert’s Catholic Cemetery in the hamlet of Roxbury. The post office was officially discontinued on May 7, 1879, almost nineteen years to the day after it had been established. After its closure, goods to be shipped to the Alden’s Corners were directed to Dane Station or Mazomanie (Hogg 1879:53-60). That the post office at Alden’s Corners was employed as a strategy to integrate new immigrants, predominately of German origin or descent, into the community, finds limited support. Andreas, Chavet, Brosemer, Truehl and probably Kuhn (either the elder or younger) were residents of the area well before being appointed postmaster. Maly may also have lived in the area for a time. Although Simon Eckstein was, at the time he became postmaster, relatively new to the Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners area, he also had family ties in the area. In the case of Roth and Vorhaug, these men too seem to have appeared rather suddenly in the community. Both men entered the community with a measure of financial wherewithal sufficient to purchase land and, in the latter instance, a functioning business. Presumably, both became sufficiently well known to be appointed to the office. Many, if not most of the men who became postmasters probably used the office to advance themselves, to the extant possible anyway; this was, in fact, why many sought the post in the first place (Fuller 1972). On the other hand, not all seem to have profited from their tenure. In the case of Andreas, he moved to Sauk County and resumed farming, though on his own farm, and not that of his brother. John Kuhn also purchased his own farm following his tenure. Mathias Roth left to take up farming, but seems to have died a laborer. Brosemer, Truehl, Eckstein continued farming. Following their service, Chavet became a barber, and Vorhaug left the area. The Decline of Alden’s Corners During the period from 1860 to 1880, the character of the town was changing. The first generation of settlers, mostly Yankees, was being gradually replaced in a demographic turnover occurring in the town as German immigrants colonized and settled down. This trend is reflected in the fact that all of the postmasters of an ostensibly Yankee community were German born or of German descent. By the early 1860s, the Aldens began to sell off their holdings; a lot to Carl Andreas—but this was business and would have furthered the growth of the community—and then more land, including the post office lot, to Mathias Roth. The close of the American Civil War found the Aldens headed west. Abisha Alden passed away at his home in Alden’s Corners on May 13, 1863; he was 47 years old. His brother John was appointed by the courts as executor of the estate (Wisconsin Weekly Patriot 1863). As for John, by mid decade he, Jane and their daughter moved to Cerro Gordo County, Iowa. John Alden resumed farming; his daughter Jane, who was born in Wisconsin and, now in her early 20s, taught 45 school. Following his death in 1876, John’s widow Jane kept house for a Danish farmer, Ole Martinson (U.S. Census—Population 1880d). John Alden’s brother, Jacob, also moved to Iowa and settled near his brother. While living at Alden’s Corners, Jacob had married Wilhelmina S. Dettuff on January 1, 1861 (State of Wisconsin 1860), and in 1870, their children included Mary (age 8) and Otis (age 6), both born in Wisconsin, and Angelica (age 4), born in Iowa (U.S. Census—Population 1870f). Jason and Charlotte Alden, who took over Abisha’s holdings after his death (see Table 3.3), may have gone west to Iowa, too. A woman named Charlotte Alden, who lived in Tama County, Iowa, was in 1880 listed as a widow (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 2001), but it is not certain if she was the same person. Jason Alden did not appear in the 1860 census, and his relationship to John, Abisha, and Jacob is unclear. When Jason and Charlotte sold the lot to John in 1865, he immediately sold the parcel to Marcus Warren, who held onto it for several years; John Brosemer bought it in 1871. The residence that stood there was apparently torn down or moved around this time, quite likely by Brosemer after he acquired the land. The dwelling does not appear on subsequent plat maps (i.e., Harrison and Warner 1873). The location is now that of the Ganser site (47DA759) (see Figures 3.1 and 3.2). Despite the loss of its founders, Alden’s Corners survived and even thrived, at least to a degree. Kolb’s (1921) sociological work in the second decade of the twentieth century attests to the historical reality of an Alden’s Corners community, although it had diminished in size by that time. As for what accounts for the decline of the community, the simplest answer is the process of competition (as per Hudson’s [1969] model). Of the proximate causes, there can be no doubt that the discontinuance of the post office was a major factor. Fuller (1972:77) remarked that with the advent of rural free mail delivery beginning in the 1890s “many a little community, having lost its identity when it lost its post office, disappeared from the face of the land.” Margolis (1980) investigated the threat of the loss of a post office (from postal consolidation and postal reform) in rural communities and found that threat was, even in the 1970s, a source of anxiety to residents of small communities all across the country. There is, however, evidence that suggests the closure of the Alden’s Corners post office fol- 46 lowed a period of decline. By the time the Alden’s Corners post office closed in 1879, it may have been the hamlet’s sole functioning business. Ownership of the store, and to the extant that ownership mirrors operation, presents a number of uncertainties. Apparently founded by Carl Andreas, the store was then sold to Carl Schuchartt, one of the early settlers in the town (Clark 1877:503-504; Butterfield 1880a:1276). He owned a farm one and a half miles west of Alden’s Corners; the farm, incidentally, also was the site of two stone quarries (Harrison and Warner 1873). The Schuchartt’s owned the store until 1867, though Andreas paid the taxes through 1864, possibly indicating that he continued to run it. Anthony Maly paid the taxes for two subsequent years; the same years in which he was also the postmaster. Although he may well have run the store and, for that matter the post office out of it, the evidence for this arrangement is equivocal at best. Gottlieb Roelke, a local farmer of Prussian origin to whom the Schuchartt’s sold the store in 1867, quickly sold the store to Edward Vorhaug, who used it as a base of operations for the post office (National Archives and Records Service 1980). Vorhaug owned the property until 1873, when it was purchased by John Horn, who was identified in the 1870 federal census for New York state as a “clerk in hard ware [store]” (U.S. Census—Population 1870g). Circumstantial evidence suggests that Horn was Vorhaug’s brother-in-law, which could be a factor in the low sale value of the building and lot. Horn had an older sister named Barbara and her age matches that of Vorhaug’s wife, who was also born in New York State (Generations Network Inc 2006b). The Horns continued to live in upstate New York (The Oswego Palladium-Times 1932). Within a matter of months, Horn and his wife sold the store to Carl Truehl. Between 1874 and 1877, the store failed. The severe depression that began in September 1873 as a result of the costs of fighting the American Civil War may ultimately be to blame, in which case it is possible that the store closed as early as late 1873 or early 1874. The loss of core businesses, especially the post office, would have increased the sense of social isolation among community members from one another. Young and Larson’s (1970:347) study of a rural community in upstate New York revealed several findings Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners pertinent to the fate of Alden’s Corners. “[I]n … areas were the decline of rural institutions has not been accompanied by the growth of a strong centralized community system, problems are intensified” (Young and Larson 1970:351). For Alden’s Corners, as its institutions failed, no countering “centralized community system” emerged, though there was still the school, which often constituted an important social center for rural communities (Galpin 1914; Kolb and Brunner 1952) and possibly a tavern (Schwarz 1998). Information on the tavern is very sketchy, but it probably closed when Mary Truehl sold the building in 1892. Taverns are obviously important places for social interaction and the rural tavern remains a venerable Wisconsin tradition. However, Kolb (1959:60), based on fieldwork in many parts of Wisconsin, concluded that “[t]he role of taverns in neighborhood continuity defies strict classification.” He adds: “They…have enjoyed or suffered from a wide range of reputation and respectability, depending upon the point of view and the traditions of their localities” (Kolb 1959:60; see also Kolb and Brunner 1952:384). For the early Yankee populations, taverns were problematic, but for their Teutonic successors, taverns were likely to have been less so. In any event, it was the school, though, that lasted the longest of any of Alden’s Corners institutions. Of course, many children in rural areas did not attend school or attended it irregularly (Superintendent of Schools 1865, 1875), and the same is probably true for Alden’s Corners. Attendance depended upon the demands of farm work and whether or not families thought an education worthwhile. Nonetheless, the public school was a key factor in the persistence of community identity into the twentieth century (Kolb 1921, 1959), although without other services such as a post office and store, residents of necessity turned elsewhere. A community is comprised of groups of people living in relative proximity to one another, interacting with one another, usually with shared codes of conduct, rituals, and symbolism (Young and Larson 1970; cf. Wilkinson 1999 [1991]). The rural nature of the Alden’s Corners community—reflected in distance between neighbors—worked to some degree against cohesion. As most of the citizens of Alden’s Corners were farmers, they were, out of necessity, physically spread Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners apart from one another, separated by farm fields, pastures, and wood lots. For many, the store, post office, and school offered opportunities to socialize with more distant neighbors and to catch up on community gossip. Those who lived closer to the crossroads interacted with a greater number of community members and thus likely identified most strongly with it. The greater the distance a person lived from the community center, in this instance the post office and store, the less often they traveled to it, proscribing interaction to a relatively small number of people (Young and Larson 1970). As local institutions of Alden’s Corners failed, or those of other communities, for example, the hamlet of Roxbury, with its church, store, and in 1878, post office, outcompeted with those of Alden’s Corners, community self-identification declined. Another major factor effecting community identification was population turnover. While there were a few families resident in the area of Alden’s Corners who stayed on for many years, many of the earliest Yankee settlers left. Each year, immigration brought new settlers. The longer a person remains resident within a given community, the greater the number of opportunities for interactions with others and, hence, the more likely the person is to identify with that community (Young and Larson 1970:345-346). Thus, population shift and relatively short time that many lived in the area weakened any sense of community. Newer families simply may not have identified in any way with Alden’s Corners. Young and Larson’s study did not take into account factors such as ethnicity, religious differences, and politics. The community they studied was white, Protestant, and “without ethnic enclaves” (Young and Larson 1970:338). The 1870 census data demonstrate that Alden’s Corners and the Town of Roxbury was becoming increasingly Teutonic in ethnicity; however, some Yankee, Irish, and Canadian families persisted. Disparities in economic status are also apparent. Although not directly measured in the census, religion and politics also differed between and within ethnic groups. Historians (e.g., Atack et al. 2000b; Gray 1996; Nesbit 1985; Schafer 1922-23) ascribe a variety of reasons for why the Yankee settlers left, such as the failure of wheat agriculture, increased taxes, the pull of cheap land in the Great Plains after the Civil War, 47 and nativistic sentiment. Nativism refers to the desire “of the people long resident in [an area] to maintain their institutions and customs in their purity and to retain political ascendancy so as to prevent the encroachment and infiltration of alien customs and principles” (Deutsch 1931:263). Within the Town of Roxbury, the original Yankee or Anglo-American Protestant populations began to find themselves surrounded by Germanspeaking people with different social, cultural, linguistic, and religious heritage. Ethnic differences were often sharply reflected politically. Deutsch (1931:411) observed for instance that political clashes between the two groups—the dominant Anglo-Americans and German immigrants—were “more pronounced than … between those of the other nationalities.” Key among the issues dividing them was the “sumptuary laws as regards keeping the Sabbath and the sale and consumption of spirituous liquors” (Deutsch 1931:265; see also Fowler 2008:15). Those of German origin had little patience with the sumptuary laws. Kolb relates an anecdote told to him by an old settler, Mr. Seston, in the Town of Berry: In telling the story of Halfway Prairie, Mr. Seston, whose memory goes back to the time when Marxville marked the boundary line between the British Temperance Emigration Association settlers on the east and the German group moving on toward the west, said that they had different ideas about a number of things, but for the sake of the whole community and for the sake of township government which they were trying to perfect, real unity was secured and a group solidarity resulted. This integration process, however, finally passed over into a disintegrating one since Mr. Seston suggested that when the Germans insisted upon opening a saloon at the “Corners” [presumably Meyer’s Corner’s, later Marxville]— although repeatedly warned in a friendly way and later having several consignments of liquor confiscated at night time—they (The English Temperance Association) decided it was time to form a neighborhood of their own (Kolb 1921:34). 48 Despite local efforts to “get along,” as related by Kolb’s elderly informant, politics in Wisconsin during the 1870s were especially volatile with votes often split between the Germans and Anglo-Americans, and between German Protestants and German Catholics (Current 1976:580-594). This latter turn of events is hardly surprising as the dominant ethnie, the Anglo-American Protestants, welcomed the German Protestants, but generally not those of Catholic faith (Kaufman 1999). In light of this, there was an advantage to be gained in nominal allegiance to the ideals of the dominant ethnie, which happened to be Anglo-American. Alden’s Corners appears, initially, to have been heavily Protestant. Gray’s (1996:12) study of Yankee migration suggests that many of them tended to be Protestant, often Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Baptists. There was no church in Alden’s Corners, although there was an evangelical Lutheran church located within a couple of miles. This church was founded not by Yankees, but by immigrant Germans (Scherbel 1920). The register of families and deaths for this church, St. John’s Evangelical Lutheran Church, lists many names of people who lived in proximity to the Alden’s Corners, indicating a substantial, though still minority, resident Lutheran population (Matz 1997). Kolb (1921) found a community still centered in the southeast corner of Roxbury Township, which he named “Lutheran Hill.” Assuming a measure of time depth, some in this group would likely have conducted business in Alden’s Corners. Indeed, Carl Andreas, the first postmaster, was Lutheran and was one of the principle founders of St. John’s Church. Several other persons associated with Alden’s Corners, for example, Wilhelm Schoenburg, who bought the post office from Mathias Roth and who eventually owned much of the land around Alden’s Corners, was Lutheran. So, too, were Carl Schuchartt and Gottlieb Roelke, both one-time owners of the store. These families do not seem to have resided in proximity to St. John’s, however, and may have attended church elsewhere (such as in Meyer’s Corners). Frederika Vorhaug, a domestic servant in the Schoenburg household, was Lutheran. Postmaster Joseph Chavet, however, was Catholic, as was the last postmaster, Simon Eckstein. So, too, were a number of families living within the Alden’s Corners service area, Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners including the Feilings, Gansers, Lenerzs, Roelkes, Ballwegs, and Breunigs. Brosemer was probably Protestant. A high percentage of the German immigrants who settled in the town were Catholic, drawn by the presence of the charismatic Father Inama, as well as the promise of relatively inexpensive land (Clark 1877; Abing et al. 1994a). Clustering of GermanCatholics around a charismatic leader such as Fr. Inama was a common phenomenon in the Midwest (Conzen 1980:7; 1990). In 1860, Clark (1877:502-503) reported sixty to seventy Catholic families in Roxbury Township; by 1877, that number had risen to “over one hundred families.” Just as newly arrived German settlers eventually outnumbered the Yankee settlers, German Catholics swamped the German Lutheran population. Father Inama himself may well have been “respected and honored by men of all classes and religions, and of no religion” (Clark 1877:503); however, his remark concerning the “inestimable advantage that the people live near together and are not mixed with those of other religions and languages” suggests that the historic tension between the Catholics, Lutherans, and other faiths, in addition to the small number of Freethinkers and other humanists, had an influence on the community. GermanAmerican life was “often segregated internally by religious biases,” writes Zeitlin (2000:19), “[a]nti-Catholicism was a standard feature of Lutheran and non-Lutheran Protestant life generally; anti-Protestantism was common among Catholics of all ethnic backgrounds … German Catholics and German Lutherans rarely found occasion to agree.” The growth of Catholicism in the town was most visibly reflected in the construction of a new basilica in the hamlet of Roxbury in 1877 (Clark 1877; Abing et al. 1994a) (Figure 3.6). The new building, made of native limestone, was much larger than the previous churches. St. Norbert’s was the spiritual center of the town, at least for the growing German Catholic community. Although not completed until 1896, when the tower was added, most of the church was constructed by the close of 1877 (Ruff and Will 2000). With good reason, Ruff and Will (2000:82) refer to the church as the “mother church” for Catholics in the surrounding counties and parishes. Phrased another way, the new church offered what Trewartha (1943:63) termed “centralizing power” and Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Photo courtesy of Pat Pulvermacher, Roxbury 49 Figure 3.6 St. Norbert’s Catholic Church, late nineteenth-early twentieth century. what Young and Larson (1970) referred to as a “centralizing community system” within the area. “The rural church is an elemental force of real economic and social power,” observed Galpin (1917:13), “producing rural groups, large and small, all over America [emphasis added].” Alden’s Corners lay near a boundary between the growing Catholic population and an older, established Lutheran congregation centered on Springfield Hill (Kolb and Bornman 1924:Figures 12-13). As such, the growth of Catholic institutions to the north of the Alden’s Corners community “pulled” those of Catholic faith toward that center (see Kolb 1921). The Brereton neighborhood, or at least its church, suffered the same fate. Initially Lutheran, with the influx of Roman Catholics into the area, the residents split between the Lutheran church on Springfield Hill and the Catholic Church in Martinsville (Kolb and Bornman 1924:44-45). Although perhaps not always sufficient to lead to the dissolution of a community, religion certainly could be a potent force in re-shaping them. The hamlet of Roxbury, although not yet so named, pre-dated Alden’s Corners and was always a competitor within the framework of Hudson’s (1969) model. A knot of buildings, including a store, school, and church, was depicted on historic plat maps (Ligowsky 1861; Harrison and Warner 1873) at the location of the present day hamlet of Roxbury. As it had no post office, it was unnamed on contemporary maps; however, some (e.g., Cassidy 1968; Moertl 1995) have suggested that the hamlet had a post office as early as 1852, but while there was a Roxbury P.O. from 1852 until 1877 it was located in the hamlet of Clifton (Snyder, Van Vechten & Company 1878). Clifton, which consisted of 10 to 15 buildings, a few shops, and the Kehl winery, was situated near the bridge across the Wisconsin River from Prairie du Sac (Durrie n.d.). Thus, the post office, established in 1852 and closed on August 9, 1877, was not located within the hamlet of Roxbury. The name Clifton was used by the 1870 federal census in its enumeration of the town’s residents. About a year after its closure on June 17, 1878, Bartolomaus Reuter applied to the U.S. 50 Post Office in Washington for a post office under the name “Roxbury” (National Archives and Records Service 1980). Reuter was the owner of a store in Section 21, not far from St. Norbert’s; the post office, once authorized, operated from within the store. Later, it was moved across the road into Section 16 (Moertl 1995). Reuter may not have exaggerated when he proclaimed that his office would provide service to “at least eight hundred” people. Assuming an average family size of 6 persons, 800 people translate into roughly 130 families within the hamlet’s service area. Even if Reuter was overstating things, by the following summer, when the post office at Alden’s Corners closed, his estimate was probably quite accurate, even if perhaps on the low side. On the map accompanying his application, Reuter notes that Roxbury P.O. would be located on Route 25135 between Alden’s Corners and River P.O. Further, he indicated that the Sauk Road, which had previously bypassed the hamlet of Roxbury by about a mile, now ran directly through it. The “new road” as Reuter described it, diverged from the old highway “about one mile w[est] of Alden’s C[orners],” running along the east side of Section 28 and then diagonally across Section 21. The new road intersected the section line road at Reuter’s store and then reconnected with the old route “about one mile east of River” (National Archives and Record Service 1980). Gregory (1932:1042) concurs: “Tourists over the Madison-Sauk City highway frequently are struck with a pleasant surprise on coming upon the large, beautiful, and sightly Catholic Church at Roxbury.” The present highway bypasses Roxbury, which is attained by county highway KP and Y, the approximate route indicated by Reuter and Gregory. The establishment of the post office and apparent re-routing of the Sauk Road occurred, not surprisingly, about the time that the new St. Norbert’s basilica was completed. According to the Wisconsin State Gazetteer and Business Directory of 1879, the immediate hamlet of Roxbury had a population of 50 persons, and had a blacksmith and wagonmaker. William H. Waffle was listed as “apiary & postmaster” (Hogg 1879:452). The hamlet of Roxbury, with its prominent Catholic Church, store, post office and public school, was a potent competitor for Alden’s Corners, which by 1878, had only a public school. But while it may have been the most Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners significant competitor, the hamlet of Roxbury was not the only one. For a time, from March 7, 1872 until July 6, 1877, Brereton P.O., which was located a little over 2 ½ miles east of Alden’s Corners, probably drew some postal business—there are no indications of stores or other businesses—away from the eastern portion of Alden’s Corners. A public school there presumably also meant that children in the area did not have to travel to Alden’s Corners. Another competitor was Meyer’s Corners or Berry P.O. to the south. Beginning as early as 1851, with the establishment of a post office, a hamlet began to form at the intersection of Sections 3, 4, 9, and 10 in the Town of Berry; not coincidentally, the Sauk Road also traversed it, until it was shifted east. In 1859, the Hagaman brothers opened a blacksmith shop at the crossroads while at about the same time, Hartwig Meyer built a store—the first in the Town of Berry—and a tavern (Butterfield 1880a: 925; Kerl and Crowther 1877:275). By 1877, the hamlet of Meyer’s Corners had two saloons, one kept by August Rieward, and the other by Herman Schneyer. August and John Hagaman, who had previously established the blacksmith shop, now separately owned and operated shops, while Jacob Back ran a wagon shop; Carl Schuman, a shoe shop; and Christopher Luetzow, a tailor shop (Kerl and Crowther 1877:275). There were schools located to the east and west about a mile in either direction, and there was also a Lutheran church. A post office known as Berry P.O. operated in the community from 1851 until 1863 (Hale 1988). By the mid-1870s, there are hints that Meyer’s Corners (renamed Marxville in 1886 when a post office was re-established there [Moertl 1995:78]), perhaps previously eclipsed by Alden’s Corners, had begun to out-compete it. Gustave Herring, whose name was associated with the Alden’s Corners store, appears to have lived in the Town of Berry, though not necessarily in or near Meyer’s Corners. Perhaps of greater importance, is that in 1876, John Brosemer and others created the Berry Mutual Fire Insurance Company; the founding meeting of this organization was held on January 29, 1876 at Schneyer’s tavern in Meyer’s Corners (Butterfield 1880a:926). The Lutheran church there also may have been important to some Alden’s Corners residents, as several of the early inhabitants of the Alden’s Corners area were Lutheran. Wilhelm Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners Schoenburg’s funeral service in 1892 was held in the church at Marxville (Sauk City Presse 1892); Schoenburg owned the lot on which the Alden’s Corners post office stood (i.e., 47DA758), as well as much of the surrounding area. In the end, the hamlets of Roxbury and Meyer’s Corners together offered access to a variety of goods and services that Alden’s Corners had never had or that it no longer had by the mid- to late-1870s. In the face of sustained competition with these hamlets, one to its north, the other its south, Alden’s Corners withered (see Figure 3.2). For a few years after the post office closed, business gazetteers continued to refer to Alden’s Corners, though now only to mention that it was a discontinued post office and that mail should be directed to Roxbury P.O. (Polk & Company 1884, 1886). The End of Alden’s Corners After the post office closed in 1879, only a tavern and school remained at Alden’s Corners. The tavern may have closed in the early 1890s, when Mary Truehl sold the property. Together these institutions were sufficient to keep viable the community of Alden’s Corners well into the twentieth century. In the 1920’s, for instance, Kolb (1921; Kolb 1959) still found residents in the area who identified with Alden’s Corners. However, it is apparent from comparing the former boundaries of the hamlet—as for instance developed from the 1870 federal census—to those of the early 1920s, that its population had shrunk markedly (Kolb 1921:Figure 4; Kolb 1959:Figure 1). For the last surviving institution, the school, once transportation improved, either via school buses or the family automobile, it could no longer compete with other better equipped schools, and eventually its meager services were consolidated with those of other schools in District No. 5. The school remained in operation until the spring of 1933, by which time the final class to pass through its doors had shrunk to two pupils. The teacher, Mrs. Christy Pulvermacher, wrote in the student grade book that, “Undoubtedly this school will close-up. May we live to see it re-open with vim and vigor in future years. It has been a 51 happy place to me and others” (School District No. 5, Town of Roxbury 1933). Extant school records consist mainly of student grade books, which as they post-date the period considered in this report, shed little light on the early history of the community. The records do, however, track a steady decline in the number of pupils over the firstthird of the twentieth century, but at the same time, they show that the name of Alden’s Corners lingered in public consciousness for many years. Contrary to Kolb’s (1921) findings though, not a single person on the register of visitors—mostly of parents or guardians of students—identified themselves by the appellation “Alden’s Corners.” All those who signed it between 1904 and 1933 identified themselves simply as residents of the Town of Roxbury (School District No. 5, Town of Roxbury 1933). By the time the school closed, the Alden’s Corners area was incorporated into the service area of the Mazomanie post office. Summary The Alden’s Corners Post Office site was part of the hamlet of Alden’s Corners, which grew up at a prominent crossroads in northwestern Dane County (see Figure 3.2). Its development fits the model of settlement proposed by Hudson (1969), which includes initial colonization, followed by spread and competition. In the case of Alden’s Corners, the hamlet nucleated around a public school established circa 1850 and located diagonally across the Sauk Road from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site (47DA758). The hamlet of Alden’s Corners grew slowly, adding various service functions in the next decade, such as an inn (mid-1850s), a store (which may well have included a tavern) (circa 1860), and a post office (established in 1860). There were also several residences, most directly involved in farming, which together with the businesses formed the core of the hamlet. The core area had a relatively small population, but through study of the 1870 federal census, the service area of the post office was reconstructed. Although in light of vagaries in the historic documentation, the service area is an approximation, it nonetheless suggests that the community was significantly larger than just the hamlet, consisting of 79 households or 52 approximately 440 persons. The founders of Alden’s Corners were the brothers Alden, including John, Abisha, and Jacob, who relocated to Wisconsin in the late 1840s from upstate New York. Like many of the original settlers of the Town of Roxbury, where the hamlet of Alden’s Corners was located, they were Yankees. However by the late 1850s, demographic changes were underway in the township, which would in the years to follow completely transform it, as increasing numbers of immigrants of German origin or descent arrived (effectively re-colonizing) and settled in the area. A major part of the draw for these families was the presence of a Catholic Church located in the township. With the influx of immigrants, the founding generation of Yankees began to move away. The reasons for this are complex, and involve such factors as local cultural changes, as well as national changes, such as the pull of land opening to the west in Iowa, Minnesota, and, after the American Civil War, the Great Plains. Perhaps nowhere is the demographic turnover more dramatically realized than in the fact that virtually every one of the Alden’s Corners nine postmasters was of German origin or descent. During the mid-nineteenth century, Alden’s Corners was not the only hamlet or the only post office in the immediate area. Indeed, while early on the Sauk Road was re-routed to traverse the hamlet, even Meyer’s Corners, which while no longer on the Sauk Road, nonetheless offered goods and services (i.e., blacksmith and saloons) that Alden’s Corners lacked. Indications are that by the early 1870s, Alden’s Corners was losing ground—its founders had moved west and its store closed as early as 1873—but these were not fatal to its continued existence. Prior to the store’s closing, the post office had at one point been operated from its premises, raising the possibility that the building(s) on site 47DA758 might not have been continually inhabited. In any case, what ultimately proved fatal to the hamlet, was that by the late 1870s, St. Norbert’s Catholic Church (associated with the hamlet of Roxbury) had become the center of gravity for the town. The hamlet of Roxbury’s growth chronologically paralleled that of Alden’s Corners, but tied to the fortunes of the church and an influx of German Catholics, the hamlet eclipsed Alden’s Corners in the late 1870s. Not surprisingly, when the post Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners office in Alden’s Corners ceased operation in 1879, its services were immediately subsumed within those of the post office in the hamlet of Roxbury. Of Alden’s Corners, only a tavern and school remained; the latter was responsible for the survival of the community into the first decades of the twentieth century (Kolb 1959:60). Implications for Archaeological Research The foregoing historical investigations of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, as well as that of the hamlet and community of Alden’s Corners provide a number of implications for the archaeological research. For a start, the available historical documentation, particularly tax and deed records, suggest that a building (or buildings) may have been built on the lot containing site 47DA758 as early as the late 1840s and almost certainly by 1850. This extends site chronology by at least a decade, which potentially will be apparent in the archaeological assemblage. At the same time, it is evident that the Alden’s Corners Post Office site lot was first settled by Yankees, who also probably built the original buildings. However, a demonstrated pattern of demographic turnover in the Town of Roxbury led to the gradual replacement of Yankee settlers with immigrants of German origin or descent. Thus, ethnicity potentially may be reflected, if not in arrangement of features on-site (which pre-date the arrival of the German ethnie), then in the artifacts recovered from those features. There is ample historical testimony supporting the great importance of post offices to rural communities. The possibility that the post office had always been restricted to one particular building inspired all subsequent investigation at the site, as this appeared from a review of the available historical literature on post offices to be relatively unusual, at least in rural nineteenth century settings. However, the foregoing review of the historical record clearly indicates that for at least part of its 19 year span, the post office was located outside of the building(s) at 47DA758, raising the possibility that the complex was not always inhabited. While this is hard to measure archaeologically, what is clear is that Chapter 3: Toward a History of Alden’s Corners the post office, when located at site 47DA758, also functioned as a residence, which may be reflected in site proxemics (i.e., use of space). When occupied, the post office-residence likely housed a family, as the evidence suggests that most postmasters were married and had one or more children. This, too, should be reflected in the archaeological record. The hamlet of Alden’s Corners was a rural service center, important not just as a post office, but also because of access to goods and services linking it to larger markets. Although potentially difficult to address, it is possible that following the close of the store, perhaps as early as 1873, there were changes in access to markets that may be reflected in the artifacts recovered at the site during the Phase III 53 archaeological investigations. Finally, census and other information suggest that the socio-economic stature of those residents of the 47DA758 site tended toward the low end, especially as the most successful postmasters (i.e., Vorhaug and Brosemer) may not have lived on-site. Stature should be reflected archaeologically in the artifact assemblage from the site. Archaeologists have developed various means to explore economic status, particularly in analyses of ceramic assemblages, which are also durable and on most sites with a domestic component ubiquitous. 4 Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan The investigations at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site in 1993 (Hamilton et al. 1994), and in 2002 resulted in the identification of 43 man-made features, which are nonrandomly distributed within an approximately one acre parcel (Figures 4.1 and 4.2). The largest, Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South, are interpreted as filled-in, earthen-walled cellars. Feature 2 is interpreted as a privy. Features 3 and 4 are small, extramural trash-filled pits. Features 5 through 41 are fence postholes. Feature 42 is a deep, square feature discovered during the 2002 investigations. It is interpreted as a well. Although there were rumors of a lone grave in the area, no trace of one was found during plow zone removal. Excavation in 2002 focused on three previously identified features, Feature 1 North, Feature 1 South, and Feature 2, plus the newly discovered Feature 42. Renewed investigations of Feature 1 North, Feature 1 South, and Feature 2 were intended to collect a larger sample of artifacts from feature contexts and also to examine in greater detail the size and morphology of the features. At the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, features were filled with refuse 56 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan U.S.H. 12 961 960.5 960.5 5 1. 96 961 F42 960 960.5 960 960 959.5 959 F1N 24 4 41 26 5 6 40 958.5 7 957.5 957 956.5 Breunig Road 958 F1S 33 35 F2 34 955.5 28 27 8 36 29 958.5 30 3 38 31 39 9 10 959 22 32 12 955 25 23 37 956 959.5 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 954.5 958 19 20 21 : Phase II Stripped Area : Feature : Phase II Excavation Unit : Post Feature : Phase III Stripped Area : Datum 0 feet 25 0 meters 5 elevation in feet amsl N : Phase III Excavation Unit Figure 4.1 Plan of Alden’s Corners Post Office (47DA758) site. and earth at the time of and prior to site abandonment. Feature fill—sediments, artifacts and their position within the feature—reflect a complex suite of site formation processes (Schiffer 1972, 1983, 1987). Site formation processes (Schiffer 1972, 1983, 1987; South 1977) or formation theory (Shott 1998) refers to the cultural and non-cultural means by which the archaeological record is created. All artifacts are conceived of, made, used, reused or recycled, lost, cached, or discarded by people. As long as any given artifact, be it a shoe or a log cabin, is “participating in a behavioral system,” the artifact is in a systemic context. Once an artifact ceases to be part of a systemic context, it enters an archaeological context (Schiffer 1987:3-4). In an archaeologi- cal context, an artifact is subject to a variety of non-cultural processes such as weathering, decay, and may even reenter the systemic context through either salvage or recovery by archaeologists. Schiffer (1972, 1987) has defined three types of refuse, the product of discard; these include “primary refuse,” “secondary refuse,” and “de facto refuse.” Primary refuse refers simply to those artifacts discarded at the location of their use while secondary refuse is material removed from its use location and then discarded. De facto refuse denotes “elements which reach archaeological context without the performance of discard activities” (Schiffer 1972:161). De facto refuse results from abandonment, which includes both intentional and Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan 57 Feature 1 South MAP October 1993 Feature 1 North Figure 4.2 The Alden’s Corners Post Office site (47DA758), view to the south during 1993 Phase II investigations. accidental loss. De facto refuse occurs at or near its use context. South (1977:296-298) offered refinements of Schiffer’s discard types, adding the terms “in situ-de facto refuse” to describe objects deposited at their use location through burning of a structure or some other catastrophic event and “primary de facto refuse,” which refers to non-intentional loss. De facto refuse was used to specifically denote intentional loss through abandonment. Moir (1987a:54) has discussed the difficulties of determining whether refuse found for instance in a yard, is in primary or secondary context. As the Phase III investigations at Alden’s Corners focused exclusively on features, consideration of household activity areas located within the site area is of necessity limited. The deposits at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site are not the result of in situ-de facto formation processes. When a house burns, charred and blackened artifacts dominate the assemblage. Other than the ash, wood charcoal, and carbonized food remains, found mainly in Feature 1 South, burning appears to be of minimal importance in the assemblage. A few ceramic sherds from Feature 1 South show pot lid fractures characteristic of super- ficial heat damage, but possibly these represent sherds of accidentally broken tableware, which were then swept up and dumped into the ash bucket where they came into contact with hot embers. The site formation processes apparent at the Alden’s Corners site are comprised of various kinds of discard, razing, which involves both salvaging and movement off-site of reusable materials, as well as discard of materials on- and off-site (e.g., White and Kardulias 1985), and subsequent cultivation of the site area. Non-cultural formation processes operating at the site include erosion, both while the site was occupied and during razing, and decay of organic materials discarded during site use and post-abandonment. Burrowing by animals probably also occurred, especially in Feature 1 South and Feature 2. Settlements or communities can be investigated at several hierarchical levels of organization. Individual households constitute the minimum unit of scale within a settlement hierarchy (see Trigger 1968). Within the Alden’s Corners post office-residence, interior public and private space is no longer available for study due to the destruction of all buildings in the late nineteenth century; however, 58 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan the yardscape (Moir 1987b), that is, “all the features that form the landscape around a structure at a particular point in time” (Moir 1987b:230) is subject to study via archaeology. Moir coined the term “yard proxemics” or rural domicile proxemics to refer to the interpretation of the patterning of the yardscape around dwellings over time. The term calls attention to the nature, degree, and effect of spatial separation between support structures, features, gardens, flower beds, fences, paths and activity areas around a primary structure (Moir 1987b:230). Although investigations at the site focused on features, the distribution of those features comprises the most tangible elements of the yardscape. Further, the yardscape can be investigated by analyzing the distribution of surface artifacts—sheet refuse formerly deposited in proximity to the buildings and then incorporated into the plow zone—based in this instance on data recovered prior to the Phase II excavation, as the 2002 Phase III investigations concentrated solely on feature excavation. The proxemic model developed by Moir (1987b) is based on the work of Glassie (1968, 1975) and archaeological work at over 60 farmsteads of varying age in north-central Texas. The model has been successfully applied, sometimes in modified form, to other areas (e.g., Grettler et al. 1996; Rotenizer 1992; Rotenstein 1995) and to non-farm related businesses (e.g., Myster and Evans 2001). At site 47DA758, the main building apparently had residential and business functions, which may be reflected in site proxemics as well. The community itself, which consisted of several core structures—the post officeresidence, school, and store—plus a few residences located within approximately 1000 feet of the crossroads, constitutes the next highest level of settlement. For Alden’s Corners, information on the infrastructure of the community core was assembled through a combination of sources: the physical record of extant structures of the appropriate era, historical plat maps, architectural history studies conducted in conjunction with the USH 12 project (e.g., Vogel 1993), National Register of Historic Places documentation (i.e., Abing et al. 1994b, 1994c), and archaeology (e.g., Hamilton et al. 1994; Meinholz 1993 and this report). The third level in the settlement hierarchy is the distribution of communities within the landscape, and is a function of the land requirements for grain agriculture, as well as the way in which land was distributed as a result of the Ordinance of 1785, market access, and land availability. In the specific case of Alden’s Corners, the Post Office site (47DA758), store, school, and two households (i.e., Brosemer and A. Alden [Ganser site— 47DA759]) lay on a low, broad rise with drainage flowing south and east away from the site. Features Feature 1 North, Cellar Hole Feature 1 North is a square basin about 12.5 feet by 12.5 feet (Figure 4.3); its depth was around 4.8 feet below the stripped surface. The feature was investigated by four units during the Phase II evaluation. During the Phase III investigations, an additional eight units were excavated (see Figure 4.1). The combined excavations resulted in the excavation of 99 ft2 of the feature, representing about 63 percent of the feature area. Excavation units were placed so that when their profiles were combined with those from the Phase II, east to west and north to south cross-sectioned views of the feature could be drawn. Excavation revealed that the north, east, and south walls of the feature slope inward, while the west wall has a flat bench about 15 inches wide and rising about 15 inches from the floor (Figures 4.4 and 4.5 and 4.6). This bench or shelf was probably used for storing large crocks (Phillippe and Walters 1986:41). The juncture of the walls and floor was relatively sharp. The maximum depth of the cellar below the base of plow zone, which was approximately 10 inches thick, was about 4.8 feet. The cellar was unlined and there was no evidence of a stairway descending into it. The cellar terminated in a dense, glacial deposit of clay and cobbles. During the Phase III investigation, feature fill yielded a variety of artifacts, which have been grouped by function based on categories from South (1977) (Table 4.1). Feature 1 North contained numerous layers of fill (see Figures 4.4 and 4.5 and 4.6). The major fill layers or zones include the following: Zone I: modern plow zone. Most removed Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan 59 Breunig Road MAP October 1993 Feature 1 North Figure 4.3 S10 E49 Feature 1 North as exposed during 1993 Phase II investigations. North Wall Profile stripped surface S10 E61 I II III III VI VIII VI VI VI VIII VI IV V I II III IV V VI VIII V VI limit of excavation base of Phase II Unit : Ap- 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt : Fill- 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown : angular limestone and mortar : mortar and brick : 10YR 3/1 very dark gray to 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt : 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown redeposited clay : carbon lens- 10YR 2/1 black Figure 4.4 feet 1 0 : limestone : mortar : brick Feature 1 North, North Wall profile of Excavation Units S13 E49-61. 60 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan Phase II S16 E52 West Wall Profile Phase III S4 E52 stripped surfac e S10 E52 I II VII II limestone rubble and mortar VIII III III VI feet VII 0 VI IV V : limestone brick fragment B VI V B/C 1 VI V V B limit of excavation C limit of excavation I II III IV V : Ap- 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt : Fill- 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown : angular limestone and mortar : mortar and brick : 10YR 3/1 very dark gray to 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt VI : 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown redeposited clay VII : ash lens- 10YR 7/2 light gray VIII : carbon lens- 10YR 2/1 black B : 10YR 5/6 yellowish brown densely packed silt clay B/C : 10YR 5/3 brown densely packed silt clay with rounded glacial cobbles C : 10YR 3/6 dark yellowish brown clay sand with a high amount of glacial gravels Figure 4.5 Feature 1 North, West Wall profile of Excavation Units S7 E55-S16 E55, composite of Phase II and Phase III profiles. via mechanical stripping prior to hand excavation of feature. Zone II: secondary fill, probably scraped or shoveled from the area surrounding the cellar and used to “top off” the remaining shallow depression. The sediments of the zone contain some artifacts, as well as intermingled fragments of architectural materials such as brick, plaster, and limestone fragments. Zone III: a thick layer of limestone block and plaster. Limestone was more abundant in the western half of the feature. The zone contained many voids formed by the intersection of angular stone and plaster. Artifacts were abundant. Zone IV: a second thick layer of architectural debris, mainly plaster and red, low-fired bricks and brick fragments. The zone contained many artifacts. Brick and brick fragments were distributed within this zone in a diagonal pattern from northeast to southwest. Zone V: a discontinuous band of dark silt found overlying the original floor of the feature; similar deposits were found also in thin, S10 E52 Figure 4.6 S4 E52 Feature 1 North fill, exposed during 2002 excavations. discrete pockets within Zone VI. Zone V is an in situ deposit representing layers of dust that gradually blanketed the interior floor of the cellar. This layer inferentially formed during the occupation of the building as dust worked Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan Artifact Class Number Architecture Group Cut Nails Hand Wrought Nail Window Glass Brick Fragments Mortar Fragments Wood Fragments Door Handle Pin 740 1 1190 32 45 65 1 Tack/Harness Group Snaffle Bit Fragment Leather Tack Fragments Harness Chain Link Fragment 1 6 1 Household Misc. Group Cut Tacks Wood Screw Wire Rivet Head Misc. Hook Barrel Strap Fragments Chain Link Nut 4 1 33 1 1 15 1 1 Kitchen Group Ceramics Bottle Glass Knife Blades 227 91 2 Household Group Oil Lamp Part Oil Lamp Chimney Glass Ink Well (tin) Clock Gear Ink Pen Nibs Slate Pencils Slate Board Fragments 1 64 1 1 3 9 11 Personal and Clothing Group Comb Fragments Metal Buckles Buttons Straight Pins Mirror Fragments Pieces of Cloth Shoe Lining Pieces of Shoe Leather Metal Shoe Eyelet Shoe Heel Plate Clothing Fasteners Coins Marbles Porcelain Doll Fragments Metal Bell Fragment Tobacco Pipe Fragments 5 1 28 21 7 6 7 1 1 3 2 1 3 1 63 Total Table 4.1 2698 Feature 1 North artifacts recovered during the Phase III investigations. 61 its way through the cracks between the flooring and settled onto the cellar floor. Zone V sediments lay on the floor of the cellar, but layers and pockets of these sediments were also found embedded within Zone VI sediments. The zone contained few artifacts. In addition to the major zones, there were numerous lenses and pockets of smaller, often discrete sediment zones (see Figure 4.4 and Figure 4.5). Some of these sediments originated as clay that slumped from the cellar walls, while some minor zones mark more specific events, for example, Zone VIII (see Figure 4.5) is comprised of a thin soot lens possibly displaced from the chimney as it was dismantled. Fill zones III through VI, and Zone VIII are evidently related to the destruction of the building and filling of the cellar basin. Razing tends to leave a distinctive, physical signature; non-reusable materials, especially nails, glass, and the like may be discarded on site or used as fill. Reusable material such as lumber, brick, stone, and window and door hardware may be taken to other locations (White and Kardulias 1985). This appears to be what happened with the building overlying Feature 1 North. Materials remaining after cellars and cisterns have been filled are generally discarded elsewhere. From the sequence of fill layers, it appears that the roof of the Feature 1 North structure was removed and the inside gutted, which included removal of at least some flooring, with the plaster and chimney brick dumped into the cellar hole. In addition, debris may have been shoveled or pushed down the cellar access door. As preservation of organic materials in the feature was good and there was little wood present, the majority of this material was evidently salvaged. During razing, scrap lumber and other materials are often burned nearby or potentially within a confined space, such as a cellar hole; however, there is no evidence of either at the site. Thus, the bulk of the broken and splintered scrap wood was removed for use as fuel elsewhere. Doorjambs, and window lintels and sills, assuming they were made of stone, were also removed, as the stone from the cellar tended to be minimally dressed. Following salvaging and partial demolition, the walls may have stood with the roof open to the elements for days or weeks before themselves being toppled into the hole. This scenario would account for the basal plaster layer (Zone IV) being 62 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan covered over with a separate layer of building stone and plaster, as well as the “puddling” of sediments from the cellar wall over the top edges of the plaster fill zone but not extending beneath the upper layer of rubble (Zone III; see Figure 4.4). Possibly, clay from the walls may also have slumped over the edges of the plaster layer before the depression became completely filled. The plaster layer was relatively water impermeable (as the large number of voids within it indicates) and, as a consequence, rainwater running into the feature and eroding its walls likely would have deposited these sediments atop this zone. Brick in the fill indicates the presence of a chimney, a predictable feature of any residential or public building. Brick was distributed in the fill trending in a northeast to southwest direction, suggesting that it may have been toppled into the cellar from the northeast corner at the time that the plaster (represented by fill in Zone IV) was knocked from the walls and deposited in the cellar. Zone VIII was formed at this time. The chimney was unlined as the interior surfaces of brick, brick fragments, and mortar between bricks was blackened by a heavy layer of soot. The volume of brick in the fill seems, however, inadequate to account for a chimney of any height and so it would appear that, once it Bag # MH-245 (4)* MH-248 (5) MH-250 MH-251 (2) MH-245 MH-153 MH-248 MH-68 MH-163 MH-138 Provenience S10 E49 L.1 S10 E49 L.2 S10 E49 L.4 S10 E49 L.6 S10 E49 L.1 S10 E52 L.1 S10 E49 L.2 S13 E49 L.2 S10 E52 L.4 S13 E49&52 N Wall MH-48 MH-68 MH-250 MH-210 MH-48 MH-77 (2) was knocked over, some of the bricks may have been freed of mortar and salvaged for use elsewhere. In spite of the strata apparent in the deposits, there are reasons to believe that much of the fill, that is zones II through IV, was deposited relatively rapidly. This is indicated in particular by sherds from the same ceramic vessels that cross mend from lower levels in Zone IV to the top of Zone II (Table 4.2); however, as LeeDecker (1994) cautions, vertical refits are not always indicative of rapid fill. If sherds from a broken vessel were discarded, it is possible that some sherds ended up on the ground, while others went directly into fill. Later, as features were sealed with dirt shoveled or scraped from around the cellar hole, those artifacts from the surface were incorporated into the fill. At Alden’s Corners, with the exception of the lower fill zones, the Feature 1 North cellar deposits give every appearance of being related to secondary discard during razing of a building. Feature 1 South, Cellar Hole Feature 1 South was identified and tested during the Phase II work in 1993 (Figure 4.7) (Hamilton et al. 1994:94) and was the focus Ware Description Whiteware Shell-edged plate, flow blue Whiteware Purple/green sponge printed cup with handpainted pink stripe Whiteware Flow blue rim and body Whiteware Annular shouldered bowl Whiteware Blue transfer printed shouldered cup S13 E49 L.1 S13 E49 L.2 S10 E49 L.4 S10 E55 L.5 Stoneware Red slipped interior and exterior S13 E49 L.1 S13 E49 L.4 Whiteware Relief decorated rims-wheat pattern *Multiple refitted sherds from a single provenience in parenthesis Table 4.2 Ceramic refits and near refits in Feature 1 North. Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan 63 U.S.H. 12 Feature 1 North MAP October 1993 Feature 1 South Figure 4.7 Feature 1 South as exposed during 1993 Phase II investigations. of additional investigation in 2002, as well. The dimensions of the basin-shaped feature are 12.0 feet (north-south) by 15.5 feet (eastwest) by 3.6 feet (depth below the stripped surface). In 1993, six test units were dug in the western half of the feature with just over 45 square feet excavated; the 2002 investigations resulted in the excavation of 10 additional units or 90 square feet (see Figure 4.1). The combined Phase II and III excavations of the cellar total about 61 percent of the feature area. The cellar was roughly rectangular in shape (see Figure 4.1) and contained a large amount of historic artifacts, animal bone, and other refuse (Table 4.3). Limestone rubble common in Feature 1 North was relatively absent and, when present, was confined to the uppermost fill zones. The north and south walls slope inward, while the east and west walls were nearly vertical (Figures 4.8 and 4.9). The west wall had been slightly undercut. The base of the feature was flat and the juncture of the walls and floor was relatively sharp. Neither stone nor mortar had been applied to the floor or walls. During the Phase II work, several fieldstones were found on the stripped surface at the exterior of the southwest corner of the feature and were interpreted as a remnant of a foundation. The stones barely penetrated the top of the B horizon. There was no evidence of the application of mortar between any of them. A shallow extension, which measured 6.5 feet (northsouth) by 5.5 feet (east-west), was discerned at the exterior of the southwest corner of the feature (see Figure 4.1). Feature 1 South is interpreted as a small cellar. Investigations in 1993 encountered wood at or near the floor of the basin, and the work performed during 2002 also found wood in the form of several boards covering portions of the floor (Figures 4.10 and 4.11). The boards covered sediments deposited earlier on the original floor of the basin, and may have been placed primarily within the northern half of the cellar in order to create a raised, dry surface for storage. A crushed flask found beneath the boards dates sometime between 1849 to 1862 (see Chapter 5). The deposits in Feature 1 South are complex with as many as 12 or 13 zones discerned during the 2002 investigations (see Figures 4.8 and 4.9). Zones often proved to be discrete and limited in depth and areal extent. The major sediment zones include the following: Zone I: corresponds to Zone II in Feature 1 North and was probably scraped from around the cellar and dumped into it to fill the remainder of the basin. The zone also contains some limestone and plaster, indicating that it was deposited after the structure over Feature 1 North had been razed. Zone II: a massive fill unit comprised of thin bands of water-lain silt; the zone contained many artifacts and sizeable quantities of animal bone 64 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan Artifacts Class Number Architecture Group Cut Nails Hand Wrought Nails Window Glass Brick Fragments Mortar Fragments Wood Fragments Iron Brackets Iron Eye Hooks Iron Hinge Fragment Gate Swivel 1017 5 1315 64 21 87 2 2 1 1 Kitchen Group Ceramics Bottle Glass Iron Pan/Plate Fragments Kettle Bails Table Knife Knife Blades Knife with Bone Handle Spoon Fragments Fork Fragment Flatware Handle Utensil Handle Fragment Stove Fragment Stove Door Fragment 444 168 240 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Household Misc. Group Cut Tacks Wood Screws Iron Rods with Eye Wire Barrel Strap Thin Iron Straps Thin Copper Straps Heavy Blade Tool Fragment Brass Clasp Bale Seal Chain Fragments Brass Plate 15 3 3 122 4 20 10 1 1 1 3 1 Table 4.3 Number Tack/Harness Group Harness Buckle Fragments 2 Household Group Metal Can Cap Metal Lid/Cap Fragments Oil Lamp Part Trunk Latch/Hasp Trunk Lock Pieces Candlestick Pieces Percussion Cap and Fragments Gun Hammer Slate Pencils Slate Board Fragments Inkwells and Fragments (glass) Glue Bottle Oil Lamp Chimney Glass 1 7 1 1 3 2 3 1 12 18 4 1 46 Personal and Clothing Group Comb Fragments Metal Buckles Buttons Straight Pins Pieces of Shoe Leather Metal Shoe Eyelets Metal Shoe Heel Plate Clothing Fasteners Glass Bead Tacks Porcelain Doll Parts Metal Toy Horse Metal Toy Arrow Fletching Metal Toy Spoon Coins Tobacco Pipe Fragments Tobacco Pipe Spark Cap Tobacco Pipe Spark Cap Part 2 3 51 31 35 3 1 3 1 6 2 1 1 1 2 101 1 1 Total 3912 Feature 1 South artifacts recovered during the Phase III investigations. and other organic materials (i.e., charred bread and food particles, and egg shells). Zone IV: underlies several boards and thus this zone must have been deposited while the building was in use. Zone XI: this zone appears analogous to Zone V in Feature 1 North; that is, it appears to rep- resent a layer of dust deposited on the original floor. Similar sediments formed in a thin lens immediately below the boards, as well. Other zones tend to be discrete. Zones II, III, IV, and V apparently relate to filling of the basin while the site was being occupied. These zones contain numerous artifacts, animal bone, and Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan 65 North Wall Profile S23 E55 S23 E52 S23 E61 S23 E58 Ia stripped surface S23 E64 S23 E67 bone nail Ib V III B Horizon VI XIII D VII D IV XI II wood B D II D IV IV whiteware VII V II limit of excavation B feet Ia Ib II III IV V VI VII XI XIII 1 : Ap- 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown loam : Fill- 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown to 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown loam : 10YR 3/1very dark gray to 10YR 3/3 dark brown silt loam , finely banded : mottled 10YR 3/3 dark brown and 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt loam with ash : 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silt loam : 10YR 4/3 brown dark brown loam with ash : 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown silt : limestone : 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown clayey silt : mortar : 10YR 3/1 very dark gray silt D : rodent disturbance : 10YR 2/1 black to 10YR 3/1 very dark gray silt loam with carbon 0 Feature 1 South, North Wall profile of Excavation Units S23 E52-67, composite of Phase II and Phase III profiles. Figure 4.8 West Wall Profile S29 E58 S32 E58 S20 E58 S23 E58 S26 E58 nail I IX VIII glass B wood III : limestone : wood XII II IV V wood XI limit of excavation I : 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silt loam with rock and plaster II : 10YR 3/1 very dark gray to 10YR 3/3 dark brown silt loam, finely banded III : Mottled 10YR 3/3 dark brown and 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt loam with ash IV : 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silt loam V : 10YR 4/3 brown dark brown mottled with 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown Figure 4.9 B VI X : mortar VII VI VII VIII IX X XI XII B IV feet 0 1 : 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown silt : 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown clayey silt : 10YR 6/2 light brownish gray silt : 10YR 3/6 dark yellowish brown : 10YR 3/4 dark yellowish brown : 10YR 3/1 very dark gray silt : 10YR 3/4 dark yellowish brown clayey silt : B Horizon-10YR 5/4 clayey silt Feature 1 South, West Wall profile of Excavation Units S20-32 E58. 66 Figure 4.10 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan Planks placed on floor of Feature 1 South, exposed during the 2002 excavations. other food waste. Zones VI, VII, VIII, IX and X appear to relate to either the terminal fill episode, or, possibly in the case of IX and X, represent materials deposited while the open feature was gradually filled with refuse and surface run off. Interspersed throughout most major sediment zones in the feature were discrete, concentrated pockets and lenses of ash, wood charcoal, and soot-like materials. Most levels contained at least some carbonized material, principally wood but sometimes food residues and ash. There were heavier concentrations of ash and charcoal in S26 E64, beginning in Level 1 (0-0.6 feet) and continuing into Level 2 (0.6-1.0 feet); another mass of similar material was found in Level 3 (1.0-1.6 feet) in the southwestern quadrant of the same unit. Ash and carbon deposits in levels 4 and 5 (1.8-2.4 and 2.4-3.0 feet) of S29 E58 yielded several slices of charred bread. Charred twigs and sticks were noted in several of these masses of burned material. Possibly some of the ash and wood charcoal represents the burning of combustible waste from the demolition of the Feature 1 North structure; however, there was no oxidation or reddening of underlying sediments. The relatively discrete nature of these deposits and the inclusions of charred sticks and food residues suggest that these deposits represent material cleaned from one or more stoves with this material then dumped into the cellar hole. The fill deposits within Feature 1 South suggest that this building had been torn down or removed from its footings prior to the cessation of the occupation of the north building. The basin was used subsequently for the discard of various types of waste, particularly kitchen refuse. Zone II, a depositional unit comprised of finely banded water-lain deposits, indicates that the feature also served as a catch basin for surface water run-off for an unknown amount of time, as well. The fill covering both features was evidently scraped from around them and used to “top off” the depressions. That artifacts, especially smaller ones such as domestic and personal items, were relatively abundant within this fill suggests the accumulation of a generalized midden deposit blanketing the ground adjacent to the buildings. This midden, which was comprised of primary and secondary refuse, accumulated over the life of the dwellings. When this material was re-deposited, artifacts already contained within Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan 67 S20 E61 S20 E58 S20 E64 metal toy horse S23 E64 S23 E58 nail pipestem nail S26 E58 S26 E64 N feet : wood S29 E58 Figure 4.11 0 S29 E61 1 S29 E64 Plan view of boards on floor of Feature 1 South cellar. it were incorporated into the feature fill. South (1977:297-298) notes that this kind of displacement of artifacts often results during filling of depressions, such as cellars, privies, and cisterns. The displacement of artifacts from their original discard context leads, as in the case here, to inverse stratigraphy with older artifacts overlying younger ones (LeeDecker 1994). Thus, pearl- 68 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan ware, the oldest type of ceramics found at the site, came from Level 1 (0-.5 ft), the uppermost level (below the stripped surface) (Table 4.4). The same pattern is evident in the bottles from the feature (Table 4.5). Feature 2, Privy Feature 2 was first identified and partially excavated during the Phase II investigations (Figure 4.12) (Hamilton et al. 1994:96). In 1993, four units were excavated within the feature, totaling approximately 63 percent of the deposits. The remaining portion was removed in two units during 2002. The feature was a small rectangular pit with vertical walls and a concave base (see Figure 4.1). The pit measured 4.25 feet (north-south) by 5.75 feet (east-west) by 3.6 feet (depth below the stripped surface), and is interpreted as a privy that stood along the interior of the eastern fence line. Numerous fill lenses were apparent in several larger fill zones (Figure 4.13). While Wheeler (2000) explicates the value of excavation of each individual lens, this did not prove feasible. Instead, the feature was excavated in 0.6 ft levels by zone. During the 2002 excavation, a concentric pattern of lenses was observed (Figure 4.14). The pattern is consistent with the cross sectioning of a cone of sediments deposited from a single point, i.e., hole in a sitting box, along the east wall. With the possible exception of Zone I, which may be composed in part of plow zone sediments, the other zones and lenses appear to represent fill from episodes of sustained use, rather than fill deposited when the overlying structure was torn down. The privy contained ceramics, glass artifacts including several small bottles (i.e., “Genuine Essence” and “Sloan’s Ointment”) (Figure 4.15), a heavily rusted tin pan (Figure Bag #* Provenience Ware Description MH-111 MH-151 S23 E58 L.1 S23 E61 L.1 Whiteware Red transfer print rim and body MH-151 MH-152 S23 E61 L.1 S23 E61 L.2 Pearlware Relief decorated rim sherds MH-111 MH-184 S23 E58 L.1 S26 E61 L.1 Pearlware Relief decorated rim sherds MH-151 MH-197 MH-136 MH-103 MH-290 MH-200 MH-56 MH-225 MH-226 MH-24 S23 E61 L.1 S26 E64 L.1 S26 E58 L.5 S29 E58 L.4 S29 E61 L.4 S26 E64 L.3 S26 E58 L.2 S29 E61 L.1 S29 E55 L.1 S32 E58 L.1 Pearlware Relief decorated rim sherds Whiteware Blue glazed body sherds Whiteware Pale green glaze w/ brown stripe, rim/body sherds Whiteware Blue glazed plate or saucer MH-226 MH-37 S29 E55 L.1 S32 E58 L.2 Whiteware Blue glazed rim sherds MH-32 MH-24 MH-290 MH-24 S29 E58 L.1 S32 E58 L.1 S29 E61 L.4 S32 E58 L.1 Whiteware Blue glazed body sherds Whiteware Blue glazed rim sherds MH-239 MH-24 S29 E61 L.5 S32 E58 L.1 Whiteware Brown & blue striped rim/body *Bags contain multiple sherds. Each entry in Bag # category represents a single sherd from that bag. Table 4.4 Ceramic refits in Feature 1 South. Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan Bag # Provenience Color Description MH-274 (2)* MH-272 (7)* MH-278 (2)* MH-276 (3)* MH-271 (4)* S23 E58 L.6 S23 E58 below planks S23 E61 L.5 S23 E61 below planks S26 E61 L.6 Aqua Pictorial flask – ballerina and soldier MH-135 MH-102 (9)* MH-235 S26 E58 L.4 S29 E58 L.4 S32 E55 L.1 Aqua Medicine bottle MH-136 MH-230 MH-290 MH-38 (9)* S26 E58 L.5 S29 E55 L.4 S29 E61 L.4 S32 E58 L.2 MH-191 MH-226 (2)* MH-229 MH-230 MH-62 (9)* MH-103 MH-233 MH-231 MH-28 MH-38 S26 E61 L.5 S29 E55 L.1 S29 E55 L.3 S29 E55 L.4 S29 E58 L.3 S29 E58 L.4 S32 E55 L.1 S32 E55 L.1 S32 E58 L.1 S32 E58 L.2 MH-228 MH-229 (3)* S29 E55 L.2 S29 E55 L.3 Aqua Ink well MH-229 MH-230 MH-233 S29 E55 L.3 S29 E55 L.4 S32 E55 L.1 Green Medicine bottle – G.W. Merchant Aqua Aqua 69 Pictorial flask – drafted soldier Ribbed bottle *Multiple refitted sherds from a single provenience indicated in parenthesis Refitted container glass in Feature 1 South. MAP October 1993 Table 4.5 Figure 4.12 Feature 2 as seen during 1993 Phase II investigations. 4.16), other metal items, plaster (or possibly concentrations of lime), and animal bone. Few personal items and no building stone were recovered from the feature (Table 4.6). The artifacts represent items intentionally discarded or accidentally dropped into the privy during use and can be considered as secondary refuse; however, it is possible that the contents of the Genuine Essence bottles, which was alcoholic, were consumed in the structure. Both lime and sand were used historically in privies to control odors and promote decay (Wheeler 2000:8). During the Phase II investigations of this feature, seeds of several species of fruit, including blueberry, elderberry, and grape were recovered from feature sediments (Brown 1994). While these 70 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan S36 E89 East Wall Profile S42 E89 stripped surface metal I II 1 III IV 2 D 3 4b B V VI 4a VI VI VI limit of excavation feet D : rodent disturbance : mortar 0 1 Soil Zone Descriptions: I : 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt loam II : 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt loam mottled with 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silt loam III : 2.5YR 5/4 light olive brown silt clay loam IV : 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silt clay loam mottled with 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown silt clay loam V : 2.5YR 5/3 light olive brown silt clay loam VI :10YR 3/1 very dark gray silt clay loam B : B Horizon- 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown clay loam Soil Lens Descriptions: 1 : 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silt, greasy 2 : 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt clay loam 3 : 10YR 3/1 very dark gray silt clay loam with mottles of 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silt clay loam 4a : 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown silt clay loam grading to 4b : 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silt clay loam Figure 4.13 Feature 2, privy, East Wall Profile. Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan S36 E89 71 S36 E92 9 II 8 6 8 7 9 6 unexcavated B Horizon 5 N 7 S39 E89 1 S39 E92 feet 1 0 Soil Zone Descriptions: II : 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown mottled with 10YR 5/2 grayish brown, 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown, and 10YR 3/3 dark brown silt, greasy B : 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown clay 1 5 6 7 8 9 Soil Lens Descriptions: : 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silt, greasy :10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt, greasy : 10YR 5/2 grayish brown mottled with 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt, greasy : 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown mottled with 10YR 5/2 grayish brown silt, greasy :10YR 5/2 grayish brown silt, greasy : 10YR 3/3 dark brown silt, greasy Figure 4.14 Feature 2, plan view at base of Level 3 (22.5 inches below stripped surface). 72 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan Figure 4.15 Concentration of “Genuine Essence” bottles near base of Feature 2, privy. Figure 4.16 Rusted tin plate Feature 2, privy. Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan Artifact Class Number Architecture Group Cut Nails Mortar Window Glass Wood Fragment 15 1 8 1 Kitchen Group Ceramics Bottle Glass Metal Pan/Plate Fragments 19 12 1 Feature 3 East Wall Profile scraped surface charcoal wood limit of excavation Household Misc. Group Wire Cut Tack Thin Iron Bands 2 1 13 Personal and Clothing Group Straight Pin Total 1 74 Table 4.6 73 Feature Fill: 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown silt loam feet Feature 2 artifacts recovered during the Phase III Investigations. may have been passed through the human alimentary tract, they may also represent the remains of food waste otherwise discarded in the privy. 1 0 Feature 4 East Wall Profile scraped surface ceramic fragments spoon Features 3 and 4, Refuse Pits Features 3 and 4 were investigated during the Phase II evaluation (Hamilton et al. 1994:96-97). The features were both small, roughly square basins containing artifacts and mortar. Feature 3 had vertical walls and a slightly concave base (Figure 4.17). The dimensions were 2.5 feet (north-south) by 3.0 feet (east-west) by 1.05 feet (depth below the stripped surface). The feature contained a mixture of artifacts, including yellowware and whiteware sherds, glass, mortar, kaolin pipe fragments, animal bone, eggshell and carbonized botanical material, principally corn (Brown 1994). Feature 4 had vertical walls and an irregular concave base (see Figure 4.17). The feature measured 1.7 feet (north-south) by 1.8 feet (east-west) by 0.8 feet (depth below the stripped surface). Its contents consisted of machine-cut square nails, glass, whiteware, beads, rock n xcavatio limit of e Feature Fill: 10YR 4/3 brown dark brown silt loam Figure 4.17 Features 3 and 4, East Wall Profiles, Phase II Investigations. buttons, a possible butter knife, clay pipe fragments, animal bone, eggshell and charcoal. The absence of artifacts post-dating circa 1880 indicates that these pits were probably used during the occupation of the site. A significant amount of the debris filling Feature 3 showed evidence of burning, perhaps indicating that the feature, was used for the discard and burning of organic waste. Alternatively Fea- 74 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan ture 3, may have been used in a task such as hog boiling. Features 5 through 41, Post Holes Features 5 through 41 were identified during the Phase II investigations (Hamilton et al. 1994:100). The features were interpreted as fence postholes, regularly spaced at 7.5 feet and marking three fence lines. These lines border the building lot on its east, west, and south sides (see Figure 4.1). A sample of the postholes was excavated, including Features 10, 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 25, 27, 33, 38, 39, and 40. The features consisted either of a small, square, lightly mottled zone (posthole) that contained a smaller, triangular dark organic zone (decayed fence post) or an irregular circular mottled stain without the distinct organic residue. The postholes contained varying amounts of artifacts, mortar, rubble, and organic matter. Feature 27 lay in the interior of the enclosed farmyard. Feature 33 contained a small amount of refuse, primarily animal bone. This may represent waste from the surface used to fill the hole at the time a post was removed or used to fill in around a post when one was replaced. Additional mechanical stripping along the north edge of the site, between the area opened in 1993 and USH 12, failed to identify additional postholes. Cultivation or, possibly, prior widening of the highway may have destroyed the post molds along the north side of the lot. Feature 42, Well Feature 42 was exposed during the Phase III excavations (see Figure 4.1). The feature was square and measured 5.3 feet (north to south) by 5.5 feet (east to west). Fill consisted of coarse gravel and sand. Two excavation units (N14 E45, N14 E42) were dug within it. The gravel fill frequently collapsed, and as a consequence, unit excavation was abandoned. Fill was then shoveled from the feature in an effort to find 1) a base and 2) artifacts or other indications of its age and function. This effort similarly proved unsuccessful. Although nearly 5 feet of gravel and sand was removed, no base was apparent and probing with a solid steel probe indicated that fill continued, at a minimum, for another four to five feet. At the same time, excavation failed to recover any artifacts other than adjacent surface finds, or yield indications about the function of the feature. The vertical walls of the feature were earthen—unaltered, compact, clay subsoil. The feature was backfilled and then probed via a geological core rig supplied by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation. The feature was cored to a depth of nearly 50 feet; coarse gravel diminished at around 30 feet, replaced by fine sand. Possibly, the coarse gravel in the upper 30 feet of the hole represents intentional fill, while the compact, “sugar” sand found below that depth represents the natural substrate, which would have been overlain by the clay and coarse cobbles found to underlie Features 1 North, 1 South, and 2. No cultural material was recovered from the feature, which is tentatively interpreted as a deep, filled, well shaft. Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Plan The distribution of features suggests the presence of three structures: a privy (Feature 2) and two larger buildings, possibly attached, overlying Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South (see Figure 4.1). These were encircled within a fence, which enclosed an area of about one acre. Architecture The archaeological investigations yielded only limited evidence for footings associated with the larger structures represented by Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South. During the Phase II study, several large glacial fieldstones were found along the southwest corner of Feature 1 South and these may represent portions of a crude fieldstone footing or foundation, or the remains of footing piers for a building. The foundation or footing was apparently shallow, perhaps similar to Perrin’s (1967:5) description of the Norwegian built, John Bergen cabin in Racine County, Wisconsin: “The house is set upon a fieldstone Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan foundation, 24 inches thick, which almost characteristically, was not sunk deep enough to resist frost heaving.” The Bergen cabin described by Perrin had a five-foot deep cellar beneath it. The fieldstone associated with Feature 1 South did not completely encircle the feature, perhaps indicating that some stone was salvaged when the building was razed or moved (e.g., Phillippe and Walters 1986:41) or, possibly, that the structure was built on piers (e.g., Wilson 1991:78). However, as there was a cellar, a foundation seems more likely. In any case, the large stones found buried within the feature may be related to it. Because the foundation was incomplete, the exact size of the structure remains unknown, though it was minimally about 16 feet by 12 feet. Its long axis was oriented east to west. Similarly, the area around Feature 1 North was carefully scraped during the Phase II investigation, but no trace of a footing could be detected. This would seem to indicate that the footing was also quite shallow with the stones later salvaged or thrown into the cellar when the building was torn down. All traces of a footing trench or imprints of footing stones apparently were then destroyed by site clean up following razing and, more importantly, over a century of cultivation. Based on artifacts, specifically hand wrought nails, Feature 1 South pre-dates the north structure. Analysis of flat glass also supports this (see Chapter 5). Moreover, property tax and deed records indicate that a lot had been segregated from the surrounding property as early as 1849 (see Chapter 2). Assuming that a building was constructed on this lot at about the same time, Feature 1 South would appear to represent its cellar. The age of the Feature 1 South building suggests that it may have been a log cabin. “The log house was the universal architectural type of the American frontier, also in Wisconsin,” observed Perrin (1981:3). Log cabins were relatively easy to build and generally “were carefully located with regard to good drainage, correct exposure and a supply of potable water.” As discussed in the following chapter, the distribution of nails associated with Feature 1 South also strongly suggests that it was a log cabin. Feature 1 South was relatively shallow and appears to have had an entryway at the northwest corner, a form common among early 75 cellars excavated in Illinois, for instance (e.g., Phillippe and Walters 1986:40-41). Whether the extension, perhaps an entryway, was enclosed within the structure remains an open question. Porubcan and Benchley (1995:45) interpret a similar, although stone lined extension to the cellar at the Warren Hause site as a support structure for a cast iron stove located on the floor above. In a classic, though now dated review of mid-nineteenthcentury literature on cellar construction in the Midwest, Phillippe and Walters (1986) found that a common refrain was that cellars be kept small and that access to them should be from the outside. The reasons for this were threefold and were aptly summarized in the title of their paper, “Rats, Damp, and Foul Miasma.” Deviation from the stated “norm,” was however, widespread; Phillippe and Walters (1986:41) note that the excavation of numerous mid-nineteenth-century cellars in Illinois has yielded little evidence, “of any attempt to deal with the problems of moisture or rodents.” Thus, for instance, the prevalence of cellars with unlined earthen walls and floors. No interior support posts were identified in Feature 1 South, although the feature was not excavated in its entirety and one or more support post impressions could have been missed. The foundation of the Feature 1 South structure allowed for an excess of moisture in the cellar, resulting in the deposition of clay that slumped from the unlined walls onto the floor. At some point, boards were laid across this surface to provide raised, dry areas, most likely for storage. According to Perrin (1981), Yankee-built log cabins often had large, open fireplaces; however, there is no evidence for a fireplace associated with either feature, unless the observed stone relates to it and not a foundation or foundation piers; however, none of this stone appeared to be fire blackened at all. Chimney brick was found in Feature 1 North but not in Feature 1 South. The Feature 1 South structure may have been heated in the winter by a stove. As a privy was located east of the building, there was likely to have been a back door, located either on the east or south side, although the main door likely faced towards one of the roads (i.e., either west or north); yardscape proxemic analysis (see below) supports this interpretation. Barring the unlikely instance that the fill in Feature 1 North derives from some other building, the limestone and plaster in Feature 76 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan 1 North would seem to indicate that the north building was, in part, constructed of stone with the interior surface smoothed over with plaster. The Alden’s Corners store and school were constructed of stone with the walls measuring 22 inches thick and plastered on their interior surfaces and as the Feature 1 North building may have been constructed, in part, to house the post office, it may well have been built to similar standards, especially given that its function was of great importance to the community. However, based upon the examination of the extant buildings, the amount of stone present in Feature 1 North is not sufficient to account for thick, footingto-rafter walls, suggesting that a considerable volume of stone may have been salvaged. While Feature 1 South may have had a fieldstone foundation, no traces of either footings or foundation were detected around Feature 1 North. The building was probably larger than the cellar, which measured 12.5 by 12.5 feet, especially given the cultural proclivity toward small cellars (Phillippe and Walters 1986). The absence of footings, either in proximity of the cellar or farther out from its edges, probably indicates that they were shallow, which then were subsequently removed. The actual size, shape, and orientation of the building remain unknown. Possibly, the building may have had multiple entrances, including one reserved for private use. As with Feature 1 South, there are absolutely no indications that the Feature 1 North cellar was lined with plaster or stone. The floor does not appear to have been prepared in any way. In the absence of any obvious entryway into it, the cellar was likely accessed via an interior trapdoor down a steep wooden stair or ladder. This type of cellar was the second type identified by Phillippe and Walters (1986:41), although they added it was “less frequently encountered” in their sample of sites in Illinois. Perrin (1981), however, specifically mentions the use of such cellars in conjunction with early log cabins in Wisconsin. The buildings represented by the Feature 1 North and 1 South cellars potentially were connected. However, the archaeological evidence suggests that the older of the two buildings, that overlying Feature 1 South, was razed sometime prior to the demolition of the Feature 1 North building. In particular, the thick packet of water lain sediments (Zone II) in the feature indicate that water was flowing into the feature basin and that silt was then settling to form thin bands. Also, the quantity of food refuse, as well as ash and wood charcoal indicate dumping over an extended period. It is highly unlikely that these types of materials would have been discarded into the cellar beneath an actively occupied dwelling. A few artifacts cross-mend between Feature 1 North and 1 South, but those from the former that cross mend with Feature 1 South artifacts had substantial vertical distribution, coming from nearly all excavation levels. The artifacts from Feature 1 South that conjoin those from Feature 1 North were, on the other hand, confined to the uppermost excavation level (Table 4.7). This suggests that the Feature 1 South basin had been filled well prior to the demolition of the Feature 1 North building. Thus, rather than connected structures, the buildings were more plausibly constructed and then destroyed sequentially. The Yardscape The yardscape of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site is comprised of the sum of all excavated features. The distribution of features indicates that the buildings at the site were enclosed within a fence on the east, west, and south sides; probably the north side was also fenced, though no postholes were discernible. In all likelihood, these were destroyed either by cultivation or prior widening of the highway. Feature 42, interpreted as a well, was located along the north edge of the lot, close to the road, and also in relative proximity to the larger structures. The location of the well close to the road would have allowed potential access to it by passersby and also been consistent with public access to the site, perhaps as early as the original Alden occupation; the Aldens did operate an inn from the premises. Too, the buildings represented by Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South were located closer to the Sauk Road end of the fenced lot than to the Dekorra-Mineral Point Road. Moir’s (1987b) model of yardscape proxemics divides yards into Active and Inactive Yards. The Active Yard, as the name implies, was that part of the yard most frequently used and where many household tasks were conducted. On rural farmsteads, the Active Yard graded into the Inactive Yard, where Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan Accession # 2002.211.32 2002.211.28 2002.211.31 2002.211.27 2002.211.29 2002.211.30 2002.211.25 2002.211.26 2002.211.127 2002.211.126 2002.211.140 Table 4.7 Provenience Feature F1 South F1 North F1 North F1 North F1 North F1 North F1 North F1 North F1 South F1 South F1 North 77 Description Unit and Level S26 E58 L.1 S10 E49 L.5 S13 E49 L.2 S13 E49 L.5 S13 E49 L.6 E ½ S13 E49 L.7 S13 E52 L.5 S13 E52 L.7 S26 E64 L. 1 S26 E58 L.2 S13 E49 L.7 Stoneware jug – rim, handle, and 30% of body; red slipped interior and exterior Ceramics refitted between Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South. stood farm-related outbuildings, such as barns, corrals, and stock tanks. Beyond the Inactive Yard lay pastures and fields. The Active Yard typically extended 50 to 65 feet from the dwelling, and Moir divides it into an Inner or Immediate Active Yard, which was often swept resulting in a reduction in artifact frequencies, and an Outer Active Yard. The Immediate Active Yard encompassed an area from a residence outward on average about 20 feet; the less well maintained Outer Active Yard, with higher frequencies of artifacts, contains household support structures such as storage sheds, smokehouses, summer kitchens, wells, cisterns, and privies. Privies in particular are kept at a distance to minimize the effects of any noxious emanations. To examine site proxemics at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, the Phase II controlled surface collection data was used (Figure 4.18). At the beginning of the Phase II study, a grid of 15-foot squares was laid over the site area and all artifacts within a given square were collected prior to mechanical removal of the plow zone. Artifacts were totaled by grid square and plotted on a grid of 15 x 15 foot squares superimposed over the site base plan. This differs from Moir’s approach, which relies on data collected from the systematic excavation of numerous 50 x 50 cm units across site areas, which often and similar to the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, have been cultivated for long periods (see Moir 1987a,1987b). Some smearing of deposits probably has occurred due to the long-term effects of cultivation at the site. The known non-domicile structures evident at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, the privy and well, fall within the Outer Active Yard, as predicted by the model, though the privy is closer than expected to the dwellings (circa 25 feet). The privy shaft was unlined. It was located along the east side of the lot within the Outer Active Yard, out of the path of prevailing winds, which track in the warm months from the southwest or west. The depth of the feature, even factoring in 10 inches of plow zone, was less than four feet. This depth, taken together with the fact that it was the only such feature apparent on the site, suggests that it was cleaned out on a periodic basis. Organic material or “night soil,” was often spread on fields as fertilizer (e.g., Roberts and Barrett 1984). The quantity of such matter from a single, small privy would have been small, however. How often it was cleaned would have depended upon the size of the family and the length of their occupancy at the site (Wheeler 2000:6). The length of tenure of any given postmaster at Alden’s Corners was relatively short and the possibility that the building was not always occupied would suggest cleaning at infrequent intervals if at all. The location of the privy, set a short distance off the southeast corner of Feature 1 South, suggests its use was restricted to the family, as this location places it well away from either road. The shallow nature of the privy shaft, unless it was cleaned on a regular basis, is also suggestive of private use. The quantity and variety of artifacts from the privy (see Table 4.6) is limited and includes none that can be confidently assigned to a brief period. When abandoned, the privy 78 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan N15 E105 N15 E120 N15 E135 N15 E150 N15 E0 N15 E15 N15 E30 N15 E45 N15 E60 N15 E75 N15 E90 6 8 3 13 9 3 3 3 0 2 1 N0 E45 N0 E60 N0 E75 N0 E90 N0 E105 N0 E120 N0 E135 N0 E150 N0 E165 2 2 1 1 F42 N0 E0 N0 E15 21 31 20 12 28 8 9 S15 E45 S15 E60 S15 E75 S15 E90 20 5 3 1 N0 E30 3 S15 E105 S15 E120 S15 W30 S15 W15 S15 E0 S15 E15 S15 E30 3 34 24 30 24 S30 W30 S30 W15 S30 E0 S30 E15 S30 E30 S30 E45 S30 E60 S30 E75 S30 E90 1 19 28 13 28 18 18 10 7 S45 W30 S45 W15 S45 E0 S45 E15 S45 E30 S45 E45 S45 E60 S45 E75 S45 E90 1 28 37 32 30 25 18 0 9 S60 W30 S60 W15 S60 E0 S60 E15 S60 E30 S60 E45 S60 E60 S60 E75 S60 E90 3 3 41 26 36 17 11 12 20 2 S75 W30 S75 W15 S75 E0 S75 E15 S75 E30 S75 E45 S75 E60 S75 E75 S75 E90 S75 E105 11 23 54 39 31 28 6 15 40 4 S90 W30 S90 W15 S90 E0 S90 E15 S90 E30 S90 E45 S90 E60 S90 E75 S90 E90 S90 E105 8 11 36 8 18 9 15 1 3 1 S105 E0 S105 E15 41 13 S120 E0 S120 E15 52 23 F1N F1S 1 1 S30 E105 S30 E120 1 1 S45 E105 S45 E120 7 1 F2 S60 E105 S60 E120 0 S15 E135 S15 E150 S15 E165 1 0 0 S30 E135 S30 E150 S30 E165 0 0 0 S45 E135 S45 E150 S45 E165 3 1 0 S60 E135 S60 E150 S60 E165 0 0 1 0-9 10-19 20-29 S105 W30 S105 W15 9 55 S120 W30 S120 W15 15 19 S105 E30 S105 E45 S105 E60 S105 E75 S105 E90 S105 E105 21 25 S120 E30 S120 E45 9 8 8 6 2 30-39 2 S120 E60 S120 E75 S120 E90 4 4 40-49 1 50 S135 W30 S135 W15 S135 E0 15 41 S150 W30 S150 W15 15 27 28 S150 E0 S165 W30 S165 W15 S165 E0 9 14 S180 W30 S180 W15 15 6 Figure 4.18 7 : Feature feet 13 N 0 S180 E0 30 : Post Feature : Outer Active Yard : Inner Active Yard 5 Distribution of surface artifacts recovered at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site during Phase II Investigations. does not appear to have been systematically sealed, a task generally accomplished by depositing a layer of clay or ash over the organic fill. Usually, it is during abandonment that artifacts are discarded into the privies, but it seems clear that most, if not all of the artifacts from Feature 2, were discarded while it was in use. The upper fill zone, Zone I, is similar in texture and color to plow zone, though some artifacts were found within it. If this represents the terminal fill zone, then removal of the shed and filling of the shaft appear to have been conducted in a rather perfunctory fash- ion. That is, the hole was filled by the addition of sediments adjacent to it. As there was no layer of wood or other construction debris, the shed was evidently removed and not allowed to deteriorate in situ and collapse into the shaft. A small, trash-filled pit (Feature 4) was situated at the edge of the Inner Active Yard, as was Feature 1 South, which at some point began to be used for refuse disposal. There is no clear separation between the Inner Active Yard and the Outer Active Yard (which possibly results from the coarseness of the Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan sampling strategy relative to Moir’s [1987b] approach), but there is a general diminution in artifact frequency at about 65 feet from the dwellings. Feature 3, a second, small, trash-filled pit occurred approximately 65 feet from the dwelling, at the edge of what is interpreted as the Outer Active Yard. The contents of the pit showed indications of burning, something not in evidence in Feature 4, which lay much closer to the house. Artifact frequency increases sharply in the southwest corner of the lot; indeed, the highest density of artifacts was centered in this area. Possibly, this indicates that the area was used for discard. If there were trees or shrubs, these could have readily concealed such waste. Most of the artifacts recovered were, in fact, broken ceramics and bottle glass, along with some pipe fragments and animal bone fragments. However, the presence of architectural debris, including square-cut nails, flat glass, and a hinge, is intriguing and raises the possibility that there was a structure of some type located in this part of the site. A single post impression, Feature 27, was identified during the Phase II investigations and is located within the interior of the yard (see Figure 4.1). The function of this post is not known and could relate to something as simple as a clothesline or represent traces of another, light duty structure of some type. A second, weaker increase in artifact frequency was noted south of Feature 2, the privy, suggests either another structure in this area or that it, too, functioned as an area of intentional discard. If buildings were once present in these areas, they may have been relatively ephemeral—lightly constructed wood buildings with shallow or even no footings. Traces of them may have been obscured by removal and post-abandonment site alterations, followed by many decades of cultivation. The recovery of small amounts of horse tack from Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South implies the presence of one or more horses, which would likely have been corralled somewhere on site. The distribution of artifacts within the Inner Active and Outer Active Yards is interesting. Within the Inner Active Yard, it appears that discard was relatively common within proximity to the dwellings, based on the inclusion of earlier artifacts in feature fill, which presumably had been lying about 79 on the surface. The low density of artifacts overlying the two cellars would seem to indicate that they were in fact, effectively capped when filled. Artifacts were also recovered in greater numbers west and south of the house; the number of artifacts was lower to the north and is significantly lower to the east (see Figure 4.18). The distribution suggests, minimally, entrances toward the west. Myster and Evans (2001) analyzed yard proxemics for the Miller Brothers Store, a commercial building in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. They report a deviation from Moir’s (1987a, 1987b) model and suggest, “this variation from the model … could be owing to the lack of a clear front/back yard distinction” related in part, to the public use of and orientation of the building. At the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, the deviation from the model may relate to the fact that it stood on a corner lot. As in the case of the site in Eden Prairie, this meant that approach to it could be expected from the north or west, from one or another of the two roads. Many extramural, household activities would likely have been carried out both west and south of the house. The spatial constraints of the lot and the site’s apparent non-agricultural function, at least by 1860, raise the possibility of greater overlap in the work areas of men and women. By this era, blurring of formerly gender distinct work areas was increasingly common on farmsteads in the northeastern United States (see Hubka 1984:150). This may have carried into the very house itself, which was traditionally, commonly regarded as female space, with the post office and its male officers conducting business within its confines. The presence of a post office within a part of the dwelling may have further obscured the line between public and private space as well. Curiously, the fence on the west side of the lot runs through the middle of the interpreted Outer Active Yard with no break or reduction in artifact densities outside of it. Evidently, the fence line changed over time, though no indications of this were found. The fence line is however, noticeably irregular, which inferentially resulted from alterations to it, such as the repair and replacement of rotted posts (see Figure 4.1). It is unclear how temporal changes, especially those related to changes in overall site function, affected the site. For instance, does the 80 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan fence line on the west pre-date any public use of the site? Its location would have effectively delimited public versus private space. For that matter, might much of the blurring of activities and discard in the western and northern portions of the yard—nearer the roads—relate to the later, post-1860 occupation associated with the post office? Were the postulated outbuildings related to the earlier occupation from circa 1850 to mid 1850s, when the lot may have functioned primarily as the toft area of a small, working farm? The artifacts recovered from the surface are generally the same across the entire lot and, thus, the available evidence supports no definite conclusions. Alden’s Corners Hamlet In addition to the post office-residential compound, the hamlet of Alden’s Corners contained a school, store, and several residences, one of which was apparently torn down or moved in the 1870s. The store, school, and farm residences that lay within 1000 feet of the crossroads, as per Trewartha’s (1943) study, constitute the hamlets “core” and outer, subsidiary structures (see Figure 3.1). Information on these buildings is derived from documentary sources (e.g., Abing et al. 1994b, Abing et al. 1994c; Eiseley n.d.; Perrin 1981) and first-hand observation. In the case of both the store and school buildings, which are presently used as private residences, access was gained through the courtesy of the current occupants. The school was visited in 2002 during the period of the archaeological investigations, while the store was visited in 2003. Tim Heggland, an architectural historian on staff at the Museum Archaeology Program, also toured the store and offered observations about the exteriors of both it and the school. The school and store obviously have great potential in understanding historical aspects of the hamlet of Alden’s Corners, however the two buildings have been heavily renovated with a concomitant loss of such information. While a few hamlets, such as Roxbury and Martinsville, of which the latter is located in the Town of Springfield, developed around a central Catholic Church, Alden’s Corners was formed at a crossroads around a secular institution, the public school. The property deed suggests that it was built as early 1852, if not, earlier. Its stonework almost certainly dates it to the 1850s. The store dates to around 1858-60. The two buildings are remarkably consistent in terms of size; the store has external measurements of 35.4 feet (east to west) by 20 feet (north to south), while those of the school are 35 feet (north to south) by 24 feet (east to west). The store building is a side gable structure (Figure 4.19). The building has stone walls, 22 inches thick from footing to rafter. The exterior has been sided, obscuring the stonework. There is a door in the center of the south wall and one in the west wall; there was probably one located at the northeast corner as well. Two windows flank the south door; prior to renovations and additions, the north side of the building probably had a similar arrangement. The east side has two windows on the ground floor and two in the loft area. There was a stone lined cellar under the west end; this was less than half the size of the building and was probably accessed from an outside door. This cellar would have been used for cold storage. The eastern portion of the building at a minimum probably had a crawl space, although this area is now closed off. Heat ducts run under the building, suggesting a subfloor space a couple feet in height. The original building measured 35 ¼ feet (east to west) by 16 ¼ feet (north to south) on the inside. It was probably a single large room with ample space for shelves, tables, and bins of merchandise; as well as a possible tavern area located in one end. The family probably lived in the loft, which has been divided into two rooms, and was attained by a stair or ladder most likely located in the northwest corner of the downstairs where the staircase currently rises. The old store building is supposed to have been used as a tavern (Schwartz 1998) and later, probably in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, as a residence by the teachers serving the school next door (Fisher 2002). The building presently has several modern additions, a garage on the west side and a kitchen-dining area on the north side. The Alden’s Corners schoolhouse is a storyand-a-half, front gable structure, and like the store, has walls over 20 inches thick (Figure 4.20). Most of the exterior stone has been roughly shaped; the sills and lintels are finely made. The school originally had three windows in the east and west walls; the windows MAP May 2002 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan The former store in the Hamlet of Alden’s Corners. Figure 4.20 The former school in the Hamlet of Alden’s Corners. MAP May 2002 Figure 4.19 81 82 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan present in the north and south ends were added at a later date. One of the windows in the east wall has been replaced with a door. The building has a full basement, but it has been deepened in the past four or five decades; the lower walls are concrete, as is the floor. There are several courses of plastercovered stone, then a shelf of stone that possibly represents the base of the original footing. At the base of the wall, there is a concrete “bench,” which was probably added in order to strengthen the wall and keep out water. A door and exterior stairs have been added at the north end of the basement. The door is framed with cinder block. The chimney rests on the basement floor but is new. Obviously, it was replaced, probably when the cellar was remodeled. A blackened circular patch was found on the north wall during renovations, suggesting that there was once a woodstove at the north end of the room. Historical photographs show a chimney located at the north end of the building in the early 1900s (Figure 4.21a). Placement of the chimney changed over time, and by the 1930s, it had been moved to near its present location (Figure 4.21c). There is a loft, but this too, may be a later addition. The main floor is divided into two rooms; again, this probably represents the division of a single, large room after the building was converted to a residence in the 1950s. The floor joists were sawn with a circular saw, but are thick, full lumber. The underfloor is made of 12 inch wide boards lain diagonally. The floor itself is made of 6 inch stock, at least where it is exposed, as in the kitchen. As with the store, the school has additions relating to its residential function; these date to the mid- to late twentieth century. A small foundation lay about 30 to 40 feet northwest of the corner of the structure, but this was destroyed during installation of a septic system. The structure was probably a privy; the property owner reported finding bottles and a cup when digging around it (Fisher 2002). Historic images suggest a privy was located immediately in back of the building, which may have been destroyed when the basement entrance was constructed. The location of the privy may well have changed over time. Another building located just west of the school may have been a car- riage house (for use by the teacher) or even a woodshed (see Figure 4.21a, c). The community was not a tightly nucleated settlement. In his definition of hamlets, Trewartha (1943:37) suggested that “the maximum linear distance between the outermost buildings should not exceed one-quarter mile.” Thus, in addition to the four core buildings of Alden’s Corners, there were several working farms (see Figure 3.1). These residences include the Feiling-Burger farmstead located about 1000 feet north of the crossroads on the Dekorra-Mineral Point Road (now Breunig Road); the Brosemer farmstead, situated about 600 feet east of the intersection on the main road; a farm now owned by the Breunig family present to the west by about 600 feet. There are three barns associated with this latter farm that apparently date to the nineteenth century, but these post-date the Alden’s tenure (cf. Vogel 1993:16-17) and for that matter, the era in which Alden’s Corners flourished. Plat maps drawn in circa 1860 (i.e., Ligowsky 1861) suggest that the farm was originally that of John Alden and his family. Later the 1873 plat map (e.g., Harrison and Warner 1873) shows the house occupied by William Schoenburg. The extant farm has no buildings that could have survived from Alden’s or Schoenburg’s day. The Brosemer farm house (Figure 4.22) was built in 1874 in the locally innovated “block and stack” style (Eiseley n.d.; Perrin 1981), and is described in detail by Abing et al. (1994) in a nomination form for listing in the National Register of Historic Places: Oriented on a north/south axis, this vernacular form house consists of a two story main block and a one-andone-half story ell that projects to the east. Behind that ell is a one-andone-half story rear ell with a garage addition. The house features a low pitched, gable roof … Under the eaves is a narrow, wooden frieze that runs across the main block and the ell. The walls of the building are constructed of quarried limestone ashlar laid up in the block-andstack fashion. The walls are joined at the corners with smooth, limestone quoins, and the building has a Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan a Photos: courtesy Pat Pulvermacher, Roxbury b c Figure 4.21 Historic images of the public school house at Alden’s Corners, circa 1910 (top) to early 1930s (middle, bottom). 83 84 MAP May 2002 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan Figure 4.22 The Johan Brosemer house, constructed in 1874, Alden’s Corners. coursed, limestone foundation. The openings of the house are symmetrically placed, two-over-two light, double-hung sashes with flat, stone lintels and stone sills. All of the openings are the same size except for smaller, second story windows on the east or end wall of the ell. In the gable peak of the south wall of the main block is a lunette filled in with wooden sunburst. The front entrance to the house is in the south wall of the ell. It is protected by a porch that extends the length of the ell and that features a hip roof supported by plain, square posts. The porch frieze is decorated with a row of dentils. The porch has a stone foundation under a wooden deck while the entrance has a glass and wood paneled door covered with a wooden storm door. The entrance is also topped with a flat, stone lintel. Another entrance is along the east wall of the rear ell… The house [retains] much of its histor- ic character intact (Abing et al. 1994c). The front entrance of the house faced onto the Sauk Road, while the east entrance led to the outbuildings. Apps (1977:126-127) reports that the buildings of many early German farmsteads in Wisconsin were arranged in a particular fashion, referred to as Vierkanthof (four-sided-yard). With respect to the house, buildings formed an open square around the dooryard. Unfortunately, all of the numerous extant outbuildings now associated with it were added long after the Brosemer family occupation of the farm (Abing et al. 1994c) (Figure 4.23). The other farm associated with the hamlet of Alden’s Corners and which has buildings dating to the period from circa 1860 to 1880 is that of Leonard Feiling. Feiling, a German immigrant, built a substantial stone dwelling north of the crossroads on the Dekorra-Mineral Point Road in about 1860 (Figure 4.24). The house was sold to Frank Burger several years later, in 1866, and, hence, is has come to be known as the Feiling-Burger house. The registration form for the nomination of the house to the National Register of Historic Places offers Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan 85 Historic Boundary Pole Barn/ Machine Shed Large Shed 1 Barn Pole Barn Silo Machine Shed Large Shed 2 Corn Crib Silo Small Metal Shed House Gable Roofed Shed Old Garage 0 0 feet meters 20 100 N The ground plan of the Brosemer Farmstead, as it appeared in the late twentieth century. Figure 4.24 The Feiling-Burger House, view to north-northwest, Alden’s Corners. MAP May 2002 Figure 4.23 86 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan this description of the house: Oriented on an east/west axis, this stone farmhouse rises from a limestone foundation and has details that suggest an Italianate and/or Greek Revival influence. The house has a two story, rectangular main block with a low pitched, hip roof. Under the eaves is an undecorated, wide, wooden frieze. The walls of the building are constructed of regularly coursed, quarried limestone ashlar. The limestone is dressed on the south and east walls of the building, while it has a rough finish on the north and west walls. All of the walls have smooth, limestone corner quoins. Attached to the rear or west wall of the building is a shed roofed addition with a limestone foundation and shiplap siding. The openings of the house are regularly placed, single-light, double-hung sashes. On the main block, they are decorated with flat, stone lintels and stone sills. They are unadorned on the addition. The front entrance to the house is in the east wall and is protected by the enclosed porch. Another entrance is located in the rear addition. It, too, has an enclosed porch. Furthermore, there is a side entrance in the north wall of the addition (Abing et al. 1994b). Leonard Feiling was apparently concerned about the visual appeal of his house, at least as viewed from the Sauk Road and Alden’s Corners. This is intriguing, as the Feature 1 North structure, apparently made of stone, was likely a substantial improvement over the Feature 1 South building and lay close to the Sauk Road. Similar considerations may have influenced the look of the Feature 1 North building in an effort analogous to Feiling’s desire to present a more “modern” or prosperous image to the travelers of this, the main road traversing the area. Unlike the Brosemer farmstead, there are several extant outbuildings associated with the Feiling-Burger farmstead; though in the case of this farm, only two appear to date to the period from circa 1860 to 1880 or 1890 (Figure 4.25). There is a one-story smokehouse constructed of fieldstones with large, cut stone corner quoins. A second building, identified as a granary, dates from circa 1860 to 1890. The granary is a one-and-one half story, rectangular building with a steeply pitched, gable roof… The building is on a raised, uncoursed, limestone foundation with large, stone block corner quoins and is covered with board and batten siding. There are small, four-light openings in the gable peaks while another four-light opening is located in the south wall of the building. A six-light opening exists in the south foundation wall. Entrances have wooden doors. A small opening in the east foundation wall is behind a dry-lain, rubble limestone retaining wall. It has a plain, wooden, swinging door (Abing et al. 1994b). A large barn was built sometime after 1880. The remainder of the buildings date to the twentieth century. Again, alterations to the farmyard and its structure over the ensuing decades potentially have obscured any vestiges of a traditional Teutonic farm lay-out. All of these buildings were situated in proximity to the intersection of two public roads, with the farmsteads and their outbuildings located at a distance of 500 to 1000 feet from the intersection. Trewartha (1943:66) studied the ground plans of numerous hamlets and classified them based on two criteria: hamlet morphology and road plan. Hamlet types have linear, radial, binodal, or less commonly, complex plans. “The most fundamental element of ground plan in hamlets is the public highway,” he observed, and generally the nature of the intersection of the roads defines hamlet morphology. Thus, a hamlet such as Alden’s Corners formed at a basic “+” intersection would have been, had there been more buildings, classified as a linear hamlet, wherein the buildings are arrayed along and facing one or both roads. Of small hamlets such as Alden’s Corners, Trewartha (1943:73) remarked: “In settlements with fewer than 8 buildings it is dubious whether an attempt should be made to recognize ground plan.” Thus, other than the fact that it was centered Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Features, Site and Hamlet Plan 0 feet 0 87 100 meters 20 N Historic Boundary Small Shed 1 Small Shed 2 Corn Crib Silo Silo Smokehouse Barn Granary Shed Silo House Small Animal Building Silo Garage Pole Barn Figure 4.25 The ground plan of the Feiling-Burger Farmstead, late twentieth century. on a crossroads, Alden’s Corners would have been classified as an “insignificant hamlet.” Summary The documentary record strongly suggests that the first structure on the lot of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site dated to the late 1840s or early 1850s. The archaeological record—features, feature deposits, artifacts and their distribution in the fill—supports this. Specifically, wrought iron nails and the analysis of window glass from the oldest deposits of Feature 1 South, in particular, indicate that the structure associated with this building dated to circa 1849 or 1850. In all likelihood it was a cabin. The Feature 1 South cellar was shallow (3.6 feet below the stripped surface), while Feature 1 North was deeper (4.8 feet) and had an earthen shelf that was probably used for storage. The building associated with the latter feature was probably constructed around 1860, though the documentary record offers little to support or refute this inference. Stone and mortar in the fill of this feature indicates that it was constructed at least partially of native limestone, which was probably quarried nearby, and in keeping with its presumed use—at least at times—as a post office, the building may have resembled the two extant, public buildings of the Alden’s Corners hamlet: the school and store. The application of yardscape proxemics further suggests that the cabin was associated with a small, working farm; the use of space around the cellars is consistent with that of a farmstead. Public use of the lot, in conjunction with its use—at times—as a post office, is also suggested to some degree in site proxemics. The distribution of artifacts west of Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South suggests greater use of this space, both by the residents of the site and those accessing its public service function. However, the placement of the well (Feature 42) would seem to indicate that at least the northern part of the lot was publicly 88 Chapter 4: Archaeological Investigations: Feature, Site and Hamlet Plan accessible, perhaps as early as the earliest occupation. There was no evidence of another well on site. As the lot was located at the southeastern corner of the intersection and was, thus, centrally located diagonally across the road from the store, the placement of the well evidently was such as to allow travelers to stop and water their draft animals. In keeping with other buildings (i.e., school; store; and farm houses) at the crossroads hamlet, the orientation of buildings and lots was toward the Sauk Road, which was then the more important of two intersecting roads. That the stone of the Feiling-Burger house, which is located about 1000 feet north of the crossroads, was trimmed only on the side oriented toward the hamlet further indicates the importance of the Sauk Road to the hamlet’s inhabitants. The distribution of artifacts on the surface east and north of the post office-residential buildings (as represented by Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South) hints at the presence of other buildings, perhaps less substantial pole type structures used to house livestock and horses. Despite indications that the east and north areas of the yard constituted both private and publicly used space, the location of the only privy apparent on the lot was placed outside of this area, suggesting its use was restricted to the immediate family. All of the buildings on the lot were razed prior to about 1880 and only the cellars were left to mark the location of two, inferentially, sequential structures, a cabin and a later, more substantial, stone building. When the cabin was razed or moved, which was a common means of rehabilitation of a structure, the cellar appears to have been used to dispose of domestic and household refuse. The structure was extant at least as late as 1863, when a decorative flask was deposited on its floor, but how long it stood or how long it took the site’s residents to fill the cellar hole remains unknown. After the site was abandoned and the other buildings razed, much of the material was salvaged for use off-site, perhaps incorporated into structures of the surrounding farms. Little stone and brick, door and window elements (that is, jambs and lintels) remained. Apparently almost all of the wood used in the building was removed, either for reuse or for use as fuel. Despite excellent preservation of organic materials in the cellars, little wood scrap was found. The demolition of the stone building on the site effectively coincided with the end of Alden’s Corners as a viable hamlet. 5 Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts The archaeological investigations of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site in 1993 and 2002 resulted in the recovery of a substantial number of artifacts (see Tables 4.1, 4.3 and 4.6; Appendix 4). This chapter focuses specifically on the artifacts recovered from the two cellars, Feature 1 North, Feature 1 South, and the privy, Feature 2, during the 2002 excavations, although the analyses do include relevant information drawn from the Phase II artifact analysis (Hamilton et al. 1994). While the core of this chapter is the description of artifacts, the chapter also uses these artifacts to address the broad research domains outlined earlier in this report, as well as research implications derived from the documentary history of the site and hamlet of Alden’s Corners as summarized at the end of Chapter 1. For instance, although site chronology was discussed in some detail in the preceding chapter, this is again discussed here. In particular, architectural artifacts, including window glass and nails, and some other types of artifacts offer the potential to further test the implications of documentary evidence extending site chronology by as much as a decade. Other research issues include a consideration of ethnicity, household composition, site function, namely whether there is physical evidence to support use of the site (at times) as 90 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts a post office, and socioeconomic status of the site’s occupants. In this report, the artifacts have been grouped into several general, functional classes based on those proposed by South (1977:9296, Table 4). These include 1) architectural artifacts (nails, window glass, etc.), 2) kitchen artifacts (ceramics, bottles, tableware, etc.), 3) household artifacts (tools, toys, storage items, miscellaneous hardware, etc.), 4) personal (combs, pipes, coins, etc.) and clothing artifacts (shoes, cloth, buttons, etc.), and 5) tack and harness. South (1977) included horse accoutrement, as well as storage artifacts (such as barrel straps), toys, and other things, as part of an Activities group. However, in light of the small number of such artifacts in the Alden’s Corners Post Office site assemblage, and generally low overall artifact diversity, tack and harness elements are considered as a separate class of artifacts (Table 5.1). Toys are included with personal items, while storage artifacts (barrel straps) are included Artifact Group Feature 1 North N=2699 Feature 1 South N=3912 Feature 2 N=74 Site Total N=6685 64.3% 22.1% 7.3% 6.3% 0.05% 33.8% 43.2% 21.6% 1.4% 0.0% 69.0% 18.2% 6.7% 5.9% 0.1% Architecture Kitchen Household* Personal Tack/Harness 76.8% 11.9% 5.4% 5.6% 0.3% * includes Household Miscellaneous group. Table 5.1 spect to in situ-de facto discard, which occurs when buildings catastrophically burn with little or no rescue of their contents, a wide range of artifact groups can be expected. Aside from the low incidence of thermal damage to artifacts, the Alden’s Corners Post Office site displays a generally low diversity of artifact groups. In Lee’s (1988) study, non-kitchen tools (which combines South’s activities and firearms groups; there is no equivalent group at Alden’s Corners, because few extramural activities can be discerned from the assemblage) predominated in primary and secondary refuse. The furniture group (subsumed at Alden’s Corners within the household artifact group) was insignificant in both of these types of discard. Primary and secondary discard differ, however, in that architectural artifacts are less important in secondary contexts than in primary contexts. Architectural artifacts were, in secondary contexts, less important than kitchen, personal, and clothing artifacts. These groups were, with primary refuse, Percentage of artifact class by feature. with household artifacts, as have been the few firearm-related artifacts. The faunal remains are discussed separately in Chapter 6. Site Formation Processes In light of the brief discussion of formation processes in the previous chapter, the nature of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site assemblage merits comment. Lees (1988:252-254) found in his analysis of models of discard (“in situ-de facto,” “primary,” and “secondary”) that diversity of artifact classes proved significant in distinguishing in situ-de facto discard from primary and secondary discard. With re- roughly equivalent (Lees 1988). At the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, architectural artifacts dominate feature assemblages, however (see Table 5.1), which is more indicative of in situde facto discard. The diversity of artifacts within groups, evident between the collections from Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South, relates to the length of time each feature was available for refuse discard use (see Schiffer 1987:67; cf. Lees 1988). The Feature 1 South cellar is inferred to have been open for a greater length of time and therefore accumulated a greater amount and diversity of artifacts than did the Feature 1 North cellar. The Feature 1 North cellar was not available for refuse disposal until the structure covering it was dismantled. Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts When the site was being abandoned, the cellar was filled rapidly with the materials at hand; that is, predominately building materials. In consideration of artifact size, Lees (1988:257) found that, “The size of artifacts probably represents one of the most universally applicable variables with which site formation can be examined.” Artifacts tend to be largest in instances of in situ-de facto discard contexts, followed by secondary discard. Artifacts larger than 10 cm in size tend to be less common in primary discard settings. Comparison with the models tested by Lees (1988) suggests, then, that the artifacts in Features 1 North and Feature 1 South cellars were deposited as primary refuse. In Feature 1 South fill, artifacts tend to be small, with most under 10 cm in maximum size, and filling of the cellar hole does not seem to have been considered critical by site occupants. If this had been the case, it would be expected that larger artifacts would be more frequent or that it would simply have been filled with earth (White and Kardulias 1985). Except for some fieldstone in the lower levels and possibly from the foundation, little bulky material was discarded into it. Instead, the pit was used to discard kitchen and small, general household refuse of all types. This might suggest that the fill in these features is secondary, rather than primary. As Lees (1988) points out, however, it is necessary to look at more than one variable. Spatial patterning, also important in discriminating in situ-de facto and particularly primary discard from secondary refuse (Lees 1988), is difficult to discern at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. It is obvious that the cellars had specific, original functions related largely to storage. The earthen bench in the west-end of Feature 1 North was probably used for storage of crocks. In the case of Feature 1 North, assuming foodstuffs to have been commonly stored there, then it suggests that the cellar lay directly beneath the kitchen. Storage within Feature 1 South was facilitated at some point by placing boards over wall slump deposits. Refuse deposits overlying the boards contain kitchen and general household artifacts as well as other waste (i.e., ash from stoves). However, this material is not “in place”; these are not artifacts that dropped through cracks in the floor for instance. Similarly, it is unlikely, that food waste, animal bone, ash, and charcoal were dumped into the cellar of an occupied dwell- 91 ing. This kind of waste was recovered from all units in Feature 1 South, indicating that this type of material was dumped into all parts of the cellar at a later time. Organic waste and kitchen artifacts were intermingled with other household waste, as would be expected if the old cellar was used as a receptacle for assorted refuse. Thus, the material in the two cellars has been removed from its place of use (primary context), and therefore, it considered to be secondary refuse. However, nails and glass dropped on the ground at the base of walls could potentially be considered as primary refuse. Their position is often not far removed from place of use. The deposits around the cellars—on the ground surface at the time of occupation—contained mixed primary and secondary deposits, and the efforts to clean up and fill the cellars following site abandonment resulted in the deposition of this mixed material within and on top of the two cellar features. Besides the discard, razing, salvaging, and recycling behaviors related to final abandonment of the site, other cultural processes, such as curate behavior and lateral cycling (Schiffer 1987) are readily apparent in the deposits of both cellars. Curate behavior is readily understandable; it involves taking usable or repairable artifacts from one locality to another for continued use. Put another way, if a family moves, they take a good deal of their material culture with them to their new dwelling place. Artifacts deemed to have little or no value to the family or, conversely, that may have commemorative value, may be given to another family or to friends, or are sold to others; this process is referred to as lateral cycling. Each family that occupied the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, left behind refuse, but obviously took most of their worldly belongings with them when they moved. In a consideration of artifact diversity, measured either by the number of artifact groups or by artifacts within groups, it is readily apparent that many activities are underrepresented, sometimes dramatically so. There is for instance, little horse accoutrement, and no farm-related or other tools, large bottles, pots, pans, and other, large, household articles. The building was abandoned, usually temporarily (prior to final abandonment), but the community was not. It is not clear if the closure of the post office in May 1879 exactly coincides with the termi- 92 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts nal date of the site. The assemblage contains no items specifically post-dating 1880, although there are materials, such as white kaolin pipes and some types of ceramics, with long periods of manufacture that extend well into the twentieth century. Conceivably, once abandoned as a residence, the site may have stood unoccupied for a period of time. If so, it is possible that neighbors or even casual passersby scavenged materials from the site, which is a not uncommon phenomenon (Lange and Rydberg 1972; Schiffer 1987). In sum, the formation processes that formed the assemblage include, but are not limited to the following: 1) primary discard, including the formation of a shallow midden on the ground surface around the buildings; 2) secondary discard, especially in the filling of both cellars and ancillary features. Structural refuse dominated the assemblages of the two cellar features, while kitchen and household related refuse were more common to Feature 1 South. 3) razing and attendant recycling and reuse of materials, including wood, doors and windows and their hardware, and possibly stone and brick; 4) intermixing of accumulated primary refuse and secondary refuse on the ground surface during razing and clean up; 5) curate and lateral cycling behaviors, which have effected overall artifact diversity, frequency, and size; 6) possibly, although not certainly, casual scavenging by neighbors and passersby. The debris in Feature 1 North, apparently related directly to razing of the building standing over it, suggests rapid filling, prob- ably on the order of days or, at most, a few weeks. The situation is less clear for Feature 1 South; in-filling of this feature over the course of weeks or months would help explain the lack of large-scale debris (materials > 30 cm). If in-filling was extended over a longer period of time, which seems more likely, then deliberate culling of large-sized materials such as bottles, broken crocks, broken tools, etc., took place with these types of material being discarded off-site at an unknown location. The Artifact Assemblage Architectural Artifacts Architectural artifacts occurred in the greatest frequency of all the artifact groups represented in the Phase III assemblage from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. These artifacts consist of nails and window glass (Table 5.2), with samples of brick, mortar, and wood collected as well. With the exception of some wood and two bricks, few artifacts show any signs of burning. Architectural artifacts were common to all of the features, but stone and mortar were particularly abundant in the Feature 1 North cellar, where thick deposits of each were encountered. Wood was less common and when found, generally was comprised of relatively small pieces. The exception to this, as previously discussed, were the boards found on the floor of Feature 1 South. A single, short board was found on the floor of Feature 1 North. Otherwise, relatively infrequent small scraps of wood were found scattered throughout feature fill. Architectural Material Class Feature 1 North Total Percentage Total Percentage Total Percentage Window Glass 1190 27.7% 1315 30.6% 8 0.19% Nails 741 17.2% 1022 23.8% 15 0.35% 1 0.02% 6 0.14% 0 0.0% Hardware Total Table 5.2 1932 Feature 1 South 2343 Feature 2 23 Percentage of architectural materials excluding brick, wood, and mortar by feature. Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Brick A sample of brick, including one complete brick and 95 brick fragments, was collected from two features at the Alden’s Corners site. Of the brick fragments recovered from the cellars, 31 came from Feature 1 North and 64 from Feature 1 South. The majority of the fragments were less than 10 cm in size. Those specimens that were larger had mortar adhering to them. A single complete brick of reddish-brown clay was recovered from Feature 1 North and measured 4 x 2.2 x 8.2 inches. While adhering mortar obscures much of one face of the brick, there are obvious striations on the opposite face, as well as faint striations on the sides, indicating that this is a machine-made brick manufactured by the stiff-mud process (Gurcke 1987). This process entails pushing the clay through a press and then cutting the resultant slab into bricks. Several of the other, larger brick fragments also exhibit striations on a face and on both sides. One brick fragment is textured on one face, most likely due to spattering, which is a method of patting the brick with a stick to smooth out the striations (Gurcke 1987:103). Two other brick fragments, stuck together with mortar, have one side blackened and most likely represent part of a brick chimney. The Wisconsin State Directory for 1857 and 1858 indicates that a brick manufacturer was operating in the Town of Roxbury in the late 1850s (Smith, Dumoulin and Company 1857). According to Buckley (1901:PL. 1), the Town of Roxbury is located within the Estuarine and Glacial Clay zone; in this zone, clays are high in calcium and magnesium and, when fired, the clay turns cream color or white. Just west of the Dane County line, the Residual and Stream Clay zone begins. Here the clays have a higher quartz content and burn red when fired. Due to the reddish color of the brick from Alden’s Corners, it is more likely that the bricks recovered from the site were manufactured non-locally. The brick from both features originated with the second building at the site, as the brick from the Feature 1 South cellar was recovered from the upper fill zone (Zone I) and represents material spread across the site at the time the site was abandoned. While the exact date for the construction of the second building remains unknown, the presence exclusively of red brick suggests that brick was 93 either no longer being produced locally when the building was constructed or that red brick was chosen over cream for use in the chimney. Mortar and Wood Due to the high volume of mortar discovered at the site, only a small sample was collected for analysis. Altogether, 65 fragments were collected from Features 1 North and 1 South, and one fragment was collected from Feature 2. Two of the fragments from Feature 1 North indicate that the interior walls were painted white. In addition to the mortar, over 150 fragments of wood were collected from the same two features. Fragments of wood were recovered from nearly every level in every unit. Pockets of ash and burnt wood were discovered in Feature 1 South. Feature 1 North yielded over sixty-five fragments (n=42+ from S10 E55, Level 8), none of which were burned. Of the 87 fragments of wood that were recovered from Feature 1 South, 64 percent were burned. The burned wood in Feature 1 South was concentrated in the eastern-most units of the feature, and as these often consisted of sticks and twig fragments, this material most likely represent episodes of stove-cleaning with subsequent discard in the old cellar (Feature 1 South). Nails A total of 1,778 nails were recovered from all excavated features at the site. Ninety-nine percent of this total consists of machine-cut square nails, which were first developed in 1790, perfected by 1830, and used until the 1890s, when wire nails began to dominate the market (Nelson 1968). Feature 1 South produced 57 percent of the total number of recovered nails. Five of six hand wrought nails recovered from the site were found in this feature. In addition to the common cut nails summarized in Table 5.3, the assemblage includes 12 finishing nails: eight from Feature 1 South and four from Feature 1 North. Forty-nine percent of the complete nails at Alden’s Corners have a pennyweight size of 4d or 3d. Nails of this size are generally used for shingling and slating (Fontana and Greenleaf 1962:57; Lees 1986:95). Four of the five sized nails in Feature 2 are 4d; the remaining nail is 3d. Only three nails or one percent of the 94 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Feature 1 North Feature 1 South Pennyweight (d) Number Percentage Number Percentage 2d 3d 4d 5d 6d 7d 8d 9d 10d 12d 16d 20d 10 14 44 13 9 6 11 11 4 16 2 1 141 7.1 9.9 31.2 9.2 6.4 4.3 7.8 7.8 2.8 11.3 1.4 0.7 7 15 62 5 6 3 5 7 0 14 0 0 124 5.6 12.1 50.0 4.0 4.8 2.4 4.0 5.6 0.0 11.3 0.0 0.0 (1”) (1.25”) (1.5”) (1.75”) (2.0”) (2.25”) (2.5”) (2.75”) (3.0”) (3.25”) (3.5”) (4.0”) Total: Table 5.3 Size summary of identifiable common cut nails from Feature 1 North and 1 South. total assemblage, are 16d or larger, and all were recovered from Feature 1 North. The relatively low number of framing nails suggests, in the case of the structure represented by Feature 1 South, that it was a log cabin. Log cabins do not require framing nails because the horizontal timbers, often dressed or hewn, are interlocked by means of notching (Brace 1995:189; Kniffen and Glassie 1966; Lees 1986:122). In the case of the building overlying Feature 1 North, the limestone and mortar found in that feature would suggest that it was made of stone. Again relatively few large pennyweight nails, that is, nails with pennyweights greater than 16, would have been necessary for the construction of this building. The paucity of larger size nails may also indicate that these were more commonly salvaged for reuse. Six percent of the nails at the site, mostly from Feature 1 South, still had wood adhering to them. As the deposits are clearly secondary and not the result of in situ burning or decay of the building, these nails suggest that scraps of boards with nails still in them were disposed of in the cellar. Larger lumber was most likely salvaged, either for reuse in construction or for use as kindling stock. In any case, the nail patterns from both cellar features strongly suggests that the building associated with Feature 1 South was a log cabin, and when combined with the limestone and mortar, that the building related to Feature 1 North was made of stone. Porubcan and Benchley (1995) report a similar pattern in the nails from Feature 1/43 at the Warren Hause (47DA910) site, near Verona in Dane County, which they also argued was a log cabin. The condition of the nails from Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South suggest that the buildings were deliberately razed. For instance, only nine percent of nails recovered from the site are whole and straight (Table 5.4). While reusable materials were most likely salvaged from the site, this may also be due to the activities that led to the destruc- Whole - Straight Percent Bent and Broken Percent Feature 1 North Feature 1 South Feature 2 88 66 4 4.9 3.7 0.2 653 956 12 36.7 53.8 0.7 Site Total: 158 8.8 1621 91.2 Table 5.4 Summary of nail condition. Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts tion of the structures. Lees (1986:96), based on observation of nails used on an existing late nineteenth-century barn in Kansas, noted that nails used in framing and flooring tend to rust through at the juncture of the two boards, a phenomenon he referred to as “in situ breakage.” The primary indicator of in situ breakage is an equal number of proximal and distal fragments in a nail assemblage. All broken nails from the Alden’s Corners site were placed into three categories—proximal fragments (which included the head), distal fragments (headless shafts), and indeterminate (nails too corroded to determine if the head was present)—to determine whether nail condition was due to decay or a razing event. In both Features 1 North and 1 South, 53 percent of the broken nails were proximal fragments. Thirty-five percent of broken nails in Feature 1 North were distal fragments, as were 33 percent in Feature 1 South. Twelve percent of broken nails in Feature 1 North and 14 percent in Feature 1 South were indeterminate. Young (1994a, 1994b) argues that bent and broken nails are indicative of a razed structure, as nails are frequently bent and broken when pulled. Eighty-four percent of the nails recovered from the Alden’s Corners site are broken, 30 percent are bent, and only 16 percent are whole, suggesting that the structures were dismantled. Window Glass A total of 2,513 shards of window glass were recovered from the three main features excavated during the Phase III investigations. Two-hundred-forty clear or colorless and 950 aqua glass fragments were recovered from Feature 1 North and 254 clear and 1,061 aqua fragments from Feature 1 South. Eight fragments of window glass were recovered from Feature 2. The differences in color are most likely due to impurities in the glass, though Roenke (1978:21) reports that there was a fad in the 1870’s known as ‘Blue Glass Mania’, which grew in response to an article in Scientific American touting the healing properties of sunlight filtered through aqua-tinted glass. The deposition of window glass within Features 1 North and 1 South indicates distinct, separate origins of fill with a clean-up, scraping episode, which redistributed material from Feature 1 North over the top of Feature 1 South. After the Feature 1 North building 95 was razed, the cellar depressions were filled with sediments from around them. In both features, the majority of window glass was collected from the upper two levels (62.3 percent in Feature 1 North and 67 percent in Feature 1 South; Table 5.5). Levels 3 and 4 (Zones IIVI) in Feature 1 South contain approximately half the amount of glass that was found in the upper two levels. The lowest levels (Zone II-IV) contained less than 2 percent of the assemblage for this feature. By comparison, in Feature 1 North, the number of shards decreases by 88 percent in Levels 3 and 4 (Zone III), with an increase in Levels 5 and 6 (Zones IV-VI). Differences in glass deposition may be attributed to structure size in relation to the cellar. The log cabin may have been a small structure, corresponding roughly in size to its cellar (Feature 1 South). As the building was dismantled, broken glass from its few windows was thrown into the cellar hole along with other non-salvageable construction materials. The stone structure of Feature 1 North, as previously discussed in Chapter 4, was in all likelihood larger than the Feature 1 South structure, and probably had a greater number of windows (and, hence, individual lights). The Feature 1 North building also likely had a footprint substantially larger than its cellar, despite that fact that no evidence of its footings could be found. Broken window Feature 1 South Surface Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Sfc. Cellar stain/ext B N=1315 6 496 387 187 211 18 5 5 Percentage 0.5% 37.7% 29.4% 14.2% 16.0% 1.4% 0.4% 0.4% Feature 1 North Surface Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Level 8 N=1190 3 365 379 46 56 127 144 57 10 Percentage 0.3% 30.7% 31.8% 3.9% 4.7% 10.7% 12.1% 4.8% 0.8% Table 5.5 Frequency of window glass by level, Feature 1 South and Feature 1 North. 96 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts glass from this larger structure may have lain around the periphery of the building, away from the cellar hole until the building’s destruction. Window glass nearest the cellar was included in the fill, while accumulated glass from the other parts of the house was later scraped toward the cellar for inclusion in the uppermost levels of the fill. This would effectively increase the amount of glass in the upper levels of the feature. Surface scraping moved additional Feature 1 North materials into Feature 1 South, which had probably settled into a depression by this time. Manufacture date ranges for the window glass, determined by glass thickness, substantiate this sequence of events. Chronological Study of Window Glass Studies in Idaho (Chance and Chance 1976), the Pacific Northwest (Roenke 1978), central Great Plains (Schoen 1990), Texas (Moir 1982), upper Midwest (Wackman 1990:88-91), and Upland South (McKelway 1992) have attempted to develop a chronology for flat glass based on glass thickness. Each study asserts that glass became thicker over time and thickness can be generally correlated with a date of manufacture. Wackman (1990) tested the model developed by Roenke (1978, adapted from Chance and Chance 1976) on several Midwestern sites and found it to be applicable. For this study, a sample of window glass from Features 1 North and 1 South at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site was measured. Approximately 12 percent of the flat glass assemblage from each feature was selected for measurement; 140 shards from Feature 1 North and 175 shards from Feature 1 South. One-hundred percent of the glass from Levels 5 and 6 of Feature 1 South was measured due to the low numbers of window glass recovered from these levels. Thickness data were recorded by level in an effort to clarify depositional sequence; levels were then roughly correlated to fill zones. Shards were selected randomly from each level and measured using a digital caliper. The shards were measured several times at either end of the fragment as well as in the middle. Significant discrepancies due to irregularities in the glass (22 shards or 7 percent) were recorded as ranges with the midpoint used in statistical analysis. Fifty percent of the total measured assemblage in Feature 1 South cellar falls within the 0.060 to 0.079 inches range, which, according to Roenke (1978:116), was manufactured between 1845 and 1865 (Table 5.6). The earliest, thinnest glass (0.045-0.055 inches, 1810 to 1845) is distributed throughout Levels 1 through 5 in relatively similar proportions (approximately 15 to 20 percent of each level) with the exception of Level 3. At 35 percent, Level 3, which straddles the scraped fill zone (Zone I) and the fill zones (Zones II-VI) below it (see Figure 4.4), has the highest percentage Feat. 1 South Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 .055 1810-1845 6 6 13 8 4 0 .045 1830-1845 0 1 1 1 2 0 .065 1845-1855 6 5 4 10 7 1 .075 1850-1865 13 12 12 12 4 2 .085 1855-1885 4 8 6 5 0 0 0.95 1870-1900 7 6 1 3 1 2 .105 1900-1915 2 0 0 0 0 0 Feat. 1 North Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 .055 1810-1845 2 4 5 2 0 0 1 .045 1830-1845 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 .065 1845-1855 10 4 7 7 1 6 4 .075 1850-1865 5 2 3 3 6 5 9 .085 1855-1885 2 3 1 4 4 6 1 .095 1870-1900 1 5 2 3 5 2 5 .105 1900-1915 0 1 0 1 4 1 0 Table 5.6 Shard thickness frequency by level, Feature 1 South and Feature 1 North. Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts of early glass. Thicker, later glass is found in every level. However, 68 percent of glass dating from 1870 to 1900 (0.090-0.099 inches) was recovered from Levels 1 and 2 (Zone Ib). This is most likely glass deposited in this feature from Feature 1 North building. Glass with thickness ranges suggesting manufacture from 1870 to 1900 located in Levels 4 through 6 (6 shards) may represent unusually thick specimens or specimens that migrated downward through various site disturbance processes. The mode for Levels 1 and 2 falls within the range assigned to the period of 1850 to 1865, while the mode for Level 4 through Level 6 dates from 1845 to 1855 (Table 5.7). Fifty-one percent of the glass measured from Feature 1 North falls between 0.060 and 0.079 inches, which dates 1845 to 1865. The mode for Levels 1 and 2 is .060 inches (1845 to 97 tween the two features from scraping during the terminal fill event. Levels 4 through 7 contain relatively homogeneous glass, with a modal thickness of 0.079 inches, which dates from 1850 to 1865. This indicates that those materials that made it into the cellar first, possibly from windows in the room directly above the cellar, postdate Feature 1 South by no more than ten years. Door Parts Two possible door parts were recovered from Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South. Feature 1 North produced an iron door handle pin, which is a large, square rod with a circular attachment on one end, presumably from a doorknob (Figure 5.1a). In Feature 1 South, a pintle was recovered (Figure 5.1b). This is a heavy metal spike with F1 South Mode Date Range Median Date Range Mean Date Range Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 0.077 0.083 0.075 0.065 0.072 N/A 1850-1865 1855-1885 1850-1865 1845-1855 1850-1865 0.077 0.075 0.070 0.074 0.064 0.077 1850-1865 1850-1865 1850-1865 1850-1865 1845-1855 1850-1865 0.077 0.074 0.068 0.070 0.063 0.080 1850-1865 1850-1865 1845-1855 1850-1865 1845-1855 1855-1885 F1 North Mode Date Range Median Mean Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 0.060 0.093 0.057 0.064 0.077 0.065 0.075 1845-1855 1870-1900 1810-1845 1845-1855 1850-1865 1845-1855 1850-1865 0.068 0.072 0.063 0.077 0.084 0.078 0.076 0.069 0.075 0.067 0.074 0.088 0.078 0.078 Table 5.7 Date Range 1845-1855 1850-1865 1845-1855 1850-1865 1855-1885 1850-1865 1850-1865 Summary of window glass thickness. 1855). The mode for Levels 3 through 7 is 0.077 inches, which dates to the period of 1850 to 1865. Ninety-three percent of the older, thinner glass is located in the upper levels of this feature. The only fragment of flat glass measuring between .045 and .060 inches recovered below Level 4 was a shard in Level 7. Seventy percent of the later period glass (1870-1915) was located in Levels 4 through 7. The top three levels in Feature 1 North contain a mixture of glass ranging from 1810 to 1900. Older glass from the upper levels of Feature 1 North may be evidence of window glass salvaged from the cabin (cf. McKelway 1992) or, of pronounced exchange of glass be- a slight elbow bend, similar to the double-ended elbow spike pictured in Fontana and Greenleaf (1962:84). A pintle was a fixed rod around which a hinge or other mechanism swiveled. Its context in Feature 1 South suggests nothing of its use, unless it functioned as part of a door or perhaps a window shutter. Another possibility is that it is from an exterior gate. Kitchen Artifacts Artifacts considered in the kitchen category include ceramics, bottle glass, and those metal 98 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts a 0 inch MAP December 2002 0 cm 1 2 b Figure 5.1 Door hardware: a) door handle pin, b) pintle. items that could be identified as remnants of pans, tableware, and stove parts. While kitchen artifacts were found in every feature, the majority of them were recovered from Feature 1 South. Artifacts recovered during the Phase III excavation are similar to those recovered from the Phase II efforts (Hamilton et al. 1994) with a few minor exceptions. Additional artifacts recovered in Phase III that were not represented in the Phase II assemblage include stove parts, kettle bails, and iron pan fragments. Ceramics total of 690 ceramic sherds were recovered from the cellar and privy features. Feature 1 North produced 32.6 percent of the ceramics, while Feature 1 South produced 64.4 percent and Feature 2 produced 2.7 percent. Nearly 80 percent of the assemblage is whiteware/ironstone with pearlware, yellowware, redware, stoneware, and porcelain accounting for the remaining 20 percent (Table 5.8). The ceramics are from a variety of vessel forms, including plates, saucers, bowls, and cups. There was one ironstone jug (Table 5.9). The date ranges for ceramics are summarized in Table 5.10. The meager ceramic assemblage from Alden’s Corners Phase III investigations consists of earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. A Pearlware Pearlware is a variety of creamware in which a small amount of cobalt oxide was Ceramic Type Pearlware Porcelain Redware Stoneware Whiteware/Ironstone Yellowware Total Table 5.8 Feature 1 North n % 1 .14 10 1.4 2 .29 23 3.3 160 23.2 31 4.5 227 32.6 Feature 1 South n % 7 1.0 22 3.2 3 .43 3 .43 370 53.6 39 5.7 444 64.4 Ceramics from Alden’s Corners Post Office site. Feature 2 n % 0 0 0 0 1 .14 1 .14 12 1.7 5 .72 19 2.7 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Provenience Vessel Form Ware Type Fragment 99 Decoration Estimated Rim Diameter (mm) Percent of Rim Present Feature 1 North S7 E55 Level 2 S10 E49 Level 1 & 2 S10 E49 Level 2 S10 E49 Level 4 & 6 S10 E52 Level 1 S10 E52 Level 4; S13 E49/52 North Wall E49 S49 Level 1 plate whiteware base plain plate whiteware rim shell edge, cobalt blue 250 16 shouldered bowl whiteware rim to shoulder green/blue annular 160 10 cup whiteware rim purple & green sponge w/ hand painted pink stripe 90 40 saucer whiteware rim to base relief shouldered cup whiteware rim to shoulder blue transfer in & out 100 15 possible bowl whiteware base, no foot ring plain 80 15 150 15 Feature 1 South E58 S26 Level 1 E58 S26 Level 1 E61 S26 Level 2 plate saucer or bowl possible saucer pearlware base plain pearlware base plain whiteware base plain E64 S26 Level 2 cup whiteware base molded (paneled) E55 S29 Level 1 plate or saucer whiteware rim hand painted blue, unglazed E55 S29 Level 4 saucer whiteware base plain E58 S29 Level 6 plate whiteware base plain E61 S29 Level 5 saucer whiteware rim to base relief (paneled interior) 160 15 E61 S29 Level 5; E58 S58 Level 1 shouldered bowl whiteware rim to shoulder brown/blue stripe 170 15 E55 S32 Level 1 cup whiteware rim relief (paneled exterior) 90 22 E58 S32 Level 1 bowl whiteware rim plain 150 15 30 75 Feature 1 North/1 South F1S E58 S26 Level 1 F1N E49 S10 Level 5 E49 S13 Level 2, 5, 6, 7 E52 S13 Level 7 Table 5.9 jug stoneware rim, body, handle red slipped, maker’s mark Ceramic vessels forms recovered from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. 100 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Ceramic Type Ironstone Count Provenience Decoration 3 - F1N Non-painted relief – wheat patterns Date range Reference 1855/18601880s Mansberger 1986:146-147 1865-1930’s Sussman 1985:43 1800-1830 Mansberger 1986:139 1780-1820s Price 1981:25 1 - F1N 7 - F1S Non-painted relief Stoneware 26 - F1N 2 - F1S Marked Selters 1836-1866 Hurst 1981 Whiteware 7 - F1N 13 - F1S Light blue transfer 1830-1860 Majewski & O’Brien 1987:145; Price 1981:36 Whiteware 1 - F1N 6 - F1S Red transfer 1830-1850 Majewski & O’Brien 1987:145 Whiteware 1 – F1N 1 – F1S Black transfer 1830-1860 Majewski & O’Brien 1987:145; Lofstrom et al. 1982:9 1840s-early 20th century Majewski & O’Brien 1987:145; Price 1981:41 1840s-1860s Lofstrom et al. 1982:9; Mansberger 1986:178 Pearlware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware 4 – F1N 1 – F1S 5 – F1S 7 – F1N 10 – F1S 1 – F2 Flow blue 1840-1860 Majewski & O’Brien 1987:157; Lofstrom et al. 1982:9; Price 1981:37 1830-1850 Mansberger 1986:178 Painted – 1840s-1850s Majewski & O’Brien 1987:151 Hand-painted – sprig Shell edge 1830-1860 1840-1860 Whiteware 4 – F1N 7 – F1S Lofstrom et al. 1982:9-10; Mansberger 1986:178; Price 1981:42 Lofstrom et al 1982:9; Mansberger 1986:178 Sponge “stamping” 1840s-1850s Price 1981:38 Whiteware 3 – F1N 8 – F1S Annular 18301850/1860 Price 1981:33 Yellow ware 1 – F1N 2 – F1S Annular 1860-1930 Mansberger 1986:140 Table 5.10 Summary of date ranges for Alden’s Corner Post Office site ceramics. added to the glaze (Majewski and O’Brien 1987:118). The result is a slightly bluish tinted earthenware that eclipsed creamware in popularity by 1800 (Lofstrom et al. 1982:5). Pearlware was common in the United States until the 1830s and is almost entirely absent from the archaeological record by 1840, when it was replaced by heavier whiteware (Lofstrom et al. 1982:5; Mansberger 1986:139). Pearlware vessels came in a variety of forms, most commonly decorated (Price 1981:25). On the matter of ware identification, Lofstrum et al. (1982:6-7) caution that some whitewares also have a bluish tint, making them hard to distinguish from pearlware. Items identified in this report as pearlware are those molded rims and bases that exhibit the telltale bluish puddling in the creases of the vessel fragments. A total of eight pearlware sherds were identified in the ceramic assemblage; one was recovered from Feature 1 North and seven came from Feature 1 South. Three of the sherds are base sherds with shallow footrings, and most likely represent a single vessel. The remaining sherds, several of which are comprised of refitted fragments, all have the same relief decoration in the form of a “beaded” rim (Figure 5.2). All of the sherds from Feature 1 South were recovered from the first two levels of the feature, as was an identical rim sherd recovered from Feature 1 North (Table 5.11). While not all of the sherds refit, it is likely that they represent a single pearlware vessel. Their incorporation in the sediments capping the features suggests that these were sherds lying in proximity to the structures and were subsequently re-deposited at the time of final site abandonment. Whiteware and Ironstone Whiteware is the most common earthenware in the Phase III ceramic assemblage, constituting 542 sherds (78.5 percent) of the entire ceramic assemblage. Whiteware is refined earthenware with a white paste and a clear, colorless glaze that began to replace pearlware in the 1820’s. Ironstone is also refined earthenware with a hard white paste and a clear glaze that is usually tinted blue, gray, or stark white. It was introduced in the early nineteenth century and became most common in the decades following the American Civil War. Ironstone is often difficult to distinguish from whiteware, and therefore has MAP December 2002 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 101 0 inch 0 Figure 5.2 cm 1 2 Pearlware sherds. been included in this report in the whiteware category. Only two sherds could be clearly identified as ironstone from the maker’s marks on the base of the vessel pieces. Seven additional sherds have also been identified as ironstone based on a specific relief design. Within the whiteware/ironstone assemblage, 163 sherds (30.1 percent) are decorated, while 379 sherds (69.9 percent) are undecorated. The types of decoration present in the assemblage include transfer print (blue, red and black), hand painted, shell edge, annular, sponge, and relief designs (see Table 5.11). A small percentage (5.4 percent or 29 sherds) of the whiteware assemblage is decorated with transfer print (Figure 5.3). Transfer printing is the application of colored designs to a vessel using inked wax paper onto which the design had been transferred from a copper plate engraving (Price 1981:36). Transfer print ceramics were popular during the first half of the nineteenth century until 1860, when the introduction of tariffs on decorated ceramics restricted transfer print to the pricier, upper class wares (Mansberger 1986:146). Before 1830, cobalt blue was the only color used for transfer printing due to its ability to withstand the high firing temperatures required of the lead glaze. With the 102 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Decoration Undecorated Blue Transfer Red Transfer Black Transfer Flow Blue Hand-painted Lt. Green w/ Brown Strip Blue Shell Edge Annular Blue Sponge Green Sponge Purple & Green Sponge Relief Blue Glaze Red Glaze Total Feature 1 South 249 13 6 1 1 17 15 10 8 4 2 0 3 40 1 370 Feature 2 Total 9 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 379 20 7 2 5 22 15 18 11 4 2 5 7 44 1 542 Decorative elements found on whiteware and ironstone. MAP December 2002 Table 5.11 Feature 1 North 121 7 1 1 4 3 0 7 3 0 0 5 4 4 0 160 0 inch 0 Figure 5.3 cm 1 2 Transfer print ceramic sherds, probably Siam Pattern. introduction of non-lead glaze around 1830, the color palette expanded to include red, mulberry, green, purple, brown, and black (Loftstrom et al. 1982). Within the transfer print collection from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, blue transfer print is the most common (20 sherds). Seven sherds from Feature 1 North and thirteen from the Feature 1 South cellar are decorated with blue transfer print. Most of the sherds are too small to positively identify to a specific pattern, but six sherds from Feature 1 North and three from Feature 1 South appear to be from the Siam pattern of Staffordshire ceramics (Snyder 1997:45). Common between 1820 and 1842, “Exotic Views” depicted on ceramics are expressions of British colonial expansion into the Near East, India, and other foreign countries (Samford 1997:12). Despite their fragmentary nature, many of the Siam pattern sherds are distinct Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts enough to represent several different vessels. Two additional blue transfer decorated sherds from the Feature 1 North cellar refit to form a small teacup decorated with a floral pattern (Figure 5.4). The remaining sherds are too fragmentary to be identified as anything more than decorated blue transfer print. Six sherds from Feature 1 South and one sherd from Feature 1 North are decorated with red transfer print patterns. Two of these sherds were refitted to form the edge of a plate or saucer. The remaining sherds most likely represent two or three additional vessels with similar floral patterns. One sherd from the Phase II excavation is decorated with this same red floral transfer print (Hamilton et al. 1994). Two black transfer printed whiteware sherds were recovered from two features. One sherd is from Feature 1 South and is deco- a) exterior 0 inch MAP December 2002 0 cm 1 2 b) interior Figure 5.4 Portion of a transfer print decorated teacup. 103 rated with a black transfer print of indeterminate pattern. A possible second black transfer print sherd was recovered from Feature 1 North. Eight black transfer print sherds were previously recovered during the Phase II excavation (Hamilton et al. 1994). Five sherds with flow blue were recovered from the site. Flow is a variation of transfer printing that creates a blurred, misty decoration (Majewski and O’Brien 1987:143). Flow transfer generally dates in the Midwest from 1844 to 1860 (Lofstrom et al. 1982; Mansberger 1986). All of the flow sherds recovered from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site are a deep blue, which was historically the most popular flow color. Four of the flow blue sherds came from Feature 1 North and one was from Feature 1 South. None of the sherds are large enough to determine the decorative motif. A total of 22 sherds (4.1 percent of whiteware assemblage) are decorated with hand painted designs. Hand-painted decoration consists of floral, or less often animal or geometric designs applied by hand. At Midwestern archaeological sites, handpainted decoration occurs on a variety of vessel forms, although cups and saucers are the most common (Price 1981:37). Handpainted decoration was often combined with other techniques such as annular and sponge decoration (Mansberger 1986). Most of the hand-painted sherds in the Alden’s Corners Post Office site assemblage are decorated with floral designs. All identifiable floral patterns are from Feature 1 South. These include a teacup base with three green leaves painted on the interior, a rim sherd with green flowers, two fragments of a possible saucer with red and blue flowers, and another saucer rim painted with red and blue flowers and green leaves. Other hand-painted specimens include three small rim sherds (one from Feature 1 North, one from Feature 1 South, and one from Feature 2), which are decorated with a thin blue stripe. The remaining hand-painted sherds are too fragmentary to interpret their patterns. Seventeen sherds (3.1 percent) representing seven different vessels are shell edge decorated. Shell edge decoration is a variation of molded rim design over which color is often applied. The most common color used was cobalt blue; green was used to a lesser extent. Although edge decoration was used on a variety of vessel forms, plates and platters are by 104 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts MAP December 2002 far the most common vessel types found in the archaeological record (Price 1981:33). Shell edge decoration peaked in popularity circa 1830, and gradually declined by about 1860 (Mansberger 1986). The seven different edge decorated vessels in the Alden’s Corners Post Office site assemblage appear to be plates. In Feature 1 North, nine sherds refit to form the edge of a plate, while six other sherds represent two additional plate edges. The Feature 1 South cellar has a minimum of three different plates represented by ten sherds. One edge decorated rim sherd in Feature 2 is also a distinct fragment of a plate (Figure 5.5). A total of ten sherds (1.8 percent of the whiteware assemblage) representing at least four vessels are decorated with annular patterns. There are many conflicting and vague 0 inch 0 Figure 5.5 cm ferent annular vessels. One vessel fragment consisting of a single sherd, appears to have a blue glazed body with three thin green stripes around the rim and may be pieces of a pitcher (Figure 5.6a). The second vessel, represented by two sherds, is a fragment of a blue and green striped bowl (Figure 5.6b). One additional annular sherd from this feature has remnants of green stripes similar to the bowl, but is too small to determine vessel affiliation. A vessel from Feature 1 South consists of four sherds, which refit to form a section of a blue and brown striped shouldered bowl. The remaining sherds are too fragmentary to determine vessel form, but they consist of five sherds from a blue, white, and brown striped vessel, one sherd from a yellow and brown striped vessel, and a single sherd from a blue 1 2 Edge decorated plate fragment. definitions of annular decoration based on manufacturing and decorating techniques, but for the purpose of this report, annular decoration is defined as a series of concentric bands of varying width and color applied around the body of the vessel. Annular decoration was used on a variety of wares from the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century. Specifically, the decoration dates from 1790 to 1830 on pearlware, from 1830 to about 1860 on whiteware, and after the American Civil War, it was generally restricted to yellowware (Mansberger 1986). Annular decoration is most commonly found on hollow vessels such as bowls, cups, mugs, pitchers, and chamber pots (Price 1981:33). Feature 1 North produced at least two dif- and green striped vessel. Similarly decorated annular whiteware was also found during the Phase II excavation at the site (Hamilton et al. 1994). Sponge decorated whiteware sherds comprise 1.8 percent (10 sherds) of the whiteware assemblage. Sponge decoration, also called spatter, is produced by the application of various colors to the vessel surface by the use of an inked sponge. This results in a splotched appearance, usually in red, blue, green, yellow, or polychrome. Often only the rim or the upper portion of the vessel body is decorated and sometimes it is combined with hand painted or transfer print decoration. Sponge decoration is commonly found on cups, saucers, and sometimes plates (Price 1981:37-38). Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 105 a) 0 inch MAP December 2002 0 cm 1 2 b) Figure 5.6 Annular ware; a) possible serving pitcher, b) bowl fragment. A partial sponge decorated cup was recovered from Feature 1 North and six sponge decorated sherds were recovered from Feature 1 South. The partially intact cup consists of three refitted sherds and three additional sherds with an identical sponge motif. The sherds are painted with two pink bands and a series of alternating purple figure eight’s and green leaves between the bands (Figure 5.7). A few sherds with this gaudy design were also found during the Phase II excavation (Hamilton et al. 1994). Two sherds with a green sponge-printed flower decoration on the exterior and a hand painted pink stripe on the interior were recovered from Feature 1 South. The remaining four sherds, also recovered from Feature 1 South, have blue sponge decoration, and possibly represent one vessel. Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts MAP December 2002 106 0 inch 0 Figure 5.7 cm 1 2 Sponge decorated cup fragment. Seven ironstone sherds (1.3 percent of the whiteware assemblage) are decorated with molded relief designs. This decorative category includes all those sherds lacking any form of painted or printed decoration, but exhibit a molded, raised geometric or floral design around the rim or body of the vessel. Molded relief was introduced around 1840 or 1850, and is found on a variety of vessel forms (Price 1981:41). Fragments of five molded relief vessels were found at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site (Figure 5.8). The first vessel, recovered from Feature 1 North, consists of three sherds—two of which refit—with scalloped rims and a relief pattern on the exterior. This particular decoration is very similar to the Wheat and Hops pattern found on a washbasin pictured in Sussman (1985:43). British ironstone ceramists James and George Meakin started manufacturing the Wheat and Hops design in 1865, with marked examples dating from 1890 to the 1930s (Wetherbee 1980). Two other whiteware sherds from the same feature comprise a second vessel, which is decorated with an unidentified berry and leaf pattern on the interior. A third vessel recovered from Feature 1 South, consists of a single rim sherd with an unidentified vine and leaf pattern. The final two vessels, both from Feature 1 South, have paneled relief decoration. One is a saucer with paneled relief on the interior and the other is a cup with a paneled decoration on the exterior. Hamilton et al. (1994:111) recovered relief decorated sherds as well, and identified two of the patterns as the Laurel Pattern and the Bordered Hyacinth Pattern. Wedgewood and Company, which operated from 1860 to the present, made the former, while W. Baker and Company made the latter between 1839 and 1932 (Wetherbee 1980). The remaining decorated whiteware fragments have glazes of various colors. Sixty sherds have a colored glaze; fifty-six glazed sherds were recovered from Feature 1 South and four were recovered from Feature 1 North. Of the fragments recovered from Feature 1 South, 45 were blue, ten were pale green, and one was red. All four sherds from Feature 1 North had blue glaze. While vessel form could not be established for any of the fragments, a minimum of four vessels are represented. One is decorated with red glaze, one has a dark blue and white decoration, a third has a light blue decoration, and the fourth is a pale green vessel with a single brown band the rim. The whiteware assemblage also includes a number of undecorated vessels. The MAP December 2002 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Figure 5.8 107 0 inch 0 cm 1 2 Relief decorated ceramics. undecorated sherds are highly fragmented, but a few vessels are identifiable. Feature 1 North yielded two plain teacup handles, a plate, and a possible bowl. Two plate bases, a saucer base, a saucer or bowl base, a possible saucer base, a bowl rim, and a molded cup were recovered from the Feature 1 South cellar. A total of seventeen whiteware sherds are unglazed. Two unglazed rim sherds were recovered from Feature 1 North. Fifteen unglazed rim and body sherds were recovered from Feature 1 South. Two of the unglazed body sherds are hand painted, one with a blue and red flower and green leaves, and the other with an unidentified green and black design. Two of the rims have possible blue paint and another unglazed rim may have a blue sponge decoration. Two unglazed rim fragments refitted to form part of a plate or saucer with a blue shelledge decoration. Another rim fragment has a possible relief decoration of vertical lines near the rim similar to those found on shell edge ware. The remaining eight sherds rep- resent at least two undecorated, unglazed vessels. Yellow Ware Yellow ware is another type of earthenware found in the Alden’s Corners Post Office site ceramic assemblage. Seventyfive yellow ware sherds were found, representing 10.9 percent of the entire ceramic collection. Yellow ware has a soft, thick yellowish-buff paste, and its color is often intensified by surface treatments that include clear lead and alkaline glazes. It was first produced in England during the late eighteenth century, in New England during the 1830s, and eventually in Indiana and Ohio during the 1850s. The date range of popularity for this ware is estimated to have been between 1830 and 1900 (Mansberger 1986). Yellow ware can be plain, but it is often annular decorated with white, yellow, blue or brown slipped bands. The vessels tend to be utilitarian and limited to hollow forms such as mixing bowls, pitchers, and chamber 108 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts pots (Brown 1982). Only 17.3 percent (13 sherds) of the yellow ware sherds are decorated. Two rim sherds from Feature 1 North, and two body and three handle sherds from Feature 1 South are decorated with brown glaze. Two other sherds, one from Feature 1 North and one from Feature 1 South, are decorated with different annular patterns. The sherd from Feature 1 North is brown and white, while the sherd from Feature 1 South is yellow and brown. Another sherd from Feature 1 South has a possible light and dark brown annular pattern. Two sherds from Feature 1 South have a yellow glaze with blue banding. The majority of the yellow ware assemblage is too fragmentary to permit vessel form identification, but a few larger sherds and the handle fragments suggest the presence of a couple of pitchers and several plain, thick pots or crocks. The annular decorated sherds are thinner and may therefore have belonged to decorative vessels. Redware The third earthenware ceramic type is redware. Six sherds were recovered from Alden’s Corners, representing 0.9 percent of the entire ceramic assemblage. Redware is an unrefined red paste earthenware often with a clear lead glaze. The production of redware in the United States began circa 1820 and continued as late as 1900 in the Galena region of northwestern Illinois (Mansberger 1986). Redware vessels were mostly used for utilitarian purposes like kitchen, storage, tavern, and toilet ware, though it was occasionally used for table and tea wares (Brown 1982). Only four of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site redware sherds appear to be finished with anything other than a clear lead glaze. Two sherds from Feature 1 South are glazed on both the interior and exterior with a thick, reddish metallic glaze. One sherd from Feature 1 North and one from Feature 1 South have a yellowish-orange glaze. All of these decorated fragments are too small for vessel identification. The five clear glazed sherds from Feature 2 refitted to form a portion of a crock rim. One clear glazed piece from Feature 1 North represents the majority of a relatively large, storage crock lid (Figure 5.9). Stoneware A small but significant part of the ceramic assemblage is the 27 sherds (3.9 percent of ce- ramic collection) of stoneware recovered from the three features. Stoneware is an unrefined ware with a hard and non-porous paste that will not stick to the tongue or be scratched with a knife. This ware is fired at high temperatures and is impervious to liquids. The paste colors range from tan to gray, white, red, or black. Stoneware is often salt glazed, which gives its surface a dimpled appearance. The inner surfaces are often glazed with a brown slip called Albany slip (Brown 1982:9). Stoneware production has a long history in England and many areas of the United States, but those vessels found in the Midwest were often produced locally (Mansberger 1986). Illinois had a large and readily available supply of stoneware clay resulting in a proliferation of Illinois-made unrefined wares being distributed throughout the Midwest (Madden 1974:181-194). The 27 stoneware sherds recovered from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site represent five different vessels. Eight sherds from Feature 1 North and one sherd from Feature 1 South have been reconstructed with one sherd recovered from the Phase II excavations to form a portion of a red-slipped, Rhenish stoneware mineral water jug (Figure 5.10). A circular seal on the body of the jug has the Duchy of Nassau coat of arms (a rampant lion with a crown) encircled by the word “SELTERS.” A portion of a kiln stamp resembling a script “R” appears below the handle on the reverse side of the jug. A single sherd with the stamped letters “HE” was also recovered, and while it does not refit with any of the other sherds, it is most likely a fragment of the company name “HERZOGTHUM NASSAU,” which would have been stamped below the coat of arms. Nineteen additional sherds, three of which are refits of two sherds each, are of similar coloration and thickness and most likely belong to this vessel. The complete height of the bottle was probably 12.0 inches. The jug was made in the Westerwald district of north Rhineland between 1836 and 1866. Nieder Selters mineral water was sold worldwide in quantities exceeding 2 million containers a year. So popular was it, that the name Selters eventually became corrupted into the word “seltzer” (Hurst 1981). Selters mineral water was imported into Wisconsin by a company in Milwaukee and advertised in the pages of the locally important Germanlanguage newspaper, Pionier am Wisconsin MAP December 2002 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 109 0 inch 0 Figure 5.9 cm 1 2 Redware storage crock or jar lid. (1869a) (Figure 5.11). Sherds were found from the top to the bottom of Feature 1 North and also in the uppermost level (0-.5 ft) (Zone Ib) of Feature 1 South (see Table 4.7). Other pieces of the jug were found during the Phase II excavation of Alden’s Corners (Hamilton et al. 1994). The second stoneware vessel consists of four base pieces, three of which refit, and two small body fragments of an Albany brown slipped jar or crock. The base pieces were found on the surface above Feature 1 South and the small body sherds were found in Feature 1 North. The three other vessels are each represented by one stoneware sherd. One sherd from Fea- ture 2 has a brown glazed interior and a half brown glazed exterior that is either a remnant of a stripe or an annular decoration. Feature 1 North produced a thin red slipped sherd and a brown and clear glazed crock lid fragment. The small size of these pieces prohibits further vessel identification. Porcelain The final component of the ceramic assemblage is 22 sherds of porcelain, which represents 3.2 percent of the entire ceramic collection. Porcelain is a highly refined ware with a hard vitreous paste that has a welladhered glaze. Paste color ranges from pale Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts MAP December 2002 110 0 inch 0 Figure 5.10 Figure 5.11 cm 1 2 Rhenish stoneware mineral water bottle. Inset shows brand name and company logo: Selters. Advertisement for wine, liquor, and Selters mineral water (Pionier am Wisconsin 1869a). gray to white and is generally distinguished by its translucency. Before the turn of the nineteenth century, porcelain in the United States was almost exclusively Chinese in origin. British porcelain was introduced into the United States around 1800 and dominated the market by 1830. Porcelain is relatively difficult to manufacture and is therefore not commonly found at nineteenth-century rural dwelling sites, but rather in the archaeological assemblages of wealthier households (Ketchum 1971). The inhabitants of the hamlet of Alden’s Corners were affluent enough to have at least a few porcelain wares. Of the 22 porcelain sherds recovered from Alden’s Corners, thirteen are decorated. The Feature 1 North cellar produced a small body sherd decorated with blue transfer print and a small rim sherd with an unidentifiable molded relief decoration. The eleven decorated sherds recovered from the Feature 1 South cellar represent three vessels, including one rim and two body sherds hand painted with green leaves and vines, four rim sherds and one body sherd of a molded relief design, and two rim sherds of a different molded relief design. The fragments are too small to identify vessel form, but considering the relatively high price of porcelain, it is likely that they were decorative pieces. Mean Ceramic Dating Mean ceramic dating is a method of calculating an estimated date for a site or feature using median manufacture dates for ceramic Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts types and giving weight to those with greater representation in the assemblage (South 1977). The formula generates an estimated date by multiplying the median date of manufacture with the sherd count of the ceramic type. The sum of that product is then divided by the total number of sherds considered for the calculation, resulting in an estimated date of occupation. Subsequent testing of the formula led to various adjustments; most notably Lofstrum et al.’s (1982:3) addition of a constant and use of vessel counts rather than sherd counts. Criticisms of the method are numerous and often in regard to behavioral variability, including curation, repair and reuse, and lateral recycling (see Majewski and O’Brien 1987:172). Other concerns involve differential breakage and the formula’s reliance on median manufacturing dates for ceramic types, which assumes that popularity of ceramic types builds, peaks, and declines in a normal curve. Cleland (1972:186) argues that the popularity of ceramic types rarely follows a unimodal curve and that more often than not, types peak in popularity soon after their introduction and then suffer a long period of decline. This can be adequately rectified by using mean popularity dates rather than manufacturing dates (Majewski and O’Brien 1987:171) or, as Lofstrum et al. (1982) suggest, by using median dates for a combination of similar ceramic types. Though the ceramic assemblage from the Aldens’ Corners Post Office site is relatively small, mean ceramic dating was attempted using mean popularity dates and vessel counts Artifact Ironstone – non-painted wheat & hops-Relief Pearlware – non-painted relief Stoneware – Selters jug Whiteware – light blue transfer print Whiteware – red transfer print Whiteware – black transfer print Whiteware – flow blue Whiteware – handpainted sprig Whiteware – shell edge Whiteware – sponge print Whiteware – annular Yellow ware – annular Total 111 rather than sherd counts. Following this method, the mean ceramic date for the entire site is 1847.8 (Table 5.12). To calculate the mean ceramic date for Feature 1 South, only those sherds recovered from Level 3 and below were considered, due to the mixing of cultural materials in the upper levels of Feature 1 South. The mean ceramic date for Feature 1 South is 1845 (Table 5.13). Assuming the mixing was unilateral and that none of Feature 1 South’s materials ended up in Feature 1 North, a mean ceramic date of 1849.9 was calculated for Feature 1 North (Table 5.14). Restricting the provenience to Levels 3 through 8 in Feature 1 North increases the mean ceramic date to 1853.6; however, it reduces the sample size to eight sherds. As was the case with the window glass, Feature 1 North postdates Feature 1 South by a relatively short period of time. However, the early dates for both features do not appear to approximate the time of occupation at the site, which began in circa 1850. This discrepancy may be attributed to curation and lateral cycling of ceramics, or it could also be a problem with sample size and the general lack of ceramic fragments with maker’s marks in the Alden’s Corners Post Office site assemblage. Time Lag (Manufacture-Deposition Lag) Time lag is defined as the difference between the time of manufacture and the time of deposition, and is calculated to facilitate discussions regarding discrepancies between mean ceramic (or bottle; see below) dates and the Median Date 1867.5 1805 1851 1845 1840 1845 1870 1845 1845 1850 1845 1895 Frequency 1 2 1 20 7 2 5 5 18 11 11 3 86 Site Mean Ceramic Date: 1847.8 Table 5.12 Mean ceramic date for the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. Product 1867.5 3610 1851 36,900 12,880 3690 9350 9225 33,210 20,350 20,295 5685 158,913.5 112 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Artifact Whiteware – light blue transfer print Whiteware – red transfer print Whiteware – shell edged Whiteware – sponge print Whiteware – annular Total Median Date 1845 1840 1845 1850 1845 Frequency 9 2 3 2 3 19 Product 16,605 3680 5535 3700 5535 35,055 Feature 1 South Mean Ceramic Date: 1845 Table 5.13 Mean ceramic date for Feature 1 South. Artifact Ironstone – non-painted wheat & hops-Relief Pearlware – non-painted relief Stoneware – Selters jug Whiteware – light blue transfer print Whiteware – red transfer print Whiteware – black transfer print Whiteware – flow blue Whiteware – shell edge Whiteware – sponge print Whiteware – annular Yellow ware – annular Total Median Date 1867.5 1805 1851 1845 1840 1845 1870 1845 1850 1845 1895 Frequency 1 1 1 7 1 1 4 7 5 3 1 32 Product 1867.5 1805 1851 12,915 1840 1845 7480 12,915 9250 5535 1895 59,198.5 Feature 1 North Mean Ceramic Date: 1849.9 Table 5.14 Mean ceramic date for Feature 1 North. dates at which they entered the archaeological record (Adams and Gaw 1977; Hill 1982:291). Hill (1982:293) determined glass bottles to be an appropriate subject for time lag analysis; bottles contain a product that is consumed and the bottle is then generally discarded. Hill (1982:296) differentiates between categories of products, and suggests that those products that have a greater value when “fresh” have a shorter time lag than those products that “keep” or get better with age, such as wine. Calculating time lag follows the same formula as mean ceramic dating and the resulting year is then subtracted from the final deposition date of the site. For bottles with longer production histories, the end manufacture date is replaced with the last deposition date (Hill 1982:293; Worthy 1982:350). This is appropriate for sites that are rendered inaccessible or “capped” at a known date. In cases where an end date is not clear, the beginning manufacture date of the latest type in the assemblage may be used for the terminus post quem (Noël Hume 1970:11; South 1977:216), however, Hill (1982:326) does not recommend this method since all manufactured artifacts have some lag. One difficulty in determining time lag in the Alden’s Corners Post Office site assemblage involves the final deposition date. Though Feature 1 North was filled-in shortly after occupation of the site had effectively ended in 1880, it is unclear as to when Feature 1 South was filled. The latest beginning manufacture date for bottles and ceramics below Level 2 in Feature 1 South is 1849 (pictorial flask dated 1849 to 1862), which is one year before the historically documented occupation of the site. In addition, the latest beginning manufacture date for Feature 1 North is 1865 (for the Dr. August Koenig’s Hamburger Tropfen medicine bottle, dated 1865 to 1890), fifteen years before the estimated end deposition date provided by historical documentation. Therefore, the best date for terminus post quem is 1880, which derives from a coin found during the Phase II study. Using these principles and an end of deposition date of 1880 for the site, the time lag calculated for the ceramics at the site as a whole is 32.2 years. Feature 1 North ceramics have a time lag of 30.1 years. If the latest beginning manufacture date is used to calculate time lag, Feature 1 North has a time lag of fifteen years, Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts while Feature 1 South has a lag of four years. While this method of determining terminus post quem may not be useful in this instance, it is interesting to note nonetheless that the time lag in Feature 1 South is considerably shorter relative to that of Feature 1 North, possibly indicating a shorter occupation period. The long time lag for ceramics probably relates to their durability and, perhaps, to economic status. In the latter case, lower income households are less likely to discard usable materials. Container Glass Container glass includes both complete and fragmentary bottles. For the most part, identifiable bottles are medicinal in nature, though 113 there are also pictorial liquor flasks. The absence of larger complete bottles, such as beer bottles, suggests that these were put to other uses or disposed of off site. Flasks Multiple fragments of a pictorial flask, which usually held liquor, were recovered from the surface of the Feature 1 South cellar during the Phase II (Hamilton et al. 1994) and from the same feature during the 2002 Phase III excavation. This one-pint, aquamarine flask depicts a man wearing a long swallow-tailed coat walking, carrying a case, and holding his right arm out in front of him (Figure 5.12). A flowing, S-curved pennant, inscribed with the word, “DRAFTED,” issues from his lips. A rifle with 0 inch cm 2 MAP December 2002 0 1 Figure 5.12 Pictoral flask, “Drafted”, commemorating the federal drafts of 1862 and 1863. 114 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts bayonet is pointed at the draftee’s midriff. The reverse is decorated with an eagle, shield, and banner motif common to pictorial flasks of the nineteenth century. The theme of this flask was certainly inspired by the draft of 1862 and subsequent Federal Draft Act of 1863. The Draft Act was a result of the failure to recruit enough Union soldiers to fight in the American Civil War. Opposition to this Act was bitter, especially among Wisconsin’s recent German immigrants, with violent riots ensuing not only in Wisconsin, but throughout the country. This flask, no doubt, sought to remind people of this awful period (McKearin and Wilson 1978). The manufacturer of this flask is not definitely known, but Van Rensselaer (1969) suggests that it was made by a glass manufacturer in Zanesville, Ohio (Table 5.15). The majority of a second aquamarine pictorial flask was found crushed in place beneath several boards found on the floor of the Feature 1 South cellar during the 2002 excavation (Figures 5.13 and 5.14). The obverse side of the flask depicts a Hessian soldier facing front, wearing a spiked helmet, uniform with epaulets, and holding a rifle with bayonet. The re- 0 inch MAP December 2002 0 Figure 5.13 Pictoral flask showing Hessian soldier. cm 1 2 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts verse depicts a ballet dancer posed on a patch of ground. Both Van Rensselaer (1969) and McKearin and Wilson (1978) attribute this flask to Chapman’s Maryland Glass Works, which operated from 1849 to 1862. The flask style was likely produced throughout the life of the manufacturer. A single amber glass shard from Feature 1 South, with only the embossed decoration of a man’s legs remaining, represents another pictorial flask. The legs resemble those found on a hunter on the reverse of some of the “Pike’s 115 Peak” flasks found in McKearin and Wilson (1978), but so little of the decoration remains, it is impossible to positively identify the motif. The “Pike’s Peak” flasks were produced from 1858 into the 1870s in response to the Pike’s Peak gold rush. Medicine Bottles Several medicinal bottles and bottle fragments were recovered at Alden’s Corners from Feature 1 North, Feature 1 South, and Feature 2 (see Table 5.15). 0 inch MAP December 2002 0 Figure 5.14 Pictoral flask, reverse side with ballerina. cm 1 2 116 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 0 inch 0 1 2 cm MAP December 2002 An intact medicinal vial marked “DR AUGUST KOENIG’S/ HAMBURGER/ TROPFEN” was found in Feature 1 North (Figure 5.15). A cure for dyspepsia or indigestion (among other things), Hamburger Tropfen was a part of the “Dr. Koenig” line of medicinals, marketed heavily to German immigrants, that were introduced by A. Vogeler & Co., Baltimore, Maryland in 1871 (Fike 1987). Dr. Koenig’s Hamburger Tropfen was advertised extensively in the Prairie du Sac German language newspaper, Pionier am Wisconsin as early as 1873 and was evidently a perennial favorite (Pionier am Wisconsin 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876) (Figures 5.16 and 5.17). This colorless glass vial is also comparable to one found at Fort Union, which dates from 1865 to 1890 (Wilson 1981). Fragments of a second bottle from Feature 1 North were recovered during Phase II (Hamilton, et al. 1994) and Phase III excavations. This square, amber colored bottle is embossed with the letters “DR J HO..ETT…/ STOMACH BITTERS” (Figure 5.18). David Hostetter began Hostetter’s Bitters in 1853. Figure 5.15 Medicine vial: Dr. Koenig’s Hamburger Tropfen. Count/ Feature Brand/ Decoration Date Range Reference Medicine bottle 1 / F 1 North Dr. August Koenig’s Hamburger Tropfen 1865-1890 Fike 1987; McKearin & Wilson 1978 Medicine bottle 1 / F 1 North Hostetter’s Bitters 1853-1958 Fike 1987; Wilson & Wilson 1969 Pictorial flask 1 / F 1 South Drafted/eagle 1862/3-? McKearin and Wilson 1978; Van Rensselaer 1969 Pictorial flask 1 / F 1 South Soldier/ ballerina Chapman’s Maryland Glass Works in operation 1849-1862 McKearin & Wilson 1978; Van Rensselaer 1969 Vessel Type Medicine bottle 1 / F 1 South G.W. Merchant 1833-1905 Baldwin 1973; McKearin & Wilson 1978; Odell 2000 Medicine bottles 6/F2 Genuine Essence 1815-1854 McKearin & Wilson 1978 Medicine bottle 1/F2 Sloan’s Ointment 1850-1888 Baldwin 1973; Odell 2000 Table 5.15 Summary data for selected bottles from Alden’s Corners Post Office site. Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Figure 5.16 117 Advertisements for Dr. August Koenig’s Hamburger Tropfen (Pionier am Wisconsin 1873, 1874). 118 Figure 5.17 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Advertisements for Dr. August Koenig’s Hamburger Tropfen (Pionier am Wisconsin 1875, 1876). The bottles were marketed with paper labels until 1857 and embossed bottles were used from then until the company’s demise in 1958 (Fike 1987) (see Table 5.15). Pittsburgh glass houses produced the majority of the Hostetter’s bottles, but as the popularity of the product grew in the 1870s, branches were opened in Boston and New Orleans. Unfortunately, not enough of the base of this particular bottle remains intact to narrow the time of manufacture. Hostetter’s Bitters was extremely popular throughout the United States, and as a result, the bottles are nearly ubiquitous on nineteenth-century sites (Wilson and Wil- Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 0 inch cm 2 son 1969). Switzer (1974:76) comments that “The product contained 25 percent alcohol by volume, but this presumably was used only to extract the medicinal virtues of the plant materials it contained. The alcohol was also regarded as a solvent and preservative.” In addition to alcohol, the contents included strychnine, cinchona bark (from which quinine is extracted), anise, calamus, and ginger. “Regardless of the ingredients, even teetotalers found stimulation in the cure-all,” noted Switzer (1974:76). Although they were likely available locally for some time, advertisements for Hostetter’s Stomach Bitters began to appear in the pages of the Pionier am Wisconsin in the late 1870s (Pionier am Wisconsin 1879) (Figure 5.19). Most of a heavy, emerald green medicine bottle was found in Feature 1 South (Figure 5.20). This specimen was imprinted with “G.W. MERCHANT/…CKPORT.N.Y.” G.W. Merchant began his medicine business in 1833 at Lockport, NY and became famous for his MAP December 2002 0 1 119 Figure 5.19 Figure 5.18 Medicine bottle: Dr. J. Hostetter’s stomach bitters. Advertisement for Dr. J. Hostetter’s bitters (Pionier am Wisconsin 1879). 120 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 0 inch cm 2 MAP December 2002 0 1 Figure 5.20 Medicine bottle: G.W. Merchant, Rockport, N.Y. Figure 5.21 Gargling Oil, proclaimed as cure for the ailments of “man or beast” (McKearin and Wilson 1978:139). The Gargling Oil is found generally in advertisements nationally from 1838 to 1905 (see Table 5.15). That the curative was available to the inhabitants of the hamlet of Alden’s Corners is evident from advertisements for the remedy that appear as early as 1863 in the pages of the Pionier am Wisconsin and continued into the 1870s (e.g., Pionier am Wisconsin 1863, 1871) (Figure 5.21). G.W. Merchant produced a number of other medicines, including itch ointment, sarsaparilla, balm of ten thousand flowers, and toothache drops. It is difficult to say which of these remedies this particular bottle held, because it is not marked, as is typical of his earlier bottles. The older bottles were made from a rich emerald colored heavier glass, as this bottle appears to be (Baldwin 1973; Odell 2000). Feature 2 produced a cache of seven medicine bottles from near its base (see Figure 4.10); six of those embossed are with “GENUINE ESSENCE” (Figure 5.22a). This tall, thin rectangular aqua bottle was the standard bottle type for essences. Genuine Essence has been identified as perfume in Rex Wilson’s Advertisements for G.W. Merchant’s Gargling Oil (Pionier am Wisconsin 1863, 1871). Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 0 inch a Figure 5.22 cm that the privy was not regularly or thoroughly cleaned. However, Wilson (1981:72) reported bottles of identical shape and size from Fort Laramie, which dated between 1870 and 1890. The seventh bottle from the privy is a small, square aqua colored bottle embossed with “SLOAN’S/OINTMENT” (Figure 5.22b). Walter B. Sloan of Chicago, Illinois manufactured two different products under this label: Sloan’s Ointment (used to promote perspiration) and Sloan’s Celebrated Family Ointment (a cure for inflammatory diseases). Both of these products were advertised from 1850 to 1888, and possibly later (Baldwin 1973; Odell 2000) (see Table 5.15). An unmarked aqua tinted glass bottle with a paneled body was also found in Feature 1 South. The shape of the bottle is typical of nineteenth-century patent medicine bottles. It undoubtedly once bore a paper label, as there are no embossed letters or manufacturer’s marks on the bottle (Figure 5.23). 1 2 b Medicine bottles: a) Genuine Essence, b) Sloan’s ointment. (1981) Bottles on the Western Frontier, and most archaeological reports follow Wilson’s lead; however, these bottles held peppermint extract. McKearin and Wilson (1978:282) illustrate an example of a Genuine Essence bottle still bearing a paper label (on the side of the bottle opposite the embossing) which reads: “From Frederick Klett & Co’s/ ESS. PEPPERMINT/ Drug & Chemical Warehouse, N.E., Callowhill/ and Second Street, Phila.” They note that the maker used that particular address from 1843 to 1858 (see Table 5.15). Peppermint oil was a popular remedy for a number of different maladies, a flavoring for food, and when mixed with water, is alleged to have made a tasty drink (Jones 1981). A single Genuine Essence bottle was recovered from the lowest level of the privy during the Phase II investigations (Hamilton et al. 1994:127, Figure 5.22a). The apparent early date for these bottles is curious. The bottles were recovered from the privy and, if they date to the early Yankee occupation of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, would seem to suggest 0 inch 0 cm 1 2 MAP December 2002 MAP December 2002 0 121 Figure 5.23 Unmarked medicine bottle. 122 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Other Embossed Bottles Twelve other glass bottle shards from the site are embossed with single, pairs, or short series of letters too fragmentary to decipher. The medicinal bottles found during the Phase III investigations are comparable to fragmentary bottles recovered in the Phase II excavation. Specifically, these included a portion of a Dr. Hostetter’s Stomach Bitters bottle—sherds of which mend between Features 1 North and 1 South—and three shards of a cough syrup bottle from Feature 1 South (Hamilton et al.1994:130). One other embossed bottle fragment was found at the site that may be a beer or a soda water bottle. Unfortunately the lettering is too fragmentary to properly identify the piece. It is an aqua colored, beverage bottle fragment embossed with the letters “…RAM/…ON.” 0 inch 0 cm 1 2 Time Lag (Manufacture-Deposition Lag) Time lag, discussed above in the ceramics section, was also attempted for the bottles. The time lag for glass bottles at the site is 33.25 years. A consideration of time lag by feature is not possible since the sample size would then be reduced to only a few specimens. The long time lag is most certainly due to the fact that all of the datable bottles at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site are medicine bottles, which typically have longer time lags (Hill 1982:297). Since the same method used for mean ceramic dating figures prominently in the calculation of time lag, the problem remains of median manufacturing date not coinciding with peak popularity. This may especially be the case in the category of medicines. Medicines are subject to preferences based on their perceived health benefit. This category of goods, more than others, may witness loyalty to a particular product that can begin at any time during its production history and last for as long as the medicine is perceived to be effective. Medicines were certainly not im- MAP December 2002 Condiment Bottle Feature 1 South also yielded a nearly complete, reconstructed, aqua glass ribbed bottle (Figure 5.24). The bottle contains no commercial or manufacturer marks so it is difficult to ascertain its contents or the manufacturer. It is similar in size and shape to condiment bottles that were commonly produced in the nineteenth century and held a condiment such as ketchup (Zumwalt 1980; Switzer 1974). Figure 5.24 Partial bottle, probably used for a condiment. mune to fickle consumerism; however, medicinal products may not necessarily be subject to the same market forces as ceramics or other types of bottles, and whatever shortcomings inherent in such analytical methods may be amplified in this particular category. Drinking Glasses One fragment of a fluted bar tumbler was found during the Phase III excavation at Alden’s Corners. The tumbler fragment is too incomplete to determine the entire glass Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts form and size. The fragment is similar to ones found at the Evans (47LC486) site in LaCrosse County, WI (Meinholz 1991:28), the Hughlett and Washburne sites in Galena, Illinois (Mansberger 1988:146), and at the Trombley House in Michigan (Branstner 1989:165), which date to the mid-nineteenth century. Other glass tumblers were found during the Phase II excavation (Hamilton et al. 1994). Four fragments that refit to form a large mug base were also found in Feature 1 North. The body appears to have been fluted, but too little remains for further identification. Flatware and Knives Two spoon fragments, the shank and tine portion of a two-tine fork, and four knife fragments were recovered from Feature 1 South (Figure 5.25). Two-tine forks were common in the eighteenth century but went out of style by the end of the first-third of the nineteenth century (Dunning 2000:38). The knife fragments include one blade with a rat-tail tang, 123 one blade with a partial handle, and one butter knife blade fragment. The fourth knife is a complete knife blade with a partial bone handle, which has been decorated with a series of parallel, incised lines. The bone grip or scale was pinned to the flat iron handle. The blade, bolster, and tang seem to be a single piece, indicating that the knife was likely made in the 1840s or later (Dunning 2000). The blade edge is noticeably concave, suggesting heavy wear and resharpening. No maker’s mark is discernible on the blade due to corrosion (Figure 5.26a). Two additional knife blade fragments were recovered from Feature 1 North, one of which is serrated (Figure 5.26b). Phase II excavations recovered similar artifacts including a tablespoon and a knife blade fragment from the Feature 1 South cellar, and a teaspoon and flatware handle tip from Feature 1 North. Stove parts Two iron fragments from Feature 1 South 0 inch cm 2 MAP December 2002 0 1 Figure 5.25 Flatware fragments, including a two-pronged fork and spoon. 124 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts have been identified as stove parts. One is a thick, wavy strip of metal with three ridges. The other, a fragment of a stove door, is a strip of metal with a lip, a series of ridges below the lip, and a part of a hinge or latch mechanism. Miscellaneous Metal One partial tin pan and 625 fragments of a shallow tin pan or plate were recovered from the site. One-half of a tin pan and 18 fragments that refit it were recovered from Feature 1 South, as were an additional 239 iron pan fragments. Three hundred and sixtyeight iron pan fragments were recovered from Feature 2 (see Figure 4.16). This pan was largely intact when found but disintegrated when removed from the supporting matrix. Of the four kettle or bucket bails recovered from the site, two were found in Feature 1 South and two in Feature 2. Household Artifacts This category is a modification of South’s (1977) Activities group, which included construction tools, farm tools, toys, fishing and hunting gear, storage, and stable and barn artifacts. As there are a limited number of these types of artifacts in the Alden’s Corners Post Office site assemblage, the group has been designated herein simply as household artifacts. It includes those items that would be found within the general household, with the exception of kitchen materials, which have been considered above as a separate category. The household group also incorporates South’s (1977) Arms and Furniture groups and includes miscellaneous and unidentified metal items. MAP December 2002 Decorative Glass 0 inch 0 a Figure 5.26 cm 1 2 b Worn knife with bone handle (a) and serrated knife blade and tang (b). Two fragments of glass with molded decoration were found, suggesting the presence of more ornate glass vessels. Unfortunately, both are unmarked and too small for vessel type identification. One clear, scalloped rim fragment was recovered from Feature 1 North. A pedestal base and part of the curved body of a clear glass vessel was found in Feature 1 North as well (Figure 5.27). The shape suggests that it may be a perfume bottle, but Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts not enough remains of the vessel for positive identification. 0 inch cm 2 MAP December 2002 0 1 Figure 5.27 Ink and Glue Two octagonal base, conical shaped bottles were found in Feature 1 South. One of these is a plain, aqua colored bottle without markings (Figure 5.29). The base bears a pontil scar. Without markings, the manufacturer cannot be identified. While the bottle may have held ink, similar shaped bottles were also used for glue (Covill 1971). The second bottle, also aqua tinted, is embossed “STICK/ WELL/&CO” (Figure 5.30). The base of this bottle is missing, though the remainder is largely complete. Covill (1971) identifies this as a glue bottle. Brose and Rupp (1967:87, Plate IX, I) reported a Stickwell & Co. bottle from the Custer Road Dump site, circa 1876 to 1895, on Mackinac Island (Brose 1967). Base fragment of a decorative glass vessel. 0 Writing Implements inch 0 cm Figure 5.29 0 inch 0 cm 1 1 2 MAP December 2002 The Phase II excavations recovered seven slate pencils, 42 slate board fragments, two pen fragments, including a nib, and a glass umbrella inkwell (Hamilton et al. 1994:121122). The Phase III excavations resulted in the recovery of 21 additional slate pencils, including nine from Feature 1 North and twelve from Feature 1 South (Figure 5.28), as well as 29 slate board fragments, eleven from Feature 1 North and 18 from Feature 1 South. Three fragments of ink pen nibs were also recovered, all from Feature 1 North. 125 Conical ink or glue bottle. A single, conical tin inkwell with a circular base was recovered from Feature 1 North (Figure 5.31). 2 MAP December 2002 Lamp Parts Figure 5.28 Slate pencils. Two possible oil lamp parts were recovered from Features 1 North and 1 South. One, recovered from Feature 1 South, is a small (one inch in diameter and half an inch tall), circular copper piece with holes and a wavy, crown-like top (Figure 5.32a). The part, while small, has the same basic shape as the gallery of an oil lamp. The second oil lamp part was found in Feature 1 North and is a thin circular, burner plate with an elongated hole in the center, which would have supported a thick, cotton wick (Figure 5.32b). 126 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 0 inch 0 cm 1 2 A total of 118 clear, thin curved glass fragments were recovered from the features at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. They are postulated to be pieces of oil lamp glass chimneys. The fragments were found primarily in Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South. MAP December 2002 Cabinet/Trunk Parts Figure 5.30 Glue bottle: Stickwell & Company. Three fragments of a cabinet or trunk lock were recovered from Feature 1 South. Two thin rectangular plate fragments refit, having been broken in two at the small hole in the center of the plate. The whole is heavily rusted. One of the fragments also has a portion of the lock mechanism intact including the pin that fits into the hole. There are remnants of fabric on the lock mechanism, as well as on a third piece of metal that matches the lock parts in thickness. This lock is similar to those described by Lees (1988:466) as cabinet locks. An iron latch recovered from the same feature may be a trunk latch (Figure 5.33). The latch is a thin strip with a hinge and a pin fragment at one end and a spade-shaped head at the other. The latch head has a narrow, 0 inch MAP December 2002 0 Figure 5.31 Dented tin ink well. cm 1 2 MAP December 2002 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 0 inch 0 cm 127 1 2 a Lamp parts: a) gallery, b) circular plate. MAP December 2002 Figure 5.32 b 0 inch 0 Figure 5.33 2 Cabinet or trunk latch. oval hole, indicating this is a latch rather than a door or cabinet hinge. The final item in this category is a brass plate in the shape of an elongated hexagon; there is a single hole at either end for mounting (Figure 5.34). The plate was probably mounted on a trunk or small chest and was deliberately left blank until after it was sold. At that time, if the purchaser so chose, it could be engraved with a name or some other inscription. Gun Parts The hammer of a civilian center-hammer percussion handgun (Brewster 2004) was recovered from Feature 1 South (Figure 5.35a). Three fragments of spent percussion caps and one unspent cap, also for use in a small civilian handgun, were recovered from the same feature (Figure 5.35b). The unspent cap is 3/16ths of an inch in diameter. Though it is not possible to identify the specific gun, the MAP December 2002 0 inch 0 Figure 5.34 cm 1 Brass trunk or chest plate. cm 1 2 128 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 0 inch 0 cm 1 2 MAP December 2002 a b Figure 5.35 Gun hammer (a) and percussion caps (b). majority of American Civil War era small arms had a percussion ignition system and used copper percussion caps (Coates and Thomas 1990:72). Although the gun may have been purchased anywhere, it is interesting that the Western Gun Works in Chicago, Illinois, marketed a revolver to the readers of the Pionier am Wisconsin in 1877. The gun, dubbed “Tramps Terror,” was widely marketed following the American Civil War to a public made anxious by newspaper reports of crimes committed by “tramps” most likely unemployed soldiers wandering the cities and countryside (Bellesiles 2000). The gun was relatively inexpensive and was available by mail order (Figure 5.36). Figure 5.36 It is the driving gear from a spring-wound clock (sometimes referred to as “marine-movement” due to their extensive use on passenger boats [Battison 1973:18; cf. Bailey 1975:154]). Introduced around 1840, spring-driven clocks replaced weights and pendulum with a balance wheel and hairspring movement (Battison 1973; Bailey 1975:156). Spring-driven clocks were easy to operate, smaller, and portable. Also recovered from Feature 1 North is a small, round iron fragment with a hole in the center, similar to the button style clock case foot rings often used with tambour-style mantle clocks. Mantle and wall clocks were available locally. For instance, a shop in Prairie du Sac, owned by John C. Lint, sold such clocks. Lint advertised his products often in the pages of the Pionier am Wisconsin (1869b) (Figure 5.38). Household Nails and Tacks Household fasteners were recovered from all features and include four wood screws, two tobacco nails, seven barrel nails, and 20 cut tacks ranging from No. 4 to No. 24 in size (Kimbark 1876). It should be noted, however, that only whole specimens of tobacco and barrel nails could be identified. It is likely that there are additional specialty nails in the general architectural nail assemblage, which remain unidentified due to condition. Of those identified as general household fasteners, 27 (82 percent) were recovered from Feature 1 South. Only four cut tacks, ranging from No. 6 to No. 12 in size, and one wood screw was located in Advertisement for “Tramps Terror,” hand gun (Pionier am Wisconsin 1877). Clock Parts A metal clock gear was recovered from the floor (Zone V) of Feature 1 North (Figure 5.37). Feature 1 North. A single cut tack fragment was recovered from Feature 2. The remaining artifacts, while relatively small in numbers, represent a more diverse assortment of arti- Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 129 hold activities. MAP December 2002 Miscellaneous 0 inch 0 cm 1 2 Figure 5.37 Driving gear from a springwound clock. Figure 5.38 Advertisement of John C. Lint’s clock shop in Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin (Pionier am Wisconsin 1869b). facts. These include a wide range of tack sizes and two kinds of specialty nails: barrel nails, which were used to secure metal straps to the staves of barrels (Fontana and Greenleaf 1962:58-59), and tobacco nails. Tobacco nails are 7/8 inch nails that were identified based on comparison with examples depicted in Kimbark’s (1876) catalog, though their specific use is unknown (Fontana and Greenleaf 1962:59). Greater nail diversity in Feature 1 South may be due to differential assemblage size and nail condition. It may also be an indication of differences in use of space and a shift in house- Notable miscellaneous household artifacts from Feature 1 South include two badly disintegrating fragments of a possible candlestick holder; one thin metal cap with decorative lines up its sidewalls; one 2.2 inch diameter iron cap; an iron omega-shaped bracket mounted on a rod with a threaded end (possibly for wall mounting as with oil lamps); a curled piece of lead, possibly a bale seal; and a heavy blade tool fragment. Additional miscellaneous items include six metal cap fragments, an iron hinge fragment, several eye hooks and rings, four barrel strap fragments, a hand wrought iron bracket, and two fragments of chain, one with a hook attached to an end. There are also ten thin copper strips, all uniform in shape and size that may have been used in clocks, though this remains uncertain. In Feature 1 North, there were 15 additional pieces of barrel straps, another link of chain, a hook, a sheared rivet, and a large (one inch in diameter) square nut. Three unidentified metal rods, two from Feature 1 South and one from Feature 1 North, have a circular eye at one end. Although the function is unknown, they appear similar to the eyebolt depicted in Fontana and Greenleaf (1962:84); however, all three specimens are relatively thin and flat. They do not appear to have been threaded. The remaining metal objects, including all those recovered from Feature 2, are corroded and fragmentary pieces of metal in the form of wires, thin strips, thicker straps, and sheet metal. Personal and Clothing Artifacts Artifact categories for personal and clothing items recovered from the Phase III excavations are similar to those represented in the Phase II assemblage (Hamilton et al. 1994) and include coins, toiletries, toys, and smoking paraphernalia. Artifact categories represented in the Phase II assemblage that were not found during Phase III excavations include parasol or umbrella parts, and a thimble. Only two personal items were recovered from Feature 2, a tobacco pipe fragment during Phase II excavations and a single straight pin found during Phase III investigations. 130 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Coins Five coins were recovered from Features 1 North and 1 South; four of which are dated between 1846 and 1853. The fifth coin, a silver Spanish reale, is dated 1781. Three of the five coins are Coronet Head One Cent pieces that are similar to a very worn Coronet Head coin recovered during Phase II excavations. The two other coins recovered during Phase II, an Indian Head coin dated 1864 and another dated 1880, were both recovered from the surface. No Indian Head coins were recovered during Phase III excavations. A silver Spanish reale was recovered from Level 1 of Feature 1 South (Figure 5.39). Visible markings on the obverse include the date 1781 and the letters “ARLOU III” and “GR.” The reverse has a crest in the center with a crown over it and the words “HISPAN”, “ET IND.” Two pillars flank the crest with scrolls around each. Much of the crest is obliterated from wear, but a lion in the lower left panel is still visible. This coin has been identified as a Charles III portrait coin with a “modified pillar” or “Milled Bust Type” design. The front of these coins bear the words, “CAROLUS III DEI GRATIA” [Charles III, by the grace of God, (translation found in TwindeJavner 2005)] and the date encircling a bust of Charles III (Carolus), who was the king of Spain from 1759 to 1788. The back shows the Spanish crest of arms (lions, castles, pomegranate, and in the center of the crest, three fleurs-de-lis) flanked by crowned Hercules columns (Twinde-Javner 2005). The words around the edge include “HISPAN ET IND REX” (King of Spain and the Indies), an abbreviation for the mint (i.e., Mo for Mexico), the denomination (i.e., 2R for a two reale 0 inch MAP December 2002 0 a Figure 5.39 cm 1 2 b Spanish reale: a) obverse, b) reverse. coin), and the initials of the assayers (i.e., FF, FR). These last three details have been worn from this particular specimen. There is a hole punched through the reale near its margin. Several archaeological reports note similarly pierced coins (e.g., Gray 1988; Polhemus 1979; Smith and Nance 2000), most notably the Fort Southwest Point site in Tennessee (Trubitt and Smith 1993), where several pierced Spanish reale were recovered. One particular specimen also had solder on the reverse side, which, the authors concluded, indicates that the coin had been made into jewelry (Trubitt and Smith 1993:323). On the other hand, Spanish and Spanish-colonial coins were still accepted as legal tender until 1857 (Alexander 1990:135; Kays 1996). Kays (1996:1637) notes, “…the kinds of sites which usually produce the most colonial coins are courthouse, taverns, house sites and waypoints along colonial roads and rivers where hard and fast living demanded hard and fast money.” The hole in the coin from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site is positioned in such a way that, if the coin were strung, it would hang with the design on its side. This suggests that the coin was not strung for display. A second theory as to the purpose of a hole is that it allowed for a coin to be strung or sewn into clothing for ease of transport and safekeeping (Gray 1988; Kays 1996; Trubitt and Smith 1993). One silver 1853 Three-Cent coin was located in Level 1 of Feature 1 North (Figure 5.40). While numismatists often refer to these coins as “trimes,” they were called “fish scales” at the time of their use due to their small size (Breen 1988:271). This particular coin is 14.2 mm in diameter and weighs 0.6 grams. On one side is a six-pointed star with a shield inside of it. The star has a single outline, placing it in the Type 1 category, which was manufactured from 1851 to 1853. The shield is decorated with stripes resembling the U.S. flag. Encircling the star and shield is “1853 United States of America.” On the reverse side, the Roman numerals “III” lay inside of a large “C” that is decorated with six circles and a diamond. Thirteen six-pointed stars ring the outer edge. The mintmark, which generally appears in the open part of the “C,” is missing, indicating that this coin is from the mother mint in Philadelphia and not a branch (Yeoman 1993:67). Three-cent coins were authorized in 1851, when the price of the post- a 0 inch 0 Figure 5.40 cm 1 131 b 2 a U.S. Three Cent piece: a) obverse, b) reverse. age stamp was reduced from five cents to three cents. The coin was intended as a replacement for some of the Spanish and Spanish-colonial coinage that was still acceptable currency during this time (Alexander 1990:135; Schwarz 1980:169). The design of the coin was changed in 1853 to include arrows (Type 2), which was a standard design element on silver coinage in the United States in this era (Breen 1988:271). In 1865, a three-cent coin, made of copper and nickel, was introduced and the redundant and unpopular silver three-cent piece was finally discontinued in 1873. Three copper Liberty Head One-Cent coins were recovered from the site. All three are Coronet Heads of the Braided Hair design [also called Mature Head, which is a repositioned Petite Head (Alexander 1990:109-110)] encircled by thirteen six-pointed stars. One coin, dated 1846, was located in the backdirt from the initial mechanical stripping of the site (Figure 5.41a). Much of the reverse of this coin is corroded. Part of the laurel wreath circle is visible at the top, along with the letters “E” and “T” (all that remains of the phrase, “ONE CENT”) inside the wreath and the words “..ATES OF AMERICA” along the outer edge. There are no apparent mintmarks. The second coin was located in Level 7 of Feature 1 North and bears the date 1849 (Figure 5.41b). The reverse is in better condition than the previously described coin, with the words “ONE CENT” and the whole of the laurel wreath circle plainly visible. The third coin was located in Level 5 of Feature 1 South and is dated 1848. Despite the green patina, the front and back designs are relatively clear (Figure 5.41c). Buttons Seventy-nine buttons made from various MAP December 2002 MAP December 2002 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts b c 0 inch 0 Figure 5.41 cm 1 2 U.S. Liberty Head One Cent coins: a) 1846, b) 1849, c) 1848. material types were recovered from Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South. Three buttons are diagnostic, including a black glass button that dates to the late 1870’s or 1880’s and two brass military buttons that date between 1850 and 1860. The remaining buttons are similar in materials and style to those recovered from Phase II investigations. Buttons unique to the Phase II assemblage include a brass button with the letters “S. PERFINA LONDON,” a brass button with the letters “R. BATT* LONDON,” and a hard rubber button from the Novelty Rubber Company, which dates between 1855 and 1870 (Hamilton et al. 1994:119). Eleven bone buttons were recovered from Features 1 North and 1 South (Figure 5.42). Several of the buttons are dark brown in color and resemble wood. This is typical of nineteenth-century English bone buttons, which were often dyed a dark brown color (Peacock 1989:56). Seven of the buttons are four-holed and range from 0.5 to 0.7 inches in diameter. Two of these are identical and were recovered from Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South, respectively. Three of the buttons are fiveholed; these were all recovered from Feature 1 132 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 0 inch 0 Figure 5.42 cm 1 2 Bone buttons. MAP December 2002 MAP December 2002 a c 0 inch 0 Figure 5.43 1 2 cm Brass military buttons: Scovill Company button a) obverse, b) reverse and c) unmarked button. eral Service button for enlisted men. While this type of button generally had a backmark (Tice 1997), there are no visible letters on the back of this button. A single glass button was recovered from Feature 1 North (Figure 5.44). It is a black glass button with a gliding shank. The front has a raised checkerboard and small dots design. It possibly dates to the 1880s and certainly no earlier than the mid-1870s (Bellais 2003). Sixteen metal buttons were recovered from both Features 1 North and 1 South. There are five metal, four-holed buttons and five metal MAP December 2002 South. Two brass buttons were recovered from Feature 1 South. One is a large (0.78 inches in diameter), two-piece military shank button. The eagle on the front of the button has extended wings, neck, and tail and is holding three arrows in one talon and an olive branch in the other. On the eagle’s chest is a shield decorated with stripes. There are no stars around the eagle and no letters on the shield, indicating that this is a Federal General Service button for enlisted men (Tice 1997). There is a visible backmark of the “rmdc” (raised mark in a depressed channel) variety that reads, “Scovill MF’G Co Waterbury” (Figure 5.43a and 5.43b). The Scovill Manufacturing Company, a manufacturer of brass hardware located in Waterbury, Connecticut, produced millions of military buttons with various backmarks throughout the American Civil War era. Though the backmark on this button is worn in one place, making it difficult to determine the precise backmark used, the button can be generally dated between 1850 and 1860 (Tice 1997:32-33). The second brass button recovered from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site is a small (0.59 inches in diameter), two-piece military shank button that also has an eagle motif (Figure 5.43c). The shield on the eagle’s chest, though relatively faint, appears to also be decorated with stripes only, indicating that it too is a Federal Gen- b 0 inch 0 Figure 5.44 cm 1 2 Black glass button with checker pattern. shank buttons; only one is not so corroded as to determine that it is undecorated. Two additional shank buttons—one large (0.88 in) Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 0 inch cm 2 MAP December 2002 0 1 Figure 5.45 A selection of porcelain buttons. paint on the otherwise plain front. Seven shell buttons were recovered from both Features 1 North and 1 South (Figure 5.46a). Three are small, iridescent, and cream colored. Two gray shell button fragments, one found in Level 1 of Feature 1 South and the other found in Level 5 of the same feature, refit. There is one additional fragmentary undecorated button. The only decorated shell button is also fragmentary, with a small lineborder on the front edge. Finally, a mother of pearl button with a brass pinshank was recovered from Feature 1 South (Figure 5.46b). MAP December 2002 and one small (0.46 in)—and one two-piece shank button have textured fronts, indicating they may have been cloth covered. The Phase II excavations (Hamilton et al. 1994) recovered a similar metal button with remnants of a fabric covering. There is only one decorated button, a shank button with a stamped floral design on the front. The back is concave and the raised letters “IC” are visible. There were several additional button parts recovered, including one undecorated button cover and one shank button back. Forty-two porcelain buttons were recovered from Features 1 North and 1 South in three colors, including pink, black, and white (Figure 5.45). The three small (around 0.43 inches in diameter), pink four-holed buttons were all recovered from Feature 1 South. Of the four black porcelain buttons recovered, three were four-holed buttons ranging from 0.41 to 0.43 inches in diameter and one was a two-holed button, 0.57 inches in size. Three of the four black porcelain buttons came from Feature 1 North. Of the 35 white porcelain buttons, 14 were recovered from Feature 1 North, while 21 were recovered from Feature 1 South. There are two, three-holed buttons and 32, four-holed buttons (median size of 0.435 inches in diameter), as well as one part of a stud button. Only four of the porcelain buttons are decorated. Three small (0.41 inch and 0.42 inch in diameter) buttons have a ridged sunburst pattern on the front. The fourth decorated porcelain button is 0.43 inches in diameter and has small flecks of blue 133 a b 0 inch 0 Figure 5.46 cm 1 2 Shell buttons: a) plain shell buttons, b) shell button with brass pinshank. Combs The remnants of five combs were recovered; two from Feature 1 South and three from Feature 1 North. Of the two fragments recovered from Feature 1 South, one is the spine of a black, hard rubber comb. All of the teeth are missing. The other fragment is a complete comb spine, three inches long, and retaining approximately 50 percent of its teeth (Figure 5.47a). The comb is broken at one extremity, possibly where a handle had been. Two comb fragments similar to this one were recovered from Feature 1 North. One fragment has slightly thicker teeth than the previously described comb, while the other has slightly shorter teeth (Figure 5.47b). These two fragments do not refit. Finally, several fragments of a bone lice comb were recovered from Feature 1 North (Figure 5.47c). The two largest fragments from Levels 6 and 7 of S7 E55 in Feature 1 South refit. No comb fragments were recovered during Phase II excavations. 134 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts as two brass hooks (Figure 5.48b). One of the hooks has a small bit of thread attached. These smaller brass hooks are generally older than the larger steel varieties (Bellais 2004). a 0 inch MAP December 2002 0 cm 1 2 0 0 b a inch 1 cm 2 c Hair comb fragments (a,b), lice comb fragment (c). Buckles Five garment buckles were recovered from Features 1 North and 1 South. Three of the buckles, described by Aspenson and Ferencevich (1995:210) as “toothed buckles,” are men’s vest buckles (Bellais 2004) (Figure 5.48a). Two are corroded and fragmentary, while the third is complete and in relatively good condition. The fourth is a more ornately designed buckle with three prongs. A similar item identified as a suspender’s grip was recovered from the steamboat Bertrand, which went down in the Missouri River in 1865 (Peterson 1997:44). The final item, recovered from Feature 1 South, is similar to a suspender buckle pictured in Fontana and Greenleaf (1962: 86). Garment Clasps A total of three hooks and three loops, which are sewn into garments and used as clasps, were recovered from the site. One steel hook and two steel loops were recovered from Feature 1 North. The hooks lack the bump at the end of the hook, which was invented in the 1890’s to keep loops from slipping off of the hook (Bellais 2004). One small loop fragment was recovered from Feature 1 South, as well MAP December 2002 Figure 5.47 a b Figure 5.48 Garment buckles (a) and clasps (b). Bead A single, black glass bead was recovered from Feature 1 South. The exterior of the bead is six-sided with additional facets creating a hexagon on each of the six panels. The facets are irregular, giving it a worn appearance, possibly indicating it was hand-made. Shoes Fragments representing approximately three shoes were recovered from Features 1 North and 1 South. These were in addition to the fragments of shoes recovered from the Phase II excavation, some of which have been described here for comparative purposes. Remnants of a woman’s leather ankle boot were recovered from Feature 1 North. The boot is made of dark brown or black leather (Figure 5.49a). Several fragments contain eyelets with grommets intact; the largest fragment has five eyelets spaced approximately .25 inches apart. Curvature of the lace stay Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 0 inch MAP December 2002 0 a Figure 5.49 135 cm 1 2 b Portion of a boot (a) with stacked heel (b). 136 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts (the sewn strip that contains the eyelets) indicates that this is a front lacing boot. Single threaded stitching is visible on several pieces, indicating parts of the shoe were hand stitched. Hand stitching was common in many areas until the era of the mass catalog marketing (e.g. Montgomery Ward; Sears, Roebuck and Company) began in the 1890s (Bellais 2004). The stacked heel, which was created from thin layers of leather (called lifts) nailed together, is narrow (1.25 inchs at the widest point) and approximately three-quarters of an inch high (Figure 5.49b). A fragment of a heel or toe plate was recovered with the shoe; it is slightly larger than the heel and does not appear to belong to this boot. All of the identifiable remains of this boot are relatively small in size; however, children’s shoes had spring heels, which consists of a single layer of leather inserted just above the sole to create a small heel, if they were heeled at all (Rexford 2000:218). Moreover, small feet were very much in fashion during the mid-nineteenth century, and women’s shoes, especially the soles, were made very small (Rexford 2000:46). Therefore, these shoe fragments are most likely that of a teenage girl’s or a smallsized woman’s boot (Bellais 2004). Technology and style of diagnostic features used to date shoes are subject to fashion cycles, with elements appearing, disappearing, and reappearing throughout the years. Front lacing ankle boots were popular during the early part of the nineteenth century, as were low stacked heels, which peaked in the 1820s, but by the 1830s, were no longer popular (Rexford 2000:72). It is unlikely, however, that the boot dates this early. Artifactual and historical evidence does not indicate occupation at the site prior to 1849, and utilitarian boots, though durable, were consumable. Subjected to constant abuse, such shoes would not likely have lasted thirty years, even with repair. This boot probably dates from the 1860s to the 1880s. Heels had become fashionable again in the 1850s, appearing first on boots (Rexford 2000:220). Stacked heels were occasionally found on fashionable shoes, but by the 1860s they were mostly reserved for walking and work boots (Rexford 2000:221). Front lacing also returned to popularity in 1860, and while sometimes found on “dressier” shoes, by the early 1870s this too was increasingly relegated to utilitarian boots (Rexford 2000:199-200). Entirely out of fashion by the 1880s, front lacing remained on utilitarian boots until the 1890s. It is possible that this particular shoe is a small-sized work boot; however, the small yet relatively high heel suggests this is more likely the remains of a fashionable walking boot. Another woman’s boot was recovered from the same feature during the Phase II excavations. This particular specimen has a broad, rounded square toe approximately 2.25 inches wide. The sole is hand stitched with a pegged heel and toe. The waist of the sole is very narrow, approximately 1.5 inches wide. This is most likely a front lacing boot based on the curvature of the lace stay. The largest lace stay fragment contains eight eyelets spaced 0.5 inches apart. The boot has a straight last (no curved instep), which was typical until the 1880s when shoe manufacturers began to differentiate between right and left shoes (Rexford 2000:227). The stacked heel is low and broad. What remains of the final lift has scalloped edges around the nails. A second shoe, recovered from the same feature during Phase II excavations, is identical in size, shape, and stitching to this one. The lifts have warped and separated but similarities warrant considering these two shoes a pair. Rounded square toes, popular by 1847, were the same width as the heels until 1865, when they became broader. Just before going out of style in the 1870s, women’s boot soles of this style were broad at the ball of the foot and narrow at the waist (Rexford 2000:77). Rexford (2000:225) states that shoes of the 1860s were more likely to have decorative finishes. Pegging was used more extensively in the 1860s and 1870s for men’s and children’s shoes and normally only for utilitarian shoes (Rexford 2000:226). While the low, broad heel looks like a man’s work boot, the narrow waist and decorative sole suggests that this may be a woman’s boot dating from approximately 1865 to the 1870s. Two additional portions of work boots were recovered during Phase III excavations. The remains of one work boot were recovered from Feature 1 North; the fragment includes the heel and eyelets, stitching is also discernible. The heel is stacked with a double row of nails. The remains of a second, badly disintegrating possible work boot were recovered in Feature 1 South. This one also has a stacked heel. While these two heels are both too badly decayed for any meaningful comparison, the nails and lifts are similar in size. They may Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts belong to either a man’s or a woman’s work boot. Miscellaneous shoe parts recovered from the site include heel or toe plates, brass eyelets, cloth, and a button. Two metal heel or toe plates were recovered from Features 1 North and 1 South, respectively. Both are narrow, U-shaped pieces of metal with a lip to fit over the back of a heel or the toe to prolong the life of the shoe (Figure 5.50). The plate from Feature 1 North has nine nail holes that are spaced very closely together and follow the arch of the plate. The other plate from Feature 1 South, has 16 nail holes spaced close together in an irregular arch. Some of the holes overlap, indicating the shoe was re-soled. Four isolated eyelets with grommets were recovered, three from Feature 1 South and one from Feature 1 North. All have remnants of dark brown or black leather adhering with the exception of one from Feature 1 South, which has white leather. White leather was often used in both women and children’s shoes, though much more frequently in the former (Bellais 2004). Several pieces of white, twill-weave cotton Shoes were available from stores in Prairie du Sac, such as that owned by H. J. Ochsner (e.g., Pionier am Wisconsin 1869c) (Figure 5.51). Additionally, the 1870 census identified two men, Nicholas Renk and Peter Wachter, living in the Alden’s Corners traffic area as shoemakers; there may well have been other cobblers available at various times (e.g., Figure 5.51 0 inch cm 2 MAP December 2005 0 1 137 Advertisement for shoe store, H.J. Oshsner, proprietor, Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin (Pionier am Wisconsin 1869b). Anton Maly), too, who may have either made or repaired store bought shoes. A local cobbler could, if skilled, produce a fashionable shoe relatively quickly. Miscellaneous Personal Items Figure 5.50 Heel or toe plates. cloth were recovered from Feature 1 North and are most likely fragments of shoe lining (Bellais 2003). A single black leather shoe button was recovered from Feature 1 South. Several additional pieces of miscellaneous leather and shoe nails were recovered from both features. Four tacks and two tack fragments were recovered from Feature 1 South. Both Features 1 North and 1 South contained a total of 52 straight pins and straight pin fragments. A single, complete straight pin was recovered from Feature 2. Thirteen pins and eight fragments of pins were recovered from Feature 1 North. Twenty-six complete pins and five pin fragments were recovered from Feature 1 South. All of the pins are in varying degrees of corrosion from excellent condition to highly corroded (Figure 5.52). Seven fragments of aqua tinted, mirrored glass were recovered from the floor of Feature 1 North. 138 MAP December 2002 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 0 inch 0 Figure 5.52 cm 1 2 Straight pins. Toys MAP December 2002 The Phase II explorations recovered several toys, including a bone die fragment, three possible porcelain doll fragments, three pieces of miniature porcelain dishes, and two small lead plates that may have been part of a play tea set. The Phase III excavations recovered additional toys, namely three marbles, three additional porcelain doll fragments, a miniature spoon, a metal toy arrow, a metal horse, and a fragment of a small pewter bell. Two glass and one stone marble were recovered from Feature 1 North. One of the glass marbles is a blue, red, and white Joseph’s Coat marble with a visible pontil scar (Figure 5.53a). The second glass marble is an orange and green coreless swirl marble (Figure 5.53b). The third is a brown, banded stone (possibly agate) marble (Figure 5.53c). Excavations recovered three porcelain doll fragments. One from Feature 1 North may represent the head portion of a doll with handpainted, reddish-brown hair. Another head fragment came from Feature 1 South and has a b 0 inch 0 Figure 5.53 c cm 1 2 Glass (a, b) and stone (c) marbles. black painted hair. The third doll fragment, also from Feature 1 South, is a porcelain doll arm and hand with a groove for attachment. All of the metal toys were recovered from the Feature 1 South cellar and include a miniature toy spoon in two fragments, a pressed metal arrow fletching with an incised decoration representing feathers, and a metal horse. Although all of the pieces of the horse were recovered, it is highly corroded (Figure 5.54). The toy depicts a cantering horse and is made of pressed metal, hollow in form, with a small rod between two hooves where a wheel may have been attached. White paint still adheres to portions of the body of the horse, while black paint highlights the harness elements. The horse is nearly identical to the one pictured pulling a toy ice wagon in Schiffer et al. (1979: 334d); Peterson (1997:50) also depicts a similar toy from the steamboat Bertrand, which sank in the Missouri River above Council Bluff, Iowa, in 1865. A fragment of a small, pewter bell was recovered from Feature 1 South. It is decorated with an incised leaf and twig design. Tobacco Pipes and Accessories A total of 180 clay tobacco pipe fragments were recovered during the Phase III excavations. Additionally, two metal spark caps for pipes were also found (Table 5.16). The pipes were manufactured from white clay (N=171), terracotta (N= 7), and porcelain (N= 2). The discussion of pipe fragments focuses on the pipe fragments that are decorated or marked with impressed letters. Decorated White Clay Tobacco Pipes Gambier. Two pipe stem fragments were identified as products of J. Gambier of Givet, France (Figure 5.55). The pipe stems are impressed with “Gambier/a Paris/m M.” The Gambier Company operated from 1790 to 1926 with a factory in Givet and a central sales office in Paris. Gambier pipes were very popular during the 1840-1850 period. To avoid imitation by competitors, Gambier decided before 1850 to place the complete name of the manufacturer on their pipes. In 1854, the word “Depose” was added to further hinder imitators (Duco 1986). Since none of the fragments found at Alden’s Corners have “Depose” on them, it suggests that they were made prior to 1854 or were made by imitators Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 139 0 0 0 1 1 2 cm 2 cm MAP December 2002 0 inch inch Figure 5.54 Pressed tin toy horse. Bowl Plain Decorated T.D. Decal Indeterminate mark Total 19 7 1 1 1 29 Feature 1 North Stem Plain Decorated Gambier Peter Dorni Terracotta Total 35 5 2 1 2 45 Feature 1 South Bowl Plain Decorated Porcelain w/ “2” “51” w/crown “K” *Peter Dorni Dutch swordsman Terracotta Total 32 9 1 1 1 3 1 2 50 Stem Plain Decorated Peter Dorni G.Prence/In Gotha “Tullenbach” (probably Mullenbach) Gambier Terracotta 34 12 2 1 1 3 3 Total 56 *includes nearly complete/refitted pipes with stems also decorated Table 5.16 Tobacco pipes and pipe fragments by feature. 140 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts MAP December 2002 (DeVore and Hunt 1992). If they date prior to 1854, then the fragments may be attributable to one or another of the Aldens. Peter Dorni. A total of 3 nearly complete 0 inch 0 1 2 cm Gambier pipe stem fragment. Figure 5.55 (2 refit) and 2 pipe stem and bowl fragments of Peter Dorni pipes were found (Figure 5.56). All of the stems are decorated with a typical Dorni-style pattern of oak leaves, raised rings, and “PETER/DORNI” within cartouches on the left and right faces of the stem. The bowls are marked with the initials “PD.” Peter Dorni was a pipe manufacturer in northern France beginning around 1850. The pipe style produced by Dorni was extremely popular and was often imitated by other European and American pipe producers (Omwake 1965). As a result, a firm date for this type of pipe cannot be assigned with confidence. G.Prence/In Gotha. One nearly complete pipe stem and bowl marked with “G.PRENCE/ IN GOTHA” and decorated with a Dorni-style, oak-leaf, ring motif was found in Feature 1 South (Figure 5.57). The bowl is decorated with four evenly spaced vertical stems with leaves. A prominent pipe manufacturer by the name of J&G Prince was active in Gouda, Holland throughout the nineteenth century (Reckner and Dallal 2000). This pipe is possibly a reproduction by another non-Dutch manufacturer. T.D. One pipe bowl fragment was decorated with a “waffle” pattern over most of the bowl and TD encircled by six-pointed stars (Figure 5.58). The manufacturer is unknown because many companies made T.D. pipes, but based on the absence of the star motif in a 0 inch MAP December 2002 0 cm 1 2 b Figure 5.56 Peter Dorni pipe: a) obverse, b) reverse. Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 141 a 0 inch 2 cm b Figure 5.57 G. Prence/In Gotha pipe: a) obverse, b) reverse. MAP December 2002 the export catalogs of major European pipe makers, it is probably attributable to a United States pipe company (Reckner and Dallal 2000). According to Anderson (1982), pipes with star motifs are generally attributable to a date range of 1845-1865. Similar pipes have been found at sites throughout the United States, including Old Sacramento (1852) (Humphrey 1969) and Fort Mackinac (18001850) (Omwake 1965). Gerkrooned (crowned) 51. This Dutch Figure 5.58 0 inch 0 cm 1 2 Cie. Jan Prince en Cie held the mark until around 1898, when it fell from use (Reckner and Dallal 2000). Krijgsman. The krijgsman met schild en 0 MAP December 2002 MAP December 2002 0 1 0 Figure 5.59 Portion of pipe bowl: T.D. maker’s mark was found on two different pipe bowl fragments. The mark is a small crown floating above the number “51” (Figure 5.59). It was first in use circa 1733 and was owned by Gerrit Prince from 1835 until around 1865 when it passed to the firm of Jan Prince en inch cm 1 2 Gerkrooned 51 pipe bowl. zwaard (swordsman with shield and sword) is a Dutch mark and was found on one pipe bowl fragment (Figure 5.60). Members of the Gouda guild used this mark from 1732 until as late as 1881. In 1848, the mark was registered to Pieter van Essen; after 1865 the mark was registered to P. en W.F.C. van Essen (Reckner and Dallal 2000). 142 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts MAP December 2002 0 inch 0 Figure 5.60 cm 5.61b). Historic pipe specialist Byron Sudbury (2004) suggests that Tullenbach is a mis-impression of “Mullenbach,” referring to the German firm Mullenbach and Thewald. This company operated from 1830 until 1930 (Reckner and Dallal 2000:217). One anonymous stem fragment retains a metal mouthpiece (Figure 5.61c). 1 2 Terracotta Clay Tobacco Pipes Seven terracotta pipe fragments were recovered from Alden’s Corners. These include 2 bowl fragments and 5 stem fragments. None of the fragments display any decoration. Krijgsman pipe bowl with maker’s mark. Unidentified Decorated White Clay Tobacco Pipes A total of 36 decorated white clay pipe stem and bowl fragments also possess some form of decoration, but the specific manufacturer could not be determined. Decorated pieces include vertical ribbing on the bowl, a scale pattern on the bowl, banding on the stem and rings of leaves around the stem (Figure 5.61a). One of the bowl fragments was marked with a “K” and one of the stem fragments was marked “Tullenbach” (Figure a 0 inch 0 cm 1 Porcelain Tobacco Pipes Two fragments of porcelain pipe bowls were found during the excavation. One fragment is a plain white porcelain bowl/ stem junction with a “2” stamped on the bowl (Figure 5.62a). The other fragment is a small porcelain pipe bowl rim sherd with a decal decoration of a crown partially encircled by a fragmentary German phrase “…er Kaiser…” written in old style Fraktur script (Figure 5.62b). The apparent reference to the Kaiser (emperor) indicates that the pipe was a commemorative item post-dating German unification in 1871, after which Wilhelm I, Kaiser and King ruled Germany. If this pipe was associated with any of the postmaster’s or their families, then it would have most likely have belonged to Simon Eckstein, the last postmaster and the latest immigrant from Germany; that is, unified Germany. Smoking Accessories 2 c Figure 5.61 Pipe bowl with vertical ribbing (a), portion of stem mismarked “Tullenbach” (b), and stem fragment with metal mouthpiece (c). MAP December 2002 MAP December 2002 b a Figure 5.62 b 0 inch 0 cm 1 2 Fragment of porcelain pipe bowl (a), and decal decorated pipe bowl fragment (b). Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Two metal tobacco pipe accessories were identified in the Phase III artifact assemblage. One is a metal spark cap decorated with the head of a dog (Figure 5.63a) and the other is a spark cap handle (Figure 5.63b), both of which were used on clay and porcelain pipes. Perforated spark caps were employed on burning pipes—that is, pipes in use—to keep the tobacco embers in the bowl. If one was smoking outside it was possible that wind could blow sparks around, especially if the person was also doing something else at the time. It was common for laborers to smoke while they worked. Caps with non-perforated lids, like the one in this assemblage, were used to close the bowl during transport. These caps kept foreign debris out of the bowl and incompletely burned tobacco and residue in the pipe from falling out. Most smokers had no real need for a spark cap, but used one as an expected part of pipe smoking paraphernalia. 143 the pieces recovered from Feature 1 North, was identified as a fragment of tack based on thickness (.14 inch). Several other disintegrating fragments of leather recovered from the same feature are thinner (.6 inch at the widest), but resemble the previously mentioned fragment in color and texture. Also recovered from Feature 1 North were a harness chain link and one half of a loose-ring joined snaffle bit (Figure 5.64a). The fragment is one side of the two joined bars that make up the bit. Two possible harness buckles were recovered from Feature 1 South. Similar buckles recovered from the Warren Hause site (Aspenson and Ferencevich 1995:209-210) were identified as knapsack or saddlebag buckles (see Figure 5.64b). Both buckles are of the “plain” variety (Fontana and Greenleaf 1962:85-86). One is rectangular in height, the other rectangular in length. a b inch MAP December 2002 0 cm 1 2 b MAP December 2002 0 0 0 Spark cap (a) and spark cap handle (b). Tack and Harness Artifacts Several pieces of dark brown leather, a harness chain link, part of a snaffle bit, and two possible harness buckles were recovered from Features 1 North and 1 South. One of cm 1 2 a Figure 5.64 Figure 5.63 inch Snaffle bit section (a) and harness buckle (b). Organic Remains Preservation of organic materials—other that is than fabric and leather goods—was extraordinarily good at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. Wood, leather, and even scraps of cotton fabric were recovered. In addition to 144 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts these materials, other organic materials were also found; these include charred food residues and an animal coprolite. their recovery—probably has affected (i.e., reduced) grain size. “Grain” in food science usage, refers to the pore spaces or voids created by gas bubbles in the dough matrix. At the same time, the grain is obviously uneven, in that the voids are of varying size. The bread was a yeast bread and was not baked in a pan. Rather, the dough was hand-shaped into “a log” and placed on a flat pan, allowed to rise, and then baked. As the dough expanded, it spread out into a low, elongate loaf. Given the rural nature of the area, the Alden’s Corners Post Office site bread was almost certainly baked “in house” (Bushland 2004). Wisconsin’s chief grain crop in this era was wheat; census data (see Appendix 2) indicate that wheat, oats, and corn were the dominant crops in the Town of Roxbury during 1870, while some rye was grown. There was a cultural preference for rye among German immigrants, and as early as 1848, Fathers Inama and Gaertner milled locally grown rye for use in bread (St. Norbert Congregation 1971:19). However, while the German immigrants may well have preferred rye or “German corn,” as it was sometimes called (Zeitlin 2000:42), the soils of the Town of Roxbury were better suited to wheat and corn production. Too, cultural preferences aside, immigrants were constrained to produce marketable crops, especially if they wanted to survive economically. Thus, it is not surprising that analysis of DNA recovered from a sample of the bread by the Food Residues MAP December 2002 A surprising find made during the Phase III investigations was that of charred food remains, primarily bread, from Zone II deposits in Feature 1 South. A smaller number of charred food crumbs were recovered from the fill in Feature 1 North. The bulk of the food residues consist of charred bread found in Level 4 (1.8-2.4 ft) of Zone II in Feature 1 South. Preservation of these materials, the result largely of carbonization or charring which acts to retard decay by removing cellulose from the microbial food web, was also probably favored by rapid encapsulation within ash, which prevented it from being scavenged by animals. There are 21 pieces of charred bread, ranging in size from crumbs less than 1 cm in size to virtually complete or reconstructible slices. Each slice is about .5-.6 inches thick and has a thin, smooth crust around some or most of the edges (Figure 5.65). Yvonne Bushland, a lecturer in the Department of Food Sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, studied several slices and noted that the bread exhibits a relatively fine grain, though shrinkage via drying of the bread—the slices have shrunk by an estimated 15-20 percent since 0 inch 0 Figure 5.65 cm 1 2 A slice of charred bread recovered from the Feature 1 South cellar. Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts BioProfile Testing Laboratories indicates that it was in fact made of wheat (see Appendix 5 and Hawley and Engelen 2006). Fifty-one carbonized pieces of food, ranging in size from about 1.5 cm to small crumbs, were recovered from Zone III deposits in Feature 1 North. While some of these may be small pieces of bread, no crust is apparent as in the Feature 1 South bread slices, and so some may be from other foodstuffs. Coprolite A coprolite was recovered from Level 6 (3.03.6 feet) near the base of Zone II in Feature 1 South. The coprolite is small, weighing in its desiccated state, 2.1 g. Size and morphological characteristics suggest that it is from a cat or, less plausibly, a small dog. The coprolite may have been discarded into the fill or, alternatively, its presence might suggest occasional foraging in the refuse discarded in the former cellar by a domestic animal. The analysis of faunal remains (see Chapter 6) from the site indicates that at least one cat lived (and died) at the site. Discussion By far the largest percentage of artifacts from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site are architectural, consisting primarily of nails and glass, while much of the remainder of the assemblage is reflective of a number of activities that are broadly domestic in nature. Artifacts considered as kitchen related, which includes ceramics, flat ware, drinking glasses, tin pan fragments, stove parts, and bottles or bottle fragments, constitute the second largest class of artifacts after architectural materials. There are roughly equivalent amounts of artifacts identified as household and personal items. Tack and harness artifacts comprise only a small part of the overall assemblage. In addition to a large assemblage of faunal remains, which are discussed in the following chapter, organic remains from the site include charred bread and other food crumbs as well as a coprolite from a domestic animal. The importance of these data is threefold. Architectural materials provide information on the construction of the buildings, including their fabric, building sequence, and razing 145 at the time of site abandonment, while other artifacts provide not only information about site chronology and use, but also afford a glimpse of the material culture used at the site. Finally, the data add significantly to the stock of information on rural life in southern Wisconsin during the middle years of the nineteenth century. Was the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site a Post Office? A major incentive for continued investigation of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site was its presumed function as just that, a post office. Based on historical information, the Alden’s Corners Post Office site was at least at times, inferentially the location of the hamlet of Alden’s Corners’ post office. While there is sufficient documentary evidence to demonstrate the presence of a post office in the community, reviewed sources variously place the post office a) at the 47DA758 site location, b) within the nearby store, or c) are silent as to its specific location. The documentary evidence is ambiguous as to the exact location of the facility, which possibly results from occasional changes of location, dependent upon whether or not the post office was operated in conjunction with the community store. The problem of identifying the site as a post office is compounded by a lack of specific information on exactly what the material culture of a rural, mid- to late nineteenth-century post office such as the one in Alden’s Corners would have looked like. Hale (1984:1) mentions the use of devices from about 1856 onward with movable rubber type for making regular and emergency postmarks. These were, he reports, used “more or less regularly in small post offices that were without a more permanent cancelling device, especially during the late 1800s when postmasters could provide their own cancellers.” The Alden’s Corners post office may have had such a device, although this remains speculative. Regardless, when an office closed, its official contents were transferred to the next closest post office, which in this case was the office in the nearby hamlet of Roxbury. This instance of lateral recycling could account for the relative scarcity of artifacts in the assemblage 146 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts that are definitively related to an operating post office. The artifact collection is comprised largely of domestic goods, but does contain a few items that could potentially relate to a post office, including an unusually robust number of slate pencils, pen nibs, glue and ink bottles, a tin ink well, and a small, lead bale seal. The bale seal was potentially used on a bundle of newspapers, a major component of the U.S. mail in the nineteenth century. There are a number of coins, including the U.S. silver three-cent piece that was minted expressly to cover a postage rate increase; however, issuance of the three-cent piece predates the establishment of the post office at Alden’s Corners, and coins, then as now, remained in circulation for long periods. That some of these artifacts may have entered the archaeological record through secondary discard from the nearby school or store is a possibility as well. However, the latter possibility notwithstanding and despite the lack of signature, “definitive” post office related paraphernalia (i.e., pieces from a cancelling device), the assemblage— especially slate pencils, pen nibs and other accessories—does strongly suggest the presence of a business within a structure on the 47DA758 site. Household Composition Historic documents, particularly state and federal census records, indicate that most of the postmasters—the most likely residents of the structure(s) on the 47DA758 site—were married and often had several children. Artifacts recovered at the site during the Phase II and Phase III investigations amply indicate that women and children were present. In the latter instance, toys such as marbles, dolls, and a tin horse, suggest the presence of both male and female children, as well as children of different ages. Women are represented variously by such direct physical indicators as clothing fasteners and footwear and are probably reflected in non-utilitarian items, such as decorative glass, and in the variously decorated kitchen and household items, including cups, plates, and saucers. The Artifact Assemblage and Ethnicity Although the footprint of Alden’s Corners—that is, the hamlet and the Alden’s Corners Post Office site—owes its origin to the early Yankee settlement of the Town of Roxbury, the picture drawn from the available documents suggests that the later occupants of the site after circa 1860, were of German origin or descent. Zeitlin (2000) observes that the German immigrants of Wisconsin appear to have acculturated fairly rapidly but did not fully assimilate; the same holds true for the Town of Roxbury and surrounding area (see Lewis 1978). Although there are aspects of the early history of the site that remain uncertain, including as to when Yankee occupation of it gave way to predominantly German usage, quite plausibly the majority of the deposits are attributable to the latter. McGuire (1982) and Staski (1990), in their discussions of “ethnic markers”—what Wobst (1977) referred to as stylistic behaviors involved in information exchange—specifically mention ceramics, food remains, and architecture. As McGuire (1982:163) notes, “archaeological attempts to identify the material markers of specific historical ethnic groups have consistently found such markers” in these data classes; however, more recent studies of ethnicity urge caution in any casual linkage between one or a few artifacts and ethnicity (i.e., Fesler and Franklin 1999:4). The Alden’s Corners Post Office site assemblage includes a range of domestic artifacts, and while ethnicity often has a visible material expression (see Wobst 1977), there is in fact, the risk of circularity of reasoning: by the 1860s, the site appears to have been occupied by persons of German origin or descent, and therefore the artifacts reflect German ethnicity. In reality, the Alden’s Corner Post Office site assemblage is, for the most part, ambiguous in terms of isolating or determining the ethnicity of the site’s occupants. The majority of artifacts would seem to indicate that, from a material culture perspective, immigrant Germans were rapidly assimilating. This is hardly surprising, as many immigrants arrived with little and were given (by other family members already in the area) or purchased Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts as soon as finances permitted whatever was required to furnish a household. However, the assemblage does hold a number of items, including comestibles and personal goods that nonetheless suggest use of the site by the German ethnie. The buildings at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site are gone and the cellar features are in all ways similar to others investigated archaeologically in the region (i.e., Phillippe and Walters 1986; Porubcan and Benchley 1995). The remaining buildings of the hamlet, except for the Brosemer house, are not specifically Teutonic in any way. There is nothing about the layout of that or other farms (e.g., Burger-Feiling farm) suggestive of the classic Teutonic Vierkanthof farmyard (Apps 1977:126-127). Similarly, the distribution of buildings in the core area of the Alden’s Corners hamlet is not indicative of German settlement or occupation. Still it must be conceded that the long-term use and alteration both of farms, for example, razing of derelict buildings and construction of new ones, and other properties associated with the hamlet may have obscured Teutonic tendencies. In terms of the assemblage, there are several artifacts that potentially were associated with the local Germans. These include the Selters mineral water bottle, a commemorative flask, other medicinal bottles, and a fragment of an elaborate ceramic pipe emblazoned with a phrase containing the word “Kaiser”, but most of the assemblage, including the Selters bottle, is comprised of artifacts available locally. The ceramics are predominantly English and American made, and for the most part, were inexpensive and commonly available varieties. The Selters bottle may have been employed by its purchaser in some sort of ethnic display or been a nostalgia purchase, but Selters brand mineral water had a global distribution and hence, consumption of it need not necessarily be directly reflective of German ethnicity. The medicinal bottles found at the site are of types in wide circulation, though Dr. August Koenig’s Hamburger Tropfen was manufactured in the United States and “niche marketed” to the nation’s growing immigrant German population. The flask bearing the word “DRAFTED” would have appealed to those of German origin, though opposition to the 147 draft was widespread and, thus, it would have had appeal outside the German ethnie as well. The bottles date, circa 1862-1863, also meshes with documentary evidence indicating use of the site by the German ethnie. Thus, as with the Selters water, there is nothing to preclude a non-German from purchasing or using these products. The decal decorated smoking pipe is perhaps most clearly indicative of German ethnicity; there can be no doubt that as a post-unification artifact, it signaled information, both to other Germans and to non-Germans. At the very least, it would have told anyone proficient in the language that its bearer was most likely a recent, post-1871, immigrant. Further, it would have potentially told the observer something of how the bearer felt about unification. A non-German would have likely recognized the writing on it as German, though he or she would have had to have been quite close to discern this, unless there was something else about the pipe style (in its complete form) that conveyed its Germanic origin. Its decoration was, in other words, reflexive and aimed directly at the user. That said and despite the other caveats, in any final analysis in toto, the suite of artifacts strongly implies use of the site by persons of German origin or descent. Ethnic foodways are peculiarly resistant to change. On the surface, foodways would not seem to be a practical way to convey meaningful information about ethnicity. As Wobst (1977:325) points out, there is little need for emitting signals about ethnic identity to the immediate household, where food would generally be consumed. Foodways are by their very nature inherently private, except on social occasions, such as church picnics, funerals, and so forth. However, Conzen (1980:9) suggests foodways persist precisely because they are neutral. Within the family or immediate circle of friends, foodways would have been reflexive and provided a means for social integration, particularly of the young, as well as a buffer or zone of comfort against the forces of assimilation and acculturation, especially as encountered outside the household. The charred bread recovered from Feature 1 South, had it been made of rye flour or even a mix of wheat and rye flours, would have been a strong indicator of German 148 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts or Eastern European ethnicity. Given the documentary evidence for a heavy German presence in the area, the fact that the bread was not made of rye suggests that although some rye was grown locally, producing marketable crops was more important than growing a less marketable grain, such as rye, solely for subsistence or local consumption. Unlike potatoes, which were grown in bulk in the Town of Roxbury, rye would have required more land to meet consumption needs. Although newly arrived German immigrants had no prior experience in wheat and corn agriculture, they began to grow both crops in marketable quantities virtually as soon as they arrived in the region; the reason is of course that this was what the market demanded (Zeitlin 2000). Rye flour may have been available locally, but wheat was still the predominant source of flour and, based on the admittedly small sample of bread recovered from the site, was used at least to meet daily meal needs. As much as anything, the charred bread remains from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site speaks to economic and other assimilative cultural forces at work on the new immigrants. Socioeconomic Status of Residents of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Economic scaling is a means of studying the relative expenditures on material culture, ceramics in particular, by the occupants of historic era sites (Miller 1985, 1991). Since its inception, the technique has found wide application with regional adaptations of its use (e.g., Mansberger 1988). Miller (1980, 1991) based his socioeconomic scaling on complete, refined earthenware vessels. However, the fragmentary nature of much of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site assemblage makes determination of a minimum number of vessels problematical at best. As a result, sherd counts must be utilized, and so long “as index values calculated from sherd counts are not compared with index values derived from vessel counts” (McCorvie 1988:69), either method of scaling has proven utility. Two methods are employed here to calculate the economic rank for the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. The first method, which Lees and Kimery-Lees (1984:19-20) developed, is similar to that employed by McCorvie (1988; McBride and McBride 1987). However, McCorvie uses 1855 values while Lees and Kimery-Lees assigned each of four ceramic type categories a numerical rank of 1 through 4. The categories, following Miller’s lead, are based on manufacturing complexity and ascend in value from undecorated whiteware to transfer print wares. For this analysis, all-over glazed whiteware (Table 5.17) has been included with undecorated whiteware; minimally decorated whitewares include shell edge, annular, sponge decoration, and hand painted. The most expensive whitewares in the early nineteenth century were the transfer printed decorative types, including flow print or flow blue. The number of sherds in each category is multiplied by the category value; the products of all four categories are summed and the product divided by the total number of sherds. The result is an index value “ranging from a theoretical low of one to a high of four, which reflects the basic economic structure of a site’s ceramic assemblage” (Lees and Kimery-Lees 1984:20). Table 5.17 records the data and the ceramic index for whiteware and porcelain from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site separated by feature. However, the assemblage is viewed in aggregate, as it is not possible to discern discrete occupations. The value calculated for the ceramics (total value divided by total number) from each feature is close, 1.38 for Feature 1 North and 1.37 for Feature 1 South. The number is admittedly ambiguous in the absence of comparative data; however, the index number tends decidedly to the lower end of the economic scale. The second method used in this report for determining socio-economic rank is based on Mansberger’s (1988) work in Galena, Illinois. Mansberger attempts to overcome a shortcoming in Miller’s method, that is, the fact that the method is weighted for ceramics made in the first half of the nineteenth century (Miller 1980, 1991). Mansberger (1988:129) argues that the period from circa 1855 to 1860 saw “[m]ajor changes … within ceramic decorative trends …” As a consequence, “[a]ttempting to make a comparison with 1840 and 1870 ceramic assemblages is difficult” in Miller’s system. Accordingly, Mansberger adapted the basic strategy of Miller, but expanded his four categories to seven. Miller ignored porcelain, which Mansberger includes. Each category of Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts 149 Feature 1 North Type Undecorated Minimal Handpainted Transfer print Number Value Sum of Number x Value Ceramic Index Value 125 15 3 13 1 2 3 4 125 30 9 52 1.38 Number Value Sum of Number x Index Value Ceramic Index Value 290 39 17 21 1 2 3 4 290 78 51 84 1.37 Number Value Sum of Number x Index Value Ceramic Index Value 415 55 22 34 1 2 3 4 415 110 66 136 1.38 Feature 1 South Type Undecorated Minimal Handpainted Transfer print Combined Features Type Undecorated Minimal Handpainted Transfer print Table 5.17 Ceramic Index Values for the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. ceramics is assigned an economic rank based on Miller’s data and the study of late nineteenth-century mail order catalogs. At the low end of the economic scale are the undecorated wares, while at the high end are to be found porcelain objects. The assemblage is compared against rank trends in decorative types for the first half of the nineteenth century (1800-1855), and the latter half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (18551920) to see if there are significant differences. However for the current analysis, the number of sherds has once again been substituted for the number of vessels. The number of sherds in a particular category is divided by the total number of sherds, and the result is given as a percentage (Table 5.18). The results of both methods of economic scaling yield similar results. The first method suggests a low rank for the Alden’s Corners ceramics. In the second method, it is clear for Alden’s Corners that the assemblage skews to the less costly types of ceramics, though there is a small amount of moderate to expensive ceramics from both features. Overall, the data suggest that the income of the occupants associated with Alden’s Corners Post Office site tended toward the lower end of the socio-economic scale. This is consistent with the documentary record, namely census data, which for the most part suggests that whether Yankee or German, the site was generally occupied by persons of lower income. Not all of the postmasters fell into this income bracket (i.e., Brosemer), but then there is no reason to believe that Brosemer and his family ever resided in the buildings at the site during his tenure as postmaster. Summary The artifacts recovered from the Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South cellars, the privy (Feature 2), and other features are dominated by architectural related materials, with kitchen, household, and personal artifacts comprising the bulk of the remainder of the assemblage. Preservation was excellent, favoring even the recovery of cotton cloth, yet as diverse as the assemblage may appear in the preceding pages, whole groups of material are 150 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts Economic Rank 1800-1855 Decorative Type 1 Feature 1 North Feature 1 South n % n % Undecorated whitewares 125 75.30 290 74.55 2 Shell Edge/Annular/ Sponge Decorated Whitewares 15 9.04 39 10.03 3 4 Handpainted Whitewares Transfer Printed Whitewares 3 9 1.80 5.42 17 20 4.37 5.14 5 Molded Only Ironstones/ Flow Print Whitewares 4 2.41 1 .26 6 Gilded Ironstones and Porcelains 0 0 0 0 7 All decorative types on porcelains 10 6.02 22 5.65 166 100 389 100 Total Economic Rank 1855-1920 Decorative Type 1 Feature 1 North Feature 1 South n % n % Undecorated whitewares 125 75.30 290 74.55 2 Shell Edge/Annular/ Sponge Decorated Whitewares 15 9.04 39 10.03 3 4 Handpainted Whitewares Transfer Printed Whitewares 13 0 7.83 0 21 0 5.40 0 5 Molded Only Ironstones/ Flow Print Whitewares 3 1.81 17 4.37 6 7 Gilded Ironstones and Porcelains All decorative types on porcelains 0 10 0 6.02 0 22 0 5.65 166 100 389 100 Total Table 5.18 Socioeconomic rank for ceramics from Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South. either absent or woefully underrepresented. The latter fact leads to the implication that discard of artifacts was selective, while other characteristics of the assemblage, such as size and distribution, argue that most of the material was discarded directly into features. In particular, the Feature 1 South cellar was evidently left open after the superstructure overlying it was removed, probably the result of when a more substantial building (as represented by Feature 1 North) was constructed. The date for this event is uncertain, but based on tax data probably occurred during the very early part of the 1860s. The Feature 1 South cellar was then used to receive discarded kitchen and smaller household refuse, including copious quantities of ash and charcoal from wood stoves (or possibly a fire place). Larger artifacts were discarded elsewhere, as few are present in the assemblage from any of the features. Window glass thickness, which has been correlated with date of manufacture, supports the contention that the structure associated with Feature 1 South was the earliest at the site. That building overlying Feature 1 North was evidently built later. As noted in the previous chapter, the nail pattern for the Feature 1 South building further suggests that it was a cabin and that it was later dismantled or moved; in the former instance its elements either recycled into other buildings or used for firewood. The building was not burned or allowed to decay, but was torn down. Within the features, the scarcity of other architectural materials such as door jambs and window lin- Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts tels, door knobs, hinges, and the like attest to almost complete salvage of these materials at the time that the Feature 1 South and Feature 1 North buildings were razed. Kitchen artifacts, which include ceramics, bottles, flat ware, pans, and stove elements, were the second most abundantly represented group of materials recovered during the 2002 excavations. The earliest dated ceramics, pearlware and some whiteware, are potentially attributable to the community’s founders, the Aldens, though most artifacts probably postdate this occupation or cannot confidently be ascribed to it. The mean ceramic date for the two features, calculated by feature, suggests that they are sequential, supporting a similar interpretation development from analysis of other artifacts and the documentary record. Beyond this, the ceramics are of relatively inexpensive, commonly available English and American made varieties, and were utilitarian rather than commemorative (heirloom) or decorative. For the most part, ceramics were likely acquired locally, and if not from stores at Alden’s Corners or in nearby Sauk City and Prairie du Sac, then at least in Wisconsin. Even the one ceramic vessel, a mineral water bottle that was made in Rhineland, was probably purchased either locally or, again, from one of the nearby towns of Sauk County. Taken together, both early and later ceramics suggest occupation of the site by persons of lower income. The assemblage of bottles from the site is heavily weighted toward medicinal bottles, although flasks that originally contained liquor were found during both the Phase II and Phase III investigations. Liquor bottles were otherwise underrepresented in the assemblage, which given the later presence of persons of German origin or descent, is somewhat surprising; the Germans looked askance at AngloAmerican efforts to curb alcohol consumption in the so-called sumptuary laws of the 1860s and 1870s. Probably rightly so, the Germans viewed these as deliberate infringements upon their cultural values. As for the medicinal bottles and vials, these were commonly available varieties of curatives, which incidentally were also often composed mostly of alcohol. At least one vial, that for Dr. August Koenig’s Hamburger Tropfen, was manufactured not in Germany but in Baltimore and “niche marketed” in the United States to the tide of newly arriving Germans. It is in the ceramics and bottles that ethnic- 151 ity is most clearly represented in the Alden’s Corners Post Office site artifacts. The Rhenish mineral water bottle, Dr. Koenig’s curative, and a liquor flask depicting a conscript of the federal drafts of 1862 and 1863, which was decidedly unpopular with those of German origin or descent, argues for a Teutonic presence at the site. A ceramic smoking pipe with a decorative decal referring to the Kaiser further links the deposits at the site to German immigrants. However, most artifacts from the site are of types sufficiently common that ethnicity cannot be readily determined; rather these artifacts, in sum, indicate that as with any immigrant population, the Germans were constrained to accept what was locally available or affordable. Perhaps nowhere is this more clearly demonstrated than in the charred bread recovered from Feature 1 South. Although there was a proclivity for central and eastern Europeans to use rye in making bread, an analysis of DNA recovered from a sample of the charred bread (see Appendix 5) indicates that it was made of wheat flour. Rye was grown in the state, particularly in the counties around Milwaukee, and was probably available for use in breads. Most, however, was exported. The soils of the Town of Roxbury were suitable for rye, but wheat and corn were the dominant cash crops. For arriving immigrants, it was economically necessary to produce what was marketable, and rye was accordingly a minor crop in the town. Assimilation, at least as reflected in the foodways and artifacts, was born as much out of economic necessity as anything. A range of items in the Alden’s Corners Post Office assemblage indicate that most, if not all resident households were comprised of families and not individuals. The latter are reflected in toys and some clothing and footwear items, while women are visible in clothing, perhaps footwear, and in non-utilitarian items of the household artifact group. Finally, early interest in the site sprang from its inferred use, at least at times, as a federal post office. Post offices, as previously discussed, were important to communities, not only because a post office was literally responsible for putting a community on the map, but also because they provided a critical link to information from outside the community. Newspapers dominated the mail in the nineteenth century, which was increasingly important in providing tangible goods and services, especially in the wake of the American Civil War when 152 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations: The Artifacts inexpensive, mass produced goods claimed an ever widening share of commercial markets. If it was not available through a store, it was likely obtainable through the mail. In terms of material culture, the interpretation that the site served as a postal facility for at least a part of its history is suggested by the recovery of a suite of artifacts including slate pencils (which were unusually abundant), glue and ink bottles, a tin ink well, pens nibs, and a bale seal (possibly from a bundle of newspapers). “Definitive” postal artifacts such as pieces from the widely used postal cancelling device of the era are absent, but notwithstanding the possibility that some of the recovered writing artifacts could have been discarded at the site from the nearby school and store, the suite of artifacts implies that some type of business operated on the premises. 6 Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Steven R. Kuehn Excavation of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site resulted in the recovery of a moderately large faunal assemblage. The site was occupied from approximately 1850 until circa 1880 by several different owners and tenants. Zooarchaeological material was recovered from two cellars (Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South), a privy (Feature 2), two refuse pits (Features 3 and 4), and a post mold (Feature 33). In order to provide a more detailed examination of dietary patterns at the site, faunal remains from the Phase II and Phase III excavations are combined in this chapter. A cursory examination of the faunal remains recovered during the Phase I and II investiga- tions were presented in Hamilton et al. (1994), and reported in detail in Kuehn (1995a). Method of Analysis Zooarchaeological remains from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site were obtained through one-quarter inch dry-screening in the field, and flotation of feature sediment in the lab. Each specimen was examined individually to determine the following basic information: element, side of the body (when applicable), section or portion of the element, and taxonomic classification. The 154 Chapter 6: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site relative age (e.g., adult or juvenile/sub-adult) of each specimen was noted when it could be reliably determined. Determination of age was based on the degree of epiphyseal fusion, tooth eruption, and occlusal wear. The weight of each specimen by taxon was recorded for all pieces of bone, fish scale, and mussel shell; the weight of eggshell was not recorded. Refitting of bone fragments was restricted to specimens recovered from within the same feature and excavation unit. An osteological comparative collection and various reference manuals aided in the identification of certain elements. Evidence of butchering in the form of knife, saw, and chop marks was recorded when observed. Each specimen was examined for evidence of exposure to heat in the form of burned (partially smoked or burned black) and calcined (gray to bluish white in color, chalky texture) bone. Bone tools and worked pieces of bone are discussed in a separate section of this report. Due to specimen fragmentation, otherwise unidentifiable pieces of mammalian bone are categorized as large-sized, medium-sized, or small-sized based on the relative size and thickness of each specimen. The approximate live weight of large-sized mammals is considered to be greater than 50 lbs (23 kg), 11 to 50 lbs (5 to 23 kg) for medium-sized mammals, and less than 10 lbs for small-sized mammals. When it was not possible to reliably categorize a specimen based on size, it is listed simply as mammal or mammal of indeterminate size. Due to the overlap in size of many fish and bird bones, no attempt was made to separate these fragments in a similar manner. The quantitative measure of the number of identified specimens per taxon (NISP) is used throughout this report, unless otherwise noted. Minimum number of individuals per taxon (MNI) estimates are calculated by feature. MNI determinations are made based on comparison of repeating or multiple elements, relative age, and overall size. In general, MNI estimates are made only for specimens which can be identified to the genus or species level. Family-level MNI determinations are provided for some taxa (e.g., certain fish), but only if no more specifically identifiable member of that family is represented in the assemblage. Results A total of 3,338 pieces of bone, shell, and eggshell was obtained from feature context during Phase II and III excavations at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. A detailed inventory of the combined assemblage, separated by provenience, is included at the end of this report (see Appendix 6). In addition, 99 pieces of bone and shell were recovered via a controlled surface collection during the Phase II evaluation. These remains consist of historic, modern, and intrusive material, which cannot be directly associated with the mid-nineteenth-century occupation. As such, this material is not incorporated into the overall analysis. An inventory of these remains is presented in Appendix 7. Mammals Mammal remains predominate in the Alden’s Corners Post Office assemblage (Table 6.1). Large, domesticated mammal bones are ubiquitous, reflecting a reliance on these animals. Some utilization of wild mammals is also indicated. A total of 308 specimens are identifiable only as indeterminate mammal. The majority of these specimens are small, indeterminate pieces of bone. Longbone and rib shaft fragments also are represented. Swine (Sus scrofa) remains are ubiquitous in the assemblage, represented by 252 pieces of bone and teeth. A minimum of 8 individual animals is indicated, with both adults and juveniles present. Swine body parts present include limb fragments, vertebra, rib, and girdle elements, and cranial pieces and teeth. In Feature 2, 176 miscellaneous elements are from a single very young--possibly stillborn or fetal—piglet. The presence of pig remains from animals of varying ages, as well as distal limb and cranial elements, indicates that swine were raised and butchered on-site. Seventy-eight specimens are identifiable as cattle (Bos taurus). A minimum of 8 animals is indicated, with both adult and juvenile individuals present. Limb and rib elements are most common, although vertebrae, girdle elements, and teeth and cranial pieces also were recovered. The presence of cranial and distal limb elements suggests that, similar to swine, cattle were raised and butchered on-site. Two limb elements, a right radius shaft and a left tibia shaft, are identifiable as whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). One axis fragment compares favorably with white- Chapter 6: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Taxon Cattle (Bos taurus) Swine (Sus scrofa) White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Cottontail Rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) House Cat (Felis catus)* Tree Squirrel (Sciurus sp.) 155 1 North 1 South Feature 2 3 4 33 13 (1) 17 (2) 29 (2) 47 (2) 28 (3) 187 (3) --- 6 (1) 1 (1) 2 (1) -- Total ‘Food’ NISP MNI 78 252 8 8 2 (1) 1 (1) -- -- -- -- 3 2 149 (2) 9 (2) -- -- -- -- 158 4 -- 1 (1) -- -- -- -- 1 -- 1 (1) -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- 1 (1) -- -- -- -- 1 -- Rat (Rattus sp.)* Ground Squirrel (family Sciuridae)* Mouse (family Muridae)* Vole (subfamily Avricolinae)* Rodent (order Rodentia)* Large-sized Mammal Medium to Large-sized Mammal Medium-sized Mammal Small-sized Mammal Mammal, indeterminate Subtotal ---3 (2) 12 57 9 -5 41 309 (9) 3 (2) 2 1 1 (1) 36 302 24 2 17 154 630 (12) -----70 ---28 313 (6) -----18 ---63 81 (-) ----1 41 --1 22 72 (2) ----------2 (1) 3 2 1 4 49 488 33 2 23 308 1407 ----------23 Chicken (Gallus gallus) Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) 28 (6) 32 (3) 62 (5) 2 (2) --- --- 4 (1) 2 (1) --- 94 36 12 6 Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) 2 (1) 1 (1) -- -- -- -- 3 2 Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) Chicken/Turkey (order Galliformes) Waterfowl (order Anseriformes) Bird, indeterminate Subtotal -1 1 60 124 (10) 2 (1) 1 -140 208 (9) ---2 2 (-) ----0 ---3 9 (2) ----0 2 2 1 205 343 1 ---21 Pike (Esox sp.) Catfish/Bullhead (family Ictaluridae) Sunfish (family Centrarchidae) Fish, indeterminate Subtotal -1 (1) --1 (1) 1 (1) -1 (1) 26 28 (2) ----0 ----0 ---3 3 (-) ----0 1 1 1 29 32 1 1 1 -3 Eastern Oyster (Crassostra virginica) Mucket (Actinonaias ligamentina) --- 1 (1) 1 (1) --- --- --- --- 1 1 1 1 Pistolgrip (Tritogonia verrucosa) Mussel, indeterminate Subtotal -1 1 (-) 1 (1) 11 14 (3) --0 --0 --0 --0 1 12 15 1 -3 Turtle, indeterminate Amphibian, indeterminate* Taxon Indeterminate Eggshell Subtotal NISP -4 (2) 44 19 67 1 (1) 7 (2) 162 1132 1302 --25 -25 --2 48 50 --19 78 97 ----0 1 11 252 1277 1541 1 --n/a 1 3338 51 Shrew (Blarina brevicauda)* Total 502 (22) 2182 (29) 340 (6) 131 (-) 181 (4) 2 (1) *not considered a dietary item NISP=number of identified specimens per taxon, MNI= minimum number of individuals per taxon. Table 6.1 Faunal remains from Phase II and Phase III investigations. 156 Chapter 6: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site tailed deer. All three specimens are from adult individuals. Knife cut and chop marks are present on the radius shaft, and saw and knife cut marks are visible on the axis. None of the deer bones are burned. White-tailed deer inhabit a variety of habitats, but prefer forest-edge settings (Jackson 1961). A total of 158 specimens are identifiable as cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus). The majority of elements (N=146) are from a single sub-adult individual recovered from Zone V sediments in Feature 1 North. These remains were completely articulated when encountered, indicating that they are associated with an intrusive animal, rather than a dietary item. The remaining elements from Feature 1 North and Feature 1 South indicate 3 additional rabbits, two adults and one juvenile. None of the rabbit remains recovered display cut marks or evidence of burning. Carnivore tooth puncture marks were observed on an adult right calcaneus from Feature 1 South. Cottontail rabbits inhabit meadows, brush piles, thickets, and swamps with abundant tall vegetation (Jackson 1961). One tree squirrel (Sciurus sp.) bone was identified, the proximal portion of a left radius. It most likely represents an adult gray (Sciurus carolinensis) or fox squirrel (Sciurus niger). No cut marks or evidence of burning was observed on the element. Gray squirrels prefer hardwood forests or mixed coniferoushardwood forests with bushy undergrowth, while fox squirrels occur more frequently in open or sparse hardwood forests (Jackson 1961). A right calcaneus fragment from Feature 1 South was identified as house cat (Felis catus). An adult animal is indicated, although it does not represent a food item. No cut marks or evidence of burning was observed on the element. The remains of a number of small rodents and other pest species are present in the assemblage. None display butchering marks or evidence of burning, and none are thought to represent food items. Among the taxa present are rat (Rattus sp.), shrew (Blarina brevicauda), ground squirrel (order Sciuridae), voles (subfamily Avricolinae), and mice (family Muridae). All are commensal or intrusive in origin. A substantial portion of the mammalian assemblage can only be categorized with regard for relative size. Large-sized mammal remains are ubiquitous, no doubt reflecting the reliance on larger domesticated animals observed. Differential preservation of more robust large-sized mammal elements is likely also a factor in the relative abundance of these remains. Medium-sized and small-sized mammal bone fragments occur in limited numbers. Birds A total of 343 pieces of bird bone were identified in the Alden’s Corners Post Office assemblage (see Table 6.1). Of these, 205 can be categorized only as indeterminate bird. Most of these specimens are indistinct limb, girdle, and vertebral elements. Knife cut marks are visible on several indistinct bird bones, and a few are burned. The majority of these specimens most likely are unrecognizable chicken or turkey remains. Ninety-four pieces of bone are identifiable as chicken (Gallus gallus). Limb elements are ubiquitous, with girdle and vertebral pieces also present. A minimum of 12 individuals is indicated, with both adult and juvenile birds represented. None of the limb elements examined displayed medullary bones, so although egg-laying hens were likely present, they were not regularly utilized for food. Thirty-six turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) bone fragments are present in the assemblage, representing a minimum of six individuals. Both adult and juvenile turkeys are present. The majority of specimens are limb and girdle elements. It is unclear whether the remains present are from wild or domesticated turkeys (or both). Given the relatively large size of many of the juvenile elements present, suggestive of farm-raised birds, it appears that at least some of the turkeys consumed were raised locally. One sternum fragment and one right tibiotarsus proximal shaft piece can be identified as either chicken or turkey (order Galliformes). Neither specimen exhibits butchering marks or evidence of burning. A left carpometacarpus, left coracoid, and the proximal shaft portion of a left tarsometatarsus are identifiable as passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius). All are from adult birds; an MNI of two pigeons is indicated based on the distribution of the remains. None of the bones display butchering marks or evidence of burning. Once abundant in North Chapter 6: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site America, over hunting and habitat loss in the late nineteenth century led to their extinction. Two Canada goose (Branta canadensis) bones, a right carpometacarpus and right 1st phalanx, were recovered from Feature 1 South. An MNI of one adult individual is indicated. Neither specimen exhibits butchering marks or evidence of burning, but carnivore tooth puncture marks are visible on the carpometacarpus. Canada geese are seasonally abundant in southern Wisconsin, inhabiting wetlands, marshes, agricultural fields, and similar settings in proximity to water (Bellrose 1976). One left coracoid posterior-shaft fragment is identifiable as indeterminate waterfowl (order Anseriformes). It is from an adult bird, most likely a large duck. Knife cut marks are visible on the shaft. No evidence of burning was observed. In addition, 1277 eggshell fragments were recovered. All are consistent with chicken eggs, although it is certainly possible that duck or other bird egg fragments are present. Fish Relatively few fish remains are present, with only 32 specimens identified in the assemblage. The majority are indistinct cranial pieces and vertebra which cannot be identified to a specific taxon. None of the indeterminate fish elements exhibit butchering marks, and only two are burned/calcined. One essentially complete parasphenoid was categorized as a member of the pike family (Esocidae, cf. Esox), and compares most favorably with northern pike (Esox lucius). Northern pike occur in lakes, marshes, and large rivers, and spawn in shallow backwaters and flooded bottomlands (Smith 1979). A dorsal spine fragment from Feature 1 North is identifiable as catfish or bullhead (family Ictaluridae). The specimen is burned, but displays no butchering marks or other evidence of modification. The size of the spine fragment indicates that it is from an adult individual. Sunfish (family Centrarchidae) are represented by a single element, a complete left preoperculum. No butchering marks were observed, and the specimen is not burned. Types of sunfish found in southern Wisconsin 157 include largemouth/smallmouth bass (Micropterus salmoides/dolomieui), bluegills and sunfish (Lepomis sp.), crappies (Pomoxis sp.), and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris). Members of the sunfish family occur in a variety of habitats, including rivers, lakes, ponds, and backwater areas (Smith 1979). Shellfish Fifteen mussel shell fragments are present in the assemblage. Twelve are indistinct pieces of shell. None of the shellfish remains recovered display evidence of modification or burning. One complete left valve is identified as a mucket (Actinonaias ligamentina). Muckets occur in medium to large rivers, in substrates of gravel or mixed sand and gravel (Cummings and Mayer 1992). A right valve fragment in the assemblage is classifiable as pistolgrip or buckhorn (Tritogonia verrucosa). Pistolgrips inhabit medium to large rivers, in substrates similar to those used by muckets (Cummings and Mayer 1992). One eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) shell was recovered, and represents the only imported food item recognized in the assemblage. Marine shellfish such as oysters and quahog clams first appear in zooarchaeological assemblages dating to the 1830s in the Midwest, primarily at sites in urban settings (Martin 1990; 1999). At rural sites in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, marine shellfish occur in limited numbers, primarily in association with occupations dating to the second half of the nineteenth century (e.g., Kuehn 2004, 2007). Other Taxa One calcined turtle carapace fragment was recovered from Feature 1 South. The specimen can not be identified to a specific taxon. No butchering marks or other evidence of cultural modification was observed. As the carapace fragment is burned, it likely reflects a dietary item. Eleven amphibian bones are present in the assemblage. None display butchering marks or evidence of burning. All are thought to represent intrusive or commensal frog or toad remains, and are not considered to be dietary items. 158 Chapter 6: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site the assemblage, are either burned or calcined (Table 6.3). The majority of specimens are from large-sized or indeterminate-sized mammals. Relatively few can be identified to a specific taxon; most are small, highly fragmented pieces of bone. While mammal bone fragments predominate, various bird, fish, and turtle elements also are burned. The relatively limited number of burned specimens in the assemblage indicates that food refuse was not regularly discarded through burning. In terms of distribution, nearly seventy percent of all burned or calcined bone was recovered from Feature 1 South. This is consistent with the overall distribution of zooarchaeological material recovered, as discussed above. With specific regard for each feature, a slightly different pattern emerges. As indicated in Table 6.3, 89.2 percent of all Distribution Approximately two-thirds of the faunal assemblage was recovered from Feature 1 South (Table 6.2). When eggshell fragments are excluded, Feature 1 South still contained over fifty percent of all faunal material obtained. The greatest amount of taxonomic diversity is evident from this feature as well, although the relative high number of specimens present, in comparison to the other features, likely influences this. It should also be noted that a larger portion of Feature 1 South was excavated, in comparison to Feature 1 North. Examination of site deposition patterns (discussed separately in this volume) also suggests discarded food remains and other refuse were deposited in Feature 1 South after that structure was no longer present. Feature Major Taxon Mammal Bird Fish Shellfish Other Taxa Subtotal Eggshell Total Table 6.2 1 North 1 South 2 3 4 33 Total 309 124 1 1 48 483 19 630 208 28 14 170 1050 1132 313 2 0 0 25 340 0 81 0 0 0 2 83 48 72 9 3 0 19 103 78 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 1407 343 32 15 264 2061 1277 502 2182 340 131 181 2 3338 Distribution of major taxa by feature. Moderate amounts of bone and eggshell were recovered from Feature 1 North and Feature 2, with minimal amounts present in Features 3, 4, and 33. Overall, relatively little bone displayed evidence of thermal alteration, suggesting that food refuse was not commonly disposed of through burning. Two of the three trash pits at the site, Features 3 and 4, contained moderately large amounts of faunal material relative to their size. It is likely that additional consumption refuse was discarded in surface middens or shallow depressions around the property. Burned and Calcined Bone A total of 462 specimens, or 13.8 percent of bone (eggshell is excluded) from Feature 3 is burned or calcined. This strongly suggests that this feature represents a refuse pit in which food or kitchen refuse was burned. Moderate percentages of burned/calcined bone are present in the Feature 4 and Feature 1 South assemblages, but not enough to indicate that the material was burned within these features. It is likely that at least some food refuse was disposed of through burning, and then redeposited in these and other features at the site. Butchering Marks Butchering or processing marks were observed on 121 elements in the assemblage Chapter 6: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Taxon Cattle (Bos taurus) Swine (Sus scrofa) Large-sized Mammal Medium to Large Mammal Medium-sized Mammal Mammal, indeterminate Chicken (Gallus gallus) Bird, indeterminate Catfish/Bullhead (family Ictaluridae) Fish, indeterminate Turtle, indeteminate Taxon Indeterminate Total Table 6.3 1 North -1 7 2 -8 -1 1 --1 1 South 4 3 155 11 2 81 1 9 -3 1 46 21 316 5 3 --17 --57 ------- 4 --22 --19 -----5 Total 4 4 201 13 2 168 1 10 1 3 1 54 74 46 462 Burned and calcine faunal remains by feature. (Table 6.4). Saw and knife cut marks are most common, occurring singly and repeatedly on some specimens. Chop marks, as might be produced through the use of a cleaver or heavy Taxon Cattle Swine White-tailed Deer Large-sized Mammal Medium-Large Mammal Small-sized Mammal Mammal, indeterminate Chicken Waterfowl, indeterminate Bird, indeterminate Taxon Indeterminate Total Table 6.4 Feature 2 -----3 -----2 159 Feature 1 North 1 South 2 4 1 North 1 South 2 1 North 1 South 1 North 1 South 2 4 1 North 1 North 1 South 1 South 3 1 North 1 South 1 North 1 North 1 South 1 South knife cut 2 1 1 -3 4 ---2 1 ---1 1 1 1 2 8 1 6 1 1 37 chop mark -1 1 -1 ----2 3 --3 ----------11 knife, are minimally represented. Twenty-two specimens display a combination of different types of butchering marks. Saw cuts are associated with large-scale carcass processing saw 4 12 5 4 -3 1 --2 12 2 1 2 --1 2 ------51 Butchering marks by taxon and feature. saw/ chop/ knife saw/ chop knife cut cut mark -------1 1 --------1 ----1 -1 --1 --2 10 2 -1 1 ------------------------------------4 13 5 Total 6 14 9 4 4 8 1 1 1 7 30 4 1 5 1 2 2 3 2 8 1 6 1 1 121 160 Chapter 6: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site and dismemberment, while knife cut marks are typically the result of meat filleting and consumption activities (e.g., Binford 1981; Lyman 1994). As expected, saw marks are found only on larger mammal elements, such as those from cattle, swine, and indeterminate large-sized mammals. Saw cuts were observed on limb, rib, and girdle bones, although most of the specimens cannot be classified to element. Knife fillet marks are present on a wide range of elements, from large and small mammals, various birds, and fish. The various types of cut marks represented are randomly distributed at the site, with the majority of specimens recovered from Feature 1 South. Discussion The composition of the faunal assemblage provides insight into dietary practices at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. Because the site was occupied by various individuals between circa 1850 and 1879, it is not possible to separate the zooarchaeological material by family. As such, the following discussion reflects a general view of dietary patterns at the site during this period. A heavy reliance on domesticated fauna is indicated, with cattle, swine, chicken, and turkey comprising the bulk of the diet. The many specimens categorized as large-sized mammal and indeterminate bird likely represent unidentifiable members of these taxa. The prevalence of eggshell fragments and chicken bones indicates that poultry regularly provided eggs as well as meat to the diet. Element representation suggests that while some beef and pork may have been purchased, cattle and swine were likely raised and slaughtered on-site by the inhabitants. Relatively few wild animal remains are present in the assemblage, although a relatively diverse array of taxa is present. White-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit, and tree squirrel were likely hunted or trapped by the site’s inhabitants. Other small mammals (primarily rodents) represent commensal or pest species, or are intrusive in origin. Wild game birds and waterfowl such as passenger pigeon and Canada goose are represented, suggesting some utilization of seasonally abundant resources. Northern pike, catfish/bullheads, sunfish, freshwater mussels, and possibly turtles were likely obtained from local rivers, lakes, and other aquatic settings in the area. Given the limited number of wild animal remains recovered, it appears that wild taxa served a secondary role in the diet, supplementing and adding diversity to the regular fare of pork, beef, and poultry. Some utilization of imported foodstuffs is also indicated by the oyster shell recovered. Oysters, clams, and marine fish elements appear in limited quantities in Midwestern faunal assemblages beginning in the early (circa 1830s) nineteenth century. In general, imported marine foodstuffs are only infrequently encountered at rural homesteads in the region, although their occurrence increases over time. The dietary patterns reflected in the Alden’s Corners Post Office faunal assemblage are consistent with those seen at other mid-to-late nineteenth-century rural sites in the Upper Midwest (e.g., Kuehn 2004, 2007; Martin 1999). A reliance on domesticated taxa is evident, with select wild taxa and imported foodstuffs serving to supplement and diversify the diet. Various factors are routinely cited as influencing dietary choice, including economic means, religious tenets, ethnicity, and site function (e.g., Branstner and Martin 1987; Davidson 1982; Henn 1985; Huelsbeck 1991; Martin 1986; Reitz 1987; Schulz and Gust 1983). In many parts of mid-nineteenth century Wisconsin, white-tailed deer were comparatively scarce as populations had yet to rebound from over hunting by Native Americans (Schorger 1953). In southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois, recent studies suggest that ethnicity, habitat loss and resource depletion, and the rapid transformation from a frontier to a market-linked economy are the most significant factors (visible via the archaeological record) affecting dietary patterns at rural sites (Kuehn 2004, 2007). Few contemporaneous Euro-American sites in Wisconsin have been subject to mitigation excavation. One of these is the Warren Hause site (47DA910), also located in Dane County, and dates from circa 1852 to 1865/1873. The Warren Hause site was initially briefly occupied by the Hawes family, and then subsequently by laborers or renters (Porubcan and Benchley 1995). Comparison with the Warren Hause site faunal assemblage (Kuehn 1995b) reinforces interpretation of the factors affecting dietary choice at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site. A total of 1671 pieces of bone, shell, fish scale, and eggshell was recovered at the Warren Hause site (Table 6.5). Of these, 1633 are considered Chapter 6: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Taxon Swine (Sus scrofa) Cattle (Bos taurus) Sheep/Goat (Ovis/Aries) White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) Woodchuck (Marmota monax) Cottontail Rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus)* Tree Squirrel (Sciurus sp.) Large-sized Mammal Medium to Large-sized Mammal Medium-sized Mammal Small-sized Mammal Mammal, indeterminate subtotal Chicken (Gallus gallus) Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) Chicken/Turkey (order Gallformes) Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) Mourning Dove (Zenaidura macroura) Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) Teal (Anas discors/crecca) Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) Bay Duck (Aythya sp.) Surface Duck (Anas sp.) Waterfowl (order Anseriformes) Bird, indeterminate Subtotal Pike (Esox sp.) Catfish/Bullhead (family Ictaluridae) Sunfish (family Centrarchidae) Fish, indeterminate Subtotal Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Threeridge (Amblema plicata) Mucket (Actinonaias ligamentina) Pistolgrip (Tritogonia verrucosa) Mussel, indeterminate Subtotal Turtle, indeterminate Taxon Indeterminate Eggshell Subtotal Total Alden’s Corners NISP MNI 252 8 78 8 --3 2 ------12 3 1 1 488 -33 -2 -23 -308 -1200 22 94 12 36 6 2 -3 2 --2 1 ----------1 -205 -343 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 29 -32 3 1 1 --1 1 1 1 12 -15 3 1 1 252 -1277 n/a 1530 1 3120 50 161 Warren Hause NISP MNI 77 6 3 1 25 3 1 1 1 1 26 4 16 3 25 4 48 2 409 ---4 -52 -132 -819 25 135 13 ------7 2 --9 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 176 -334 23 ------16 1 16 1 --1 1 ----399 1 400 2 --62 -2 n/a 64 0 1633 51 *does not include 146(1) intrusive elements from Alden’s Corners NISP= number of identified specimens per taxon, MNI= minimum number of individuals per taxon Table 6.5 Comparison of faunal material from the Aldens’s Corners Post Office and Warren Hause Sites. 162 Chapter 6: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site dietary items for this comparison. Domesticated animals again were the mainstays of the diet, with cattle, sheep/goat, chicken, and swine elements well represented. Wild mammals of various sizes are more plentiful than in the Alden’s Corners Post Office assemblage, with deer, raccoon, muskrat, woodchuck, rabbit, and tree squirrel represented. An array of wild birds, in particular waterfowl, are also present. Fish are poorly represented, with no specimens identifiable to a specific taxonomic group. A moderate number of mussel shell fragments were recovered, but only one valve fragment was identifiable to species. The most significant distinction between the Warren Hause and Alden’s Corners assemblages is the more extensive utilization of wild mammals and birds during the earlier Warren Hause occupation. The limited utilization of fish, shellfish, and turtles is consistent at both sites. The greater inclusion of wild animals in the Warren Hause diet may reflect a number of factors. While variation in the economic means and ethnic background of the site inhabitants may be significant, it is difficult to evaluate these issues as both sites were occupied by multiple families over time. Various accounts, however, note that the availability of wild game was already low or decreased notably over time in the region due to habitat loss and resource depletion (e.g., Buley 1950; Davis 1998; Jackson 1961; Martin 1996; Schorger 1953; Wyman 1998). Possibly, the decline observed during the two occupation periods reflects this decreasing resource availability. In conjunction with decreasing resource abundance, the increasing availability of consumer goods and foodstuffs (e.g., oysters, marine clams, and fish) would have lessened the need for hunting, trapping, and fishing as a means of dietary support. Popular ac- counts of pioneer families relying heavily on wild animals and plants are not supported by the available zooarchaeological data (Kuehn 2004). The frontier “closed” rapidly in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin as large numbers of Northeastern emigrants and European immigrants arrived in the 1830s (Davis 1998; Wyman 1998). Between 1830 and 1850, settlers in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa found themselves immediately linked to a national market economy (Rohrbaugh 1990:237), and associated goods and services. While the availability and convenience of professionally butchered meat cuts, imported foodstuffs, and other market goods were likely of greater significance in urban areas (e.g., Henry 1987), their influence on rural homesteads should not be underestimated. Summary Zooarchaeological material from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site provides important information on rural nineteenth-century dietary behavior in the region. While a reliance on domesticated animals is indicated, some utilization of wild taxa to supplement and add diversity to the diet is reflected in the composition of the assemblage. Comparison with other sites in the Upper Midwest, in particular the roughly contemporaneous Warren Hause site, suggests that dietary practices at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site reflect the changing patterns observed at other rural nineteenth-century sites in the region. This information makes a substantial contribution to our limited zooarchaeological database, and towards a better understanding of nineteenthcentury life in Wisconsin. 7 Conclusions: History and Archaeology of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site The archaeological investigations in 2002 of the Alden’s Corners Post Office site offer a glimpse into a small, agrarian hamlet, a type of community common throughout the Midwest. All but forgotten, the historical and archaeological data from the Alden’s Corners Post Office site provide insights into the history of rural settlement in southern Wisconsin. Historical archaeology combines the record of physical remains, including artifacts and features, and documentary evidence. The relationship between them is a complex one. In some instances, the written record and the archaeological record complement one another, while in other cases the two are antagonistic. At Alden’s Corners, the documentary and the archaeological record are largely complementary. An archaeological site is the result of a complex mix of systemic, or cultural, and natural formation processes (Schiffer 1972, 1987). Perhaps less obviously, the documentary record is similarly subjected to its own suite of formation processes ranging from cultural ones (Parezo 1996), such as observer bias, to natural processes, such as 164 Chapter 7: Conclusions: History and Archaeology of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site preservation (in which people may also have a clear hand). The documentary record for the Alden’s Corners Post Office site and the rural agrarian hamlet of which it is was a vital part is fragmentary at best; as a result archaeology offers a source of information that history does not. Indeed, were it not for federal preservation laws, the site would have been lost to history altogether. By combining the archaeological record—that is, the site location, its features, and the assemblage of artifacts and animal bone—with the historical record—that is, maps, census records, deed and tax lists, and county histories among other documentary sources—a fuller picture of the site and hamlet of which it was a part can be constructed. History and Archaeology of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Test excavations were conducted at the site in 1993. Following those investigations, the Data Recovery Plan outlined several broad research domains for which it was believed that the Alden’s Corners Post Office site could provide additional information (Kolb and Hamilton 1996). These include: 1) Site and community history, based on the documentary record (i.e., plat maps; state and federal population and agricultural census; deed and tax data; business gazetteers; marriage and death records; school records; newspapers; postal history documents); 2) Community and site planning, including diachronic changes at the site and community levels; 3) Material culture acquisition and characteristics; specifically, what does the artifact assemblage reveal about the structures at the site; diachronic changes in the structures and site layout; site function; household composition, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status of the site’s occupants; do they support use of the site as a post office or other business; and 4) Subsistence patterns. Additional archaeological investigations were initiated in 2002, the purpose of which was to recover data that could be used (supplemented by data from the earlier work) to address these questions. To the extent allowed by the fragmentary documentary record and archaeology, the results of research on these broad questions are herein summarized. Site and Community History, Based on the Documentary Record The Alden’s Corners Post Office site (47DA758) was part of a small, agrarian hamlet located in the Town of Roxbury (Clark 1877). The Town of Roxbury was, following the ill-fated Black Hawk War (Table 7.1), opened for settlement and in the late 1840s and early 1850s attracted a number of Yankee families, though there was also a sprinkling of other ethnic groups, including persons of German origin or descent, among the first generation of settlers. As the area was settled and farms created, small service communities—hamlets and villages—arose to meet the needs of farmers and entrepreneurs alike; Alden’s Corners was one of these. The Alden’s Corners Post Office site, apparently originally part of a working farm, was one of a loose cluster of buildings situated at a prominent crossroads created by the Sauk Road, which linked the capital Madison to the double center communities of Sauk City and Prairie du Sac, and the Dekorra-Mineral Point Road (which through the decade of the 1850s declined in importance). By about 1849 or 1850, a one acre lot had been created at the 47DA758 site location, plausibly because a structure had been built there. Although not the first settlers in the area, among the earliest were the Yankee brothers John, Abisha, and Jacob Alden, who settled at the crossroads around 1850. Within a few years, in 1852, John and Jane Alden sold a small parcel of land for construction of a school. Around this important Yankee institution, a small hamlet grew; the school was followed several years later by a store, which appears to have been built between 1858 and 1860 by Carl Andreas. In the mid and late-1850s, John and Jane Alden also operated a roadside inn, probably consisting of little more than a room Chapter 7: Conclusions: History and Archaeology of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Date 1832 1839 1845 1849 1850 1852 1853 Mid-1850s 1856-1857 1858 Mar. 1860 1878 May 1879 1880 1892 1933 Events in History of Alden’s Corners Black Hawk War ends; Town of Roxbury opened for settlement Founding of Prairie du Sac on Wisconsin River Fr. Adelbert Inama arrives, founds St. Norbert’s Catholic Church Lot created at future site of Alden’s Corners Post Office site; cabin probably built John, Abisha, and Jacob Alden settle at crossroads John & Jane Alden sell lot for school, which had either been built or was soon thereafter John Alden delegate to county convention Sauk Road re-routed from Meyer’s Corners to pass through Alden’s Corners Business gazetteers indicate that John & Jane Alden operate an inn John & Jane Alden sell a lot to Carl Andreas, who built store between 1858 and 1860 Carl Andreas sells store to Carl Schuchertt Post office chartered with Andreas as first postmaster; name “Alden’s Corners” added to postal maps; John & Jane Alden own lot Leonard Feiling builds farm house north of Alden’s Corners crossroads Stone building probably built on 47DA758 lot in this period; cabin razed sometime thereafter, cellar used for household refuse American Civil War Jacob Alden marries Wilhelmina S. Dettuff in Alden’s Corners; couple live a short distance north of Alden’s Corners Mathias Roth, second postmaster; Roth appears to be new immigrant; Roth buys lot Meyer’s Corners (Berry P.O.) closes Anton Moely aka Maly, third postmaster John & Jane Alden move to Iowa; Wilhelm Schoenburg buys post office/47DA758 lot Joseph Chavet, fourth postmaster Gottlieb Roelke buys store from Schuchertt Edward Vorhaug buys store from Roelke Edward Vorhaug, fifth postmaster; owns and operates store under name of “G. Herring & Company,” post office & American Express Company office John Kuhn, sixth postmaster Federal census enumerates population of Town of Roxbury by post office; Alden’s Corners had 79 households John Brosemer serves as Chairman of Town Board Brereton P.O. established John Brosemer, seventh postmaster Vorhaug sells store to John & Mary Horn, of Lyons County, NY Severe national economic depression; probable closure of store at Alden’s Corners John & Mary Horn sell store to Carl Truehl Carl Truehl, long-time resident, eighth postmaster Brosemer builds new house Brosemer again serves as Chairman of Town Board Simon Eckstein, recently arrived immigrant, ninth and last postmaster Brosemer co-organizer and treasurer of Berry Mutual Fire Insurance Company; founding meeting held in Meyer’s Corners St. Norbert’s Basilica constructed in hamlet of Roxbury; Brereton P.O. closed; Alden’s Corners Post Office store possibly closed; tavern in operation Post office established in hamlet of Roxbury, near church; Sauk Road re-routed through hamlet Post office officially closes Alden’s Corners Post Office site terminus post quem; building apparently razed Tavern probably closes Alden’s Corners school closes Table 7.1 Summary History of the Hamlet of Alden’s Corners. May 1860 1860 1860-1862 1860-1865 Jan. 1861 Aug. 1862 1863 Nov. 1864 1865 Dec. 1866 Jan. 1867 May 1867 June 1867 Sept. 1867 ~1870 1871 1872 Feb. 1873 Nov. 1873 1873-1877 Apr. 1874 Nov. 1874 1874 1875 Feb. 1876 1876 1877 165 166 Chapter 7: Conclusions: History and Archaeology of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site or two in their house. With a school, store, and an inn, someone in the community petitioned the federal government for a post office, which was chartered and duly opened in May 1860. In addition to the few businesses and other institutions, there were several farm residences located within about 1000 feet of the crossroads. Federal census data from 1870— the only year in the life of Alden’s Corners for which population enumeration in the town was by post office—suggest that the hamlet offered goods and services to as many as 79 families. The farms of the town produced wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, butter, and meat for self-consumption and local markets. Economically, Alden’s Corners and the Town of Roxbury were closely linked to Sauk City and Prairie du Sac, which were served not only by the railroad, thus expanding the market for locally produced goods, but which also offered a thriving German intellectual culture, including German-language newspapers. By the early 1860s, a well-documented demographic shift was underway in the Town of Roxbury as hundreds of immigrant families from various parts of what is now Germany— including Prussia, Bavaria, and others areas— arrived. Many of these families were drawn by the presence of the Catholic Church located a few miles northeast of Alden’s Corners. In contrast, it appears that many of the early families residing in proximity to the hamlet of Alden’s Corners were Lutheran. Despite the fact that German Protestants were often welcomed by the dominant ethnie, the AngloAmerican Protestants of the region (Kaufman 1999; Zeitlin 2000), the German Catholics had the advantage in the Town of Roxbury: a local priest, a Norbertine named Adelbert Inama, had slowly accrued over 1100 acres of land which he then sold at cost to German Catholic families. In time, the presence of the church and community that nucleated around it formed a potent competitor for tiny Alden’s Corners. The ethnic shift in the town and in the hamlet of Alden’s Corners is nowhere as dramatic as in the fact that virtually all of its nine postmasters were of German origin or descent. Several had lived in the township or in adjacent townships for many years, but others appear to have been recently arrived immigrants. Although by the mid-1860s many of the original Yankee founders, including the Aldens, had moved west—drawn west by new opportunities, including the opening of the Great Plains immediately after the American Civil War—the hamlet outlived its founders. The post office provided the main and most regular link to the affairs of the county, state, and nation and for the immigrant population was also central to communication with friends and family—all potential immigrants—in Europe. Postmasters received some stature within the community but little financial compensation—particularly at a fourth or fifth class office, such as Alden’s Corners would have been. Important to postmasters, however, was that they were granted franking privileges, which then allowed them to send mail at no cost. Needless to say, this is something that would have been greatly valued in efforts to encourage other friends or family to follow them to America or from eastern states to settle in Wisconsin. Chain migration was a particularly common migration pattern; friends and family followed other friends and family who had already emigrated. Postmasters at Alden’s Corners include Carl Andreas, Mathias Roth, Anthony Moely, Joseph Chavet, Edward Vorhaug, John Kuhn, John Brosemer, Carl Truehl, and Simon Eckstein. The post office itself was located during part of its 19 year history at the location of the 47DA758 archaeological site, and sufficient documentary evidence exists to confirm that during the tenure of one postmaster, Edward Vorhaug, the post office was operated from the store, of which he was the proprietor. It was during his tenure as postmaster and storekeeper that the community appears to have reached its zenith. Thus, the Alden’s Corners store, which operated under the name, “G. Herring & Company,” offered a small, but wide selection of goods, including according to contemporary business gazetteers: “Boots and Shoes, Dry Goods, Groceries, Drugs, Hardware, Crockery, Stoves, etc.” (Platt 1871:199). The store also offered mail order services through the American Express Company. Sometime between late 1873 and 1877, it appears that the store closed, possibly the victim of the economic depression that struck a devastating blow to the American economy late in 1873 and which lasted until the mid-1870s. Too, the store and Alden’s Corners hamlet faced competition from other developing economic and social centers in the area; namely Roxbury, Meyer’s Corners, and Brereton. The former was located a few miles to the north, where Father Adelbert Inama settled Chapter 7: Conclusions: History and Archaeology of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site and built a succession of churches, including a stately basilica completed (except for the spire) in 1877—a powerful symbol and magnet for German Catholic settlement. The mounting Catholic presence in the township overwhelmed the older, Lutheran population, such as that of the hamlet of Alden’s Corners. To the south of Alden’s Corners, there was Meyer’s Corners, which offered services that Alden’s Corners did not, such as a blacksmith, taverns, and a Lutheran church (important to the hamlet’s core of Lutheran families). Finally, for a period in the 1870s, Brereton, located a few miles to east, also had a post office and school. While all of the reasons leading to community’s decline will never be known, competition from other hamlets, together with population turnover were certainly factors in the demise of the hamlet of Alden’s Corners. After the post office closed, Alden’s Corners fate was sealed. Outcompeted by other communities, the name remained in use only in conjunction with a tavern and its school. The tavern closed, apparently in the early 1890s, while the school survived until 1933, some 54 years after the post office closed. In the 1920s, University of Wisconsin rural sociologist John Kolb found many who still identified themselves as residents of Alden’s Corners; however, the visitor’s log for the school tells a different story: all who signed gave their address only as “Town of Roxbury.” The Archaeological Record of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site The focus of the 2002 excavations was the 47DA758 site, which was indicated on some maps as the location of the post office for Alden’s Corners. A lot at this location was created as early as 1849, which probably coincides with the construction of a dwelling. Given the era, the structure was inferentially a cabin, a hypothesis that is supported by the analysis of nails recovered from the two cellars on the lot (Feature 1 South and Feature 1 North). The presence of many nails, most with small pennyweight in Feature 1 South points to a cabin (Young 1994a, 1994b), at least in the absence of other evidence that the structure 167 was built of stone as appears to have been the case for the building associated with Feature 1 North. The analysis of window glass and ceramics from the site also supports an early date for the first building on the 47DA758 lot. The second building on the 47DA758 lot was probably built circa 1858-1860. Whether this second building was built expressly to house a federal post office remains unknown, but all indications are that construction was far more substantial than the cabin; like the school and store, it appears to have been constructed in part or whole of native limestone, a large quantity of which was found in its abandoned cellar (i.e., Feature 1 North). Extramural features, including numerous small post impressions indicate that the lot was fenced and improved with a privy (Feature 2) and probable well (Feature 42). During the 1850s, the cabin may have been the residence of John and Jane Alden. The Aldens vacated the land around 1862, if not earlier, probably at the time that the post office was chartered. Yardscape proxemics suggests that public access to parts of the site had been important for sometime, perhaps going back to the era of the Aldens’ inn. This is especially evident in the placement of a feature interpreted as a well (Feature 42) in close proximity to the Sauk Road. Additionally, the kind and distribution of artifacts in western portion of the yard suggests heavy use, probably by both the public and residents, which is consistent with use of the stone building—for some of the time—as a post office. The area along the Dekorra-Mineral Point Road may have been used to park wagons and tie up horses. Additionally, yardscape proxemics hints at the presence of other structures as well. These may have included some sort of barn, sheds, and corral, though if this is the case, few traces of them remain beyond a few scattered post impressions and increases in the density of artifacts on the surface of the site. Diachronic changes to the 47DA758 site are harder to pin down, but at some point after the construction of the stone building, the cabin was abandoned and razed. The site’s inhabitants shifted to use of the stone building as the primary dwelling and probably used a part of it (associated with Feature 1 North) as the community’s post office. The cabin’s cellar (Feature 1 South), set directly behind the stone building, was then used as a place of disposal for kitchen and other small, 168 Chapter 7: Conclusions: History and Archaeology of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site household refuse, which gradually filled the feature. Possibly some of the buildings associated with the earlier farm were moved or torn down. The 47DA758 site appears, based on documentary evidence, to have been inhabited by several different owners and possibly even by tenant families, rendering it largely impossible to separate-out refuse left behind from any particular occupation. Some early ceramics, however, are probably attributable to the Aldens, while most of the site’s deposits and artifacts likely record the post-1860 German occupation of the site. The artifact assemblage from the Phase III investigations (which was supplemented by materials recovered during the earlier Phase II evaluation) is dominated by architectural materials, including stone, brick and plaster, along with nails, window glass, and some hardware. The next most abundant artifact group is the kitchen group, comprised of ceramics, bottles/bottle glass, flatware, and stove parts. Personnel items—clothing related artifacts and footwear, combs, pipes, and coins—and household artifacts were present in about equal frequency. The latter group here includes toys, tools, oil lamp parts, pencils, ink wells, gun parts, decorative glass, clock parts, storage items, furniture hardware, etc. The final artifact group recognized in this report was the tack and harness group, which although not well represented does serve to indicate that draft animals, including a horse or horses, were present. In aggregate, the assemblage of artifacts from the site’s features—the two cellars and privy, with the well yielding no artifacts—attest to participation in a national, if not, global economy. The German-language newspaper of nearby Prairie du Sac, Pionier am Wisconsin, advertised and many local shops sold products imported from Germany or made in the United States and marketed extensively amongst the immigrant population. Even so, many bought inexpensive British and American ceramics and may even have relied upon hand-me-downs passed through networks of family or neighbors who had previously settled in the area. Ceramic economic scaling, although not without its complications, suggests that occupants of the site, in the main, tended to be of lower economic status. Identifying specific artifacts or a suite of artifacts directly attributable to the German ethnie that dominates the latter history of the site and hamlet has been problematic. A notable exception to this is a portion of a porcelain smoking pipe, which bears a decal referring to the Kaiser, and which had to post-date 1871, the year of German unification. The most likely owner of the artifact was Simon Eckstein, the last postmaster of Alden’s Corners. However, in addition to this artifact, there is a group of others that collectively suggest a significant Teutonic presence at the site. This group of “ethnic markers” is comprised of several artifacts: a liquor flask, stoneware jug, and medicine bottles. The liquor flask is decorated with a design commemorating the federal drafts of 1862 and 1863. The Germans in particular were hostile to this infringement on personnel liberty, many having fled their homelands to escape involuntary conscription (Current 1976). Additionally, there is a Rhenish made mineral water bottle and several medicinal bottles, including one, Dr. August Koenig’s Hamburger Tropfen, which was made and marketed to Germans and GermanAmericans. While nothing precludes any ethnic group from buying or using these products, the suite of artifacts taken together strongly implies their use by the German ethnie. Despite the fact that the business directories of, say, Edward Vorhaug’s proprietorship of the store at Alden’s Corners suggest that the store’s goods were suitably varied—probably enough to meet the needs of most—no specific inventory is available. Thus, it is possible that the store sold a range of German produced goods (e.g., Selters mineral water) or items made for the German immigrant marker (i.e., Dr. August Koenig’s medicinal products), but this remains conjectural at best. Just as plausible and perhaps more than a bit ironic is the very real possibility that closure of the store in the period 1874 to 1877 actually expanded the range of such goods available in the Town of Roxbury by forcing residents to widen their shopping venues. It is readily apparent from advertisements in the Pionier am Wisconsin that stores in nearby Prairie du Sac did sell a wide range of goods, including many imported items, and that many catered to immigrants. Moreover, it is also interesting that many specific items from the artifact assemblage from 47DA758 closely match items advertised in the Pionier am Wisconsin. Thus, closure of the store in the hamlet of Alden’s Corners may have shifted their purchasing options to include stores in Prairie du Sac and Chapter 7: Conclusions: History and Archaeology of the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Sauk City and perhaps even Madison. Regarding subsistence, the site’s occupants consumed pork, beef, poultry and eggs, and some wild game such as white-tailed deer, rabbit, and fish. In this era, per capita consumption of meat, particularly pork and beef, was high for Anglo-Americans. Newly arrived immigrants were quick to adopt similar patterns of consumption (Dirks 2003). In addition, they appear to have adopted, at least in part, similar patterns of grain utilization as represented by the recovery of the preserved remains of several whole and fragmentary slices of bread made from wheat flour. For the Germans, as well as other central and eastern Europeans, rye was often preferred for making bread. Some rye was grown locally and was probably used to make bread, but the quantities grown in the Town of Roxbury were comparatively small, only 72 bushels in 1870. The sandy areas of central Wisconsin, as well as the counties flanking Milwaukee were the chief rye producers in the state, and much of it was milled into flour. The fact that the bread found at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site was identified by analysis of its DNA as wheat bread (Hawley and Engelen 2006) argues that participation in a market economy based predominantly on wheat and corn was of greater immediate concern than allocating quantities of arable land to rye production. While the artifact assemblage largely speaks to the domestic side of life at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, there are items that suggest that a post office (or some other 169 business) operated at least for a time from the site. Specifically, there is an unusually high number of slate pencils, along with pen nibs, ink wells, a glue bottle, and lead bale seal that support this interpretation. Post offices of this era apparently had available to them postal cancelling devices with movable, hard rubber letters, but no such artifacts were found. In the absence of such a definitive postal related artifact, the archaeological “signature” of a rural fourth or fifth class post office of the mid- to latter nineteenth century may well consist of a suite of materials similar to those from 47DA758: slate pencils, ink wells, glue, etc. For whatever reason, the stone building associated with Feature 1 North was dismantled apparently sometime shortly after the post office closed. The terminus post quem for the Alden’s Corners Post Office site is circa 1880 based on a coin recovered in 1993 during the Phase II investigations. As much material as possible, especially wood, hardware, lintels, and jambs, was salvaged, as was apparently a great deal of dressed stone. In all likelihood, much of this soon found its way into the infrastructure of nearby farm buildings and other structures. What was left was discarded into the building’s open cellar (Feature 1 North) and the site was covered over and abandoned. Probably in equally short order, the land was brought under the plow and except for a pronounced scatter of glass, ceramic, and other artifacts on the surface, quickly vanished from sight. Appendix 1 U.S. CensusPopulation Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 172 Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 The data here were compiled from two sources, the U.S. Census—Population for 1870, and the Agricultural Schedule appended to the state copy of the U.S. Census for that year. Microfilm copies of these records are available in the Wisconsin Historical Society Library, Madison, Wisconsin. The data from each document has been arranged alphabetically by dwelling as these were enumerated in the census. For the census, the Town of Roxbury was, in that year, divided into three units: Clifton, River P.O., and Alden’s Corners. Dwellings were enumerated consecutively beginning in Clifton and finishing with Alden’s Corners, though pages with data for River and Alden’s Corners were intermixed in both the population and agricultural schedules. In the former, there are instances where the list of family members was begun on a page for one community and continued on a page with a heading for another. Hence, there are two pages in the census for which River data runs onto pages labeled as Alden’s Corners and one page where Alden’s Corners data carries over onto a page labeled River P.O. In the first instance, the names have been excluded from this compilation, while in the second the names were included in it. The agricultural schedule also has its problems. Comparison of the population and agricultural data indicates that many names ascribed to, for instance, River P.O. in the former document were attributed to Alden’s Corners in the latter. Likewise, there are names in the population schedule assigned to Alden’s Corners that in the agricultural schedule were attributed to River P.O. Reference to the 1873 Harrison and Warner plat map of the Town of Roxbury would seem to support the inclusion of the latter and exclusion of the former. The spelling of surnames and place of origin in this compilation follows the spelling in the census, although some names were clearly spelled incorrectly by the enumerator. Some of this resulted from Yankees attempting to spell the names of various ethnic groups. Often, the enumerator and a given citizen spoke no common language. Accordingly, names such as Ballweg, a family name common in the Town of Roxbury, was, in the census, spelled variously as Baldweg and Baldwig. Schoenburg was spelled Shamburg, Vorhaug rendered as Vorhauge, Schuchartt became Schuckart and so forth. In all cases, the spelling employed in the census has been used, rather than the preferred spelling. Aside from the frequent misspelling of names, given names were often Anglicized as well. Johan became John and Wilhelm, William. Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 173 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) Dwelling #* Occupation Age Place of Birth Ackerman, Mary 89 Keeping House 48 Prussia 3600 1000 Ackerman, Anton 89 Farmer 21 Prussia n/a n/a Ackerman, Louise 89 15 Wisconsin Ackerman, John 89 12 Wisconsin Ackerman, Leonard 89 10 Wisconsin Ackerman, Annie 89 8 Wisconsin Ant, Johan J. 180 59 Prussia 2400 500 Ant, Anna M. 180 62 Prussia Ant, Joseph 180 At home 19 Wisconsin Ant, John 180 At home 17 Wisconsin Baldes, Anton 88 Farmer 35 Prussia 3600 800 Baldes, Anna M. 88 27 Prussia Baldes, John M. 88 8 Wisconsin Baldes, George 88 6 Wisconsin Baldes, Anna 88 4 Wisconsin Baldes, Christian 88 2 Wisconsin Baldes, Peter 88 2 mo Wisconsin Baldes, George 85 66 Prussia n/a n/a Baldes, Marie M. 85 56 Prussia Baldes, Anna M. 85 20 Wisconsin Baldes, Anna 85 15 Wisconsin Baldes, Mathias 85 17 Wisconsin Baldes, Jacob 87 26 Prussia n/a n/a Baldes, Anna 87 19 Prussia Baldes, Madaline 87 1 Wisconsin Baldweg, Joseph 119 30 Baden Baldweg, Therese 119 27 Bavaria Baldweg, Martin 119 2 Wisconsin Baldweg, Frantz 119 1 Wisconsin Gangel, Joseph 119 Carpenter & Joiner 23 Bavaria Bauer, John 173 Farmer 68 Wurtemburg Bauer, Catherine 173 50 France Bauer, Peter 173 At home 23 New York Bauer, Sarah 173 At home 18 Wisconsin Berberig, Carl J. 84 Farm Laborer 36 Baden Name Table A1.1. Farmer Farmer Farm Laborer Farmer 400 2400 1500 n/a n/a U.S. Census- population schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870. 174 Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Dwelling # Name Occupation Age Place of Birth Berberig, Mary A. 84 25 Bavaria Berberig, Antonia 84 3 Bavaria Berberig, Maria F. 84 1 Wisconsin Bolschken, Trangott 101 30 Prussia Bolschken, Marie 101 30 Hesse Darmstadt Boyle, Mary 169 Keeping house 60 Ireland Boyle, James 169 Farmer 30 Ireland Boyle, Mary 169 9 Wisconsin Brachtendorf, Nikolaus 186 Farmer 74 Prussia Bschorr, Elizabeth 186 Keeping house 45 Prussia Bschorr, Carl 186 At home 14 Wisconsin Bschorr, Adelaide 186 12 Wisconsin Bschorr, Torsila 186 10 Wisconsin Bschorr, Frantz 186 7 Wisconsin Brenzmuller, Peter 178 40 Prussia Brenzmuller, Catherine 178 25 Prussia Brenzmuller, Johan 178 7 Wisconsin Brenzmuller, Margaret 178 6 Wisconsin Brenzmuller, Frank 178 4 Wisconsin Brenzmuller, Peter 178 1 Wisconsin Breunig, Frantz A. 112 62 Bavaria Breunig, Catherine 112 63 Bavaria Breunig, Marie 112 At home 20 Bavaria Breunig, Frantz A., Jr. 117 Farmer 44 Bavaria Breunig, Eva C. 117 33 Bavaria Breunig, Helene 117 12 Wisconsin Breunig, Frantz A. 117 10 Wisconsin Breunig, Martin 117 8 Wisconsin Breunig, Johan 117 6 Wisconsin Breunig, Frantz H. 117 4 Wisconsin Breunig, Marian E. 117 2 Wisconsin Hiss, Frantz J. 117 Farm Laborer 30 Bavaria Breunig, Joseph A. 114 Farmer 27 Bavaria Breunig, Salome 114 21 Wisconsin Breunig, Anna 114 2 Wisconsin Table A1.1 (continued) Farmer Farmer Farmer Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) n/a n/a 1500 500 1500 500 1600 1000 2320 1000 2000 600 500 Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 175 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Dwelling # Occupation Age Place of Birth Brosemer, John 105 Farmer 46 Baden Brosemer, Fredericka 105 37 Prussia Brosemer, Louis 105 16 Wisconsin Brosemer, Bertha 105 12 Wisconsin Brosemer, Martha 105 12 Wisconsin Brosemer, Emma 105 10 Wisconsin Brosemer, Louis 105 7 Wisconsin Bleyhl, Edward 105 Farm Laborer 17 Wirtemberg Bung, Adam 209 Farmer 70 Bung, John 209 Farmer Bung, Petronella Name Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) 5000 1300 Prussia n/a n/a 30 Prussia 1500 500 209 27 Prussia Bung, Catherine 209 5 Wisconsin Bung, Adam 209 3 Wisconsin Bung, Mary 209 1 Wisconsin Bung, Adolph 211 Farmer 54 Prussia 500 400 Bung, Mathias 212 Farmer 25 Prussia Bung, Catherine 212 22 Austria Burger, Frank 109 35 Switzerland 4230 600 Burger, Mary 109 30 New York Burger, Ada 109 1 Wisconsin Pulvermacher, Gertrude 109 17 Prussia Bower, Frank 109 26 New York n/a n/a Bower, Tracy 109 24 Ohio Bower, Sarah 109 1 Wisconsin Dostert, John 184 51 Prussia 2150 700 Dostert, Elizabeth 184 49 Prussia Dostert, Johan 184 16 Wisconsin Dostert, Peter 184 13 Wisconsin Dostert, Elizabeth 184 9 Wisconsin Eckstein, Paul 110 34 Bavaria 6000 1000 Eckstein, Veronica 110 30 Bavaria Eckstein, Anna 110 3 Wisconsin Eckstein, Peter 110 2 Wisconsin Engels, Mathias 177 30 Prussia 2200 1000 Engels, Elizabeth 177 29 Prussia Table A1.1 (continued) Farmer Farm Laborer Farmer Farmer Farmer 176 Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Dwelling # Name Occupation Age Place of Birth Engels, Eva 177 7 Wisconsin Engels, Frank 177 5 Wisconsin Engels, John 177 3 Wisconsin Engels, Lucy 177 6 mo Wisconsin Phillippi, Peter 177 11 Wisconsin Koeppl, John 177 Farm Laborer 16 Austria Fabing, Peter 188 Farmer 32 New York Fabing, Margaret 188 28 New York Fabing, George H. 188 2 Wisconsin Fabing, Flora 188 8 mo Wisconsin Fabing, Nicholas 188 68 France Fabing, Anna 188 64 France Fairbanks, C. 93 34 New York Fairbanks, Miranda 93 31 New York Fairbanks, Charles E. 93 12 Wisconsin Fairbanks, Jennie 93 9 Wisconsin Fass, Henry 187 56 Prussia Fass, Anna M. 187 40 Prussia Fass, Anna M. 187 17 Wisconsin Fass, Heinrich 187 15 Wisconsin Fass, Wilhelm 187 13 Wisconsin Fass, Catherine 187 12 Wisconsin Fass, Peter 187 10 Wisconsin Fass, Josephine 187 7 Wisconsin Fass, Justina 187 4 Wisconsin Fass, Joseph 187 2 Wisconsin Fehland, Marie 176 69 Mechlenburg Fehland, Carl 176 20 Mechlenburg Freidel, Christoph 182 29 Prussia Freidel, Emma 182 31 Prussia Freidel, Carl 182 1 Prussia Freidel, Bertha 182 6 mo Wisconsin Frey, Agidius 124 58 Bavaria Frey, Anna 124 61 Bavaria Frey, Johan 124 24 Bavaria Table A1.1 (continued) Retired Farmer Farmer Farmer Keeping house Farm Laborer Farmer At home Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) 3000 600 n/a n/a 2400 700 2400 1000 4000 700 Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 177 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Dwelling # Occupation Age Place of Birth Frey, George 124 At home 17 Bavaria Ganser, John P. 123 Farmer 32 Prussia Ganser, Therese 123 30 Bavaria Ganser, Frantz A. 123 7 Wisconsin Ganser, Veronica 123 6 Wisconsin Ganser, Catherine 123 4 Wisconsin Ganser, Gertrude 123 2 Wisconsin Ganser, Peter 123 8 mo Wisconsin Geier, Isadore 175 23 Bavaria Geier, Therese 175 20 Bavaria Gerich, Peter 111 55 Bavaria Gerich, Anna 111 60 Bavaria Goddard, Wm. K. 92 42 Canada Goddard, Catherine 92 32 Ohio Goddard, Clarence E. 92 15 Wisconsin Goddard, Ada 92 13 Wisconsin Goddard, Eugenia 92 11 Wisconsin Goddard, William 92 4 Wisconsin Goddard, Edward 92 3 Ohio Goddard, Elmer 92 8 mo Wisconsin Greiber, John B., Jr. 121 68 Prussia Greiber, Catherine 121 66 Prussia Greiber, Herman J. 122 48 New York Greiber, Eva C. 122 24 Bavaria Greiber, Heirich J. 122 3 Wisconsin Pillip, Heinrich 122 11 Missouri Hacker, Carl 208 44 Prussia Hacker, Caroline 208 33 Prussia Hacker, Alonia 208 4 Wisconsin Hacker, Louise 208 2 Wisconsin Hacker, Mathilda 208 1 Wisconsin Hahn, Frederick 97 52 Mecklenberg Hahn, Julia 97 56 Saxony Hahn, Augusta 97 18 Wisconsin Hahn, Richard 97 12 Wisconsin Name Table A1.1 (continued) Stone mason Farmer Farmer At home Retired Farmer Farmer Farmer Farmer Domestic Servant Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) n/a n/a n/a n/a 2400 500 2925 100 3600 500 600 400 300 1000 500 178 Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Dwelling # Name Occupation Age Place of Birth 3 Wisconsin 45 Bavaria 38 Bavaria Hahn, Fritz 97 Herr, Martin 168 Herr, Emma 168 Herr, John 168 At home 18 New York Herr, Anna 168 At home 16 New York Herr, Maggie 168 12 Wisconsin Herr, Emma 168 11 Wisconsin Herr, George 168 8 Wisconsin Herr, Charles 168 2 Wisconsin Hoffman, Ferdinand 104 44 Prussia Hoffman, Ludwiga 104 40 Prussia Hoffman, Bertha 104 14 Wisconsin Hoffman, Anna 104 13 Wisconsin Hoffman, Emily 104 11 Wisconsin Hoffman, Carl 104 9 Wisconsin Hoffman, Wilhelmina 104 7 Wisconsin Hoffman, Christian 104 47 Prussia Jammer, Joseph 189 35 Prussia Jammer, Maria A. 189 37 Prussia Jammer, Elizabeth 189 8 Prussia Jammer, Anna 189 3 Wisconsin Jammer, Maria M. 189 1 Wisconsin Kelley, Daniel 116 52 Ireland Kelley, Margaret 116 49 Ireland Kelley, Katie 116 9 Wisconsin Kelley, Elmira 116 7 Wisconsin Kelley, Michael W. 116 5 Wisconsin Kelley, Thomas 116 2 Wisconsin Kelley, Michael 115 50 Ireland Kelley, Margaret 115 35 Ireland Kelley, Kate 115 Attending School 16 Virginia Kelley, Margaret 115 Attending School 12 Wisconsin Kelley, Timothy 115 11 Wisconsin Kelley, Mary 115 8 Wisconsin Kelley, Michael 115 7 Wisconsin Table A1.1 (continued) Farmer Farmer Farm Laborer Farmer Farmer Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) 3000 1200 1000 400 2500 480 2500 450 Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 179 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Dwelling # Name Occupation Age Place of Birth Kelley, Daniel 115 4 Wisconsin Kelley, William 115 2 Wisconsin Klockner, Joseph 213 50 Prussia Klockner, Barabara 213 48 Prussia Klockner, Peter 213 23 Prussia Klockner, Joseph 213 6 Wisconsin Klockner, Susanna 213 12 Wisconsin Klockner, Josephine 213 10 Wisconsin Hinton, Margaretha 213 60 Prussia Kruse, Henry 83 43 Hanover Kruse, Anna 83 31 Hanover Kruse, Henry 83 5 Hanover Kruse, Wilhelm 83 2 Wisconsin Lenerz, Michael 113 55 Prussia Lenerz, Susanna 113 48 Prussia Lenerz, John 113 Farmer 22 Prussia Lenerz, Anna M. 113 At home 17 New York Lesch, John 170 Farmer 51 Bavaria Lesch, Johanna 170 35 Bohemia Lesch, Mary 170 8 Wisconsin Lesch, Alois 170 6 Wisconsin Lesch, Anna 170 3 Wisconsin Lesch, Elizabeth 170 1 Wisconsin Littel, George 174 44 France Littel, Therese 174 34 Bohemia Littel, Rosa 174 14 Wisconsin Littel, Mary 174 12 Wisconsin Littel, Emily 174 11 Wisconsin Littel, George 174 9 Wisconsin Littel, Therese 174 7 Wisconsin Littel, Edward 174 5 Wisconsin Littel, Charles 174 3 Wisconsin Littel, John 174 2 Wisconsin Loeser, Michel 191 57 Baden Loeser, Mary A. 191 55 Bavaria Table A1.1 (continued) Farmer At home Farm Laborer Farmer Farmer At home Farmer Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) 2000 600 2500 1200 n/a n/a 1200 300 2000 600 6600 1200 180 Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Dwelling # Name Occupation Age Place of Birth Loeser, Magdelena 191 15 Wisconsin Loeser, Joseph 191 12 Wisconsin Mohr, Johan 191 Farm Laborer 22 Prussia Mohr, Nicholas 191 Farm Laborer 18 Prussia Maly, John 100 Farmer 26 Bohemia Maly, Mary 100 19 Austria Maly, Robert 100 2 Wisconsin Maly, Eleanor 100 68 Wisconsin Baldwig, Anton 100 Farm Laborer 19 Bavaria Mangrich, Peter 185 Farm Laborer 29 Prussia Mangrich, Anna M. 185 19 Prussia Maschhauser, George 82 60 Baden Maschhauser, Antonia 82 39 Austria Maschhauser, Maria 82 12 Wisconsin Maschhauser, Anna 82 10 Wisconsin Menzel, Franz 171 41 Prussia Menzel, Henrietta 171 37 Prussia Menzel, Herman 171 20 Wisconsin Menzel, Frantz 171 13 Wisconsin Menzel, Amelia 171 14 Wisconsin Menzel, Edward 171 8 Wisconsin Menzel, Wilhelmina 171 4 Wisconsin Menzel, Ernest 171 1 Wisconsin Michaels, Mathias 86 69 Prussia Michaels, Sophie 86 42 Austria Michaels, Marie 86 6 Wisconsin Michaels, Frantz 86 11 Wisconsin Michaels, John 86 9 Wisconsin Monad, Edward 206 36 Switzerland Monad, Anna 206 30 Switzerland Monad, Anna 206 12 Wisconsin Monad, Mary 206 9 Wisconsin Monad, Isabella 206 6 Wisconsin Monad, Blanche 206 4 Wisconsin Monad, Rosa 206 2 Wisconsin Table A1.1 (continued) Farmer Farmer At home Farmer Farm Laborer Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) 1000 700 2400 300 1300 500 2400 500 Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 181 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Dwelling # Occupation Age Place of Birth Mussen, James 167 Farmer 39 New York Mussen, Tama 167 35 Wales Mussen, James H. 167 At home 17 Wisconsin Mussen, Wallace W. 167 At home 14 Wisconsin Mussen, Ella 167 10 Wisconsin Mussen, Mina 167 8 Wisconsin Mussen, Lilly 167 4 Wisconsin Mussen, Frank S. 167 1 Wisconsin Pappelbaum, Frederik 102 60 Prussia Pappelbaum, Wilhelmina 102 57 Prussia Pappelbaum, August 102 28 Prussia Papplebaum, Rosine 102 27 Prussia Pappelbaum, Emma 102 6 Wisconsin Pappelbaum, Louise 102 2 Wisconsin Pappelbaum, Carl 102 6 mo Wisconsin Platner, Anton 190 50 Tyrol Platner, Margaret 190 36 Tyrol Platner, Joseph 190 7 Wisconsin Platner, Norbert 190 3 Wisconsin Pulvermacher, Michael 207 23 Wisconsin Pulvermacher, Agnes 207 22 Wisconsin Pulvermacher, Barbara 207 6 mo Wisconsin Pulvermacher, Johan 207 50 Prussia Pulvermacher, Marie 207 45 Prussia Pulvermacher, Marie C. 207 14 Wisconsin Pulvermacher, Joseph 207 12 Wisconsin Pulvermacher, Margaret 207 7 Wisconsin Pulvermacher, Adam 207 3 Wisconsin Pulvermacher, Hubert 207 2 Wisconsin Renk, Nicholas 106 36 Bavaria Renk, Veronica 106 28 Bavaria Renk, Anna 106 4 Wisconsin Renk, Ida 106 2 Wisconsin Renk, Dorothea 106 1 Wisconsin Richal, Allen 94 26 New York Table A1.1 (continued) Name Farmer Farmer Stone mason Farmer Farmer Shoe maker Farmer Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) 3000 600 3000 775 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1200 500 n/a n/a n/a n/a 182 Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Dwelling # Name Occupation Age Place of Birth Richal, Ellen 94 21 Wisconsin Richal, William 94 3 Wisconsin Roos, Joseph 165 58 Bavaria Roos, Maria M. 165 53 Bavaria Roos, Thomas 165 22 Baden Roos, Joseph 165 13 Wisconsin Roos, Lorentz 165 13 Wisconsin Ballweg, Lorentz 165 Farmer 56 Roelke, Gottlieb 107 Farmer Roelke, Rosine 2000 500 Bavaria n/a n/a 57 Prussia 3600 1000 107 53 Prussia Roelke, Herman 107 15 Wisconsin Baldwig, Appolonia 107 Domestic Servant 20 Bavaria Schachter, Joseph 172 Farmer 44 Prussia 6000 2000 Schachter, Elizabeth 172 41 Bavaria Schachter, Catherine 172 At home 19 Wisconsin Schachter, Martin 172 At home 18 Wisconsin Schachter, John 172 15 Wisconsin Schachter, Heinrich 172 12 Wisconsin Schachter, Joseph 172 9 Wisconsin Schachter, Anna 172 4 Wisconsin Schuckart, Charles 183 32 Prussia 3200 800 Schuckart, Susan M. 183 29 Pennsylvania Schuckart, Ernest A. 183 4 Wisconsin Schuckart, Adelia M. 183 2 Wisconsin Schuckart, Elizabeth 183 59 Wisconsin Rapp, Mary 183 Domestic Servant 23 Wisconsin Black, Anthony 183 Farm Laborer 18 Bavaria Schultz, Christian 95 Farmer 51 Mechlenberg 1920 600 Schultz, Frederika 95 44 Mechlenberg Schultz, Augusta 95 16 Wisconsin Schultz, Huldah 95 4 Wisconsin Schwaner, Carl 96 44 Prussia 2600 700 Schwaner, Hermine 96 44 Prussia Schwaner, Herman 96 16 Wisconsin Schwaner, Hermine 96 12 Wisconsin Table A1.1 (continued) Farmer Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) Farmer At home Farmer Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 183 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Dwelling # Name Occupation Age Place of Birth Schwaner, Otto 96 10 Wisconsin Schwaner, Louis 96 7 Wisconsin Schweppe, Marie 181 Keeping house 54 Prussia Schweppe, Fritz 181 Farmer 21 Prussia Schweppe, Herrmann 181 At home 17 Wisconsin Schweppe, Wilhelm 181 At home 14 Wisconsin Schweppe, Louise 181 9 Wisconsin Siek, William 91 60 Prussia Siek, Christine 91 32 Prussia Siek, William 91 9 Pennsylvania Siek, Theodore 91 6 Pennsylvania Seiler, Carl 103 48 Prussia Seiler, Rosine 103 43 Prussia Seiler, Herman 103 18 Wisconsin Seiler, Mina 103 15 Wisconsin Seiler, Rosetta 103 11 Wisconsin Seiler, Wilhelm 103 8 Wisconsin Seiler, Adolph 103 7 Wisconsin Seiler, Pauline 103 5 Wisconsin Rieger, Frederick 103 51 Bavaria Rieger, Rosine 103 26 Austria Rieger, Leonard 103 11 Wisconsin Rieger, Adam 103 9 Wisconsin Rieger, John 103 8 Wisconsin Rieger, Margaretha 103 4 Wisconsin Rieger, Michael 103 9 mo Wisconsin Shamberg, William 108 45 Prussia Shamberg, Wilhelmina 108 46 Prussia Shamberg, Gustav 108 18 Prussia Shamberg, Louise 108 15 Wisconsin Shamberg, Anna 108 12 Wisconsin Shamberg, Edward 108 7 Wisconsin Shamberg, Bertha 108 5 Wisconsin Shamberg, Ida 108 3 Wisconsin Vorhaug, Fredericka 108 37 Prussia Table A1.1 (continued) Farmer Farmer At home Farmer Farmer Domestic Servant Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) 4800 1000 n/a n/a 2800 500 700 500 6600 1500 184 Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Dwelling # Occupation Age Place of Birth Simon, Sifren 179 Laborer 30 Prussia Simon, Lucia 179 25 Prussia Simon, Margaret 179 7 Wisconsin Simon, Wilhelm 179 4 Wisconsin Simon, Lena 179 1 Wisconsin Trautman, Thomas 192 56 Bavaria Trautman, Margaretha 192 49 Bavaria Trautman, Thomas 192 At home 25 Bavaria Trautman, Anna 192 At home 23 Bavaria Trautman, Barbara 192 At home 22 Bavaria Trautman, Rosa 192 20 Bavaria Treuhl, Charles 98 52 Mechlenberg Treuhl, Mary 98 36 Prussia Treuhl, Mina 98 17 Wisconsin Treuhl, Robert 98 13 Wisconsin Treuhl, Amelia 98 9 Wisconsin Treuhl, Charles 98 6 Wisconsin Treuhl, Theodore 98 3 Wisconsin Treuhl, Arthur 98 1 Wisconsin Treuhl, Theodore 99 59 Mechlenberg Treuhl, Augusta 99 30 Prussia Treuhl, Herman 99 8 Prussia Vetter, Michael 214 47 Bavaria Vetter, Catherine 214 34 Bavaria Vetter, Martin 214 13 Wisconsin Vetter, Fritz 214 8 Wisconsin Vetter, John 214 5 Wisconsin Vetter, Sibilla 214 1 Wisconsin Fuchs, Margaretha 214 74 Bavaria Vorhauge, Edward 90 36 Prussia Vorhauge, Barbara 90 29 New York Vorhauge, Ida H. 90 9 Wisconsin Vorhauge, Cora E. 90 1 Wisconsin Vorhauge, Melvina 90 4 mo Wisconsin Veite, Julia 90 19 Austria Name Table A1.1 (continued) Farmer Farmer At home Farmer Farmer Merchant Domestic Servant Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) 2400 1500 1920 1000 n/a n/a 1200 600 2000 1800 Appendix 1: U.S. Census- Population Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 185 U.S. Census Data for the Community of Alden’s Corners, 1870 Dwelling # Occupation Age Place of Birth Wachter, Peter 125 Shoe maker 38 Bavaria Wachter, Magdalena 125 35 Bavaria Wachter, Christian 125 12 Ohio Wachter, Peter 125 9 Ohio Wachter, Konigunda 125 11 Ohio Wachter, Mary 125 8 Ohio Wachter, Anna 125 6 Ohio Wachter, Margaret 125 5 Ohio Wachter, Jacob 125 3 Ohio Wachter, Catherine 125 1 Ohio Wall, John 166 50 Ireland Wall, Ellen 166 36 Ireland Wall, Julia 166 10 Wisconsin Wall, Mary 166 8 Wisconsin Wall, Margaret 166 5 Wisconsin Wall, Edward 166 2 Wisconsin Winheim, Joseph 120 57 Bavaria Winheim, Barbara 120 72 Bavaria Brent, Joseph 120 At home 17 Wisconsin Osterbaur, Matthias 120 At home 17 Wisconsin Name * in order of visitation Table A1.1 (continued) Farmer Farmer Value of Value of Personal Real Estate Property ($) ($) 400 3000 800 n/a n/a Appendix 2 U.S. CensusAgricultural Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 188 Appendix 2: U.S. Census- Agricultural Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 The data presented in Appendix 2 is from the U.S. Census—Agricultural Schedule for 1870. The table includes persons specifically identified as residents of Alden’s Corners on the population and agricultural schedules. Among other things, the data suggest that marketable surpluses were being produced. Grain of course was milled for flour, used, probably sparingly for animal feed, with a percentage held back for next’s years seed; however, sufficient amounts of corn, wheat and other grains were grown that surpluses certainly existed for at least some farms. Likewise, gross poundage of butter produced, as noted in the text, indicated that it was also being sold at market. Cheese and milk, if produced at all, were done so in negligible amounts: the florescence of the dairy industry was nearly two decades away at the time of the 1870 census. The quantity of meat, measured in value of animals slaughtered, also suggests that some farms were producing marketable surplus as well. Atack and Bateman (1984), for instance, calculate per capita consumption at 200 lbs/year—this was an era when Anglo-Americans and immigrants consumed upwards of 150 lbs/year based on contemporary estimates (see Martin 1942). To use one example, the value of animals slaughtered by the Brosemer household totals $200, which divided by the 1860 price/pound of $0.04/pound as multiplied by 0.76, the ratio of dressed carcass weight to live weight (figures from Atack and Bateman 1984), arrives at an estimate of 3,800 lbs of meat. The household contained 7 individuals, including the hired man, and which multiplied by 200 lbs/per capita totals 1400 lbs. Subtracted from the estimated gross dress poundage of 3,800, this yields an estimate of 2,400 lbs of surplus, marketable meat. The data indicate that spring wheat and corn were the dominant crops, followed by oats with barley as a distant fourth. Only three farmers cultivated rye for a scant total of 72 bushels; the small amount grown was, perhaps, sufficient for self-consumption, but evidently marketable surpluses of rye were not being produced despite the proclivity for the consumption of rye by German peoples in Europe. 1 2 4 Baldweg, Joseph 35 105 2,000 40 75 2 2 3 Bauer, John 80 40 2,400 100 3 6 3 3 Boyle, James 40 2 1 2 Brachtendorf, N. 24 1 Brentzmuller, Peter 40 Breunig, F.A. Jr. 1,500 350 450 150 250 4 340 200 25 100 6 650 280 50 200 2 10 424 500 300 100 18 5 3 24 12 180 550 300 300 5 11 24 15 950 1200 125 100 2 425 510 20 2 130 300 200 125 8 550 600 50 50 2,000 50 2 2 Breunig, Frantz W. 60 100 2,300 100 60 2 Brosemer, John 130 70 5,000 550 300 4 Bung, Adolph 20 20 Bung, John 52 68 1,200 Bung, Mathias 30 24 Burger, Frank 80 61 4,230 1 6 6 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 Molasses Forest Products Value of Home Manufactures Gallons Dollars Dollars Estimated Value of all farm productions, including betterments and additions to stock Hemp Tons Value of animals slaughtered or sold for slaughter Hay Dairy Tons Peas and Beans Bushels 100 320 Milk sold Wool Lbs. 440 1 Gallons Barley Bushels 415 6 60 Cheese Oats Bushels 8 2 2 Indian Corn 100 145 4 600 Bushels 300 50 3 Rye 320 1,600 25 Bushels 4 2 500 Winter 100 430 200 225 2 2 Bushels 400 700 50 150 Spring 460 400 26 1,500 40 Bushels 5 7 1 Dollars 3 2 Dollars 5 Lbs. Values of All Livestock Dollars 70 60 Butter Swine No. 50 200 331 Total Value Lbs. Sheep No. 200 39 3,600 800 Orchard Products Other Cattle No. 70 2,400 60 2 Dollars Working Oxes No. 50 Baldes, Anton Potatoes Milch Cows No. 2 Sweet Mules and Asses No. 3 Bushels Horses No. Ant, John 80 2 Irish Total amount of wages paid during the year, including value of board Dollars 40 3,600 Bushels Of farming implements and machinery Dollars 70 Wheat Of Farm No. Unimproved Woodland No. Ackerman, Anton 575 8 45 1,220 5 100 960 40 1,000 160 275 140 300 6 15 200 25 75 720 20 60 300 7 80 880 615 20 15 300 40 500 50 300 140 100 50 325 100 675 40 100 80 575 500 500 120 100 300 12 9 80 1000 15 200 2,200 33 200 200 U.S. Census- agricultural schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870. 20 50 20 680 500 600 189 Table A2.1. Produce Through the Year Ending June 3, 1870 Other Unimproved Improved No. Name of Agent, Owner or Manager Live Stock, June 1, 1870 No. Present Case Value Appendix 2: U.S. Census- Agricultural Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 Acres of Land 1,100 200 80 4 6 5 5 1,000 30 1,000 150 45 2 3 5 7 150 120 4 3 2 3 Fehland, Carl 130 30 3,200 Frey, Agidus 40 60 3,000 Ganser, John 30 Goddard, William K. 70 Grieber, John B. 35 82 3,000 Hacker, Carl 22 18 Herr, Martin 55 Hoffman, Fred 30 Kelley, Daniel 30 2,925 400 100 100 75 71 3,000 100 1,000 50 70 2,500 100 15 (continued) 1 25 117 2 2 Dairy Estimated Value of all farm productions, including betterments and additions to stock 600 50 2,400 30 Dollars 3 50 2,400 30 2 Value of animals slaughtered or sold for slaughter 7 30 Fass, Henry 100 Dollars 1 Fairbanks, C. Value of Home Manufactures 2 2 200 Cheese 4 150 Lbs. 79 20 3,000 Butter 100 500 100 150 Lbs. 400 Fabing, Peter Orchard Products 410 3 Dollars 120 450 6 3 Sweet Peas and Beans Bushels 400 6 2 Irish Wool Lbs. 445 2 400 Bushels Barley Bushels 1 11 10 4 2,200 Bushels Oats Bushels 2 4 60 Indian Corn Bushels 5 Engels, Mathias 1 Dollars Bushels Wheat 200 500 2 Forest Products Rye Bushels 1,000 2 Dollars Winter Bushels 470 3 200 Molasses Spring Dollars 5 20 2 150 Gallons Swine No. 2 160 6,000 Hemp Sheep No. 25 40 Tons Other Cattle No. 350 2 Hay Working Oxes No. 440 Eckstein, Paul 80 4 Milk sold Milch Cows No. 5 125 Tons Mules and Asses No. 300 300 30 2,100 Total Value Gallons Horses No. 400 Of Farm 420 No. 3 40 Table A2.1. Potatoes Total amount of wages paid during the year, including value of board Dollars 370 Values of All Livestock Of farming implements and machinery Dollars 580 110 Other Unimproved Woodland No. 2 Dostert, John 30 Produce Through the Year Ending June 3, 1870 50 No. Improved No. Name of Agent, Owner or Manager Live Stock, June 1, 1870 80 710 50 600 60 3 200 12 80 780 60 60 15 300 14 20 1,000 40 75 200 11 70 1,000 15 50 390 5 120 880 300 400 200 50 200 5 350 500 260 40 200 15 150 885 300 460 40 20 160 800 3 11 10 400 400 30 100 350 3 2 12 500 330 120 80 1 1 150 170 40 30 3 3 3 4 4 10 8 660 575 2 2 1 6 350 217 2 2 3 6 360 300 6 300 18 200 140 12 25 35 60 60 1 1,580 100 30 300 6 300 1,300 50 300 15 50 700 50 350 24 75 15 380 6 180 950 70 200 40 60 50 1 30 160 530 160 14 200 200 9 160 630 Appendix 2: U.S. Census- Agricultural Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 Unimproved Present Case Value 190 Acres of Land Sheep Swine Spring Winter Rye Oats Barley Wool Peas and Beans No. No. Dollars Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels Lbs. Bushels 150 60 60 3,000 250 100 4 3 4 5 510 500 200 200 50 15 35 2,500 100 40 5 4 4 5 8 850 450 150 230 50 Lenerz, Michael 50 10 30 1,200 Littel, George 50 30 2,000 100 Loeser, Michael 160 60 6,600 350 Maly, John 50 1,000 50 Maschhauser, George 30 50 2,400 150 Menzel, F. 45 35 1,300 60 Michaels, Martin 40 40 2,400 150 Mussen, James 40 95 3,000 100 2 2 2 Pappelbaum, F. 95 65 3,000 200 5 3 2 Pulvermacher, John 40 80 1,200 200 2 2 70 Reiger, Fred 28 Roelke, Gottlieb 100 80 Table A2.1. 12 3 700 40 3,600 300 Cheese Milk sold Hay Hemp Molasses Forest Products Value of Home Manufactures Lbs. Gallons Tons Tons Gallons Dollars Dollars Sweet Orchard Products Dollars Dairy Butter Lbs. Irish Bushels Wheat 50 Bushels Of Farm No. Lesch, John Indian Corn Other Unimproved Woodland No. 60 No. Improved Klockner, Jospeh 30 300 100 150 60 400 120 575 8 60 800 6 75 800 150 150 100 150 2 2 1 2 4 350 320 115 210 70 150 7 400 4 7 1 4 7 800 1,425 200 400 140 500 150 4 5 500 400 100 50 300 6 150 700 150 100 100 300 6 450 453 80 180 160 1 475 400 150 200 50 275 5 395 560 120 40 200 6 6 575 400 200 400 70 200 5 350 300 100 175 40 300 1 2 2 2 4 140 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 5 2 300 175 60 10 550 400 300 500 7 50 Estimated Value of all farm productions, including betterments and additions to stock Other Cattle No. 300 Dollars Working Oxes No. 320 Value of animals slaughtered or sold for slaughter Milch Cows No. 5 Total Value Dollars Mules and Asses No. 1 Potatoes Horses No. 2 Values of All Livestock Total amount of wages paid during the year, including value of board Dollars 2 Of farming implements and machinery 30 Unimproved 50 No. 50 Produce Through the Year Ending June 3, 1870 50 2,500 Name of Agent, Owner or Manager Kelley, Michael Live Stock, June 1, 1870 Dollars Present Case Value 20 70 535 185 1,000 25 100 2,175 7 60 500 100 550 21 15 643 60 575 40 780 6 100 1,300 240 2 100 790 50 8 104 18 50 30 575 150 1,620 Appendix 2: U.S. Census- Agricultural Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 Acres of Land (continued) 191 Truehl, Charles 60 115 Vetter, Michael 30 Wachter, Peter 20 Wall, John 60 Winheim, Joseph 20 Table A2.1. 70 Forest Products Value of Home Manufactures Dollars Dollars Estimated Value of all farm productions, including betterments and additions to stock Molasses Gallons Dollars Hemp Tons Value of animals slaughtered or sold for slaughter Hay Tons Dollars Milk sold Gallons Peas and Beans Bushels Cheese Wool Lbs. Lbs. Barley Bushels Dairy Potatoes Oats Indian Corn Bushels Wheat 100 40 30 375 5 120 720 16 120 600 15 200 2,000 300 460 4 6 11 532 500 200 300 100 50 500 6 200 1,375 3 1 23 5 500 760 50 170 100 60 325 11 30 590 6 2 5 11 10 500 110 100 300 70 150 200 161 1,100 3 4 3 9 745 800 100 300 30 475 125 1,500 2 2 2 6 340 300 160 215 60 215 75 600 7 6 3 15 1,000 1,500 200 450 20 300 18 160 2,400 20 40 5 45 800 120 1,475 1 515 600 50 5 17 1,670 1,260 3,600 15 2,400 Bushels 65 60 400 Rye Trautman, Thomas 300 Bushels 60 70 6,600 Winter Siek, William 160 Bushels 150 2,400 Spring Shamburg, William 40 4,800 Bushels 110 80 120 Values of All Livestock Seiler, Carl 2,600 Dollars 90 5 Swine Schweppe, Marie 2 120 Sheep 50 110 150 1,920 No. Schwaner, Carl 80 3,200 6 No. 30 100 5 300 Butter Other Cattle No. 80 Schultz, Christian 6 400 Lbs. Working Oxes No. Schuchart, Charles 100 6 Orchard Products Milch Cows No. 275 6,000 4 Total Value Dollars Mules and Asses No. 120 2 Sweet Horses No. Schacter, Joseph 2,000 Bushels Total amount of wages paid during the year, including value of board Dollars 45 Irish Of farming implements and machinery Dollars Other Unimproved No. 50 Produce Through the Year Ending June 3, 1870 Bushels Of Farm Unimproved Woodland No. Roos, Joseph Improved No. Name of Agent, Owner or Manager Live Stock, June 1, 1870 4 4 3 4 8 770 700 30 50 200 500 300 4 3 40 200 40 1,920 150 50 4 3 2 8 600 343 7 30 1,200 10 1,200 300 100 2 3 1 5 400 400 300 130 200 500 10 100 1,000 5 100 2 3 2 1 7 400 275 120 100 60 400 10 150 775 40 3,000 3 3 5 8 8 636 355 300 125 100 60 400 10 160 1,600 60 1,800 4 2 1 4 450 724 200 150 40 50 375 10 150 1,200 (continued) 1,000 25 Appendix 2: U.S. Census- Agricultural Schedule Alden’s Corners, Wisconsin for 1870 No. Present Case Value 192 Acres of Land Appendix 3 Post Office Departmental Location Information, 1872 194 Appendix 3: Post Office Departmental Information Information, 1872 Appendix 3: Post Office Departmental Location Information, 1872 195 196 Appendix 3: Post Office Departmental Information Information, 1872 Appendix 4 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from Phase III Investigations, Alden’s Corners Post Office Site 198 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations This inventory presents artifacts and other materials recovered during the Phase III investigations in 2002, although a few items refitted with artifacts from the 1993 Phase II test excavations are included. This tends to be reflected in a few items with multiple proveniences, such as the Rhenish stoneware jug. Abbreviations used in this document follow the artifacts groups listed and described in the body of this report: Arc = Architectural Kit = Kitchen Hou = Household Tac = Tack and Harness Org = Organic Misc = Miscellaneous Note that the last category includes mostly nondescript metal fragments, some of which are probably more properly included with Kitchen or Household, but which have not been separated in this inventory. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N Horizontal Location EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 Vertical Location level 1 level 1 level 2 level 2 level 3 level 3 level 4 level 4 level 6 level 6 level 7 level 8 level 5 level 5 fill collapse, 2.0-3.8 ft F1 N EU S10/E49 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 Count 22 65 19 35 7 6 4 17 3 26 3 1 5 30 Artifact Group Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Object window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 3 Arc 1 Arc Object # 2002.211.748 Comments clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass window glass 2002.211.749 aqua glass mortar 2002.211.1063 2002.211.741 2002.211.741 2002.211.742 2002.211.742 2002.211.743 2002.211.743 2002.211.744 2002.211.744 2002.211.745 2002.211.745 2002.211.746 2002.211.747 2002.211.748 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 5 2 Arc mortar 2002.211.1064 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 69 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1345 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 42 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1346 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 3 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1347 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 4 15 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1348 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 6 8 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1349 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 7 2 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1350 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 8 6 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1351 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 5 16 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1352 F1 N EU S10/E49 fill collapse, 2.0-3.8 ft 8 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1353 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 1 Arc door handle pin 2002.211.1515 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 3 Arc tack 2002.211.1518 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Arc wire fragment 2002.211.1521 F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 level 1 level 1 level 2 level 2 level 3 level 3 level 4 level 4 level 5 level 5 level 6 level 6 level 7 level 7 25 49 22 62 8 10 1 2 1 35 3 42 2 9 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.719 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 2 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1054 Table A4.1 199 2002.211.719 2002.211.720 2002.211.720 2002.211.721 2002.211.721 2002.211.722 2002.211.722 2002.211.723 2002.211.723 2002.211.724 2002.211.724 2002.211.725 2002.211.725 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 1 complete, 15 fragments cut tacks clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass 200 Fea # Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # Comments F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 4 Arc mortar 2002.211.1055 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 9 Arc mortar 2002.211.1056 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 7 1 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1204 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 46 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1322 9 complete, 37 fragments F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 36 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1323 5 complete, 31 fragments F1 N EU S10/E52 level 3 12 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1324 1 complete, 11 fragments F1 N EU S10/E52 level 4 3 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1325 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 5 17 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1326 2 complete, 15 fragments F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 18 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1327 5 complete, 13 fragments F1 N EU S10/E52 level 7 10 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1328 1 complete, 9 fragments F1 N EU S10/E52 level 8 6 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1329 1 complete, 5 fragments F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 4 Arc wire fragment 2002.211.1495 F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S10/E55 EU S10/E55 EU S10/E55 EU S10/E55 EU S10/E55 EU S10/E55 EU S10/E55 EU S10/E55 EU S10/E55 EU S10/E55 EU S10/E55 level 1 level 1 level 2 level 2 level 3 level 3 level 4 level 5 level 6 level 7 level 8 15 57 5 29 1 2 2 4 2 3 1 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.733 2002.211.740 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 3 2 Arc mortar 2002.211.1060 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 4 2 Arc mortar 2002.211.1061 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 7 3 Arc mortar 2002.211.1062 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 7 1 Arc brick/mortar 2002.211.1071 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 5 4 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1205 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 7 1 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1206 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 28 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1337 4 complete, 24 fragments F1 N EU S10/E55 level 2 13 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1338 3 complete, 10 fragments F1 N EU S10/E55 level 3 3 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1339 2002.211.733 2002.211.734 2002.211.734 2002.211.735 2002.211.735 2002.211.736 2002.211.737 2002.211.738 2002.211.739 clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass nearly complete brick with mortar attached. F1 N EU S10/E55 level 4 15 Arc nail fragment 2002.211.1340 1 hand-wrought nail fragment, 5 complete machine cut nails, 9 machine cut nail fragments F1 N EU S10/E55 level 5 5 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1341 1 complete, 4 fragments Table A4.1 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations 201 Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # Comments F1 N EU S10/E55 level 6 6 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1342 2 complete, 4 fragments F1 N EU S10/E55 level 7 19 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1343 6 complete, 13 fragments F1 N EU S10/E55 level 8 9 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1344 1 complete, 8 fragments F1 N EU S10/E55 level 8 42 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1235 42 pieces of wood (plus many small fragments) F1 N EU S10/E58 south wall collapse, top 1.0 ft of unit 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1321 2 complete, 2 fragments F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 level 1 level 1 level 2 level 2 level 3 level 4 level 5 level 5 level 5 level 6 level 6 level 7 level 8 level 8 11 43 5 24 5 26 3 33 1 5 23 21 2 2 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.697 clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 5 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1044 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 3 2 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1045 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 4 4 Arc mortar 2002.211.1046 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 5 8 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1050 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 6 3 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1051 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 6 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1052 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 6 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1065 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 3 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1066 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 6 2 Arc brick/mortar 2002.211.1067 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 6 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1068 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 8 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1069 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 1 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1200 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 4 3 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1201 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 36 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1292 9 complete, 27 fragments F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 34 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1294 6 complete, 28 fragments F1 N EU S13/E49 level 3 10 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1296 1 complete, 9 fragments Table A4.1 2002.211.697 2002.211.699 2002.211.699 2002.211.701 2002.211.702 2002.211.708 2002.211.708 2002.211.709 2002.211.710 2002.211.710 2002.211.711 2002.211.713 2002.211.714 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. two brick fragments w/ mortar attached large piece painted w/ whitewash 202 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # F1 N EU S13/E49 level 4 10 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1297 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 5 15 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1303 2 complete, 13 fragments F1 N EU S13/E49 level 6 7 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1304 1 complete, 6 fragments F1 N EU S13/E49 level 7 6 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1305 1 complete, 5 fragments F1 N EU S13/E49 level 8 3 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1306 1 complete, 2 fragments F1 N EU S13/E49 level 8 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1308 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 8 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1309 EU S13/E49 level 4 1 Arc wood screw 2002.211.1483 north profile 2 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1317 level 2 level 2 level 3 level 3 level 2 level 2 level 4 level 5 level 5 level 6 level 6 level 7 level 7 level 8 level 8 12 72 2 1 10 27 2 3 9 11 26 4 14 1 3 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.698 F1 N Comments F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S13/E49, EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 3 Arc mortar 2002.211.1047 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 5 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1048 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 6 3 Arc mortar 2002.211.1049 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 6 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1070 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 8 3 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1202 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 51 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1293 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 3 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1295 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 4 6 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1298 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 16 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1299 1 complete, 15 fragments F1 N EU S13/E52 level 5 5 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1300 1 complete, 4 fragments F1 N EU S13/E52 level 6 11 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1301 3 complete, 8 fragments F1 N EU S13/E52 level 7 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1302 F1 N Table A4.1 2002.211.698 2002.211.700 2002.211.700 2002.211.704 2002.211.704 2002.211.703 2002.211.705 2002.211.705 2002.211.706 2002.211.706 2002.211.707 2002.211.707 2002.211.712 2002.211.712 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass large piece painted w/ whitewash 9 complete, 42 fragments Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations 203 Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # Comments F1 N EU S13/E52 level 8 8 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1307 2 complete, 6 fragments F1 N EU S13/E52 level 5 2 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1318 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 7 2 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1319 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 8 1 Arc nut 2002.211.1488 F1 N EU S13/E55 F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S13/E58 EU S13/E58 EU S13/E58 EU S13/E58 EU S13/E58 EU S13/E58 backfill, PII unit level 1 level 1 level 2 level 2 level 3 level 6 F1 N EU S13/E58 level 7 F1 N EU S13/E58 level 8 8 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1203 F1 N EU S13/E58 level 1 5 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1310 F1 N EU S13/E58 level 2 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1311 F1 N EU S13/E58 level 4 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1312 F1 N EU S13/E58 level 5 5 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1313 F1 N EU S13/E58 level 7 5 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1314 F1 N EU S13/E58 level 8 1 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1315 F1 N EU S13/E58 level 8 6 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1316 1 complete, 5 fragments F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S32/E58 EU S7/E55 EU S7/E55 EU S7/E55 EU S7/E55 EU S7/E55 EU S7/E55 EU S7/E55 EU S7/E55 EU S7/E55 level 3 level 1 level 1 level 2 level 2 level 3 level 4 level 5 level 6 level 7 1 6 76 14 36 1 2 3 2 1 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc nail window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.1553 barrel nail clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1057 F1 N EU S7/E55 level 2 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1058 F1 N EU S7/E55 level 4 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1059 F1 N EU S7/E55 level 5 2 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1207 F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 15 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1330 2 complete, 13 fragments F1 N EU S7/E55 level 2 9 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1331 2 complete, 7 fragments F1 N EU S7/E55 level 3 7 Arc nail fragment 2002.211.1332 1 hand-wrought nail fragment, 6 machine cut nail fragments F1 N EU S7/E55 level 4 8 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1333 Table A4.1 1 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1320 1 1 1 6 3 1 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.715 4 Arc mortar 2002.211.1053 2002.211.715 2002.211.716 2002.211.716 2002.211.717 2002.211.718 2002.211.726 2002.211.726 2002.211.727 2002.211.727 2002.211.728 2002.211.729 2002.211.730 2002.211.731 2002.211.732 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass 1 complete, 4 fragments 1 complete, 3 fragments 204 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # Comments F1 N EU S7/E55 level 5 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1334 1 complete, 3 fragments F1 N EU S7/E55 level 6 5 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1335 F1 N EU S7/E55 level 7 1 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1336 F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 stripped surface stripped surface level 1 level 2 level 3 level 3 level 5 level 5 1 Arc tack 2002.211.1506 cut tack 2 Arc window glass 2002.211.696 clear glass 1 Arc window glass 2002.211.696 aqua glass 22 6 1 1 1 3 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.769 aqua glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass F1 N F1 N F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S EU S23/E58 EU S23/E58 EU S23/E58 EU S23/E58 EU S23/E58 EU S23/E58 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 2 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1029 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 2 2 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1030 2002.211.770 2002.211.771 2002.211.771 2002.211.772 2002.211.772 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 2 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1031 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 2 4 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1212 burned F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 31 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1250 1 complete, 30 fragments F1 S EU S23/E58 level 2 13 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1251 2 complete, 11 fragments F1 S EU S23/E58 level 3 5 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1252 1 complete, 4 fragments F1 S EU S23/E58 level 4 5 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1253 1 complete, 4 fragments F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 7 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1254 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 6 5 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1284 F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S EU S23/E58 EU S23/E58 EU S23/E61 EU S23/E61 EU S23/E61 EU S23/E61 EU S23/E61 level 2 level 3 level 1 level 1 level 4 level 3 level 3 1 1 2 12 2 1 1 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc tack tack window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.1403 F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 3 Arc mortar fragment 2002.211.1036 F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1214 burned F1 S EU S23/E61 level 5 1 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1224 burned 2002.211.1406 2002.211.778 2002.211.778 2002.211.800 2002.211.801 2002.211.801 cut tack cut tack clear glass aqua glass clear glass clear glass aqua glass F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 32 Arc nail fragment 2002.211.1260 3 hand-wrought nail fragments, 1 complete machine cut nail, 28 machine cut nail fragments F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 5 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1261 1 complete, 4 fragments Table A4.1 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location F1 S EU S23/E61 F1 S 205 Count Artifact Group Object Object # Comments planks and below 6 Arc nail fragment 2002.211.1285 1 hand-wrought nail fragment, 5 machine cut nail fragments EU S23/E61 level 5 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1286 F1 S EU S23/E61 level 4 1 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1288 F1 S EU S23/E61 level 3 1 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1289 F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S EU S23/E61 EU S23/E61 EU S26/E58 EU S26/E58 EU S26/E58 EU S26/E58 EU S26/E58 EU S26/E58 EU S26/E58 EU S26/E58 EU S26/E58 EU S26/E58 level 1 level 1 level 2 level 2 level 1 level 1 level 4 level 4 level 3 level 3 level 5 level 6 1 1 4 23 6 30 11 31 1 11 6 2 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc iron bracket nail window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.1570 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 16 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1022 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 1 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1024 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 2 Arc plaster fragment 2002.211.1025 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 4 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1026 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 5 1 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1034 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 5 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1035 2002.211.1571 2002.211.763 2002.211.763 2002.211.767 2002.211.767 2002.211.775 2002.211.775 2002.211.776 2002.211.776 2002.211.777 2002.211.799 hand-wrought barrel nail clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 5 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1211 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 4 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1213 F1 S F1 S EU S26/E58 EU S26/E58 level 6 level 6 1 1 Arc Arc plank fragment wood fragment 2002.211.1228 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 15 Arc nail fragment 2002.211.1245 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 54 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1247 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 13 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1258 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 5 7 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1259 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 6 5 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1282 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 1 Arc tack 2002.211.1424 cut tack F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 35 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1243 4 complete, 31 fragments F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S EU S26/E61 EU S26/E61 EU S26/E61 EU S26/E61 EU S26/E61 EU S26/E61 EU S26/E61 level 1 level 1 level 2 level 3 level 3 level 4 level 4 1 38 4 1 3 2 7 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.779 clear glass aqua glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass Table A4.1 2002.211.1234 2002.211.779 2002.211.780 2002.211.781 2002.211.781 2002.211.782 2002.211.782 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. burned 2nd layer plank last wood sample (F) 14 machine cut, 1 handforged; 2 complete, 13 fragments 8 complete, 46 fragments 206 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # Comments F1 S F1 S EU S26/E61 EU S26/E61 level 5 level 6 3 2 Arc Arc window glass window glass 2002.211.783 aqua glass aqua glass F1 S EU S26/E61 level 3 3 Arc mortar 2002.211.1037 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1038 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 11 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1215 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 3 1 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1216 F1 S F1 S EU S26/E61 EU S26/E61 level 4 level 5 2 22 Arc Arc wood fragment wood fragment 2002.211.1217 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 1 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1219 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 50 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1262 7 complete, 43 fragments F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 22 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1263 1 complete, 21 fragments F1 S EU S26/E61 level 3 13 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1264 2 complete, 11 fragments F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 11 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1265 2002.211.784 2002.211.1218 burned burned F1 S EU S26/E61 level 6 9 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1266 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 6 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1287 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Arc wood screw 2002.211.1426 F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S EU S26/E61 EU S26/E64 EU S26/E64 EU S26/E64 EU S26/E64 EU S26/E64 EU S26/E64 EU S26/E64 EU S26/E64 EU S26/E64 level 3 level 1 level 2 level 2 level 3 level 3 level 4 level 5 level 1 level 2 1 18 1 8 1 2 2 1 2 11 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc hinge (hardware) window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass wood fragment wood fragment 2002.211.1575 2002.211.1221 door pintle aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass burned burned F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 25 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1267 4 complete, 21 fragments F1 S EU S26/E64 level 2 12 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1268 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 3 7 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1269 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 4 12 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1270 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 5 3 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1271 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 6 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1272 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 2 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1610 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 2 3 Arc nail fragment 2002.211.1443 F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S EU S29/E55 EU S29/E55 EU S29/E55 EU S29/E55 EU S29/E55 EU S29/E55 level 1 level 1 level 2 level 2 level 3 level 3 6 25 5 30 8 23 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass Table A4.1 2002.211.785 2002.211.786 2002.211.786 2002.211.787 2002.211.787 2002.211.788 2002.211.789 2002.211.1220 2002.211.791 2002.211.791 2002.211.792 2002.211.792 2002.211.793 2002.211.793 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 2 complete, 5 fragments 1 complete, 2 fragments vitrified clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations 207 Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # Comments F1 S F1 S EU S29/E55 EU S29/E55 level 4 level 4 4 32 Arc Arc window glass window glass 2002.211.794 2002.211.794 clear glass aqua glass F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 4 Arc mortar 2002.211.1039 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 4 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1040 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 4 Arc mortar 2002.211.1041 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1223 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 20 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1274 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 26 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1275 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 21 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1276 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 21 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1277 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 1 Arc wood screw 2002.211.1449 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 2 Arc tack 2002.211.1451 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Arc wood screw 2002.211.1458 F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 level 1 level 1 level 2 level 2 level 2 level 3 level 3 level 3 level 4 level 5 level 6 17 83 1 13 80 1 24 78 100 3 1 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.758 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 6 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1019 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 2 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1021 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1023 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1027 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1028 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 2 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1032 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1033 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 10 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1073 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Arc slate pencil fragment 2002.211.1075 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Arc slate board fragment 2002.211.1076 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 13 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1209 2002.211.758 2002.211.761 2002.211.762 2002.211.762 2002.211.764 2002.211.765 2002.211.765 2002.211.768 2002.211.773 2002.211.774 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 2 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1210 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 86 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1248 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 12 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1255 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 1 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1256 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1257 F1 S EU S29/E58 below plank 4 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1283 Table A4.1 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. burned 5 complete, 16 fragments cut tack clear glass aqua glass clear glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass clear glass burned 1 complete, 11 fragments 208 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 5 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 F1 S F1 S EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 level 4 level 2 F1 S EU S29/E58 F1 S Object Object # Arc tack 2002.211.1399 Arc wood screw 2002.211.1400 1 1 Arc Arc nail tack 2002.211.1560 level 2 1 Arc iron bracket 2002.211.1561 EU S29/E58 level 1 47 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1238 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1239 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 70 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1242 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 52 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1244 8 complete, 44 fragments F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S EU S29/E61 EU S29/E61 EU S29/E61 EU S29/E61 EU S29/E61 EU S29/E61 EU S29/E61 level 1 level 1 level 2 level 2 level 4 level 4 level 5 6 43 7 40 6 13 1 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.790 clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1043 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 1 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1222 F1 S F1 S EU S29/E61 EU S29/E61 level 2 level 4 1 3 Arc Arc wood fragment wood fragment 2002.211.1225 2002.211.1226 burned burned F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 30 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1273 5 complete, 25 fragments F1 S EU S29/E61 level 5 3 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1280 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 6 5 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1281 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 36 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1290 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 12 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1291 F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S EU S29/E61 EU S32/E55 EU S32/E55 EU S32/E55 EU S32/E55 EU S32/E55 EU S32/E55 level 1 level 1 level 1 level 1 level 2 level 2 level 3 1 1 7 42 8 21 3 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc nail window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.1586 F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1042 F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Arc tack 2002.211.1126 F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 31 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1278 9 complete, 22 fragments F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 24 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1279 3 complete, 21 fragments F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 31 Arc window glass 2002.211.757 clear glass F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 106 Arc window glass 2002.211.757 aqua glass F1 S EU S32/E58 stripped surface 2 Arc window glass 2002.211.755 clear glass Table A4.1 2002.211.1401 2002.211.790 2002.211.802 2002.211.802 2002.211.803 2002.211.803 2002.211.798 2002.211.795 2002.211.796 2002.211.796 2002.211.797 2002.211.797 2002.211.804 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Comments tobacco nail cut tack 8 complete, 39 fragments 1 complete, 4 fragments tobacco nail aqua glass clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location F1 S EU S32/E58 F1 S EU S32/E58 F1 S EU S32/E58 F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S EU S32/E58 EU S32/E58 EU S32/E58 EU S32/E58 EU S32/E58 stripped surface stripped surface stripped surface level 2 level 2 level 3 level 3 level 4 F1 S EU S32/E58 F1 S 209 Count Artifact Group Object Object # Comments 1 Arc window glass 2002.211.755 aqua glass 1 Arc window glass 2002.211.756 clear glass 1 Arc window glass 2002.211.756 aqua glass 25 111 16 11 1 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass 2002.211.759 clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass level 1 9 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1018 EU S32/E58 level 3 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1020 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1072 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Arc slate pencil fragment 2002.211.1074 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Arc wood fragment 2002.211.1208 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 4 1 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1246 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 5 1 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1249 F1 S EU S32/E58 1 Arc latch hinge 2002.211.1360 F1 S EU S32/E58 stripped surface level 1 4 Arc nail 2002.211.1362 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Arc tack 2002.211.1363 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Arc tack 2002.211.1375 cut tack F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 37 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1237 4 complete, 31 fragments F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 32 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1240 5 complete, 27 fragments F1 S EU S32/E58 level 3 23 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1241 1 complete, 22 fragments F1 S Plank A 1 Arc plank fragment 2002.211.1229 Plank A F1 S Plank B 1 Arc plank fragment 2002.211.1230 Plank B F1 S Plank C 1 Arc plank fragment 2002.211.1231 Plank C F1 S Plank D 1 Arc plank fragment 2002.211.1232 Plank D F1 S Plank E 1 Arc plank fragment 2002.211.1233 Plank E 6 Arc window glass 2002.211.754 aqua glass 2 Arc brick fragment 2002.211.1017 stripped surface 6 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1236 2 complete, 4 fragments level 3 level 3 level 4 level 4 level 1 level 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc Arc window glass window glass window glass window glass window glass wood fragment 2002.211.750 clear glass aqua glass clear glass aqua glass aqua glass burned stripped surface stripped surface F1 S F1 S F1 S F2 F2 F2 F2 F2 F2 EU S39/E89 EU S39/E89 EU S39/E89 EU S39/E89 EU S39/E89 EU S39/E89 Table A4.1 2002.211.759 2002.211.760 2002.211.760 2002.211.766 2002.211.750 2002.211.751 2002.211.751 2002.211.752 2002.211.1227 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. burned barrel nail 210 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F2 EU S39/E89 level 3 2 Arc nail fragment 2002.211.1354 F2 EU S39/E89 level 4 3 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1355 F2 EU S39/E89 level 1 5 Arc nail fragment 2002.211.1357 F2 EU S39/E89 level 2 3 Arc cut nail fragment 2002.211.1358 Object Object # F2 EU S39/E89 level 2 1 Arc tack 2002.211.1359 F2 EU S39/E89 level 2 1 Arc mortar 2002.211.1607 F2 F2 EU S39/E92 EU S40/E88 level 1 level 1 2 2 Arc Arc cut nail fragment window glass 2002.211.1356 F42 2002.211.753 Comments 1 complete, 2 fragments 1 complete, 1 fragment aqua glass level 1 1 Arc nail 2002.211.1608 F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 EU S10/E49 level 1 level 2 level 3 level 4 level 5 level 1 level 1 6 7 3 4 3 1 2 Hou Hou Hou Hou Hou Hou Hou chimney glass chimney glass chimney glass chimney glass chimney glass rivet fragment wire fragment 2002.211.690 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 12 Hou lead fragment 2002.211.1519 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Hou hook 2002.211.1522 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 5 3 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1525 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 6 1 Hou iron strap fragment 2002.211.1550 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 6 1 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1552 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Hou tin inkwell 2002.211.1602 F1 N EU S10/E49 1 Hou chimney glass 2002.211.695 clear glass F1 N F1 N EU S10/E52 EU S10/E52 fill collapse, 2.0-3.8 ft level 2 level 4 3 1 Hou Hou chimney glass chimney glass 2002.211.683 2002.211.684 clear glass clear glass F1 N EU S10/E52 level 7 9 Hou chimney glass 2002.211.685 clear glass, sherds refit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Hou 2002.211.1496 globular piece of lead F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Hou lead fragment lead sheet metal fragment F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 3 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1499 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 6 Hou iron strap fragment 2002.211.1503 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 3 1 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1540 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 5 3 Hou iron strap fragment 2002.211.1541 barrel strap fragments F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S10/E55 EU S10/E55 EU S10/E55 level 1 level 2 level 3 2 2 1 Hou Hou Hou chimney glass chimney glass chimney glass 2002.211.687 2002.211.688 clear glass clear glass clear glass F1 N EU S10/E55 level 6 1 Hou 2002.211.1512 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 8 1 Hou wire fragment mechanical clock fragment gear F1 N EU S10/E55 level 4 1 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1543 Table A4.1 2002.211.691 2002.211.692 2002.211.693 2002.211.694 2002.211.1514 2002.211.1516 clear glass clear glass clear glass clear glass clear glass sheared rivet fragment thin gauge barrel strap fragment 2002.211.1497 2002.211.689 barrel strap fragments thin gauge complete driving gear of 2002.211.1513 clock Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 2 Hou F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S10/E55 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 EU S13/E49 level 1 level 1 level 2 level 3 level 4 level 1 7 2 3 3 2 1 Hou Hou Hou Hou Hou Hou wire fragment chimney glass chimney glass chimney glass chimney glass wire fragment 2002.211.1472 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1473 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 2 Hou 2002.211.1480 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Hou F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 2 Hou wire fragment metal chain fragment wire fragment F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 2 Hou F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 level 2 level 2 level 7 level 1 level 2 level 2 6 6 1 6 1 1 Hou Hou Hou Hou Hou Hou chimney glass chimney glass chimney glass chimney glass wire fragment wire fragment F1 N EU S13/E58 level 6 1 Hou perfume bottle body/base sherd F1 N EU S13/E58 level 1 1 Hou F1 N F1 N EU S7/E55 EU S7/E55 level 2 level 1 1 1 Hou Hou F1 N EU S7/E55 level 3 1 Hou F1 N EU S7/E55 F1 S EU S23/E58 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 level 1 level 2 1 2 1 Hou Hou Hou F1 S EU S23/E58 level 3 2 Hou F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 2 Hou F1 S EU S23/E58 level 6 2 Hou F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Hou F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Hou F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Hou F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Hou F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 2 Hou Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 Object Object # iron strap fragment 2002.211.1545 wire fragment metal strap fragment metal strap fragment wire fragment Comments barrel strap fragments 2002.211.1546 2002.211.675 2002.211.677 2002.211.678 2002.211.679 2002.211.1535 clear glass clear glass clear glass clear glass chain link 2002.211.1536 iron strap fragment 2002.211.1537 metal strap fragment chimney glass wire fragment tin oil lamp fragment wire fragment chimney glass chimney glass metal strap fragment percussion cap 211 2002.211.676 2002.211.680 2002.211.681 2002.211.682 2002.211.1477 barrel strap fragment clear glass clear glass clear glass clear glass thin gauge 2002.211.1478 Bottom half of clear 2002.211.980 glass vase/perfume bottle w/ footed base. 2002.211.1490 2002.211.686 clear glass 2002.211.1505 2002.211.1509 oil lamp part 2002.211.1510 2002.211.666 2002.211.667 clear glass clear glass 2002.211.1407 2002.211.1410 2002.211.1594 2002.211.1597 barrel strap fragment 2002.211.1598 heavy strap fragment 2002.211.1599 metal tool fragment 2002.211.1572 possible blade or sickle chimney glass 2002.211.664 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. clear glass 212 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 3 Hou F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Hou F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 1 Hou F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 1 Hou F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Hou F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Hou F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 2 Hou F1 S EU S26/E58 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 level 4 2 34 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 F1 S EU S26/E58 Fea # Horizontal Location Object Object # copper strap fragment 2002.211.1377 nail strap fragment 2002.211.1380 Comments strap with 4 nails through it metal (iron) fragment wire fragment copper oil lamp fragment 2002.211.1388 2002.211.1389 oil lamp part lead seal 2002.211.1390 possibly used for mail/ goods 2002.211.1392 Hou Hou metal strap fragment wire fragment wire fragment 5 Hou copper fragment 2002.211.1422 level 3 2 Hou iron strap fragment 2002.211.1563 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 4 Hou iron strap fragment 2002.211.1421 F1 S EU S26/E61 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 level 1 8 6 Hou Hou chimney glass copper fragment F1 S EU S26/E61 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 level 1 3 1 Hou Hou 2002.211.1429 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 1 Hou F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 2 Hou F1 S EU S26/E61 level 6 5 Hou F1 S EU S26/E61 level 6 1 Hou wire fragment hook and eye copper strap fragment wire fragment copper strap fragment wire fragment F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S EU S26/E61 EU S26/E61 EU S26/E61 EU S26/E61 level 6 level 3 level 3 level 3 6 1 1 1 Hou Hou Hou Hou copper fragment iron fragment wire fragment copper strip 2002.211.1464 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 3 3 Hou lock fragment 2002.211.1578 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Hou F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Hou F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 1 Hou F1 S EU S26/E64 F1 S EU S26/E64 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 4 level 5 level 1 4 1 1 Hou Hou Hou chimney glass chimney glass wire fragment 2002.211.1439 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 2 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1441 Table A4.1 2002.211.1386 2002.211.1393 round link linked fragments 2002.211.1419 2002.211.668 barrel strap fragments clear glass 2002.211.1427 2002.211.1432 eye hook 2002.211.1434 2002.211.1435 2002.211.1438 2002.211.1463 2002.211.1573 disc fragment 2002.211.1576 2002.211.1577 thin copper band locking mechanism fragments iron strap fragment 2002.211.1430 hinge fragment 2002.211.1431 iron strap fragment 2002.211.1436 2002.211.669 2002.211.670 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. clear glass clear glass Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # F1 S EU S26/E64 level 2 1 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1442 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 2 1 Hou percussion cap 2002.211.1444 F1 S EU S26/E64 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 5 level 1 14 1 Hou Hou F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 1 Hou F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Hou F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Hou F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Hou F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Hou F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Hou Fea # Horizontal Location 2002.211.1446 wire fragment 2002.211.672 chimney glass glass inkwell 2002.211.842 shoulder/neck sherd glass inkwell base 2002.211.847 sherd glass inkwell base 2002.211.884 sherd glass inkwell neck/ 2002.211.885 body/base sherd glass inkwell body sherd glass inkwell shoulder/neck sherd 213 Comments clear glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass 2002.211.886 aqua glass 2002.211.887 aqua glass Mostly complete, aqua glass, ink well, including base, most of body glass inkwell pontil 2002.211.888 and neck, rim missing. mark Octagonal w/ conical panelled body. Refit from 4 sherds. 2002.211.1448 wire fragment brass nameplate 2002.211.1450 plain copper fragment 2002.211.1453 copper/iron wire piece of iron wire with 2002.211.1454 fragment copper disc attached F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 level 3 F1 S EU S29/E55 F1 S EU S29/E55 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 level 2 level 2 1 1 1 Hou Hou Hou F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Hou F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Hou metal strap fragment 2002.211.1455 barrel strap fragment F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 2 Hou metal chain hook 2002.211.1456 1 of the chains has a hook on the end F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S EU S29/E55 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E58 level 3 level 1 level 2 level 4 level 1 2 5 1 2 1 Hou Hou Hou Hou Hou wire fragment chimney glass chimney glass chimney glass wire fragment 2002.211.1457 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Hou F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Hou copper fragment 2002.211.1382 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1384 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 6 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1396 Table A4.1 Hou 2002.211.661 2002.211.663 2002.211.665 2002.211.1369 iron strap fragment 2002.211.1370 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. clear glass clear glass clear glass twisted piece of wire 214 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 2 Hou F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 3 Hou F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 2 Hou F1 S EU S29/E58 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 level 6 1 34 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 F1 S EU S29/E58 F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S Fea # Horizontal Location Object Object # 2002.211.1397 Hou Hou copper strap fragment copper fragment metal candlestick fragment tack wire fragment 1 Hou copper fragment level 2 2 Hou EU S29/E61 EU S29/E61 EU S29/E61 EU S29/E61 level 1 level 2 level 4 level 2 11 3 3 2 Hou Hou Hou Hou chimney glass chimney glass chimney glass wire fragment 2002.211.1466 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1469 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Hou copper fragment 2002.211.1470 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 1 Hou iron strap fragment 2002.211.1468 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Hou iron strap fragment 2002.211.1471 Comments 2002.211.1398 2002.211.1413 2002.211.1415 cut tack 2002.211.1416 2002.211.1418 iron strip fragment 2002.211.1562 2002.211.671 2002.211.673 2002.211.674 clear glass clear glass clear glass F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Hou bottle rim/neck/ body sherd 2002.211.850 aqua glass glue bottle, complete except for missing base. Straight, one-part finish, octagonal, conical body, “STICK.../WELL.../& CO...” F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Hou glass inkwell neck sherd 2002.211.853 aqua glass F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Hou iron strap fragment 2002.211.1460 F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 1 Hou iron strap fragment 2002.211.1590 F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 2 Hou F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Hou F1 S EU S32/E58 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 level 2 1 1 Hou Hou F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Hou F1 S EU S32/E58 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 level 3 1 1 Hou Hou F1 S EU S32/E58 level 3 2 Hou F1 S stripped surface 2 Hou Table A4.1 wire fragment 2002.211.1593 iron strip fragment 2002.211.1622 chimney glass chimney glass 2002.211.660 2002.211.662 clear glass clear glass iron strap fragment 2002.211.1372 wire fragment wire fragment 2002.211.1374 2002.211.1555 iron strip fragment 2002.211.1554 wire fragment 2002.211.1595 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. barrel nail Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # F2 EU S39/E89 level 3 1 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1526 F2 EU S39/E89 level 2 1 Hou wire fragment 2002.211.1532 F2 EU S39/E89 level 2 2 Hou F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 8 Kit F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E49 level 3 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 3 Kit F1 N EU S10/E49 level 4 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E49 fill collapse, 2.0-3.8 ft 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E49 level 6 2 Kit F1 N EU S10/E49 fill collapse, 2.0-3.8 ft 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E49 level 5 2 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 4 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 5 215 Comments iron strap fragment 2002.211.1533 glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container rim sherd glass container rim sherd glass container rim sherd stoneware body sherd 2 clear, 1 black, 4 aqua, 1 green glass aqua glass, partially 2002.211.1002 melted 2002.211.1001 2002.211.1003 2002.211.1000 2002.211.1004 aqua glass 2 clear, 1 opaque blue glass scalloped edge decoration 2002.211.1005 brown glass 2002.211.402 red slip on interior and exterior stoneware body sherd 2002.211.403 red slip on interior and exterior, impressed mark on exterior reads, “HE...” Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.407 1 Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.412 1 Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.420 2002.211.421 red slip on interior and exterior, part of partially reconstructed stoneware jug. red slip on interior and exterior red slip on interior and exterior, refits with 2002.211.411. red slip on interior and exterior, part of partially reconstructed stoneware jug. F1 N EU S10/E49 level 5 1 Kit stoneware body sherd F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 2 Kit whiteware base sherd 2002.211.285 plain, 1 is molded F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.17 purple/green sponge “near” refit w/ 2002.211.16 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 4 1 Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.18 purple/green sponge w/ pink stripe, near refit w/l 2002.211.16 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 4 1 Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.19 Table A4.1 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 216 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S10/E49 level 5 1 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 F1 N EU S10/E49 Fea # Horizontal Location Object Object # Comments Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.25 pink hand-painted stripe, same as 2002.211.16; does not refit. 1 Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.37 level 2 1 Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.40 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.41 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 9 Kit 2002.211.284 plain, 1 is molded F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Kit 2002.211.288 annularware w/ three green stripes F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 8 Kit 2002.211.289 plain F1 N EU S10/E49 level 3 1 Kit whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd 2002.211.290 plain F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.9 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 6 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.13 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 4 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.14 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 6 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.15 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 4 level 6 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.16 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.30 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.38 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.39 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.42 Table A4.1 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. flow printed, refits 2002.211.9, .38-.44 flow printed, refits 2002.211.9, .37-.39, .41.44. flow printed, refits with 2002.211.9, .37-.40, .42.44. molded flow blue edge dec, refits w/ 2002.211.37-.44 purple/green sponge w/ pink stripe, refits with 2002.211.14--.15. purple/green sponge w/ pink stripe, refits with 2002.211.13-.15. purple/green sponge w/ pink stripe, refits with 2002.211.13-.14 purple/green sponge w/ pink stripe, refits 2002.211.13-15; sherds 2002.211.17-18, .25.,.27 “near” refits green/blue striped annular decoration, refits 2002.211.29. flow blue edge dec, refits 2002.211.9, .37,.39-.44. flow printed, refits 2002.211.9, .37-.38, .40.44. flow blue edge dec, refits 2002.211.9, .37-.41, .43.44 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 1 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 1 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 level 2 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 F1 N EU S10/E49 Fea # Horizontal Location 217 Object Object # Comments Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.43 flow blue edge dec, refits 2002.211.9, .37-.42, .44. Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.44 flow printed, refits 2002.211.9, .37-.43. Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.45 molded vessel rim;, flow blue edge dec, refits 2002.211.9, .37-.44. 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.282 level 1 2 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.283 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Kit 2002.211.286 plain F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Kit 2002.211.287 decorated F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 6 Kit 2002.211.353 plain, 1 is molded F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 3 Kit 2002.211.354 plain, 1 is molded F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 1 Kit 2002.211.355 plain F1 N EU S10/E49 level 5 1 Kit 2002.211.356 brown glaze F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 7 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware rim sherd earthenware body sherd glass bottle body sherd glass bottle body sherd F1 N EU S10/E52 level 7 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 1 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 F1 N EU S10/E52 flow blue edge dec on interior flow blue decon interior and exterior, refit 2002.211.300 2002.211.328 2002.211.956 brown glass 2002.211.960 brown glass glass bottle body sherd 2002.211.961 brown glass, embossed lettering reads “Dr J HO...”. Kit glass bottle body/ base sherd 2002.211.957 brown glass 1 Kit glass bottle body/ base sherd 2002.211.958 brown glass, embossed lettering on body reads “...TERS”. level 6 1 Kit glass bottle lip/ shoulder /neck sherd 2002.211.959 brown glass F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 4 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.983 clear glass F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.983 aqua glass Table A4.1 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 218 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 2 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 3 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 2 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 3 2 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 4 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 7 3 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location Object Object # Comments glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd 2002.211.983 black glass 2002.211.986 clear glass 2002.211.986 aqua glass 2002.211.986 black glass 2002.211.987 clear glass glass container body sherd 2002.211.988 clear glass, embossed lettering reads, “... RTIS.../ ...” glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container lip sherd glass container lip sherd glass container shoulder/neck 2002.211.989 brown glass 2002.211.991 brown glass 2002.211.982 aqua glass 2002.211.985 aqua glass 2002.211.984 aqua glass medicine bottle 2002.211.990 Complete glass medicine vial, “DR AUGUST KOENIG’S / HAMBURGER / TROPFEN”. porcelain body sherd porcelain body sherd porcelain body sherd porcelain body sherd stoneware body sherd stoneware body sherd stoneware body sherd 2002.211.300 plain 2002.211.302 plain 2002.211.303 plain 2002.211.304 plain 2002.211.330 red slip on interior and exterior Albany slip on interior and exterior red slip on interior and exterior F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 7 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 3 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Kit whiteware base sherd 2002.211.264 plain F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 3 Kit whiteware base sherd 2002.211.443 plain, 1 refits with rim sherd (2002.211.440). Table A4.1 2002.211.331 2002.211.399 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 10 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 3 3 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 7 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 9 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 2 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 2 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 4 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 2 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 3 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 5 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 3 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E55 level 7 1 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 219 Object Object # Comments whiteware base sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd 2002.211.444 flow blue decoration 2002.211.26 2002.211.263 plain 2002.211.265 plain 2002.211.266 flow printed 2002.211.441 plain whiteware body sherd 2002.211.442 flow blue decoration, 1 sherd refits with rim sherd from MH-245. whiteware handle sherd whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.445 plain, sherds refit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.27 whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.261 unglazed 2002.211.262 traces of blue decoration 2002.211.437 flow blue edge decoration 2002.211.438 plain 2002.211.439 transfer printed whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.440 relief decoration, refits with base sherd (2002.211.443). yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware rim sherd 2002.211.346 plain, 3 refit 2002.211.347 plain 2002.211.348 plain 2002.211.345 plain 2002.211.962 brown glass, embossed lettering reads “...TT”. glass bottle body sherd 2002.211.10 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. transfer printed, refits with 2002.211.11 purple/green sponge dec w/ pink stripe, same as 2002.211.16; does not refit. 220 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 2 Kit F1 N EU S10/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E55 level 3 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E55 level 8 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E55 level 5 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E55 level 6 3 Kit F1 N EU S10/E55 level 5 1 Kit porcelain rim sherd 2002.211.305 relied dec F1 N EU S10/E55 level 2 1 Kit redware body sherd 2002.211.335 yellowish orange glaze F1 N EU S10/E55 level 5 1 Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.406 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 5 1 Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.411 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 4 Kit 2002.211.276 plain F1 N EU S10/E55 level 2 2 Kit 2002.211.278 plain, 1 molded F1 N EU S10/E55 level 3 1 Kit 2002.211.279 plain F1 N EU S10/E55 level 6 1 Kit whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd 2002.211.280 molded F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 2 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.273 plain F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.274 decorated F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 2 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.275 flow blue edge dec, sherds refit F1 N EU S10/E55 level 2 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.277 flow blue edge dec w/ relief F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 2 Kit yellowware body sherd 2002.211.351 plain, 1 is molded F1 N EU S10/E55 level 2 2 Kit yellowware body sherd 2002.211.352 plain Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 Object Object # Comments glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd knife blade fragment porcelain body sherd porcelain body sherd 2002.211.996 aqua glass 2002.211.997 green glass 2002.211.998 aqua glass 2002.211.999 clear glass 2002.211.1548 2002.211.306 plain 2002.211.307 molded Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. red slip on interior and exterior red slip on interior and exterior, refits with 2002.211.412. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # 221 Comments Kit stoneware body sherd Reconstructed vessel body, with red slip on interior and exterior, refit from two body sherds. 2002.211.413 Possibly from same vessel as reconstructed stoneware jug (2002.211.422), but does not refit directly. 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.12 level 5 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 7 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 4 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 3 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 4 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 4 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 8 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 8 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 8 1 Kit F1 N EU S10/E55 EU S10/E49 level 5 level 4 F1 N EU S13/4952 EU S10/ E52 level 4 F1 N EU S13/E49 Table A4.1 glass bottle lip/rim/ 2002.211.948 neck sherd glass bottle lip/ rim/neck/shoulder sherd glass container base sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container rim sherd glass container rim sherd glass container sherd glass tumbler rim sherd knife blade interior and exterior dec clear glass 2002.211.949 clear glass 2002.211.968 clear glass 2002.211.966 aqua glass, melted 2002.211.967 aqua glass 2002.211.967 black glass 2002.211.972 green glass 2002.211.972 brown glass 2002.211.974 clear glass 2002.211.975 clear glass 2002.211.975 aqua glass 2002.211.977 clear glass 2002.211.965 aqua glass 2002.211.971 clear glass 2002.211.970 clear glass, melted 2002.211.964 clear glass, molded decoration serrated edge 2002.211.1539 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 222 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S13/E49 level 6 1 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 F1 N EU S13/E49 Fea # Horizontal Location Object Object # Comments Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.332 1 Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.391 level 2 1 Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.392 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 1 Kit 2002.211.393 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 5 1 Kit stoneware body sherd stoneware body sherd F1 N EU S13/E49 level 7 1 Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.409 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 5 1 Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.417 red slip on interior and exterior red slip on interior and exterior, refits with 2002.211.392. red slip on interior and exterior, refits with 2002.211.391. Albany slip on interior and exterior red slip on interior and exterior red slip on interior and exterior, refits with 2002.211.408. red slip on interior and exterior, part of partially reconstructed stoneware jug. Kit stoneware body sherd red slip on interior and exterior, mostly complete impressed circular mark/ seal of lion surrounded 2002.211.418 by word “SELTERS” on exterior, part of partially reconstructed stoneware jug. 2002.211.419 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 6 1 2002.211.396 red slip on interior and exterior, part of partially reconstructed stoneware jug. red slip on interior and exterior, part of partially reconstructed stoneware jug. F1 N EU S13/E49 level 7 1 Kit stoneware body sherd F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 1 Kit stoneware lip/rim/ neck sherd 2002.211.414 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 6 1 Kit stoneware rim sherd 2002.211.333 tan glaze on exterior, brown glaze on interior F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Kit whiteware base sherd 2002.211.427 molded F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 1 Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.29 green/blue striped annular decoration, refits 2002.211.30. F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 5 Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.247 plain, 2 are molded F1 N EU S13/E49 level 3 1 Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.250 plain Table A4.1 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S13/E49 level 8 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 8 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 11 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 4 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 3 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 4 2 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 4 Kit F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 1 Kit 1 Kit 1 Kit 1 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location EU S13/E49, north profile EU S13/E52 EU S13/E49, F1 N north profile EU S13/E52 EU S13/E49, F1 N north profile EU S13/E52 F1 N F1 N EU S13/E52 level 7 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 7 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 7 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 3 2 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 3 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 3 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 2 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 6 1 Kit Table A4.1 223 Object Object # Comments whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware rim sherd glass bottle body sherd glass bottle body sherd whiteware rim sherd glass bottle body sherd glass bottle body sherd 2002.211.253 decorated 2002.211.254 decorated with blue stripe 2002.211.425 plain, 1 is molded only glass bottle finish lip/rim/neck sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd 2002.211.426 decorated with blue glaze 2002.211.433 plain 2002.211.249 transfer printed interior dec relief decoration, refits with 2002.211.432. Sherds refit with 2002.211.424. 2002.211.424 2002.211.432 2002.211.340 plain 2002.211.342 annularware with two brown stripes 2002.211.954 brown glass 2002.211.955 brown glass 2002.211.11 transfer printed, refits with 2002.211.10. 2002.211.951 brown glass 2002.211.952 brown glass 2002.211.947 clear glass 2002.211.969 aqua glass 2002.211.969 brown glass 2002.211.973 clear glass 2002.211.976 clear glass 2002.211.976 green glass pearlware rim sherd 2002.211.431 stoneware body sherd 2002.211.394 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. relief dec red slip on interior and exterior 224 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S13/E52 level 7 1 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 5 F1 N EU S13/E52 Fea # Horizontal Location Object Object # Comments Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.395 1 Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.415 level 7 1 Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.416 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Kit 2002.211.246 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 2 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 16 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 3 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 8 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 2 Kit whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware handle sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd red slip on interior and exterior red slip on interior and exterior, part of partially reconstructed stoneware jug. red slip on interior and exterior, part of partially reconstructed stoneware jug. transfer printed, interior dec F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 2 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Kit 2002.211.251 plain 2002.211.252 dark blue glaze 2002.211.258 plain 2002.211.259 transfer printed 2002.211.429 plain 2002.211.248 relied dec 2002.211.257 plain 2002.211.260 unglazed 2002.211.428 plain whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.430 flow blue edge decoration, sherds refit yellowware body sherd yellowware rim sherd 2002.211.341 plain 2002.211.343 brown glaze Kit glass bottle lip/ rim/neck/shoulder sherd 2002.211.950 F1 N EU S13/E52 EU S13/E49 level 7 level 4 F1 N EU S13/E52 EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.28 backfill, PII unit 1 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.981 F1 N EU S13/E55 Table A4.1 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Partially reconstructed bottle finish, including rim, neck and part of shoulder. Clear glass. Refit from 3 sherds. green/blue striped annular dec, refits 2002.211.29-.30. brown glass Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location backfill, PII unit backfill, PII F1 N EU S13/E55 unit backfill, PII F1 N EU S13/E55 unit F1 N EU S13/E55 Count Artifact Group 1 Kit 1 Kit 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E58 level 5 1 Kit F1 N EU S13/E58 level 5 level 6 F1 N EU S13/E58 level 1 2 Kit F1 N EU S13/E58 level 4 2 Kit F1 N EU S13/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 4 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 2 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 7 1 Kit Table A4.1 Kit 225 Object Object # Comments stoneware body sherd stoneware body sherd whiteware rim sherd earthenware body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass mug base sherd glass mug base sherd glass mug base sherd 2002.211.397 red slip on interior and exterior 2002.211.398 red slip on exterior 2002.211.434 relief decoration glass mug handle/ base sherd glass mug handle/ base sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd yellowware body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container lip sherd redware cap rim/ handle sherd 2002.211.327 2002.211.978 aqua glass, embossed lettering reads “...M...” 2002.211.979 opaque blue glass 2002.211.943 clear glass 2002.211.944 clear glass 2002.211.945 clear glass 2002.211.942 clear glass 2002.211.946 Partially reconstructed mug base, with some of handle attachment remaining, clear glass. Refit from 4 sherds. 2002.211.255 plain 2002.211.256 plain, 1 molded 2002.211.344 plain 2002.211.993 clear glass 2002.211.993 aqua glass 2002.211.994 clear glass 2002.211.994 aqua glass 2002.211.995 clear glass 2002.211.992 aqua glass 2002.211.405 plain, lid is mostly complete, knob-like handle on top of lid. Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 226 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 3 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 2 4 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 2 2 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 3 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 N EU S7/E55 level 2 1 Kit stripped surface stripped surface stripped surface 1 Kit 1 Kit 1 Kit F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S10/E47 level EU S13/E49 1 level F1 N EU S13/E52 2 level F1 S EU S26/E58 5 level 6 EU S16/E55 level 7 EU S16/E58 Kit F1 S EU S13/E49 level 7 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Kit Table A4.1 Object Object # Comments stoneware body sherd stoneware body sherd whiteware base sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd porcelain body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.400 red slip on interior and exterior red slip on interior and exterior stoneware jug rim/ neck/shoulder/ handle sherd glass bottle body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.401 2002.211.270 molded 2002.211.267 transfer printed interior dec 2002.211.269 plain 2002.211.436 plain 2002.211.268 plain 2002.211.271 transfer printed interior dec 2002.211.272 plain 2002.211.435 relief decoration 2002.211.349 molded 2002.211.350 plain 2002.211.299 interior/exterior decoration 2002.211.245 interior/exterior dec 2002.211.244 molded, tranfer printed interior dec 2002.211.423 Partially reconstructed Rhenish stoneware jug, “SELTERS” mineral water. Refit from 2 rim, 9 body sherds (inc 2 sherds from PII project [1994.230.7 and 1994.230.8]). Other sherds, including 2002.211.413, .410 are “near” refits. 2002.211.953 brown glass 2002.211.35 transfer printed, refits 2002.211.34. 2002.211.110 plain Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 6 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 below planks 2 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 below planks 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 below planks 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 below planks 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 below planks 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 below planks 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 below planks 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 below planks 1 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 level 6 Object Object # pearlware rim sherd 2002.211.111 whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware rim sherd yellowware body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass flask lip/rim/ neck sherd glass flask shoulder/body sherd glass flask body sherd glass flask body sherd glass flask body sherd glass flask body sherd glass flask body sherd 227 Comments relief dec, refits 2002.211.141 2002.211.112 light blue glaze 2002.211.113 plain 2002.211.114 plain 2002.211.115 decorated 2002.211.372 molded 2002.211.373 blue and white glazed stripes 2002.211.374 plain, 1 is molded 2002.211.375 plain 2002.211.826 clear glass 2002.211.826 aqua glass 2002.211.826 brown glass 2002.211.827 clear glass 2002.211.858 aqua glass 2002.211.859 clear glass 2002.211.869 aqua glass 2002.211.870 aqua glass 2002.211.871 aqua glass 2002.211.872 aqua glass 2002.211.873 aqua glass 2002.211.874 aqua glass 2002.211.875 aqua glass, decorated with molded design of ballerina Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 228 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S23/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E58 level 2 1 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location EU S23/E58 F1 S EU S26/E61 EU S27/E61 level 5 level 6 F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 3 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 3 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 planks and below 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 2 F1 S EU S23/E61 level 2 1 Table A4.1 Kit Object glass flask body sherd glass flask body sherd bone utensil handle fragment metal cap Object # Comments 2002.211.876 aqua glass 2002.211.877 aqua glass 2002.211.1606 2002.211.1402 Partially reconstructed aqua glass flask, inc finish, rim, neck shoulder, part of body; pint-sized w/ short glass pictorial flask 2002.211.883 straight mold seams, base missing. Refit from 18 sherds. Dec w/ molded design of soldier on one side and ballerina on the other. whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd 2002.211.34 transfer printed, refits 2002.211.35 2002.211.131 unglazed, all sherds refit pearlware rim sherd 2002.211.132 molded, refits 2002.211.158 whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware base sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd porcelain body sherd 2002.211.133 plain 2002.211.134 transfer printed 2002.211.135 green/blue striped annular dec 2002.211.136 blue glaze 2002.211.137 plain, sherds refit 2002.211.138 plain 2002.211.139 sponge dec 2002.211.231 molded 2002.211.312 molded Kit yellowware body sherd 2002.211.377 plain, 1 is molded Kit yellowware body sherd 2002.211.378 plain Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # Comments yellowware rim sherd 2002.211.388 plain F1 S EU S23/E61 planks and below 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Kit pearlware rim sherd 2002.211.454 F1 S EU S23/E61 level 2 1 Kit pearlware rim sherd 2002.211.455 Kit pearlware rim sherd 2002.211.456 F1 S EU S23/E61 F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 5 4 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 5 2 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 planks and below 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 planks and below planks and below 1 Kit 1 Kit F1 S EU S23/E61 glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass flask body sherd glass flask body sherd glass flask body sherd clear glass 2002.211.830 aqua glass 2002.211.830 brown glass 2002.211.830 green glass 2002.211.860 clear glass 2002.211.860 aqua glass 2002.211.864 brown glass 2002.211.878 aqua glass, decorated with molded design of ballerina 2002.211.879 aqua glass 2002.211.880 aqua glass level 5 1 Kit glass flask body sherd 2002.211.881 F1 S EU S23/E61 level 5 1 Kit glass flask body sherd 2002.211.882 F1 S EU S23/E61 level 5 5 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 4 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Kit metal cap fragment 2002.211.1465 whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd relief decoration, refits with 2002.211.455. relief decoration, refits with 2002.211.454. vessel rim refit from 2 rim sherds. 2002.211.830 F1 S EU S23/E61 Table A4.1 229 aqua glass, decorated with molded design of ballerina aqua glass, decorated with molded design of ballerina lid/cap fragments 2002.211.92 decorated 2002.211.93 plain 2002.211.96 plain 2002.211.97 flow blue edge dec 2002.211.98 molded, transfer printed dec Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 230 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 14 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 3 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 3 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 3 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 Object Object # Comments whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware base sherd pearlware base sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware base sherd whiteware base sherd 2002.211.99 molded, transfer printed ded 2002.211.100 plain 2002.211.101 light blue glaze 2002.211.102 plain 2002.211.103 plain, sherds refit 2002.211.125 unglazed 2002.211.126 plain 2002.211.127 plain 2002.211.128 light blue glaze 2002.211.129 dark blue glaze 2002.211.130 2002.211.227 dark blue glaze, refits 2002.211.108, .239. decorated with thin blue stripe 2002.211.228 plain 2002.211.229 decoration on interior whiteware body sherd 2002.211.230 annularware w/ blue, white/brown stripes, some non-linear. earthenware body sherd yellowware body sherd 2002.211.326 2002.211.367 plain yellowware sherd 2002.211.368 possibly handle or foot sherd, brown glaze yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd 2002.211.369 plain 2002.211.370 cream and yellow glaze 2002.211.376 plain stoneware body sherd 2002.211.408 red slip on interior and exterior, refits with 2002.211.409. Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object 231 Object # Comments 2002.211.422 red slip on interior and exterior, part of partially reconstructed stoneware jug. 2002.211.446 plain 2002.211.447 decorated with blue glaze on exterior 2002.211.448 relief dec, sherds refit 2002.211.449 plain 2002.211.450 decorated with pale green glaze 2002.211.451 transfer printed 2002.211.452 blue-grey striped decoration 2002.211.453 plain glass container body sherd 2002.211.813 aqua glass, illegible embossed lettering on exterior glass container handle glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd 2002.211.814 clear glass 2002.211.816 clear glass 2002.211.817 aqua glass 2002.211.818 clear glass 2002.211.818 aqua glass 2002.211.818 brown glass stoneware lip/rim/ neck sherd F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 4 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 6 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 3 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.819 aqua glass, embossed lettering reads “... TRAM.../...ON” F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 1 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.828 clear glass F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 1 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.828 brown glass F1 S EU S26/E58 level 5 1 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.829 aqua glass F1 S EU S26/E58 level 6 2 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.856 clear glass Table A4.1 whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware base sherd Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 232 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location Object Object # Comments medicine bottle body sherd glass pictorial flask base sherd metal knife blade handle metal knife blade handle iron cap fragment 2002.211.898 aqua glass 2002.211.935 aqua glass 2002.211.1387 knife blade with handle 2002.211.1568 2002.211.1381 Kit stoneware body sherd 2002.211.410 Reconstructed vessel body, w/ red slip, refit from two body sherds. “near” refit w/ 2002.211.422 3 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.140 plain level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 8 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 3 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 4 5 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 1 Kit EU S26/E58 EUS13/E49 level 2 level 7 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 F1 S EU S26/E61 F1 S Table A4.1 pearlware rim sherd 2002.211.141 whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware base sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware base sherd whiteware body sherd 2002.211.142 molded, refits w/ 2002.211.111 green sponge dec on exterior w/ pink stripe 2002.211.143 plain 2002.211.144 pale green glaze 2002.211.145 decorated 2002.211.146 unglazed 2002.211.147 plain 2002.211.148 plain 2002.211.149 sponge dec 2002.211.150 plain 2002.211.151 plain, 1 molded whiteware body sherd 2002.211.152 transfer printed, both interior and exterior dec whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.153 plain 2002.211.154 dark blue glaze 2002.211.155 two brown stripes Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 4 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 3 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 3 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 4 1 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 F1 S EU S26/E61 Fea # Horizontal Location 233 Object Object # Comments whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd 2002.211.156 plain 2002.211.157 plain porcelain rim sherd 2002.211.313 porcelain body sherd porcelain body sherd porcelain body sherd relief dec 2002.211.314 plain 2002.211.315 relief dec 2002.211.316 porcelain rim sherd 2002.211.317 decorated w/ green leaf pattern decorated w/ green leaf pattern porcelain body sherd yellowware rim sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware handle sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass bottle lip/ neck sherd glass container body sherd 2002.211.318 molded, relief dec 2002.211.379 plain 2002.211.380 plain 2002.211.381 molded 2002.211.831 aqua glass 2002.211.831 black glass 2002.211.832 aqua glass 2002.211.833 aqua glass 2002.211.834 clear glass Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.835 clear glass 2 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.836 aqua glass level 6 2 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.837 aqua glass F1 S EU S26/E61 level 6 2 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.857 aqua glass F1 S EU S26/E61 level 6 1 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.857 green glass F1 S EU S26/E61 level 6 1 Kit glass flask body sherd 2002.211.865 aqua glass, decorated with molded design of soldier Table A4.1 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 234 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S26/E61 level 6 1 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 6 F1 S EU S26/E61 Fea # Horizontal Location Object Object # Kit glass flask body sherd 2002.211.866 1 Kit glass flask body sherd 2002.211.867 level 6 1 Kit glass flask body sherd 2002.211.868 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 3 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E61 level 6 82 Kit EU S26/E61 EU S29/E55 F1 S EU S29/E58 EU S32/E55 EU S32/E58 level 1 level 2 level 3 level 5 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 F1 S EU S26/E64 Kit glass flask body sherd glass vessel body sherd glass vessel base sherd glass bottle body/ base sherd glass bottle 1 Kit stoneware body sherd level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 4 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 2 1 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 2 4 aqua glass, decorated with molded design of soldier aqua glass, decorated with molded design of soldier aqua glass, decorated with molded design of soldier aqua glass, from ribbed bottle 2002.211.939 aqua glass 2002.211.940 aqua glass Partially reconstructed aqua glass vessel, probably a bottle, 2002.211.941 including base and most of body. Refit from four sherds. bucket or kettle handle 2002.211.1579 fragments wire handle fragment metal butter knife 2002.211.1581 fragment iron plate or pan 2002.211.1582 fragment Kit Table A4.1 2002.211.918 Comments plate or pan fragments Partially reconstructed aqua condiment bottle, 2002.211.925 including base, most of body, part of neck. Refit from 20 sherds. 2002.211.404 pearlware rim sherd 2002.211.158 red slip on interior and exterior molded, relief dec, refits 2002.211.132 whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd 2002.211.159 plain 2002.211.160 pale green glaze 2002.211.161 plain Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.162 pale green glaze on exterior, w/brown stripe at rim Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.163 plain Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S26/E64 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 2 9 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 2 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 3 F1 S EU S26/E64 Fea # Horizontal Location Object Object # Comments whiteware base sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware base sherd 2002.211.164 plain plain, refits w/ 2 base sherds plain, refits w/ 9 body 2002.211.166 sherds reconstructed plain 2002.211.167 vessel base; refit from 9 body, 2 base sherds pale green glaze on 2002.211.168 exterior, w/ brown stripe at rim 2002.211.165 Kit whiteware base sherd 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 5 2 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 22 Kit F1 S EU S26/E64 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.32 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.183 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.184 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.185 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 3 Kit 2002.211.186 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 16 Kit whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd Table A4.1 235 whiteware body 2002.211.169 sherd whiteware body 2002.211.170 sherd whiteware body 2002.211.171 sherd whiteware rim 2002.211.172 sherd porcelain body 2002.211.319 sherd porcelain body 2002.211.320 sherd glass container 2002.211.838 body sherd glass container 2002.211.839 body sherd metal plate or pan 2002.211.1583 fragment metal/bone knife 2002.211.1603 handle 2002.211.187 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. pale green glaze molded plain blue glaze stripe over edge relief dec molded plain brown glass aqua glass plate or pan fragments metal knife with bone handle unglazed, blue edge dec on interior, refits 2002.211.31. unglazed, hand-painted floral dec light blue glaze on exterior, refits 2002.211.68 pale green glaze on exterior, w/ brown stripe at rim light blue glaze, 2 sherds refit plain, 6 are molded 236 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 10 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 4 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 4 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 Object Object # Comments whiteware base sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.188 plain 2002.211.189 plain 2002.211.190 decorated w/ 2 brown stripes; blue glaze appendage/foot sherd, plain whiteware sherd 2002.211.191 whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd 2002.211.192 trace of brown decoration whiteware base sherd whiteware rim/base sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware base sherd porcelain body sherd porcelain base sherd 2002.211.193 decorated 2002.211.194 blue glaze 2002.211.195 plain, 1 molded 2002.211.196 plain 2002.211.197 plain 2002.211.198 decorated 2002.211.199 green hand-painted dec, small impressed star-like maker’s mark on base 2002.211.200 plain 2002.211.201 transfer printed dec on interior transfer printed dec interior and exterior 2002.211.202 2002.211.203 flow blue edge dec 2002.211.204 plain 2002.211.205 decorated 2002.211.206 plain 2002.211.324 decorated w/ green leaf pattern 2002.211.325 molded redware body sherd 2002.211.336 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. black metallic lead glaze on interior and exterior Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 4 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 2 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 3 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Kit Object Object # Comments yellowware body sherd 2002.211.383 decorated w/ blue stripe on yellow and white glaze yellowware rim sherd yellowware rim sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container shoulder/body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd 2002.211.384 plain 2002.211.385 plain 2002.211.843 aqua glass 2002.211.843 black glass 2002.211.844 aqua glass 2002.211.845 clear glass 2002.211.845 aqua glass 2002.211.845 brown glass 2002.211.846 brown glass, portion of molded decoration present, only legs of figure remain. 2002.211.848 aqua glass 2002.211.849 clear glass 2002.211.849 brown glass glass container body sherd glass bottle lip/ neck sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Kit glass bottle body/ base sherd F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Kit glass bottle body sherd 2002.211.902 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 1 Kit 2002.211.919 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Kit bottle shoulder body sherd bottle shoulder body sherd glass bottle body sherd glass bottle body sherd glass pictorial flask body sherd Table A4.1 237 2002.211.901 2002.211.920 2002.211.921 2002.211.922 2002.211.936 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. aqua glass, embossed lettering on body reads, “...MERCHANT / ...OCKPORT, N.Y.” aqua glass, embossed lettering on body reads, “C.W.”. aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, molded decoration 238 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 3 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 48 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location EU S29/E55 EU S32/E55 level 1 level 3 level 4 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 3 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 14 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 1 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 1 F1 S Table A4.1 Kit Object Object # Comments glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd iron plate or pan fragment 2002.211.1006 clear glass 2002.211.1006 aqua glass 2002.211.1006 brown glass 2002.211.1007 aqua glass, molded decoration 2002.211.1588 plate or pan fragments medicine bottle 2002.211.904 Heavy emerald green glass bottle, refit from 3 sherds, missing finish, neck, part of body. , “G.W. MERCHANT / ...OCKPORT, N.Y.” whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.60 pale green glazed dec 2002.211.61 light blue glaze 2002.211.62 sponge dec pearlware rim sherd 2002.211.63 relief dec 2002.211.64 blue glaze, 1 refits w/ sherd 2002.211.54. 2002.211.65 sponge dec 2002.211.66 plain, 2 are molded 2002.211.67 unglazed 2002.211.75 plain 2002.211.76 light blue glaze 2002.211.77 decorated 2002.211.78 dark blue glaze whiteware body sherd 2002.211.79 light blue glaze Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.80 pale green glaze Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.81 transfer printed whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 14 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 6 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 3 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 1 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 239 Object Object # Comments whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware base sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware base sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd 2002.211.82 plain 2002.211.83 unglazed 2002.211.84 pale green w/ brown stripe 2002.211.85 plain 2002.211.86 dark blue glaze 2002.211.87 light blue glaze 2002.211.88 transfer printed 2002.211.89 1 green, 1 purple 2002.211.90 plain, 2 are molded 2002.211.91 plain 2002.211.104 plain 2002.211.105 transfer printed 2002.211.106 plain, 1 is molded 2002.211.107 light blue glaze 2002.211.108 dark blue glaze, refits 2002.211.239, .130. 2002.211.109 sponge dec 2002.211.116 plain 2002.211.117 transfer printed whiteware body sherd 2002.211.118 whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd 2002.211.119 transfer printed, same pattern on both sherds; do not refit “darker” blue transferprint 2002.211.120 plain 2002.211.121 light blue glaze 2002.211.122 dark blue glaze Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 240 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 3 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 3 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 7 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 Object Object # Comments whiteware body sherd whiteware base sherd 2002.211.123 transfer printed 2002.211.124 plain porcelain rim sherd 2002.211.309 porcelain body sherd porcelain body sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware handle sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container base sherd glass container lip sherd glass container base sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container neck sherd medicine bottle base sherd medicine bottle base sherd medicine bottle body sherd medicine bottle body sherd medicine bottle body sherd medicine bottle body sherd relief dec 2002.211.310 molded 2002.211.311 molded 2002.211.366 plain 2002.211.371 molded, brown glaze 2002.211.806 aqua glass 2002.211.806 brown glass 2002.211.807 clear glass 2002.211.811 aqua glass 2002.211.812 aqua glass 2002.211.815 brown glass 2002.211.823 aqua glass 2002.211.824 clear glass 2002.211.824 aqua glass 2002.211.825 aqua glass 2002.211.889 aqua glass 2002.211.890 aqua glass 2002.211.891 aqua glass 2002.211.892 aqua glass 2002.211.893 aqua glass 2002.211.894 aqua glass Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 53 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 18 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 1 Kit metal flatware handle fragment 2002.211.1567 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Kit metal cap 2002.211.1395 Fea # F1 S Horizontal Location EU S29/E58 EU S32/E55 Table A4.1 level 1 level 4 Kit Object Object # medicine bottle 2002.211.895 body sherd medicine bottle 2002.211.896 body sherd medicine bottle 2002.211.897 body sherd glass bottle body 2002.211.908 sherd glass bottle body 2002.211.909 sherd glass bottle body 2002.211.910 sherd glass bottle body 2002.211.911 sherd glass bottle body 2002.211.912 sherd glass bottle body 2002.211.913 sherd glass bottle body 2002.211.914 sherd glass bottle body 2002.211.915 sherd glass bottle body 2002.211.916 sherd glass bottle body 2002.211.917 sherd iron plate or pan 2002.211.1558 fragment metal spoon bowl 2002.211.1559 fragment 241 Comments aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle plate or pan fragments refits with pan iron pan fragment 2002.211.1564 fragments from MH-292 (2002.211.1596). metal spoon 2002.211.1565 fragment metal fork fragment 2002.211.1566 medicine bottle 2002.211.900 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Mostly complete aqua glass medicine bottle, including base, body, and finish. Refit from 11 sherds. 242 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E61 level 5 1 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 5 F1 S EU S29/E61 Fea # Horizontal Location Object Object # Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.20 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.21 level 1 1 Kit 2002.211.173 molded, unglazed F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 4 Kit whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd 2002.211.174 unglazed F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.175 pale green glaze on exterior w/ brown stripe at rim F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 1 Kit 2002.211.176 plain F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 1 Kit 2002.211.177 pale green glaze F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 1 Kit 2002.211.178 illegible partial maker’s mark in black on base F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 13 Kit 2002.211.179 plain, 2 are molded F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 4 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 2 Kit whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware base sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.182 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 5 1 Kit ironstone rim/base sherd 2002.211.222 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 5 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 6 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 6 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 1 Kit Table A4.1 whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.180 2002.211.181 Comments brown/blue striped annular dec, refits w/ 2002.211.21-.23 brown/blue striped annular dec, refits w/ 2002.211.20, .22-.23. plain, sherds refit with 2 rim sherds plain, refit with 4 body sherds plain vessel rim, refit from 2 rim, 4 body sherds relief dec, impressed maker’s mark on base “IRONSTONE”. 2002.211.223 plain 2002.211.224 molded 2002.211.225 light blue glaze 2002.211.226 plain 2002.211.232 plain 2002.211.233 light blue glaze 2002.211.234 pale green glaze on exterior w/ brown stripe at rim Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 4 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 3 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 6 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 4 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 1 Kit Table A4.1 Kit 243 Object Object # Comments whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.235 pale green glaze 2002.211.236 plain 2002.211.237 trace of hand-painted green dec on interior 2002.211.238 blue glaze whiteware body sherd 2002.211.239 dark blue glaze, 1 molded, 1 refits 2002.211.51, other refits 2002.211.108, .130. whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd 2002.211.240 plain whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.243 2002.211.241 2002.211.242 porcelain rim sherd 2002.211.321 plain, refit with 1 body sherd plain, refits with 3 rim sherds plain vessel rim, refit from 3 rim, 1 body sherd molded, relief dec porcelain body sherd porcelain base sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd 2002.211.322 plain 2002.211.323 molded 2002.211.382 plain 2002.211.386 plain yellowware body sherd 2002.211.389 brown glaze on one side and clear glaze on other yellowware body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container base sherd 2002.211.390 decorated with yellow and brown stripes 2002.211.840 clear glass 2002.211.840 aqua glass 2002.211.840 brown glass 2002.211.840 opaque blue glass 2002.211.841 aqua glass Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 244 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E61 level 5 1 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 F1 S EU S29/E61 Fea # Horizontal Location Object Object # Comments Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.855 brown glass 1 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.861 aqua glass, portion of illegible embossed lettering on exterior level 2 1 Kit 2002.211.862 brown glass F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Kit 2002.211.863 aqua glass F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Kit 2002.211.863 brown glass F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Kit 2002.211.937 aqua glass F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 34 Kit glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass pictorial flask body sherd iron plate or pan fragment 2002.211.1587 plate or pan fragments F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 6 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 1 Kit Table A4.1 iron pan fragment 2002.211.1596 whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd half of iron pan, refits with MH-101 (2002.211.1564). 2002.211.207 unglazed 2002.211.208 unglazed 2002.211.209 plain 2002.211.210 molded relief dec 2002.211.211 transfer printed 2002.211.212 plain molded, trace of green hand-painted dec molded, flow blue dec on 2002.211.214 interior and exterior 2002.211.213 2002.211.215 light blue glaze 2002.211.216 decorated w/ 1 brown stripe 2002.211.217 molded 2002.211.218 blue stripe over relief decoration at edge 2002.211.219 possibly etched 2002.211.220 plain Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit redware body sherd 2002.211.337 black metallic lead glaze on interior and exterior F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit redware body sherd 2002.211.338 yellowish orange glaze F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 3 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 5 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 4 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Kit glass bottle neck/ shoulder sherd F1 S EU S32/E55 F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 level 2 1 1 Kit Kit stove fragment stove fragment F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Kit whiteware body sherd 2002.211.22 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.23 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.31 unglazed, blue edge dec on interior, refits 2002.211.32. F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 4 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.49 2 refit w/ 6 body sherds from 2002.211.58, 1 is molded F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.50 molded, flow blue edge dec Fea # Horizontal Location 245 Table A4.1 Object Object # Comments whiteware base sherd 2002.211.221 plain glass container lip sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd medicine bottle lip/neck/shoulder sherd glass bottle body sherd glass bottle shoulder/body sherd 2002.211.851 clear glass 2002.211.852 clear glass 2002.211.852 aqua glass 2002.211.852 brown glass 2002.211.854 aqua glass 2002.211.854 brown glass 2002.211.899 aqua glass 2002.211.903 aqua glass 2002.211.923 aqua glass, from ribbed bottle 2002.211.924 aqua glass, from ribbed bottle 2002.211.1591 2002.211.1592 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. stove door fragment brown/blue striped annular dec, refits w/ 2002.211.20-.21, .23. brown/ blue striped annular dec, refits w/ 2002.211.20-.22. 246 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 16 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 3 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 4 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 Object Object # whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.51 whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware base sherd 2002.211.52 Comments dark blue glaze, refits w/ sherd from 2002.211.239. pale green decoration w/ brown stripe 2002.211.53 light blue glaze 2002.211.54 light blue glaze, 1 refits w/ 2002.211.64. 2002.211.55 transfer printed 2002.211.56 1 green, 1 black and pink 2002.211.57 plain whiteware body sherd 2002.211.58 6 refit with 2 rim sherds from 2002.211.49 whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.59 unglazed, with blue dec ironstone base sherd 2002.211.69 whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.70 dark blue glaze 2002.211.71 pale green glaze 2002.211.72 plain 2002.211.68 light blue glaze, refits 2002.211.184. blue transfer print dec, partial maker’s mark on base: eagle w/ “IRONSTONE” 2002.211.73 2002.211.74 plain 2002.211.94 decorated w/ blue stripe over edge relief whiteware body sherd 2002.211.95 light blue glaze Kit porcelain body sherd 2002.211.308 molded 3 Kit yellowware body sherd 2002.211.362 plain 1 Kit yellowware rim sherd 2002.211.363 molded Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 3 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 2 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 5 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 3 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 3 3 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 6 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 3 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 2 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Kit Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 247 Object Object # Comments yellowware body sherd yellowware handle sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container body sherd glass container sherd 2002.211.364 molded 2002.211.365 brown glaze, all sherds refit 2002.211.808 clear glass 2002.211.808 aqua glass 2002.211.809 aqua glass, melted 2002.211.810 clear glass 2002.211.820 clear glass 2002.211.820 aqua glass 2002.211.820 brown glass 2002.211.821 clear glass, melted glass container lip/ 2002.211.822 rim/neck sherd glass bottle body sherd glass bottle body sherd glass bottle body sherd glass pictorial flask body sherd glass pictorial flask body sherd glass pictorial flask body sherd glass pictorial flask body sherd glass pictorial flask body sherd glass pictorial flask body sherd glass pictorial flask body sherd glass pictorial flask body sherd glass pictorial flask body sherd 2002.211.905 2002.211.906 2002.211.907 aqua glass aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle aqua glass, from ribbed bottle 2002.211.926 aqua glass 2002.211.927 aqua glass 2002.211.928 aqua glass 2002.211.929 aqua glass 2002.211.930 molded, aqua glass 2002.211.931 molded, aqua glass 2002.211.932 molded, aqua glass 2002.211.933 aqua glass 2002.211.934 aqua glass Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 248 Fea # Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Horizontal Location F1 S EU S32/E58 surface (PII) EU 26/E55 F1 S EU S29/E55 EU S29/E58 EU S29/E61 Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # level 3 1 Kit whiteware sherd 2002.211.1604 surface level 3 level 4 level 5 F1 S 1 Kit Partially reconstructed pint aqua glass pictorial flask, inc base and lower part of body. Molded decoration of an eagle/ glass pictorial flask 2002.211.938 draftee figure standing below a banner which reads “...AFTED”. Refit from 13 sherds, inc 1 from P II Kit whiteware bowl rim/shoulder sherd whiteware plate rim 2002.211.33 F1 S level 1 Kit F1 S level 1 Kit F1 S stripped surface stripped surface stripped surface stripped surface stripped surface stripped surface stripped surface stripped surface F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S F1 S 3 Kit 1 Kit 3 Kit 4 Kit 1 Kit 1 Kit 1 Kit 1 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 4 1 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 3 2 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 4 1 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 5 1 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 1 1 Kit Table A4.1 Comments 2002.211.24 whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware body sherd stoneware base sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd glass container body sherd 2002.211.329 2002.211.36 2002.211.46 Bowl rim/shoulder w/ brown/blue striped annular dec, refit 2002.211.20-.23 unglazed plate rim; blue edge dec on interior, refits 2002.211.31-.32. transfer printed, refits 2002.211.34-.35. molded, flow blue edge dec 2002.211.47 red glaze on interior 2002.211.48 plain 2002.211.360 Albany slip, 3 sherds refit, 2 are molded light brown and brown glaze 2002.211.361 slipped with brown stripe 2002.211.387 plain 2002.211.805 brown glass medicine bottle 2002.211.7 aqua glass bottle; “GENUINE/ESSENCE” whiteware body sherd whiteware base sherd whiteware rim sherd whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.291 plain 2002.211.292 molded 2002.211.293 hand-painted blue stripe at rim 2002.211.294 plain Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F2 EU S39/E89 level 1 2 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 1 1 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 2 3 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 2 1 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 4 1 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 1 5 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 3 1 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 1 3 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 2 1 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 4 2 Kit F2 EU S39/E89 level 4 2 Kit Object Object # Comments whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd whiteware body sherd stoneware body sherd 2002.211.295 plain redware rim sherd 2002.211.339 yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd yellowware body sherd glass container body sherd glass bottle body sherd 2002.211.357 molded 2002.211.358 plain 2002.211.359 plain 2002.211.1008 aqua glass 2002.211.1010 molded, aqua glass 2002.211.296 2002.211.297 2002.211.298 2002.211.334 F2 EU S39/E89 level 4 1 Kit medicine bottle 2002.211.1011 F2 EU S39/E89 level 5 1 Kit medicine bottle 2002.211.1012 F2 EU S39/E89 level 5 1 Kit medicine bottle 2002.211.1013 F2 EU S39/E89 level 5 1 Kit medicine bottle 2002.211.1014 F2 EU S39/E89 level 5 1 Kit medicine bottle 2002.211.1015 F2 EU S39/E89 level 5 1 Kit medicine bottle 2002.211.1016 F2 EU S39/E89 level 3 3 Kit metal container fragment 2002.211.1528 F2 EU S39/E89 level 1 20 Kit metal container fragment 2002.211.1530 Table A4.1 249 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. plain molded, flow printed, from near rim brown glaze on interior and exterior yellowish orange glaze, all sherds refit Mostly complete aqua glass bottle, refit from 6 sherds; “GENUINE / ESSENCE” Complete aqua glass bottle, “GENUINE / ESSENCE” Mostly complete aqua glass bottle, refit from 3 sherds, part of finish missing; “GENUINE / ESSENCE” Complete aqua glass bottle, “GENUINE / ESSENCE” Complete aqua glass bottle, “SLOANS” “OINTMENT” Complete aqua glass bottle, “GENUINE / ESSENCE” 250 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F2 EU S39/E89 level 3 345 Kit F2 EU S40/E88 level 1 1 Kit glass container body sherd 2002.211.1009 clear glass stripped surface 1 Kit metal fragment 2002.211.1609 possible handle,probably post-occupation stripped surface 1 Kit whiteware rim sherd 2002.211.281 annularware w/ three green stripes at neck; light blue glaze on body F42 GS near F1 N EU S10/E52 EU S10/E55 level EU S13/E49 2 level 6 EU S13/E52 level 7 EU S16/E55 EU S13/E55 Object Object # metal pan fragment 2002.211.1531 Kit glass bottle Brown glass bottle, “Dr J HO...TT.../ STOMACH B...TERS”; refit from 2002.211.963 14 sherds, inc 12 sherds from PIII (2002.211.951962), 2 from P II (1994.230.9-.10). F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 8 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1517 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 2 Misc iron fragment 2002.211.1520 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 4 6 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1523 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 5 9 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1524 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 3 2 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1549 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 6 2 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1551 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 7 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1493 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1494 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 6 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1498 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 3 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1502 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 7 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1504 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 5 3 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1542 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 2 2 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1511 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 4 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1544 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 9 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1547 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1474 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 3 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1481 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1482 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 7 12 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1486 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 7 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1487 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 8 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1538 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 4 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1475 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 5 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1476 level 2 1 metal fragment 2002.211.1484 F1 N EU S13/E52 Table A4.1 Misc Comments Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # F1 N EU S13/E52 level 7 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1485 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 7 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1492 F1 N EU S13/E58 level 1 2 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1491 F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 2 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1507 F1 N EU S7/E55 level 2 6 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1508 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 2 7 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1404 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 3 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1405 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 4 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1408 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 34 Misc 2002.211.1411 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Misc F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 7 Misc metal fragment white metal fragment metal fragment F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 37 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1569 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1378 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 7 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1379 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 10 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1385 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 35 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1391 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 5 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1420 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 5 6 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1425 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 10 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1428 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 3 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1433 Fea # Horizontal Location 2002.211.1600 2002.211.1601 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 4 11 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1437 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 6 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1462 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 3 7 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1574 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1580 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 42 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1440 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 3 2 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1445 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 7 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1447 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 4 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1452 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 6 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1365 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1366 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1367 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 19 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1368 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 7 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1383 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 18 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1394 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 17 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1412 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 7 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1414 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 6 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1417 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 5 5 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1461 Table A4.1 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 251 Comments 252 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 3 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1467 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 2 Misc wire fragment 2002.211.1585 F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 7 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1459 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 3 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1361 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 8 Misc 2002.211.1364 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 5 Misc F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 2 Misc F2 EU S39/E89 level 3 26 Misc white metal fragment metal fragment white metal fragment metal fragment F2 EU S39/E89 level 4 2 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1529 F2 EU S39/E89 level 2 3 Misc metal fragment 2002.211.1534 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 3 43 Org charred food 2002.211.1198 carbonized food crumbs F1 N EU S10/E52 level 4 1 Org charred food 2002.211.1199 carbonized food crumbs F1 N EU S7/E55 level 3 7 Org charred food 2002.211.1197 carbonized food crumbs F1 S EU S26/E58 level 5 1 Org charred organic 2002.211.1196 possibly charred bread F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Org charred organic 2002.211.1 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Org charred organic 2002.211.2 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Org charred organic 2002.211.3 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Org charred organic 2002.211.5 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 1 Org soil sample 2002.211.1611 F1 S EU S29/E58 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 level 4 1 1 Org Org charred organic charred organic 2002.211.1621 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 6 1 Org feces 2002.211.1195 charred wheat bread charred wheat bread; fragmented charred wheat bread; fragmented charred wheat bread; fragmented soil sample taken from pipe (2002.211.6) charred wheat bread charred wheat bread coprolite, probably domestic cat F2 EU S40/E88 level 1 1 Org soil sample 2002.211.1612 F2 EU S40/E88 level 1 1 Org soil sample 2002.211.1613 F2 EU S40/E88 level 1 1 Org flotation sample 2002.211.1614 F2 EU S40/E88 level 4 1 Org soil sample 2002.211.1615 F2 EU S40/E88 level 4 1 Org soil sample 2002.211.1616 F2 EU S40/E88 level 4 1 Org flotation sample 2002.211.1617 F2 EU S40/E88 level 1 1 Org soil sample 2002.211.1618 Table A4.1 Comments 2002.211.1371 2002.211.1376 2002.211.1527 2002.211.4 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. seed, wood, bark, shell, bone from flotation sample seed, wood, bark, shell, bone from flotation sample Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations 253 Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # F2 EU S40/E88 level 1 1 Org soil sample 2002.211.1619 F2 EU S40/E88 level 1 1 Org flotation sample 2002.211.1620 seed, wood, bark, shell, bone from flotation sample F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 3 Per 2002.211.565 plain F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 1 Per 2002.211.566 tan/light earthenware clay, plain F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 1 Per 2002.211.567 plain, oval F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 1 Per 2002.211.568 decorated with 2 rings of leaves F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 8 Per 2002.211.569 plain F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Per kaolin pipe stem fragment earthenware pipe stem fragment terracotta pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment 2002.211.571 plain F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 1 Per porcelain button 2002.211.653 white, 4 hole, impressed line decoration on front F1 N EU S10/E49 F1 N EU S10/E49 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 2 level 2 level 1 1 1 3 Per Per Per 2002.211.654 F1 N EU S10/E49 level 1 2 Per F1 N EU S10/E49 level 3 1 Per porcelain button porcelain button straight pin glass mirror fragment straight pin F1 N EU S10/E49 level 4 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E49 level 5 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E49 level 5 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 4 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Per Table A4.1 glass marble straight pin fragment slate pencil fragment Comments 2002.211.570 decorated with blue glaze 2002.211.655 white, 4 hole white, 4 hole 2002.211.1188 2002.211.1189 2002.211.1190 2002.211.1191 2002.211.1192 2002.211.1193 sharpened decal dec; partial crown, porcelain pipe bowl 2002.211.301 words “...er Rai(?)e...” in fragment Fraktur script. kaolin pipe 2002.211.459 Mostly complete pipe (missing only small portion of bowl), refit from stem, bowl/stem fragments; “PETER” “DORNI”. kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment 2002.211.532 plain 2002.211.533 plain Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 254 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 3 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 3 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 4 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 8 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 2 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 3 1 Per glass button F1 N EU S10/E52 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 3 level 6 1 1 Per Per porcelain button shell button F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Per coin F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 2 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 1 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Per metal hook fastener 2002.211.1163 clothing hook fastener F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Per metal bell fragment 2002.211.1164 embossed F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E52 level 3 1 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 3 F1 N EU S10/E52 F1 N EU S10/E52 Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 Object Object # Comments kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.534 feathered decoration on bottom of bowl indeterminate line decoration 2002.211.535 2002.211.547 plain 2002.211.548 plain kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.549 impressed mark reads “Gambier / Paris / ...M” kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment porcelain button porcelain button fragment porcelain button bone button fragment 2002.211.550 indistinct decorative bands 2002.211.551 plain 2002.211.552 plain 2002.211.553 plain 2002.211.639 white, 4 hole 2002.211.640 4 hole 2002.211.641 white, 4 hole 2002.211.642 5 hole slate pencil fragment slate board fragment black glass button with gliding shank 2002.211.644 white, 4 hole 2002.211.645 4 hole US 3-cent coin, 1853, 2002.211.657 back has C w/III, thirteen stars 2002.211.643 2002.211.1161 1 is sharpened 2002.211.1162 2002.211.1165 Per slate board fragment straight pin 2 Per metal hook 2002.211.1167 level 5 4 Per 2002.211.1168 level 6 2 Per straight pin slate pencil fragment 2002.211.1166 2002.211.1169 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 2 Per cotton twill textile 2002.211.1170 2 pc white twill weave cotton, probably from lining of shoes. F1 N EU S10/E52 level 6 1 Per leather and metal shoe fragments 2002.211.1171 1 large chunk and many small fragments of shoe leather and nails F1 N EU S10/E52 level 7 1 Per 2002.211.1172 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 3 Per F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 2 Per F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E55 level 4 2 Per F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E55 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 4 level 4 1 1 Per Per slate pencil kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment shell button fragment bone button fragment porcelain button porcelain button F1 N EU S10/E55 level 7 1 Per coin 2002.211.658 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 1 1 Per 2002.211.1180 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E55 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E55 level 4 1 Per pencil fragment straight pin fragment slate board fragment straight pin F1 N EU S10/E55 level 5 1 Per F1 N EU S10/E55 level 7 4 Per F1 N EU S10/E55 level 8 5 Per leather fragment 2002.211.1186 F1 N EU S10/E55 level 8 1 Per slate board fragment 2002.211.1187 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 2 Per kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.536 plain F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Per kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.537 indistinct net pattern decoration F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Per kaolin pipe bowl fragment 2002.211.538 fluted decoration F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 4 Per kaolin pipe bowl fragment 2002.211.543 plain Fea # Horizontal Location 255 Table A4.1 Object straight pin Object # Comments 2002.211.559 plain 2002.211.560 plain 2002.211.561 plain, with mouthpiece 2002.211.562 plain 2002.211.649 line decoration on front edge 2002.211.650 4 hole 2002.211.651 white, 4 hole white, 4 hole Liberty head penny, 1849 . 2002.211.652 2002.211.1181 2002.211.1182 2002.211.1183 2002.211.1184 cotton twill textile 2002.211.1185 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. White twill weave cotton cloth, probably from lining of shoes. 256 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E49 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 level 1 1 1 Per Per F1 N EU S13/E49 level 1 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E49 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 2 level 2 1 3 Per Per F1 N EU S13/E49 level 4 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E49 level 4 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E49 F1 N EU S13/E49 level 4 level 4 1 1 Per Per F1 N EU S13/E49 level 6 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E49 level 7 1 Per Fea # Horizontal Location EU S13/E49, F1 N north profile EU S13/E52 F1 N EU S13/E49, north profile EU S13/E52 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Per Object # Comments kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment metal button metal buckle slate board fragment straight pin metal pen nib rubber comb fragment slate pencil fragment straight pin glass marble slate pencil fragment leather fragment 2002.211.544 plain 2002.211.545 partial impressed mark reads “...er.../...s...” 4 hole, very corroded 2002.211.631 2002.211.1139 2002.211.1140 2002.211.1142 2002.211.1143 ink pen nibs 2002.211.1144 hard rubber 2002.211.1145 2002.211.1146 2002.211.1147 decorated 2002.211.1153 sharpened 2002.211.1154 brass shoe heel plate 2002.211.1159 Shoe heel plate, associated with shoe leather in bag MH-139 (2002.211.1160). 5 Per leather and nail shoe fragment 5 large chunks and many small fragments of shoe leather and nails, 2002.211.1160 associated with shoe heel plate in bag MH-138 (2002.211.1159). 1 Per kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.457 kaolin pipe bowl fragment Decorated with circle of stars with “TD” mark 2002.211.458 inside, surrounded by net pattern. F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 4 Per F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Table A4.1 Object plain kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment 2002.211.539 plain 2002.211.540 decorated with flutes and ribs 2002.211.541 plain Per earthenware pipe bowl fragment 2002.211.542 tan/light earthenware clay, ribbed decoration Per porcelain button 2002.211.628 black, 4 hole Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 EU S13/E52 level 3 level 3 level 2 level 6 level 6 level 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Per Per Per Per Per Per F1 N EU S13/E52 level 4 3 Per F1 N EU S13/E52 level 4 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 3 Per F1 N EU S13/E52 level 8 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E55 backfill 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E58 level 6 1 Per F1 N EU S13/E58 level 1 1 F1 N EU S13/E58 level 3 F1 N EU S13/E58 Fea # Horizontal Location 257 Object Object # Comments porcelain button fragment metal button fragment porcelain button porcelain button metal button bone button porcelain button straight pin slate board fragment slate board fragment leather and metal eyelet shoe fragment slate board fragment straight pin 2002.211.629 white, back part of stud button 2002.211.630 shank type button back 2002.211.632 white, 4 hole black, 2 hole shank type 4 hole white, 4 hole 2002.211.633 2002.211.634 2002.211.635 2002.211.636 2002.211.1141 2002.211.1148 2002.211.1149 2002.211.1150 shoe eyelet 2002.211.1151 2002.211.1152 leather shoe fragment 2002.211.1155 1 piece (plus fragments) of shoe leather porcelain doll fragment porcelain button kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.1605 decorated 2002.211.638 white, 4 hole 2002.211.546 plain Per porcelain button 2002.211.637 white, 4 hole, impressed line decoration on front 1 Per 2002.211.1156 level 8 2 Per F1 N EU S13/E58 level 8 3 Per F1 N EU S26/E58 level 3 1 Per F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 3 Per F1 N EU S7/E55 level 1 1 Per F1 N EU S7/E55 level 2 2 Per F1 N EU S7/E55 level 3 1 Per straight pin glass mirror fragment glass mirror fragment metal buckle fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment Table A4.1 2002.211.1157 2002.211.1158 2002.211.1557 2002.211.554 plain, 2 refit 2002.211.555 plain 2002.211.556 plain 2002.211.557 plain Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 258 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 N EU S7/E55 level 4 1 Per F1 N F1 N F1 N F1 N EU S7/E55 EU S7/E55 EU S7/E55 EU S7/E55 level 1 level 1 level 3 level 1 1 1 1 1 Per Per Per Per F1 N EU S7/E55 level 3 1 Per F1 N EU S7/E55 level 3 1 Per F1 N EU S7/E55 level 6 1 Per F1 N EU S7/E55 level 6 1 Per F1 N EU S7/E55 level 6 1 Per F1 N EU S7/E55 level 7 3 Per F1 S EU 32/E58 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 2 3 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 6 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 2 F1 S EU S23/E58 F1 S EU S23/E58 Table A4.1 Object Object # Comments kaolin pipe stem fragment metal button porcelain button porcelain button straight pin slate board fragment agate marble bone comb fragment bone comb fragment rubber comb fragment bone comb fragment bone button kaolin pipe stem fragment terracotta pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.558 plain, with mouthpiece 2002.211.646 4 hole black, 4 hole white, 4 hole 2002.211.647 2002.211.648 2002.211.1173 2002.211.1174 2002.211.1175 decorated 2002.211.1176 lice comb fragment 2002.211.1177 lice comb fragment 2002.211.1178 hard rubber 2002.211.1179 lice comb fragments 2002.211.577 5 hole 2002.211.480 plain 2002.211.481 plain, ovate 2002.211.482 plain 2002.211.483 plain 2002.211.484 decorated with ring of leaves 2002.211.485 plain 2002.211.486 plain 2002.211.523 decorated with bands metal button 2002.211.594 shank type, very corroded, may have had cloth cover Per metal button fragment 2002.211.595 button cover 1 Per porcelain button fragment 2002.211.596 white, 4 hole level 2 1 Per porcelain button 2002.211.597 white, 4 hole level 5 1 Per metal button 2002.211.598 4 hole Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # 259 Comments F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 1 Per brass button 2002.211.599 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 1 Per bone button 2002.211.600 2 piece shank type button, military eagle on front, and lettering on back which reads “Scovill Mfg. Co. / Waterbury”. 4 hole F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 1 Per leather button 2002.211.607 shank type shoe button F1 S EU S23/E58 level 6 1 Per porcelain button 2002.211.623 4 hole, white, blue paint on front F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Per 2002.211.1091 F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Per metal buckle fragment straight pin slate pencil fragment F1 S EU S23/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 3 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 4 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 4 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E58 level 5 1 F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 F1 S EU S23/E61 2002.211.1092 2002.211.1093 metal arrow arrow fletching, possibly 2002.211.1094 fletching fragment from a toy 2002.211.1098 clothing fastener Per slate pencil fragment straight pin fragment straight pin metal clothing fastener brass clasp 2002.211.1409 possible clasp 1 Per metal spark cap 2002.211.492 pipe spark cap, embossed with dog head level 1 1 Per metal/kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.493 plain pipe stem fragment with metal mouthpiece F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 4 Per 2002.211.494 plain F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 2 Per 2002.211.495 plain F1 S EU S23/E61 level 5 1 Per kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.524 plain F1 S EU S23/E61 planks and below 1 Per porcelain button 2002.211.624 4 hole, white F1 S EU S23/E61 level 1 1 Per 2002.211.1105 shoe eyelet F1 S EU S23/E61 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E61 level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E61 level 3 1 Per metal shoe eyelet fragment straight pin slate pencil fragment straight pin Table A4.1 2002.211.1095 sharpened 2002.211.1096 2002.211.1097 2002.211.1106 2002.211.1132 2002.211.1133 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. sharpened 260 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S23/E61 level 3 1 Per F1 S EU S23/E61 below plank floor 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 2 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 2 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 6 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 6 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 6 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 2 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 2 level 3 1 1 Per Per kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment porcelain button porcelain button F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Per metal button 2002.211.586 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 1 Per porcelain button F1 S EU S26/E58 level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 3 1 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 1 Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 Object Object # slate pencil 2002.211.1134 fragment metal horse figurine 2002.211.1138 fragment Comments toy horse figurine silver reale coin 2002.211.8 Spanish milled silver coin, 1781, perforted edge kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment 2002.211.491 plain 2002.211.499 plain 2002.211.500 plain 2002.211.501 impressed mark of small man on bowl kaolin pipe bowl fragment 2002.211.502 ribbed decoration on bottom section of bowl kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment plain, refit of three stem fragments decorated with bands and 2002.211.518 ribs kaolin pipe bowl/ stem fragment 2002.211.503 2002.211.519 impressed “K” mark faint, indeterminate decoration Bowl/stem fragment refit from 3 bowl, 1 stem 2002.211.572 frag. Stem has 2 rings of leaves. 2002.211.520 2002.211.573 plain 2002.211.574 plain 2002.211.582 2002.211.587 white, 4 hole white, 3 hole shank type, very corroded white, 4 hole porcelain button 2002.211.606 black, 4 hole Per slate board fragment 2002.211.1084 2 Per slate board fragment 2002.211.1085 1 Per metal hook 2002.211.1086 2002.211.584 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. clothing hook Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Fea # Horizontal Location F1 S EU S26/E58 Vertical Location Count Artifact Group level 4 8 Per Object Object # 8+ chunks and smaller 2002.211.1101 fragments of shoe leather and nails level 4 2 Per leather fragment 2002.211.1102 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 5 1 Per 2002.211.1103 F1 S EU S26/E58 level 5 2 Per F1 S EU S26/E58 level 6 1 Per straight pin metal toy spoon fragment straight pin F1 S EU S26/E58 level 4 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 1 Per level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 3 Per F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 4 Per F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 1 Per 2002.211.1104 2 fragments of metal toy spoon 2002.211.1130 2002.211.1423 hook and eye terracotta pipe bowl 2002.211.496 fragment kaolin pipe stem 2002.211.497 fragment plain plain kaolin pipe 2002.211.498 Mostly complete pipe, mouthpiece missing. Refits 1 stem/ bowl fragment, 1 stem fragment. Bowl dec w/ 4 sprigs of leaves; “G. PRENCE” “IN GOTHA” kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.504 plain 2002.211.505 plain kaolin pipe bowl/ stem fragment Stem/bowl fragment refit from 1 stem fragment and 1 bowl/ stem fragment. Stem is 2002.211.506 decorated with 2 rings of leaves, bowl has impressed mark of crown above “51”. Both stems are decorted with bands that surround 2002.211.507 the words “PETER” on one side and “DORNI” on the other. F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 2 Per kaolin pipe stem fragment F1 S EU S26/E61 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 level 4 1 1 Per Per metal button porcelain button F1 S EU S26/E61 level 4 1 Per mother of pearl/ brass button F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E61 level 1 3 Per Table A4.1 Comments shoe leather and nail fragment F1 S EU S26/E58 F1 S EU S26/E61 261 bone button slate board fragment 2002.211.608 2002.211.609 4 hole white, 4 hole 2002.211.610 mother of pearl button with brass shank 2002.211.611 5 hole 2002.211.1107 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 262 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E61 level 2 17 Per F1 S EU S26/E61 level 3 1 Per straight pin 2002.211.1110 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 4 1 Per straight pin 2002.211.1111 F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 6 Per tack fragment F1 S EU S26/E61 level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 2 Per F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E64 level 6 2 Per F1 S EU S26/E64 F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 level 5 1 1 Per Per F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E64 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E64 level 4 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E64 level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E64 level 6 1 Per F1 S EU S26/E64 level 6 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 2 Per F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E55 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 3 level 3 1 1 Per Per straight pin kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment metal button porcelain button metal shoe eyelet fragment slate board fragment ruber comb fragment straight pin slate pencil fragment metal buckle fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment porcelain button fragment porcelain button porcelain button F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Per metal button 2002.211.617 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Per porcelain button 2002.211.618 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 1 2 Per slate board fragment 2002.211.1121 F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 3 Per slate board fragment 2002.211.1122 Fea # Horizontal Location Table A4.1 Object Object # slate pencil fragment 2002.211.1108 Comments leather shoe and fragments of shoe leather 2002.211.1109 metal nail fragment and nails 2002.211.1112 3 complete, 3 fragments 2002.211.1113 2002.211.508 plain 2002.211.509 plain 2002.211.510 plain 2002.211.612 2002.211.613 4 hole white, 4 hole 2002.211.1114 shoe eyelet 2002.211.1115 2002.211.1116 hard rubber 2002.211.1117 2002.211.1118 sharpened 2002.211.1584 2002.211.512 plain 2002.211.513 decorated with bands 2002.211.614 white, 4 hole 2002.211.615 white, 3 hole white, 4 hole shank type, very corroded 2002.211.616 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. white, 4 hole Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E55 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 2 Per F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 F1 S EU S29/E58 Fea # Horizontal Location 263 Object Object # Comments metal buckle fragment 2002.211.1123 buckle is type used for skirts, hoops and women’s garments 2002.211.1124 Per slate pencil fragment straight pin 2002.211.1125 1 Per kaolin pipe 2002.211.6 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 2 Per F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Per kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.473 plain, partial impressed mark reads “Gambier / ...Paris / ...M”. F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Per metal spark cap 2002.211.474 piece of pipe spark cap F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Per 2002.211.476 plain F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Per 2002.211.477 indeterminate decoration F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Per 2002.211.478 light tan slip F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Per 2002.211.479 yellow earthenware type clay F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 2 Per 2002.211.487 plain F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 2 Per 2002.211.488 plain F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 1 Per 2002.211.489 decorated with bands and rings of leaves F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 1 Per kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment earthenware pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.490 plain F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 1 Per metal button 2002.211.581 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Per 2002.211.583 F1 S EU S29/E58 F1 S EU S29/E58 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 level 4 level 4 1 1 1 Per Per Per metal button fragment porcelain button porcelain button porcelain button F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Per metal button 2002.211.591 shank type, very corroded 2 piece shank button fragment white, 4 hole white, 4 hole pink, 4 hole shank type, may have had cloth cover Table A4.1 terracotta pipe bowl 2002.211.464 fragment kaolin pipe bowl 2002.211.471 fragment kaolin pipe bowl 2002.211.472 fragment 2002.211.588 2002.211.589 2002.211.590 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. white clay pipe; mouthpiece broken; “PETER” “DORNI” plain plain plain 264 Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # Comments F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Per brass button 2002.211.592 2 piece shank type, military eagle on front F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Per 2002.211.593 4 hole F1 S EU S29/E58 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 level 5 1 1 Per Per 2002.211.601 2002.211.602 4 hole white, 4 hole F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 1 Per 2002.211.603 white, 4 hole F1 S EU S29/E58 F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 level 6 1 1 Per Per shell button fragment bone button porcelain button porcelain button fragment porcelain button porcelain button 2002.211.604 white, 4 hole white, 4 hole F1 S EU S29/E58 level 5 1 Per coin F1 S EU S29/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E58 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E58 level 3 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 6 Per F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 8 Per F1 S EU S29/E58 level 4 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 3 Per F1 S EU S29/E58 level 6 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E58 below plank 2 Per F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 1 Per Fea # Horizontal Location 2002.211.605 2002.211.656 Liberty head penny, 1848 metal shoe eyelet fragment rubber comb fragment slate board fragment porcelain doll fragment straight pin 2002.211.1077 leather fragment metal shoe heel plate fragment straight pin porcelain doll fragment 2002.211.1088 2002.211.1081 2002.211.1082 2002.211.1083 2002.211.1087 2002.211.1089 shoe heel plate 2002.211.1099 2002.211.1100 doll arm straight pin 2002.211.1131 kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.511 plain 2002.211.525 plain F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 1 Per kaolin pipe stem bowl fragment Stem/bowl fragment refit from 1 stem/bowl 2002.211.526 fragment and 1 bowl fragment. Decorated with fluted ribs. F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Per kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.527 plain F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Per kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.528 impressed mark on side reads “TULLEN / BACH”. F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Per clay pipe stem fragment 2002.211.529 blackened clay, decorated with 2 rings of leaves Table A4.1 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Vertical Location Count Artifact Group F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 4 Per F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E61 level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E61 level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 1 Per metal button 2002.211.625 floral decoration stamped F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Per bone button 2002.211.626 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Per metal button 2002.211.627 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 3 Per 2002.211.1119 F1 S EU S29/E61 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E61 level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E61 level 6 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E61 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S29/E61 level 4 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 2 Per F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 2 Per F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 1 Per slate board fragment metal buckle fragment straight pin fragment straight pin slate board fragment straight pin fragment metal hook with thread kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment porcelain pipe bowl fragment shell button F1 S EU S32/E55 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E55 level 1 2 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Per Fea # Horizontal Location 265 Table A4.1 Object Object # Comments clay pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment shell button fragment porcelain button fragment 2002.211.530 plain 2002.211.531 decorated with ribbed pattern 4 hole, refits with 2002.211.575 2002.211.621 2002.211.622 4 hole, pink shank type button with on front 4 hole shank type, very corroded 2002.211.1120 2002.211.1128 2002.211.1129 2002.211.1135 2002.211.1136 2002.211.1137 metal clothing hook with thread attached 2002.211.514 plain 2002.211.515 plain 2002.211.516 decorated with sprigs of leaves 2002.211.517 impressed with “2” mark 2002.211.619 4 hole porcelain button 2002.211.620 white, 4 hole, impressed line decoration on front straight pin terracotta pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment 2002.211.1127 2002.211.461 stem fragment with mouthpiece, plain 2002.211.462 plain 2002.211.463 decorated with wide ribs Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. 266 Fea # Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # Comments F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Per kaolin pipe 2002.211.465 Mostly complete pipe (missing only small portion of bowl), refit from 3 bowl fragments, 1 bowl/stem fragment; “PETER” “DORNI”; “PD” stamped on plain bowl. F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Per kaolin pipe bowl fragment 2002.211.466 plain kaolin pipe stem fragment 2002.211.467 stem fragment with mouthpiece, refit from two stem fragments, parital impressed mark reads “...PARIS”. kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment kaolin pipe bowl fragment shell button fragment shell button fragment porcelain button bone button porcelain button fragment bone button metal buckle fragment slate pencil fragment slate pencil fragment glass bead metal gun trigger/ cock 2002.211.468 plain 2002.211.469 plain 2002.211.470 plain stem fragment, with mouthpiece 2002.211.475 plain 2002.211.575 4 hole, refits with 2002.211.621. F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 3 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 3 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 4 2 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 1 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 level 3 1 1 Per Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 3 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 4 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 3 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 5 1 Per F1 S EU S32/E58 level 2 1 Per F1 S stripped surface 1 Per F1 S stripped surface stripped surface 1 Per 1 Per F1 S Table A4.1 kaolin pipe stem/ bowl fragment kaolin pipe stem fragment clay pipe bowl fragment 2002.211.576 2002.211.579 white, 4 hole 4 hole 2002.211.580 pink, 4 hole 2002.211.585 5 hole 2002.211.578 2002.211.1078 2002.211.1079 2002.211.1080 2002.211.1090 2002.211.1373 black glass trigger/gun cock mechanism 2002.211.460 line decoration on bottom of pipe 2002.211.521 plain 2002.211.522 black with scale patterned decoration Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 4: Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations 267 Fea # Horizontal Location Vertical Location Count Artifact Group Object Object # F2 EU S39/E89 level 2 1 Per straight pin 2002.211.1194 GS backdirt 1 Per coin 2002.211.659 GS NE of F1 N stripped surface 1 Per kaolin pipe stem/ bowl fragment 2002.211.563 plain stem/bowl fragment GS NE of F1 N stripped surface 1 Per kaolin pipe stem/ bowl fragment 2002.211.564 F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Tac F1 N EU S10/E52 level 2 1 Tac F1 N EU S13/E52 level 2 1 Tac F1 N EU S32/E58 level 3 1 Tac F1 S EU S29/E55 level 4 1 Tac F1 N EU S13/E52 level 8 1 Table A4.1 metal bridle bit fragment metal harness buckle harness chain fragment metal harness buckle fragment metal harness buckle fragment metal fragment 2002.211.1500 Comments Liberty head penny; “1846” stem/bowl fragment, decorated w/ leaves around stem horse’s joint mouth bit fragment 2002.211.1501 harness buckle 2002.211.1479 harness chain link 2002.211.1556 2002.211.1589 2002.211.1489 Summary Data for Artifacts Recovered from the Phase III Investigations. Appendix 5 A PCR Analysis of Charred Bread Sample from the Alden’s Corners Post Office Site, Dane County, Wisconsin by Gerard Engelen, Ph.D. BioProfile Testing Laboratories 270 Appendix 5: PCR Analysis of Charred Bread Sample Introduction The charred bread specimen used in the analysis weighed 172 g, and had a maximum length of 107.19 mm by 52.16 mm wide by 16.04 mm thick. The specimen was recovered during excavation of a filled cellar (Feature 1 South) and was found encapsulated in a thick layer of wood ash. The specimen was submitted to the BioProfile Testing Laboratories, LLC, in St. Paul, Minnesota, for analysis in July 2003. Materials and Methods Three different protocols for DNA extraction from the sample of charred bread were employed. The first of these, the modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) procedure by Threadgold and Brown (2003) using 5 M NaCl and absolute alcohol proved unsuccessful in extracting DNA that was of PCR quality. The second protocol employed was the CTAB procedure (Murray and Thompson, 1980), modified for extracting DNA from dry biological materials proved successful in isolating DNA. This is described below: • The slice of bread (17.0 g) was kept at room temperature in aluminum foil; 4.0 gram of sample was taken from center of bread. The sample crumbled easily and was very light and brittle. Crumbled sample by hand (gloves). Place 4.0 gram in 50 ml centrifuge tube. • Add 8.0 ml 2-mercaptoethanol 99% (ME): CTAB extraction buffer (2% (w/v) CTAB, 100mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0, 20 mM EDTA, pH 8.0, 1.4M NaCl). Incubate for 60 minutes in 65°C water bath. • Add 8.0 ml 24:1 chloroform:isoamylalcohol to vials and mix. • Centrifuge for 25 minutes at 6,000 rpm. Observed a clear (yellow/brown) top layer after centrifugation. • Pipette off 2x 900 µl of top aqueous layer (two 2.0 ml tubes per one large tube); add 100 µl CTAB extraction buffer without ME at 65°C. • Centrifuge 2.0 ml tubes for 6 minutes at 10,000 rpm in micro-centrifuge. • After first centrifugation, there was good separation. Pipette off 2x 500 µl into 1 vial, and add 1000 µl CTAB precipitation buffer (1% (w/v) CTAB, 50mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA, pH 8.0), incubate for 30 minutes in 65ºC water bath. Add 100 µl CTAB precipitation buffer after ten minutes. • Left sample overnight in 37°C water bath. Observed precipitation. • Centrifuge 5 min at 6,000 rpm and remove supernatent, leaving pellet behind. Re-suspend pellet in high-salt TE buffer (10 mM Tris-CL, pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0, 1M NaCl). • Precipitate the nucleic acids by adding 0.6 volume isopropanol, mix and centrifuge 15 min at 11,000 rpm. • Wash pellet with 80% ethanol, decant supernatent and dissolve pellet with 200 µl TE (10 mM Tris-CL, pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0). A genomic DNA extraction kit from Cartagen (cat # 20510-050, Cartagen, Seattle, WA, www.cartagen.com) was successfully used as a third method to extract DNA from the charred bread sample. The protocol with this kit was modified: the extraction volumes of the buffers were reduced to concentrate the DNA extracted from the bread sample. DNA quality and quantity was determined by UV spectrophotometry by determining the A260:A280 ratio. A ration between 1.5 and 2.0 indicates good quality DNA. A ratio of 1.57 was observed in the extracted DNA. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Based on historical information developed in conjunction with archaeological investigations at the Alden’s Corners Post Office site, which suggested that the site was used from circa 1860 to around 1880 by persons of German origin or descent, it was hypothesized that the bread may have been made from rye flower. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a literature search to find genes that specific only to either rye (Secale cereale L.) or to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). We consulted with Dr. van Campenhout (Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium) on specific rye genes that are unique to rye and are not shared with wheat. The rye specific pr primers (to isolate the 5S Appendix 5: PCR Analysis of Charred Bread Sample 271 rRNA gene) were chosen to detect rye DNA Wheat: (van Campenhout et al., 1998). The primers (dgas44) specific to wheat DNA were taken Lane 6 with 2.5 µl charred bread DNA showed from Bryan et al. (1998) and Tilley (2004). a faint band at the position where the positive Both primer sets yield DNA fragments of control (wheat seed DNA, lane 7) also showed about 300 bps; small PCR amplicons are rethe band for the dgas44 gene (see Figure quired to detect genes in DNA that is expected A5.1). Lane 8 with 5.0 µl charred bread DNA to be of low quality and fragmented condition. did not show a band; this could be due to PCR The PCR reaction was performed in a 0.6 inhibition. ml sterile PCR tube (RNAse, DNAse and nucleic acid free, Continental Lab Products, San Diego, CA, cat. #3437.S). PCR was carried out using 1.5 U (units) Taq DNA polymerase, 0.5 µM of each primer, 2.5 mM dNTPs (10 mM each of dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP pH 7.0, CLP #DNTPMixS), 2.5 µl 10X buffer. The PCR was performed on 2.5 µl DNA from bread sample, 50 ng DNA for rye and wheat standard. The thermal cycling (Thermo Hybaid Thermocycler, Thermo Hybaid, England) was: 95°C for 5 min (initial DNA denaturation); 35 cycles of 95°C for 30 s (DNA denaturation step); 60.5°C for 1 min (DNA annealing step); 72°C for 30 s (DNA elongation); and a final elongation step at 72°C for 4 min. The PCR products were loaded (10 µl with 1.0 µl 5x loading dye) on a 1.4% agarose gel (high melt/medium fragment, CLP #5410.100), stained with ethidium bromide (CLP# 5450; final concentration of 0.5 µg). The gel was run in 600 ml 1x TAE buffer (40 mM Tris-Acetate, 1 mM EDTA) on an Agarose gel (1.4%) showing DNA fragments after PCR reaction. EasycastTM model B1 horizontal gel electroLanes 2-5 rye primers; lanes 6-9 wheat primers. Lane: 1. 100 bps DNA marker; 2. negative control; 3. bread sample 2.5 ∝l DNA; 4. bread phoresis system (Owl Separation Systems, sample 5 ∝l DNA; 5. rye DNA; 6. bread sample 2.5∝l DNA; 7. wheat DNA; Portsmouth, NH). The DNA fragments 8. negative control; 9. bread sample 5.0 ∝l DNA. The arrow points to the were separated for 1.5 h at 40 mA and were DNA fragment specific to the Dgas44 wheat gene in the bread sample. resolved on a UV transilluminator (FotoFigure A5.1 The Alden’s Corner’s Post Office Dyne, Inc., New Berlin, WI) using a Kodak site charred bread sample, EDAS 290 image analysis system (Eastshowing evidence of wheat DNA man Kodak Company, Rochester, NY). (lane 6). Results Rye: The lanes (lanes 3 and 4) with bread DNA show no bands (Figure A5.1). The lane that contains rye DNA shows the band that indicates the presence of the pr (5S rRNA) gene (lane 5). Thus, the charred bread shows no evidence of rye DNA with the rye primers used in this study. Discussion The charred bread sample showed evidence of wheat DNA (lane 6). The band was faint indicating, in concert with the UV spectrophotometer readings, low levels of DNA that was suitable for PCR. Alternatively, there were few intact copies of the dgas44 gene in the charred bread sample. No evidence of rye DNA was observed, which could be due to the low quality of the DNA and low number of the 272 Appendix 5: PCR Analysis of Charred Bread Sample pr (5S rRNA) gene in the rye. Furthermore, the pr (5S rRNA) gene was taken from a study performed on modern European rye varieties (v. Campenhout et al, 1998). It might be that the charred bread sample contained rye DNA from a source other than European rye varieties used in van Campenhout’s (1998) study. Based on the above results, we conclude that the charred bread sample is a wheat bread. Appendix 6 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory -- A foreshank --- --- --- gnawed 0.5 -- -- J bos taurus 202.7 kcms -- A eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- 1 longbone, shaft fragment med-large mammal 1.0 sawn -- -- F1N S10 E49 L1 F1N S13 E58 L3 F1N S13 E58 L3 1 1 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate fragment longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate indeterminate large mammal 0.2 0.8 1.0 ---- 1 --- ---- poss. bird gnawed F1N S10 E49 L2 F1N S13 E49 L6 1 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate fragment indeterminate mammal, indeterminate 0.3 1.1 --- 1 -- --- gnawed F1N S10 E52 L2 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L1 2 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.3 -- 1 -- F1N S10 E52 L1 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1N S13 E52 L2 F1N S13 E52 L3 1 1 indeterminate fragment right femur, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate gallus gallus 0.1 3.0 --- --- -J gnawed F1N S13 E52 L3 F1N S10 E52 L8 1 1 left coracoid, shaft fragment indeterminate fragment gallus gallus mammal, indeterminate 0.9 0.3 --- --- --- cf. med-large F1N S7 E55 L7 F1N S13 E52 L3 1 1 indeterminate fragment cervical vertebra, fragment large mammal bird, indeterminate 0.3 0.1 --- --- --- cf. gallus F1N S13 E52 L3 F1N S13 E52 L2 1 1 indeterminate fragment right humerus, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate bird, indeterminate 0.2 1.7 -kcm --- --- gnawed F1N S13 E52 L2 1 cervical vertebra, fragment gallus gallus 0.5 -- -- A Bone/Section Taxon F1N S13 E58 L4 1 left humerus, distal bos taurus 164.7 sawn F1N S13 E58 L4 F1N S13 E58 L4 2 1 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate fragment large mammal indeterminate 9.5 0.2 F1N S13 E58 L4 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate F1N S13 E52 L5 1 right parietal/horn core, fragment F1N S10 E49 L1 1 F1N S10 E49 L1 Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Comments No. 274 Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1N S13 E52 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 3.0 kcms -- -- F1N S13 E52 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1N S13 E52 L2 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S7 E55 L8 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 0.8 -- -- -- F1N S13 E52 L7 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1N S10 E55 L6 1 left carpometacarpus, complete ectopistes migratorius 0.2 -- -- A F1N S13 E52 L5 F1N S10 E52 L6 1 1 indeterminate fragment rib, shaft fragment indeterminate bos taurus 0.1 11.7 -sawn --- --- F1N S13 E52 L7 1 right radius, distal shaft gallus gallus 0.4 -- -- A F1N S10 E55 L8 1 cranium, complete sylvilagus floridanus 4.4 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 right mandible, complete sylvilagus floridanus 1.2 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 left mandible, complete sylvilagus floridanus 1.2 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 right scapula, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.4 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 left scapula, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.4 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 right ilium, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.5 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 right ischium, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.4 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 right humerus, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.8 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 left humerus, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.8 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 right femur, complete sylvilagus floridanus 1.6 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 left femur, complete sylvilagus floridanus 1.6 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 right radius, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.3 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 left radius, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.3 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 right ulna, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.3 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 left ulna, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.3 -- -- J short/cross rib 275 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1N S10 E55 L8 1 right tibia, proximal epiphysis sylvilagus floridanus 0.2 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 left tibia, proximal epiphysis sylvilagus floridanus 0.2 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 atlas, fragment sylvilagus floridanus 0.2 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 axis, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.1 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 6 cervical vertebra, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.6 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 1 sacrum, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.2 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 8 thoracic vertebra, complete sylvilagus floridanus 0.6 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 8 lumbar vertebra, complete sylvilagus floridanus 2.5 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 21 rib, complete sylvilagus floridanus 1.3 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L8 67 miscellaneous elements, fragment sylvilagus floridanus 1.7 -- -- J F1N S7 E55 L3 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1N S7 E55 L3 1 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S13 E58 L5 1 left tibiotarsus, distal shaft gallus gallus 2.0 -- -- -- F1N S13 E58 L5 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1N S7 E55 L4 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.6 -- -- -- F1N S7 E55 L4 F1N S13 E55 backfill 1 2 ulna, shaft fragment longbone, shaft fragment sus scrofa bird, indeterminate 2.6 1.0 chop -- --- --- 1 gnawed F1N S13 E55 backfill F1N S13 E58 L1 F1N S13 E58 L1 F1N S13 E58 L1 1 1 1 1 indeterminate fragment right rib, proximal shaft right pelvis, acetabulum fragment indeterminate fragment large mammal bird, indeterminate bird, indeterminate bird, indeterminate 3.9 0.2 0.6 0.9 ----- ----- -A --- cf. gallus meleagirs sized large, cf. pelvis? F1N S10 E49 L3 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1N S10 E49 L3 1 right humerus, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 2.1 kcms -- -- F1N S10 E49 L3 1 right ulna, complete rodentia 0.1 -- -- J Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 276 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Comments -- -- cf. gallus -- -- -- 0.2 -- 1 -- amphibia 0.1 -- -- -- longbone, shaft fragment rib, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate mammal, indeterminate 0.4 0.2 --- -1 --- 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L5 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L5 F1N S10 E52 L5 1 1 left mandible, complete left astragalus, fragment avricolinae bos taurus 0.1 13.4 -kcms --- A A F1N S10 E55 L4 1 cranial, fragment avricolinae 0.2 -- -- A F1N S10 E55 L4 F1N S10 E55 L4 F1N S10 E55 L4 F1N S10 E49 L5 1 1 2 1 left mandible, complete left pelvis, fragment longbone, shaft fragment left astragalus, fragment avricolinae bird, indeterminate large mammal bos taurus 0.1 0.7 4.0 12.0 --sawn, kcm -- ----- A --A F1N S10 E49 L5 1 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1N S10 E49 L5 1 left pelvis, fragment rodentia 0.3 -- -- A F1N S10 E49 L5 F1N S10 E52 L4 1 1 indeterminate fragment right carpometacarpus, fragment mammal, indeterminate meleagris gallopavo 0.7 2.1 --- --- -J gnawed F1N S10 E52 L4 F1N S10 E52 L4 F1N S10 E52 L4 F1N S10 E52 L4 1 1 2 1 left humerus, distal shaft rib, shaft fragment indeterminate fragment right rib, proximal shaft rodentia large mammal large mammal indeterminate 0.1 0.5 3.7 0.5 ----- ----- J ---- gnawed gnawed weathered F1N S10 E55 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S10 E55 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 2.9 kcms -- -- No. Bone/Section Taxon F1N S7 E55 L2 1 left coracoid, posterior shaft bird, indeterminate 0.7 -- F1N S7 E55 L2 1 indeterminate fragment med-large mammal 0.6 F1N S7 E55 L2 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate F1N S7 E55 L2 1 right pelvis, complete F1N S10 E49 L4 F1N S10 E49 L4 1 1 F1N S10 E49 L4 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. cf. med mml matches# cf. galinaceous refit matches# 277 Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1N S10 E55 L1 4 indeterminate fragment large mammal 2.2 1 sawn 2 -- F1N S10 E55 L1 1 cranial, fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L1 F1N S10 E52 L1 1 1 scapula, fragment longbone, shaft fragment med-large mammal large mammal 4.4 11.7 chop marks -- --- --- F1N S10 E52 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L1 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 0.5 -- 1 -- F1N S10 E52 L1 1 right carpometacarpus, complete gallus gallus 1.1 -- -- A F1N S10 E49 collapse 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 1.9 -- -- -- F1N S13 E49 L2 4 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1N S13 E52 L2 2 right pelvis, acetabulum fragment gallus gallus 2.2 -- -- -- F1N S13 E52 L2 F1N S13 E52 L2 F1N S13 E52 L2 1 1 1 indeterminate fragment left tibia, shaft fragment indeterminate fragment large mammal sylvilagus floridanus mammal, indeterminate 27.1 2.2 0.3 ---- ---- ---- F1N S13 E52 L2 3 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.5 -- -- -- F1N S10 E58 1 right femur, complete meleagris gallopavo 7.1 -- -- J F1N S10 E58 1 left femur, complete meleagris gallopavo 6.3 -- -- J F1N S10 E58 1 right coracoid, complete meleagris gallopavo 4.1 -- -- J F1N S10 E58 1 left coracoid, posterior shaft meleagris gallopavo 0.7 -- -- J F1N S10 E58 1 right scapula, complete meleagris gallopavo 1.8 -- -- J F1N S10 E58 1 left scapula, proximal meleagris gallopavo 1.4 -- -- J F1N S10 E58 1 left ulna, proximal shaft meleagris gallopavo 2.5 -- -- J F1N S10 E58 1 left carpometacarpus, complete meleagris gallopavo 2.1 -- -- J F1N S10 E58 1 radius, proximal shaft meleagris gallopavo 1.4 -- -- J F1N S10 E58 1 right pelvis, ilium fragment meleagris gallopavo 1.7 -- -- J Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments extra large mml refit extra large mml Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 278 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1N S10 E58 F1N S10 E58 F1N S10 E58 1 1 1 thoracic vertebra, spine fragment sternum, fragment left tarsometatarsus, distal shaft sus scrofa bird, indeterminate bird, indeterminate 5.3 1.8 2.5 kcms --- ---- ---- F1N S10 E58 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S10 E58 1 rib, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S10 E58 1 phalanx, fragment meleagris gallopavo 0.2 -- -- J F1N S10 E58 1 rib, shaft fragment indeterminate 0.4 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L3 1 metapodial, proximal shaft small mammal 0.2 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L3 F1N S10 E52 L3 1 1 cervical vertebra, fragment cervical vertebra, fragment meleagris gallopavo bird, indeterminate 0.9 0.4 --- --- --- F1N S10 E52 L3 1 right ulna, complete rodentia 0.1 -- -- J F1N S10 E52 L3 1 humerus, distal shaft rodentia 0.1 -- -- J F1N S10 E52 L3 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L3 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 1.1 -- 1 -- F1N S13 E49 L8 1 vertebra, centrum epiphysis med-large mammal 0.3 -- -- J F1N S13 E49 L8 1 right carpometacarpus, proximal gallus gallus 0.4 -- -- -- F1N S13 E49 L8 F1N S13 E49 L1 1 6 indeterminate fragment rib, shaft fragment indeterminate bos taurus 0.5 17.1 -sawn --- --- F1N S13 E49 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 4.8 -- -- -- F1N S13 E49 L1 F1N S13 E49 L1 1 2 1st phalanx, proximal fragment right pelvis, fragment bos taurus gallus gallus 8.0 1.0 --- --- A -- F1N S13 E49 L1 1 left coracoid, anterior bird, indeterminate 0.5 kcms -- -- F1N S13 E49 L1 F1N S13 E49 L1 1 1 left ulna, distal shaft left femur, shaft gallus gallus gallus gallus 2.4 1.9 kcm -- --- A -- gallinaceous medullary bone cf. gallus refit refit gnawed 279 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1N S13 E49 L1 1 indeterminate fragment med-large mammal 0.5 sawn 1 -- F1N S13 E49 L1 1 left coracoid, shaft bird, indeterminate 0.8 kcm -- -- F1N S13 E49 L1 1 indeterminate fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S13 E49 L1 F1N S13 E49 L1 1 1 indeterminate fragment metapodial, shaft fragment indeterminate mammal, indet. 0.1 0.4 --- --- --- F1N S13 E52 L4 1 right carpometacarpus, complete gallus gallus 0.7 -- -- A F1N S13 E52 L4 1 left pelvis, fragment amphibia 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S7 E55 L1 F1N S7 E55 L1 1 2 canine, fragment longbone, shaft fragment sus scrofa indeterminate 0.5 0.4 --- --- --- F1N S7 E55 L1 2 indeterminate fragment large mammal 2.1 1 chop -- -- F1N S7 E55 L1 1 2nd phalanx, complete gallus gallus 0.2 -- -- -- F1N S10 E49 L2 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1N S10 E49 L2 1 right pelvis, fragment amphibia 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S10 E49 L2 1 sternum, fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1N S10 E49 L2 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 2.4 -- -- -- F1N S10 E49 L2 1 left coracoid, posterior shaft anseriformes 0.9 kcms -- A F1N S10 E49 L2 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1N S10 E49 L2 F1N S10 E49 L2 F1N S10 E49 L2 1 1 1 metapodial, proximal shaft phalanx, distal fragment terminal phalanx, complete small mammal sus scrofa sus scrofa 0.2 1.6 0.6 kcms --- ---- --A pha1 or pha2 small, dew claw F1N S10 E49 L2 F1N S10 E49 L2 1 1 right tibiotarsus, shaft left radius, proximal shaft gallus gallus sciurus sp. 2.9 0.2 --- --- -A niger/carolinensis F1N S13 E49 L8 1 rib, shaft fragment large mammal 2.0 -- -- -- F1N S13 E49 L3 1 left humerus, distal shaft rodentia 0.2 -- -- -- med-large refit Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments 280 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1N S13 E49 L3 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 1.0 sawn -- -- F1N S13 E49 L3 1 right 2nd phalanx/digit, complete meleagris gallopavo 0.2 -- -- A F1N S13 E49 L3 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S13 E49 L3 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.5 -- -- -- F1N S13 E49 L4 1 rib, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S13 E49 L4 1 right humerus, complete rodentia 0.2 -- -- J F1N S13 E49 L4 1 indeterminate fragment med-large mammal 0.8 chop -- -- F1N S13 E49 L4 F1N S13 E49 L4 1 1 left radius, complete right carpometacarpus, shaft rodentia bird, indeterminate 0.1 0.4 --- --- J -- F1N S10 E52 L2 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L2 F1N S10 E52 L2 1 1 longbone, shaft fragment tooth, fragment large mammal mammal, indeterminate 1.5 0.3 --- --- --- F1N S10 E52 L2 1 left pelvis, fragment bird, indeterminate 0.4 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L2 3 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 2.1 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L2 1 rib, shaft fragment large mammal 0.4 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L2 4 indeterminate fragment large mammal 6.5 1 chop -- -- F1N S10 E52 L2 1 left tarsometatarsus, shaft bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L2 F1N S10 E52 L2 1 1 longbone, shaft fragment left 1st molar, complete amphibia sus scrofa 0.1 1.5 --- --- -A F1N S10 E52 L2 1 left metatarsus II, complete sus scrofa 2.6 -- 1 J F1N S10 E52 L2 1 right metacarpus II, proximal shaft sus scrofa 1.6 -- -- J F1N S10 E52 L2 3 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.5 -- -- -- F1N S10 E52 L2 4 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 1.0 -- 1 -- F1N S13 E52 L5 1 cranial, fragment bird, indeterminate 1.0 -- -- -- cf anseriformes cf. med-large worn, mandibular 281 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1N S13 E52 L5 1 left ulna, distal shaft bird, indeterminate 0.6 -- 1 -- F1N S13 E49 L5 F1N S13 E49 L5 F1N S13 E49 L5 1 1 1 eggshell, fragment left rib, proximal shaft phalanx, complete bird (cf. gallus) sus scrofa bird, indeterminate -3.8 0.2 ---- ---- --A gnawed weathered F1N S13 E49 L5 F1N S13 E49 L5 2 1 rib, shaft fragment right tibia, distal shaft med-large mammal rodentia 0.7 0.3 --- --- -A small sciurid F1N S13 E49 L5 3 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 1.2 -- -- -- F1N S13 E49 L5 F1N S7 E55 L6 F1N S7 E55 L6 1 1 1 dorsal spine, complete indeterminate fragment phalanx, shaft fragment ictaluridae mammal, indeterminate large mammal 0.2 0.1 1.7 ---- 1 --- A --- worked, lice comb cf. sus F1N S7 E55 L6 F1N S7 E55 L6 F1N S13 E49 L7 F1N S13 E49 L7 1 3 2 2 indeterminate fragment right scapula, fragment indeterminate fragment tibiotarsus, shaft fragment indeterminate sylvilagus floridanus mammal, indeterminate gallus gallus 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.6 ----- ----- --J -- refit refit refit F1N S13 E52 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 0.8 -- -- -- F1N S13 E52 L2 2 indeterminate fragment large mammal 2.0 -- -- -- F1N S13 E52 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1N S13 E52 L2 1 left premaxilla, complete rodentia 0.2 -- -- -- F1N S13 E52 L2 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1N S13 E52 L2 1 thoracic vertebra, complete small mammal 0.7 -- -- A F1N S10 E49 L1 1 left tibiotarsus, complete gallus gallus 7.1 -- -- A F1N S10 E49 L1 F1N S10 E49 L1 F1N S10 E49 L1 F1N S10 E49 L1 1 1 1 1 right tibiotarsus, distal shaft left tibiotarsus, shaft rib, shaft fragment canine, fragment gallus gallus gallus gallus large mammal sus scrofa 5.6 3.2 6.0 0.8 ----- ----- A ---- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments carn tooth marks extra lg mammal mandibular Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 282 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1N S10 E49 L1 3 left fibula, shaft sus scrofa 1.5 kcms -- -- F1N S10 E49 L1 5 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.8 -- -- -- F1N S10 E49 L1 1 right mandible, complete rodentia 0.1 -- -- A F1N S10 E49 L1 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 1.3 -- -- -- F1N S10 E49 L1 4 indeterminate fragment large mammal 3.2 -- 1 -- F1N S13 E49 L2 F1N S13 E49 L2 4 1 longbone, shaft fragment left ischium, fragment bird, indeterminate sus scrofa 1.2 4.7 --- --- --- F1N S13 E49 L2 1 rib, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S13 E49 L2 2 indeterminate fragment large mammal 1.9 -- -- -- F1N S13 E49 L2 7 indeterminate fragment mammal, indet. 2.3 -- 2 -- F1N S13 E49 L2 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 1.0 -- -- -- F1N S13 E49 L2 1 right tibiotarsus, distal shaft meleagris gallopavo 8.1 -- -- J F1N S10 E55 L3 F1N S10 E55 L3 1 1 eggshell, fragment right ulna, proximal shaft bird (cf. gallus) meleagris gallopavo -4.2 --- --- J F1N S10 E55 L3 1 sternum, fragment bird, indeterminate 0.6 -- -- -- F1N S10 E55 L3 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.6 -- -- -- F1N S10 E55 L3 F1N S10 E55 L3 1 1 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate fragment bird, indeterminate indeterminate 0.7 0.7 --- --- --- F1N S10 E55 L2 1 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1N S10 E55 L2 1 rib, shaft fragment bos taurus 12.7 sawn -- -- F1N S10 E55 L2 1 tooth, fragment large mammal 0.3 -- -- -- F1N S10 E55 L2 1 cranial, fragment sus scrofa 1.9 -- -- -- F1N S10 E55 L2 1 cranial, fragment sylvilagus floridanus 0.2 -- -- -- Comments refit 2 w/ medullary bone gnawed gnawed Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience gnawed Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. 283 Taxon F1N S10 E55 L2 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1N S10 E55 L2 3 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.4 -- -- -- F1N S10 E55 L2 1 indeterminate fragment med-large mammal 1.0 chop marks 1 -- F1N S10 E55 L2 F1N S10 E55 L2 1 1 left coracoid, complete lumbarsacrum, fragment ectopistes migratorius bird, indeterminate 0.3 1.5 --- --- --- F1N S13 E55 L1 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L1 2 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- 2 -- F1N S13 E55 L1 1 left tarsometatarsus, shaft meleagris gallopavo notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L1 1 right carpometacarpus, shaft gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L1 1 right femur, shaft fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L1 1 tibia/fibula, fragment rodentia notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment small mammal notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L1 2 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L2 1 left tarsometatarsus, shaft meleagris gallopavo notrec -- -- J F1N S13 E55 L2 F1N S13 E55 L2 1 3 right humerus, complete sternum, fragment gallus gallus meleagris gallopavo notrec notrec --- --- J -- F1N S13 E55 L2 1 vertebra, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L2 1 left pelvis, fragment meleagris gallopavo notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L3 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L3 1 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L3 5 left pelvis, fragment meleagris gallopavo notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L4 1 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L4 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L5 4 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments cf gallus refit Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 284 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1N S13 E55 L5 F1N S13 E55 L5 1 2 left tibiotarsus, distal shaft right scapula, fragment meleagris gallopavo sus scrofa notrec notrec -kcms --- J -- F1N S13 E55 L6 1 left rib, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L6 1 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1N S13 E55 L8 1 right tibia, complete sylvilagus floridanus notrec -- -- J F1N S13 E55 L8 1 left pelvis, fragment sylvilagus floridanus notrec -- -- J F1N S13 E55 L8 1 right calcaneus, complete sylvilagus floridanus notrec -- -- J F1N S13 E55 L8 1 left calcaneus, complete sylvilagus floridanus notrec -- -- J F1N S13 E55 L8 1 right astragalus, complete sylvilagus floridanus notrec -- -- J F1N S13 E55 L8 F1N S13 E55 L8 1 8 right tarsal, complete metapodial, complete sylvilagus floridanus sylvilagus floridanus notrec notrec --- --- J J F1N S16 E55 L1 4 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E55 L1 1 rib, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E55 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec kcms -- -- F1N S16 E55 L1 2 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E55 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E55 L1 2 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E55 L1 1 indeterminate fragment bird, indeterminate notrec kcms -- -- F1N S16 E55 L2 2 rib, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E55 L2 1 sternum, fragment meleagris gallopavo notrec -- -- J F1N S16 E55 L2 1 right coracoid, fragment meleagris gallopavo notrec -- -- J F1N S16 E55 L2 1 right humerus, complete gallus gallus notrec kcm -- -- F1N S16 E55 L2 1 right scapula, complete meleagris gallopavo notrec -- -- J F1N S16 E55 L2 1 thoracic vertebra, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- mne=1 mne=8 285 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1N S16 E55 L2 1 right tibiotarsus, complete meleagris gallopavo notrec -- -- J F1N S16 E55 L2 1 indeterminate fragment bird, indet. notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E55 L3 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- 1 -- F1N S16 E55 L3 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E55 L3 1 right radius, shaft fragment odocoileus virginianus notrec chop, kcms -- -- F1N S16 E55 L3 1 left tibia, shaft fragment odocoileus virginianus notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E55 L3 1 sternum, fragment galliformes notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E58 L4 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E58 L1 1 right carpometacarpus, shaft gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E58 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment small mammal notrec -- -- -- F1N S16 E58 L1 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E55 L4 1 right valve, fragment tritogonia verrucosa 54.8 -- -- A F1S S23 E58 L1 F1S S23 E58 L1 1 1 right rib, shaft fragment left mandible, fragment bos taurus sus scrofa 68.2 85.8 sawn -- --- J cross/short rib m3 erupting F1S S23 E58 L1 F1S S23 E58 L1 1 3 occipital, fragment longbone, shaft fragment rodentia bird, indeterminate 0.1 1.2 --- --- J -- 2 refit F1S S23 E58 L1 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.3 -- 1 -- F1S S23 E58 L1 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S32 E58 L4 4 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.4 -- 4 -- F1S S32 E58 L4 58 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S26 E58 L6 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 2.9 -- -- -- F1S S26 E58 L6 1 indeterminate fragment med-large mammal 0.6 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L3 4 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L3 1 terminal phalanx, complete sus scrofa 2.3 -- -- A Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 286 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1S S29 E58 L3 1 sternum, fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L3 F1S S29 E58 L3 F1S S29 E58 L3 F1S S29 E58 L3 2 2 3 1 longbone, shaft fragment left tibiotarsus, distal shaft longbone, shaft fragment incisor, complete bird, indeterminate gallus gallus large mammal sus scrofa 0.4 2.9 3.7 2.8 ----- --3 -- ---A F1S S29 E58 L3 1 indeterminate fragment med-large mammal 1.2 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L3 2 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.6 -- -- -- F1S surface 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- 1 -- F1S surface 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S surface F1S S29 E58 L6 b/ plank 1 2 right calcaneus, fragment left 3rd premolar, complete felis catus sus scrofa 0.8 1.0 --- --- A A F1S S26 E61 L1 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L1 1 right humerus, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.6 -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L1 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 2.9 -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L1 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L1 3 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.4 -- -- -- F1S S29 E55 L1 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate 9.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L1 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 0.5 -- 1 -- F1S S26 E61 L2 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 1.5 -- 1 -- F1S S26 E61 L2 1 cranial, fragment sus scrofa 1.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L2 2 rib, shaft fragment large mammal 0.7 -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L2 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L1 3 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L1 1 right metatarsus, distal bos taurus 77.6 kcms -- A refit 2 refit mandibular refit, mandibular 287 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience -- A refit ---- ---- -A -- carn tooth punct cf. med-large 1.4 -- 2 -- mammal, indeterminate 0.3 -- 2 -- indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.8 -- 3 -- 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.2 -- 1 -- F1S S29 E61 L4 3 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S32 E58 L3 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 1.0 -- 1 -- F1S S32 E58 L3 2 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.3 -- 2 -- F1S surface F1S S29 E61 L3 1 1 left humerus, proximal shaft right rib, shaft fragment meleagris gallopavo large mammal 7.4 7.0 -kcms, chop --- J -- F1S S26 E58 L3 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S26 E58 L3 1 right rib, shaft fragment bos taurus 28.2 sawn -- -- F1S S26 E58 L3 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.2 -- 1 -- F1S S26 E58 L3 1 right 1st phalanx, complete branta canadensis 0.8 -- -- A F1S S29 E58 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.3 -- 1 -- F1S S29 E58 L2 1 cranial, fragment large mammal 3.5 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L2 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 5.6 sawn 1 -- F1S S29 E58 L2 F1S S29 E58 L2 F1S S29 E58 L2 1 2 1 longbone, shaft fragment right calcaneus, fragment left 1st molar, complete large mammal sus scrofa sus scrofa 1.1 3.0 3.6 ---- 1 --- -A A F1S S23 E58 L4 35 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- Bone/Section Taxon F1S S23 E61 L1 2 right femur, complete gallus gallus 4.2 kcms F1S S23 E61 L1 F1S S23 E61 L1 F1S S23 E61 L1 1 1 1 left rib, proximal shaft right carpometacarpus, complete rib, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate branta canadensis mammal, indeterminate 0.2 2.9 0.3 F1S S23 E61 L1 2 indeterminate fragment large mammal F1S S23 E61 L1 2 indeterminate fragment F1S S23 E61 L1 5 F1S S29 E61 L4 Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. ov-sus size refit maxillary Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Comments No. 288 Relative Age³ Provenience Comments -- -- carn tooth punct -- 1 -- 0.1 -- 2 -- indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- left femur, proximal shaft rodentia 0.2 -- -- A 1 1 indeterminate fragment vertebra, zygopophysis fragment fish, indeterminate large mammal 0.2 7.8 --- -1 --- cf. extra large mml F1S S29 E61 L2 F1S S29 E61 L2 1 1 indeterminate fragment longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate mammal, indeterminate 0.1 1.2 --- 1 -- --- cf. med-large F1S S23 E61 L3 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L3 1 right humerus, distal shaft rodentia 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L3 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 3.6 -- 1 J F1S S23 E61 L3 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- 1 -- F1S S23 E61 L3 1 indeterminate fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L3 F1S S29 E55 L4 1 3 longbone, shaft fragment left humerus, proximal mammal, indeterminate bos taurus 0.4 259.7 --- --- J F1S S29 E55 L4 1 rib, shaft fragment large mammal 12.4 sawn, kcms -- -- F1S S29 E55 L4 1 right tibia, shaft fragment gallus gallus 3.8 -- -- -- F1S S29 E55 L4 1 left astragalus, fragment sus scrofa 9.4 -- -- -- F1S S29 E55 L4 2 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- 2 -- F1S S29 E55 L4 1 left radius, proximal sus scrofa 11.4 -- 1 A F1S S29 E55 L4 F1S S29 E55 L4 4 1 indeterminate fragment vertebra, zygopophysis fragment large mammal med-large mammal 8.0 1.6 --- 2 1 --- F1S S29 E55 L4 2 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 1.2 -- -- -- No. Bone/Section Taxon F1S S23 E58 L4 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 1.0 -- F1S S23 E58 L4 1 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.1 F1S S23 E58 L4 3 indeterminate fragment indeterminate F1S S26 E61 L1 1 indeterminate fragment F1S S29 E61 L2 1 F1S S29 E61 L2 F1S S29 E61 L2 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. cf. small-med refit lumbar or cervical 289 Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1S S29 E55 L4 1 metapodial, complete small mammal 0.3 -- -- A F1S S26 E51 L4 7 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S26 E51 L4 F1S S26 E51 L4 1 1 longbone, shaft fragment mandible, fragment large mammal large mammal 4.2 1.6 --- 1 1 --- F1S S26 E51 L4 3 indeterminate fragment large mammal 4.3 -- 2 -- F1S S26 E51 L4 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S26 E51 L4 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.2 -- 1 -- F1S S26 E51 L4 1 longbone, shaft fragment amphibia 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S26 E51 L4 F1S S32 E58 L1 1 1 left tarsometatarsus, distal right calcaneus, complete bird, indeterminate sylvilagus floridanus 0.2 0.7 --- --- -A F1S S32 E58 L1 1 left scapula, fragment sus scrofa 6.9 -- 1 -- F1S S32 E58 L1 2 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 3.5 1 sawn 1 -- F1S S32 E58 L1 F1S S32 E58 L1 3 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate fragment large mammal indeterminate 2.9 0.1 --- 3 -- --- F1S S32 E58 L1 2 indeterminate fragment med-large mammal 1.0 -- -- -- F1S S32 E58 L1 5 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 1.3 1 kcms 4 -- F1S S32 E58 L1 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S32 E58 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L1 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 0.8 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L1 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S32 E58 L2 F1S S29 E58 L4 1 1 tooth, fragment shell, fragment bos taurus mussel, indeterminate 1.6 0.6 --- 1 -- --- F1S S29 E58 L4 5 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate 0.4 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L4 139 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments alveoli present carn tooth punct polish, striations button Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 290 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1S S29 E58 L4 4 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 14.7 -- 4 -- F1S S29 E58 L4 1 cranial, fragment large mammal 3.0 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L4 1 tooth, fragment med-large mammal 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L4 9 indeterminate fragment large mammal 7.0 -- 4 -- F1S S29 E58 L4 F1S S29 E58 L4 1 1 eggshell, fragment left tibiotarsus, distal shaft bird (cf. gallus) gallus gallus -3.0 --- --- --- F1S S29 E58 L4 1 right tibiotarsus, shaft gallus gallus 3.3 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L4 1 left humerus, shaft fragment gallus gallus 2.5 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L4 5 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 1.6 -- 2 -- F1S S29 E58 L4 1 left humerus, shaft fragment small mammal 0.2 -- -- J F1S S29 E58 L4 2 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L4 16 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 1.3 -- 4 -- F1S S26 E64 L5 1 left mandible, complete rattus sp. 0.6 -- -- A F1S S26 E64 L5 1 left rib, proximal fragment sus scrofa 6.3 sawn/chop -- A F1S S26 E64 L5 1 vertebra, centrum epiphysis fragment large mammal 0.6 -- -- J F1S S26 E64 L5 F1S S26 E64 L5 1 2 longbone, shaft fragment scapula, fragment large mammal med-large mammal 0.7 2.4 --- -2 --- F1S S26 E64 L5 3 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S26 E64 L5 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S26 E64 L5 F1S S26 E58 L1 1 1 indeterminate fragment left 3rd premolar, complete large mammal bos taurus 2.1 2.3 kcm -- --- -A F1S S26 E58 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment bos taurus 24.5 sawn -- -- F1S S26 E58 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 5.7 -- -- -- F1S S26 E58 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- gnawed refit mandibular 291 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1S S26 E58 L1 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S26 E58 L1 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.2 -- 1 -- F1S S26 E61 L3 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L3 1 left humerus, shaft fragment gallus gallus 1.4 -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L3 1 longbone, shaft fragment rodentia 0.1 -- -- J F1S S26 E61 L3 1 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- 1 -- F1S S26 E61 L3 1 indeterminate fragment amphibia 0.1 -- -- A F1S S26 E58 L2 1 indeterminate fragment med-large mammal 1.3 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L2 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.5 -- 1 -- F1S S32 E58 L3 399 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S32 E58 L3 4 indeterminate fragment large mammal 4.8 -- 3 -- F1S S32 E58 L3 1 vertebra, centrum fragment fish, indeterminate 0.1 -- 1 -- F1S S32 E58 L3 3 indeterminate fragment fish, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S32 E58 L3 1 tooth, fragment large mammal 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S32 E58 L3 5 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.9 -- 3 -- F1S S32 E58 L3 12 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.5 -- 2 -- F1S S32 E55 L2 1 2nd phalanx, complete sus scrofa 3.0 -- -- A F1S S32 E55 L2 1 left pelvis, fragment amphibia 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S32 E55 L2 4 indeterminate fragment large mammal 5.7 -- -- -- F1S S32 E55 L2 F1S S32 E55 L2 3 1 longbone, shaft fragment tooth, fragment bird, indeterminate large mammal 0.4 0.2 --- --- --- F1S S32 E55 L2 1 cranial, fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E58 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.3 -- 1 -- F1S S32 E58 L1 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate 2.4 -- -- -- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments cervid/bovid Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 292 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1S S26 E61 L6 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L6 1 rib, shaft fragment large mammal 2.3 chop -- -- F1S S26 E61 L6 4 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L6 1 right femur, complete gallus gallus 4.8 -- -- A F1S S26 E61 L6 F1S S26 E61 L6 F1S S26 E61 L6 1 2 2 left ulna, proximal shaft pelvis, fragment vertebra, complete gallus gallus bird, indeterminate fish, indeterminate 1.7 0.9 0.1 ---- ---- J --- F1S S26 E61 L6 1 rib, complete fish, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L6 1 left preoperculum, complete centrarchidae 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L6 1 cranial element, complete fish, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S29 E55 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 0.4 -- 1 -- F1S S29 E58 L6 1 left valve, complete actinonaias ligamentina 8.4 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L6 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S29 E55 L2 F1S S29 E55 L2 1 1 longbone, shaft fragment longbone, shaft fragment large mammal bird, indeterminate 4.1 0.3 sawn -- --- --- F1S S29 E55 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.7 -- 1 -- F1S S23 E61 L2 1 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L2 1 rib, shaft fragment large mammal 0.6 -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L2 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L3 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 0.5 -- 1 -- F1S S29 E61 L2 F1S S29 E61 L5 1 2 left humerus, shaft fragment indeterminate fragment rodentia large mammal 0.2 9.8 -1 w/ chop --- J -- F1S S29 E61 L5 35 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L5 1 indeterminate fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- refit mne=2 medullary bone extra large mml 293 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1S S29 E61 L5 2 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- 1 -- F1S S29 E61 L5 1 indeterminate fragment fish, indeterminate 0.5 -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L5 6 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 1.5 -- 5 -- F1S S29 E61 L5 7 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.6 -- 2 -- F1S S29 E61 L4 1 right femur, complete gallus gallus 5.6 -- -- A F1S S29 E61 L4 1 left pelvis, fragment amphibia 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L4 48 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L4 1 left radius, complete rodentia 0.1 -- -- A F1S S29 E61 L4 1 sacrum, complete rodentia 0.1 -- -- A F1S S29 E61 L4 1 cervical vertebra, complete gallus gallus 0.4 -- -- A F1S S29 E61 L4 1 lumbar vertebra, zygopophysis large mammal 5.4 -- 1 A F1S S29 E61 L4 1 canine, fragment sus scrofa 1.7 -- 1 A F1S S29 E61 L4 5 indeterminate fragment large mammal 7.8 -- 4 -- F1S S29 E61 L4 4 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 1.9 -- 3 -- F1S S29 E61 L4 2 cranial, fragment fish, indeterminate 0.7 -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L4 F1S S29 E61 L4 1 1 vertebra, complete pterygiophore/dorsal spine fish, indeterminate fish, indeterminate 0.1 0.1 --- --- --- F1S S29 E61 L4 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L4 3 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S29 E55 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S29 E55 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S29 E55 L1 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 1.6 -- 1 -- F1S S29 E55 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment small mammal 0.2 kcm -- -- F1S S32 E55 L1 1 left rib, proximal shaft medium mammal 1.4 -- 1 -- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments cf. centrarchidae Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 294 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1S S32 E55 L1 2 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.4 -- -- -- F1S S23 E58 L3 8 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S23 E58 L3 1 rib, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S23 E58 L3 2 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S23 E58 L3 F1S S23 E58 L3 1 1 indeterminate fragment lumbar vertebra, zygopophysis mammal, indeterminate large mammal 0.1 1.2 --- --- --- F1S S29 E61 L6 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L6 1 furculum, fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L6 2 indeterminate fragment large mammal 5.3 -- -- 1J F1S S26 E64 L4 1 longbone, shaft fragment amphibia 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E64 L4 1 right radius, shaft fragment gallus gallus 0.9 -- -- -- F1S S26 E64 L4 1 left scapula, proximal fragment bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S26 E64 L4 8 indeterminate fragment large mammal 7.1 -- 8 -- F1S S26 E64 L4 1 mandible, fragment large mammal 6.7 -- 1 -- F1S S29 E61 L1 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L1 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L1 1 indeterminate fragment med-large mammal 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L1 1 rib, shaft fragment large mammal 0.6 -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S29 E61 L1 F1S S29 E61 L1 3 1 indeterminate fragment left tibia, distal fragment mammal, indeterminate sus scrofa 0.6 6.2 --- 3 -- --- F1S S26 E64 L3 1 left mandible, complete rattus sp. 0.2 -- -- A F1S S26 E64 L3 1 right mandible, fragment rattus sp. 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E64 L3 7 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.7 -- 3 -- carn tooth mark gnawed 295 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1S S26 E64 L3 4 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 1.1 -- 4 -- F1S S26 E64 L3 6 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 10.7 1 sawn 5 -- F1S S26 E64 L3 F1S S26 E64 L3 7 1 indeterminate fragment left tarsometatarsus, shaft large mammal gallus gallus 22.2 1.1 --- 7 -- --- F1S S26 E64 L3 7 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 1.4 -- 4 -- F1S S26 E64 L2 1 pelvis, fragment amphibia 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E64 L2 1 lumbarsacrum, fragment bird, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S26 E64 L2 1 cranial, fragment large mammal 3.2 -- -- -- F1S S26 E64 L2 11 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 2.5 -- 9 -- F1S S26 E64 L2 4 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 6.4 -- 2 -- F1S S26 E64 L2 4 indeterminate fragment large mammal 16.6 -- 4 -- F1S S32 E58 L2 1 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S32 E58 L2 1 right humerus, distal shaft sus scrofa 16.2 -- -- -- F1S S32 E58 L2 1 right femur, complete gallus gallus 3.7 kcm -- A F1S S32 E58 L2 1 sternum, fragment bird, indeterminate 0.6 -- -- -- F1S S32 E58 L2 F1S S32 E58 L2 1 2 rib, shaft fragment thoracic vertebra, spine fragment medium mammal sus scrofa 0.6 6.5 --- 1 -- --- F1S S32 E58 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 3.0 -- -- -- F1S S32 E58 L2 3 indeterminate fragment med-large mammal 2.2 -- 2 -- F1S S32 E58 L2 F1S S23 E61 plank/ below 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- cf. bird F1S S26 E63 L1 F1S S26 E63 L1 1 1 eggshell, fragment mandible/maxilla, fragment bird (cf. gallus) large mammal -2.5 --- -1 --- alveoli present gnawed refit Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments 296 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1S S26 E63 L1 6 indeterminate fragment large mammal 12.5 -- 5 -- F1S S26 E63 L1 4 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 1.2 -- -- -- F1S S26 E63 L1 1 right humerus, distal shaft rodentia 0.1 -- -- J F1S S26 E63 L1 1 rib, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F1S S26 E63 L1 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.2 -- 1 -- F1S S26 E63 L1 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E58 L5 1 right mandible, complete avricolinae 0.1 -- -- A F1S S26 E58 L5 3 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S26 E58 L5 4 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S26 E58 L5 1 incisor, fragment rodentia 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E58 L5 1 left humerus, proximal shaft sus scrofa 17.1 sawn -- -- F1S S26 E58 L5 1 phalanx, complete bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- A F1S S26 E58 L5 1 1st phalanx, proximal epiphysis sus scrofa 1.4 -- -- J F1S S26 E58 L5 1 accessory phalanx, complete sus scrofa 0.6 kcms -- A F1S S26 E58 L5 3 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 3.2 -- 3 -- F1S S26 E58 L5 8 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 1.6 -- 7 -- F1S S26 E58 L5 10 indeterminate fragment large mammal 8.6 -- 10 -- F1S S26 E58 L5 14 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 1.2 -- 12 -- F1S S23 E61 L5 1 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L5 1 thoracic vertebra, spine fragment large mammal 2.0 -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L5 9 indeterminate fragment large mammal 20.9 kcm/chops 7 -- F1S S23 E61 L5 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 0.9 -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L5 F1S S23 E61 L5 1 1 right humerus, distal shaft longbone, shaft fragment rodentia large mammal 0.1 1.7 -sawn --- J -- cf. fibula, sus 297 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1S S23 E61 L5 3 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.6 -- 1 -- F1S S23 E61 L5 3 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.3 -- 1 -- F1S S23 E61 L5 F1S S26 E58 L2 7 4 longbone, shaft fragment lumbarsacrum, fragment bird, indeterminate bird, indeterminate 1.0 1.6 --- 1 -- --- F1S S26 E58 L2 1 phalanx, complete bird, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- A F1S S26 E58 L2 F1S S26 E58 L2 1 1 longbone, shaft fragment rib, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate large mammal 1.1 2.1 --- --- --- F1S S26 E58 L2 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.2 -- 1 -- F1S S23 E58 L6 2 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.6 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L4 F1S S26 E61 L5 1 1 indeterminate fragment left astragalus, fragment large mammal sus scrofa 0.4 11.5 --- 1 -- --- F1S S26 E61 L5 1 left calcaneus, complete sus scrofa 18.3 kcms -- J F1S S26 E61 L5 1 left tibia, proximal epiphysis sus scrofa 10.7 -- -- J F1S S26 E61 L5 1 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L5 F1S S26 E61 L5 2 2 longbone, shaft fragment tooth, root fragment large mammal large mammal 5.8 0.9 --- 2 2 --- F1S S26 E61 L5 1 right mandible, fragment sciuridae 0.2 -- -- A F1S S26 E61 L5 1 left mandible, fragment sciuridae 0.2 -- -- A F1S S26 E61 L5 7 indeterminate fragment large mammal 3.8 -- 7 -- F1S S26 E61 L5 1 longbone, shaft fragment amphibia 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L5 2 rib, shaft fragment med-large mammal 0.4 -- -- -- F1S S26 E61 L5 1 right pelvis, complete rodentia 0.1 -- -- A F1S S26 E61 L5 F1S S26 E61 L5 1 1 longbone, shaft fragment longbone, shaft fragment rodentia bird, indeterminate 0.1 0.7 --- --- --- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments mne=1 weathered gnawed refit gnawed Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 298 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1S S26 E61 L5 3 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 1.2 -- 1 -- F1S S26 E61 L5 4 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.4 -- 3 -- F1S S26 E61 L5 1 left tarsometatarsus, proximal shaft ectopistes migratorius 0.2 -- -- A F1S S26 E58 L4 12 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S26 E58 L4 3 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.6 -- 1 -- F1S S26 E58 L4 1 mandible, fragment rodentia 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E58 L4 F1S S26 E58 L4 2 2 indeterminate fragment metapodial, complete indeterminate small mammal 0.2 0.2 --- 1 -- -J F1S S26 E58 L4 2 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.7 -- 2 -- F1S S29 E58 L5 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 4.0 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L5 1 vertebra, centrum fish, indeterminate 0.1 -- 1 -- F1S S29 E58 L5 29 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L5 F1S S29 E58 L5 1 1 rib, shaft fragment longbone, shaft fragment fish, indeterminate indeterminate 0.2 0.1 --- --- --- F1S S29 E58 L5 4 indeterminate fragment large mammal 2.1 -- 4 -- F1S S29 E58 L5 2 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.2 -- 2 -- F1S S29 E58 L5 1 parasphenoid, complete esox sp. 0.8 -- -- A F1S S29 E58 L6 9 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L6 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L6 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L6 1 cranial, fragment fish, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S29 E58 L6 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S29 E55 L3 8 cranial, fragment sus scrofa 161.2 -- -- J F1S S29 E55 L3 1 right rib, proximal bos taurus 10.7 chop mark -- A mne=2 gnawed 299 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience -- -- extra large mammal -- -- -- 0.1 -- -- A large mammal 0.4 -- 1 -- left tarsometatarsus, proximal shaft bird, indeterminate 0.7 -- -- -- 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 0.8 -- 1 -- F1S S32 E58 L3 F1S S23 E58 L5 207 8 eggshell, fragment longbone, shaft fragment bird (cf. gallus) large mammal -35.4 --- -7 --- F1S S23 E58 L5 9 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S23 E58 L5 F1S S23 E58 L5 1 3 left pelvis, fragment furculum, fragment gallus gallus bird, indeterminate 3.6 0.3 --- --- A -- F1S S23 E58 L5 5 indeterminate fragment large mammal 2.9 -- 4 -- F1S S23 E58 L5 1 right coracoid, posterior bird, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S23 E58 L5 4 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.7 -- 2 -- F1S S23 E58 L5 F1S S23 E58 L5 1 1 longbone, shaft fragment right tarsometatarsus, distal shaft bird, indeterminate bird, indeterminate 0.1 1.0 --- --- --- F1S S23 E58 L5 8 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.7 -- 3 -- F1S S23 E58 L2 1 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S23 E58 L2 F1S S23 E58 L2 1 1 tooth, fragment indeterminate fragment sus scrofa med-large mammal 0.6 0.4 --- --- --- F1S S23 E58 L2 1 right scapula, proximal fragment bird, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- A F1S S23 E58 L2 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 5.9 -- -- -- F1S S23 E58 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment med-large mammal 0.4 -- -- -- F1S S23 E58 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- Bone/Section Taxon F1S S29 E55 L3 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 9.5 -- F1S S29 E55 L3 1 left ulna, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.6 F1S S29 E55 L3 1 left mandible, fragment blarina brevicauda F1S S29 E55 L3 1 indeterminate fragment F1S S29 E55 L3 1 F1S S32 E58 L3 Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. some refit refit gnawed utensil handle Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Comments No. 300 Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1S S23 E58 L2 4 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 2.2 -- 2 -- F1S S26 E64 L6 1 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S26 E64 L6 1 terminal phalanx, complete bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- A F1S S26 E64 L6 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal 1.1 -- -- -- F1S S26 E64 L6 2 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F1S S26 E64 L6 F1S S29 E58 L1 11 2 indeterminate fragment humerus, shaft fragment indeterminate large mammal 0.4 10.6 --- 1 -- --- F1S S29 E58 L1 7 indeterminate fragment med-large mammal 2.9 -- 6 -- F1S S29 E58 L1 5 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.5 -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L4 3 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) -- -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L4 F1S S23 E61 L4 F1S S23 E61 L4 1 4 2 tooth, root fragment metapodial, shaft fragment 1st phalanx, complete large mammal small mammal small mammal 0.2 0.2 0.2 ---- ---- -A J F1S S23 E61 L4 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S23 E61 L4 1 right cleithrum, complete fish, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F1S S1/2 plowzone 1 cheektooth, fragment sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F1S S1/2 plowzone 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec sawn -- -- F1S S1/2 plowzone 1 shell, fragment crassostrea virginica notrec -- -- -- F1S S1/2 plowzone 1 pelvis, fragment large mammal notrec sawn -- -- F1S S1/2 plowzone 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52/55 L4 F1S S26 E52 L1 1 1 longbone, shaft fragment vertebra, fragment bird, indeterminate large mammal notrec notrec -sawn --- --- F1S S26 E52 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- refit mne=3 mne=2 chop cut 301 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1S S26 E52 L1 1 accessory metatarsus, complete mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L2 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L2 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L2 F1S S26 E52 L3 1 1 indeterminate fragment lumbar vertebra, fragment indeterminate sus scrofa notrec notrec -sawn --- --- F1S S26 E52 L3 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L3 3 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L3 1 spine, complete fish, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L3 2 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L3 F1S S26 E52 L4 2 1 indeterminate fragment right rib, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate large mammal notrec notrec --- 1 -- --- F1S S26 E52 L4 1 metapodial, complete small mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L4 4 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- 1 -- F1S S26 E52 L4 2 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- 2 -- F1S S26 E52 L4 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L5 1 vertebra, centrum fragment fish, indeterminate notrec -- 1 -- F1S S26 E52 L5 1 sternum, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L5 1 tibiotarsus, shaft fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L5 1 right rib, complete rodentia notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L5 1 right mandible, complete rodentia notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L5 1 left mandible, complete rodentia notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L5 1 right femur, proximal shaft rodentia notrec -- -- J Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments chop cut carn tooth marks Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 302 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1S S26 E52 L5 1 left femur, complete rodentia notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E52 L5 1 left tibia, complete rodentia notrec -- -- J F1S S26 E52 L5 1 left scapula, complete rodentia notrec -- -- J F1S S26 E52 L5 1 left humerus, complete rodentia notrec -- -- J F1S S26 E55 L1 4 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L1 1 cheektooth, fragment sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L1 2 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L1 3 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- 1 -- F1S S26 E55 L1 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- 1 -- F1S S26 E55 L1 1 rib, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- 1 -- F1S S26 E55 L2 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L2 1 thoracic vertebra, spine fragment sus scrofa notrec kcms -- -- F1S S26 E55 L2 1 premolar, fragment sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L2 1 indeterminate fragment fish, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L2 5 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- 2 -- F1S S26 E55 L2 1 right tibiotarsus, shaft gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- J F1S S26 E55 L2 1 rib, shaft fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L2 9 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- 5 -- F1S S26 E55 L2 3 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L3 1 rib, shaft fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L3 1 left calcaneus, complete sylvilagus floridanus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L3 1 carapace, fragment turtle, indeterminate notrec -- 1 -303 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1S S26 E55 L3 1 scapula, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L3 2 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L3 3 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- 1 -- F1S S26 E55 L3 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L3 1 tooth, fragment sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L4 41 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L4 1 sacrum, complete sylvilagus floridanus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L4 1 right pelvis, fragment sylvilagus floridanus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L4 1 left pelvis, fragment sylvilagus floridanus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L4 2 lumbar vertebra, complete sylvilagus floridanus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L4 1 left tibia, complete sylvilagus floridanus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L4 1 right scapula, distal fragment sus scrofa notrec sawn -- -- F1S S26 E55 L4 1 thoracic vertebra, fragment large mammal notrec -- -- J F1S S26 E55 L4 1 tarsal, fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L4 1 ulna, shaft fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L4 1 terminal phalanx, complete meleagris gallopavo notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L4 2 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L4 F1S S26 E55 L5 2 3 indeterminate fragment left mandible, fragment indeterminate bos taurus notrec notrec --- -3 --- F1S S26 E55 L5 1 thoracic vertebra, fragment sus scrofa notrec -- -- J F1S S26 E55 L5 1 thoracic vertebra, spine fragment bos taurus notrec sawn -- -- F1S S26 E55 L5 1 lumbar vertebra, fragment sus scrofa notrec kcms -- -- F1S S26 E55 L5 7 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L5 1 right rib, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments refit Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 304 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1S S26 E55 L5 1 metapodial, complete small mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L5 1 left pelvis, fragment rodentia notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L5 1 right ilium, fragment rodentia notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L5 1 left femur, proximal shaft rodentia notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L5 F1S S26 E55 L5 1 2 occipital, fragment rib, shaft fragment rodentia large mammal notrec notrec -1 sawn -1 --- F1S S26 E55 L5 3 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec 1 sawn -- -- F1S S26 E55 L5 1 thoracic vertebra, fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec sawn 1 -- F1S S26 E55 L5 1 left tibiotarsus, shaft fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L5 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- 1 -- F1S S26 E55 L5 1 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L5 1 right scapula, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L5 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec 1 kcms -- -- F1S S26 E55 L5 5 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L6 2 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S26 E55 L6 1 right humerus, distal gallus gallus notrec kcms -- -- F1S S29 E52 L1 3 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L1 1 right humerus, complete gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L1 1 lumbar vertebra, spine fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L1 F1S S29 E52 L1 F1S S29 E52 L1 3 1 1 longbone, shaft fragment right rib, proximal shaft left rib, proximal shaft large mammal bos taurus bos taurus notrec notrec notrec -sawn sawn 1 --- ---- F1S S29 E52 L1 1 rib, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L1 4 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- mne=2 rib cut rib cut 305 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1S S29 E52 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L1 12 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- 10 -- F1S S29 E52 L2 1 thoracic vertebra, fragment bos taurus notrec sawn -- J F1S S29 E52 L2 1 lumbar vertebra, spine fragment bos taurus notrec sawn -- -- F1S S29 E52 L2 1 left scapula, fragment bird, indeterminate notrec kcms -- -- F1S S29 E52 L2 4 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L2 3 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- 1 -- F1S S29 E52 L2 3 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L2 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- 1 -- F1S S29 E52 L3 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L3 1 spine, fragment fish, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L3 1 left humerus, complete small mammal notrec -- -- J F1S S29 E52 L3 1 left scapula, fragment small mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L3 1 left radius, complete small mammal notrec -- -- J F1S S29 E52 L3 1 cheektooth, fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L3 12 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec 2 chop/sawn 8 -- F1S S29 E52 L3 1 rib, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L3 3 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L3 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L3 1 right scapula, proximal shaft gallus gallus notrec kcm -- -- F1S S29 E52 L3 1 right scapula, proximal fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L3 1 left scapula, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L3 1 furculum, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L3 1 left coracoid, anterior fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 306 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1S S29 E52 L3 4 rib, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L3 1 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L4 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L4 1 tooth, fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L4 1 lumbar vertebra, fragment bos taurus notrec sawn -- -- F1S S29 E52 L4 2 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L4 6 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec 1 sawn 3 -- F1S S29 E52 L4 1 indeterminate fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L5 1 furculum, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- 1 -- F1S S29 E52 L5 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S29 E52 L5 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E46 L1 2 thoracic vertebra, fragment bos taurus notrec sawn -- J F1S S32 E46 L1 1 axis, fragment odocoileus virginianus notrec sawn, kcms -- -- F1S S32 E46 L1 1 right metacarpus, proximal bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E46 L1 1 deciduous cheektooth, fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E46 L1 2 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E46 L1 4 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E46 L1 5 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec 1 sawn 1 -- F1S S32 E46 L1 1 right pelvis, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E46 L1 1 left pelvis, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E46 L2 11 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E46 L2 1 right humerus, complete rodentia notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E46 L2 1 right tibia, complete rodentia notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E46 L2 1 right femur, proximal shaft rodentia notrec -- -- J 307 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1S S32 E46 L2 1 left humerus, distal rodentia notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E46 L2 1 left mandible, fragment rodentia notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E46 L2 1 right mandible, fragment rodentia notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E46 L2 1 left maxilla, fragment rodentia notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E46 L2 4 cranial, fragment rodentia notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E49 L1 1 left femur, shaft fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 right ulna, complete gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 right radius, complete gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 left ulna, complete gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 thoracic vertebra, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 left carpometacarpus, complete gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 right humerus, shaft fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 cheektooth, fragment sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 13 cranial, fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 rib, shaft fragment bos taurus notrec sawn -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 7 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 2 sternum, fragment large mammal notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E49 L1 1 right ulna, proximal shaft gallus gallus notrec kcm -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 left radius, complete gallus gallus notrec kcm -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 right radius, distal shaft gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 10 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 left tibiotarsus, shaft fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 cervical vertebra, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 left femur, distal shaft gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 308 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F1S S32 E49 L1 1 right tibiotarsus, distal gallus gallus notrec kcms -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 left coracoid, posterior fragment gallus gallus notrec kcms -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 cheektooth, fragment sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 cheektooth, fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 F1S S32 E49 L1 F1S S32 E49 L1 7 2 1 cranial, fragment pelvis, fragment cranial, fragment large mammal mammal, indeterminate fish, indeterminate notrec notrec notrec ---- ---- ---- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec chop mark -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 3 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 11 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- 2 -- F1S S32 E49 L1 1 thoracic vertebra, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 2 indeterminate fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 5 rib, shaft fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 9 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L1 6 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L2 12 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L2 1 deciduous cheektooth, fragment sus scrofa notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E49 L2 1 left coracoid, shaft gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L2 1 right humerus, proximal shaft gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L2 1 right scapula, complete gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L2 1 left femur, shaft fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L2 3 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L2 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E49 L3 2 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- refit hyomandibular? 309 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F1S S32 E49 L3 2 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- 1 -- F1S S32 E49 L3 1 cranial, fragment fish, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L1 1 left pelvis, fragment sylvilagus floridanus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L1 1 right femur, proximal shaft indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L1 1 vertebra, centrum fragment fish, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L1 1 scale, complete fish, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L1 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L1 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L1 5 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- 1J F1S S32 E52 L1 5 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- 2 1J F1S S32 E52 L1 F1S S32 E52 L2 1 2 eggshell, fragment sternum, fragment bird (cf. gallus) gallus gallus notrec notrec --- --- --- F1S S32 E52 L2 1 premolar, complete sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L2 1 rib, proximal fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L2 1 left humerus, complete gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L2 1 right ulna, distal shaft gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L2 1 left mandible, complete avricolinae notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L2 1 lumbar vertebra, spine fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L2 1 metapodial, complete small mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L2 1 right tibiotarsus, proximal shaft galliformes notrec -- -- J F1S S32 E52 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F1S S32 E52 L2 4 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec 1 sawn, kcm -- -- F1S S32 E52 L2 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F2 S39 E89 L3 1 left scapula, fragment bos taurus 61.5 sawn -- -- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments refit Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 310 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F2 S39 E89 L4 F2 S39 E89 L3 1 1 tooth, crown fragment longbone, shaft fragment sus scrofa bos taurus 0.4 20.3 -sawn --- --- cf tibia F2 S39 E89 L3 F2 S39 E89 L3 F2 S39 E89 L3 F2 S39 E89 L3 1 7 1 1 cranial, fragment indeterminate fragment left calcaneus, complete longbone, shaft fragment large mammal large mammal sus scrofa sus scrofa 2.6 64.5 0.2 0.1 -1 chop/kcms --- ----- --J J 5 cf extra lg mml cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal F2 S39 E89 L3 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.8 -- 1 -- F2 S39 E89 L3 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.3 -- -- -- F2 S39 E89 L5 1 indeterminate fragment bird, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F2 S40 E88 L1 4 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.4 -- -- -- F2 S40 E88 L1 4 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F2 S40 E88 L1 1 vertebra, fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.1 -- -- J F2 S40 E88 L4 1 rib, shaft fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F2 S40 E88 L4 4 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F2 S39 E89 L1 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 F2 S39 E89 1 1 2 indeterminate fragment right calcaneus, complete longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate sus scrofa sus scrofa 0.2 0.2 0.6 ---- 1 --- -J J F2 S39 E89 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.1 -- -- -- F2 S39 E89 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal 1.6 -- -- -- F2 S39 E89 L1 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 0.2 -- -- -- F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 1 24 2 2 indeterminate fragment cranial, fragment left mandible, fragment right mandible, fragment large mammal sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa 2.6 10.2 1.3 1.2 ----- ----- -J J J cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal 311 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L1 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 3 5 25 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 39 43 left scapula, fragment left scapula, fragment left rib, proximal shaft right humerus, complete left humerus, complete tooth, crown fragment right ulna, complete right radius, complete metapodial, complete vertebra, fragment indeterminate fragment cranial, fragment sternum, fragment metapodial, complete right ilium, complete right ischium, complete left ilium, complete left ischium, complete left tibia, complete right tibia, proximal fragment left radius, complete left ulna, complete right humerus, complete left humerus, complete vertebra, fragment rib, shaft fragment sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa sus scrofa Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) 0.8 0.4 0.1 1.7 1.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 1.7 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5 1.1 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.6 1.6 6.0 3.3 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. --------------------------- --------------------------- Relative Age³ Comments J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal cf. stillborn/fetal Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. 312 Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 F2 S39 E89 L2 1 1 1 longbone, shaft fragment tooth, fragment left canine, fragment bird, indet. mammal, indeterminate sus scrofa 0.1 0.2 1.4 ---- ---- --A F2 S39 E89 L2 1 lumbar vertebra, complete sus scrofa 9.7 -- -- A F2 S39 E89 L2 1 axis, fragment bos taurus 21.2 -- -- A F2 S39 E89 L2 9 cranial, fragment large mammal 30.4 -- -- -- F2 S39 E89 L2 3 indeterminate fragment large mammal 15.4 -- -- -- F2 S39 E89 L2 7 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate 1.9 -- 1 -- F2 S39 E89 L2 7 indeterminate fragment indeterminate 0.5 -- 1 -- F2 S39 E86 L1 1 cranial, fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S39 E86 L1 4 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec 1 sawn -- -- F2 S39 E86 L1 1 scapula, fragment large mammal notrec sawn, chop -- -- F2 S39 E86 L2 4 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L1 F2 S42 E89 L1 2 1 indeterminate fragment mandible/maxilla, fragment large mammal bos taurus notrec notrec 1 sawn -- --- --- F2 S42 E89 L1 1 cranial, fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L1 1 molar, fragment (maxillary) bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L1 1 left metatarsus, proximal bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L1 2 lumbar vertebra, fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L1 3 pelvis, fragment bos taurus notrec 1 sawn -- -- F2 S42 E89 L1 1 left femur, distal fragment bos taurus notrec chop marks -- -- F2 S42 E89 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L1 1 pelvis, fragment bos taurus notrec chop, kcms -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 7 cranial, fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- cf med-lg mml maxillary alveoli present 313 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F2 S42 E89 L2 1 left calcaneus, fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 1 femur, distal fragment bos taurus notrec kcms -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 7 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 2 indeterminate fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 1 left calcaneus, fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 1 right mandible, fragment sus scrofa notrec -- -- J F2 S42 E89 L2 1 left femur, fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 2 cranial, fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 1 left metatarsus, proximal bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 1 metapodial, shaft fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 1 left femur, shaft fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 4 right pelvis, fragment bos taurus notrec 2 sawn -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 2 left humerus, proximal sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 1 right humerus, distal sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 2 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 1 scapula, fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 5 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E89 L2 7 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- 1 -- F2 S42 E89 L4 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- J F2 S42 E86 L1 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L1 2 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L1 3 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L1 1 pelvis, fragment bos taurus notrec sawn, chop -- -- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 314 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F2 S42 E86 L1 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L1 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L2 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L2 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L3 1 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L4 1 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L4 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L5 2 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L1 1 axis, fragment sus scrofa notrec sawn -- -- F2 S42 E86 L1 1 cranial, fragment sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L1 1 right occipital/parietal, fragment sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L1 1 indeterminate fragment sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F2 S42 E86 L1 3 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F3 W1/2 8 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F3 W1/2 12 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- 12 -- F3 E1/2 40 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F3 E1/2 3 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- 2 -- F3 E1/2 1 cranial, fragment large mammal notrec -- 1 -- F3 E1/2 2 tooth, fragment large mammal notrec -- 2 -- F3 E1/2 2 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F3 E1/2 59 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec 2 sawn, 1 kcm 53 -- F3 surface F33 4 1 indeterminate fragment right metacarpus, proximal shaft mammal, indeterminate bos taurus notrec notrec --- 4 -- --- F33 1 tibia, shaft fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- small bos 315 Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Taxon F4 E1/2 1 thoracic vertebra, fragment bos taurus notrec sawn -- J F4 E1/2 1 left coracoid, complete gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 1 2nd phalanx, complete bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 1 fibula, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 1 cranial, fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 48 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 1 vertebra, centrum fragment bos taurus notrec sawn -- J F4 E1/2 1 indeterminate fragment fish, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 1 spine, fragment fish, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 1 phalanx, complete small mammal notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 1 tooth, fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 1 cheektooth, fragment bos taurus notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 14 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- 3 -- F4 E1/2 1 vertebra, fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 20 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec -- 12 -- F4 E1/2 7 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- 5 -- F4 E1/2 18 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- 15 -- F4 E1/2 2 longbone, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec -- 2 -- F4 E1/2 2 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate notrec -- 2 -- F4 E1/2 1 phalanx, complete bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F4 E1/2 F4 E1/2 F4 W1/2 1 2 1 right scapula, complete left rib, fragment left rib, shaft fragment gallus gallus meleagris gallopavo bos taurus notrec notrec notrec --sawn ---- ---- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments refit complete short rib cut Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Bone/Section 316 No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience Bone/Section Taxon F4 W1/2 30 eggshell, fragment bird (cf. gallus) notrec -- -- -- F4 W1/2 1 vertebra, centrum fragment bos taurus notrec sawn -- J F4 W1/2 1 spine, fragment fish, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F4 W1/2 1 left tarsometatarsus, complete gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F4 W1/2 1 terminal phalanx, complete sus scrofa notrec -- -- -- F4 W1/2 1 vertebra, fragment gallus gallus notrec -- -- -- F4 W1/2 2 sternum, fragment bird, indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F4 W1/2 1 left ulna, proximal shaft rodentia notrec -- -- J F4 W1/2 1 canine, fragment large mammal notrec -- -- -- F4 W1/2 5 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal notrec -- 4 -- F4 W1/2 3 indeterminate fragment large mammal notrec 1 sawn 1 -- F4 W1/2 2 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F4 W1/2 1 indeterminate fragment indeterminate notrec -- -- -- F4 W1/2 1 notrec = not recorded 2 indeterminate fragment mammal, indeterminate notrec 2 kcm = knife cut mark; kcms = knife cut marks 3 A = Adult; J = Juvenile -- 2 -- Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Combined Phase II and III Inventory. Comments Appendix 6: Faunal Remains from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site No. Figure A6.1 Wgt (g)¹ Cut Marks² Heated (n) Relative Age³ Provenience 317 Appendix 7 Faunal Materials from Alden’s Corners Post Office Site Phase II Controlled Surface Collection Bone/Section Taxon CSC N0 E60 2 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC N0 E60 1 cheektooth, fragment bos taurus -- -- -- CSC N0 E60 1 tooth, fragment mammal, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC N0 E60 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC N0 E105 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC N0 W15 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC N0 W30 2 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC N0 W30 1 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC N15 E45 2 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC N15 E45 1 longbone, shaft fragment bos taurus -- -- -- CSC N15 E45 1 cheektooth, fragment bos taurus -- -- -- CSC N15 E105 1 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC N15 W0 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC N15 W0 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S15 E15 2 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S15 E15 1 indeterminate, fragment indeterminate -- 1 -- CSC S15 W0 1 canine, fragment sus scrofa -- -- -- CSC S15 W0 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S15 W15 CSC S30 E15 CSC S30 E30 CSC S30 E45 1 1 1 1 vertebra, fragment carapace, fragment carapace, fragment carapace, fragment procyon lotor turtle, indeterminate turtle, indeterminate turtle, indeterminate ----- ----- ----- CSC S30 E45 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- Table A7.1 Cut Marks Heated Relative Age Faunal materials from Alden’s Corners Post Office site Phase II cotrolled surface collection Comments recent recent recent Appendix 7: Faunal Material from Phase II Controlled Surface Collection No. 320 Provenience¹ No. Bone/Section Taxon CSC S45 E15 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S45 E60 1 indeterminate, fragment indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S60 E15 2 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S60 E15 1 cheektooth, fragment sus scrofa -- -- -- CSC S60 E30 3 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S60 E30 1 tooth, fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S60 E30 1 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S60 E90 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S60 W0 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S60 W15 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S60 W15 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S75 E45 1 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S75 E45 1 right humerus, proximal bird, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S75 E90 1 longbone, shaft fragment bird, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S75 E90 1 indeterminate, fragment mammal, indeterminate -- 1 -- CSC S75 E90 1 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S75 E90 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S75 W0 2 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S75 W0 1 tooth, fragment bos taurus -- -- -- CSC S75 W0 2 indeterminate, fragment indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S75 W15 1 longbone, shaft fragment indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S90 E30 1 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S90 E60 1 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- -- -- Faunal materials from Alden’s Corners Post Office site Phase II cotrolled surface collection Comments 321 Table A7.1 Cut Marks Heated Relative Age Appendix 7: Faunal Material from Phase II Controlled Surface Collection Provenience¹ Bone/Section Taxon CSC S90 W0 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S90 W0 2 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- 2 -- CSC S105 E45 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal sawn -- -- CSC S105 W0 1 tooth, fragment sus scrofa -- -- -- CSC S105 W15 1 mandible, fragment mammal, indeterminate -- 1 -- CSC S105 W15 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S105 W30 E1/2 1 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- 1 -- CSC S120 E15 1 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal -- -- -- CSC S120 E15 2 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- 2 -- CSC S120 W0 3 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- 3 -- CSC S120 W0 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S120 W30 1 cheektooth, fragment sus scrofa -- -- -- CSC S135 W30 2 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- 2 -- CSC S135 W30 1 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- CSC S120 W15 1 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- 1 -- CSC S135 W15 3 longbone, shaft fragment large mammal -- 2 -- CSC S135 W15 1 cheektooth, fragment bos taurus -- -- -- CSC S135 W15 CSC S180 W30 1 2 indeterminate, fragment right femur, proximal large mammal procyon lotor --- --- --- CSC S180 W30 5 longbone, shaft fragment procyon lotor -- -- -- GSC 1 3rd molar, complete sus scrofa -- -- J GSC 1 tooth, fragment sus scrofa -- -- -- Stripped Surface 2 indeterminate, fragment large mammal -- -- -- Table A7.1 Cut Marks Heated Relative Age Faunal materials from Alden’s Corners Post Office site Phase II cotrolled surface collection Comments refit Appendix 7: Faunal Material from Phase II Controlled Surface Collection No. 322 Provenience¹ No. Bone/Section Taxon Cut Marks Heated Relative Age Stripped Surface 3 shell, fragment mussel, indeterminate -- -- -- Stripped Surface 1 left ulna, proximal bos taurus -- -- J Stripped Surface 1 left humerus, proximal shaft gallus gallus -- -- -- Stripped Surface 1 phalanx, fragment bos taurus -- -- -- Stripped Surface Stripped Surface 1 1 indeterminate, fragment left femur, shaft fragment mammal, indeterminate bos taurus -sawn --- --- Total 99 16 1 CSC = Controlled Surface Collection GSC = General Surface Collection Table A7.1 Faunal materials from Alden’s Corners Post Office site Phase II cotrolled surface collection Comments roundsteak Appendix 7: Faunal Material from Phase II Controlled Surface Collection Provenience¹ 323 References Cited Abing, Laura, Kevin Abing, and John Vogel 1994a Settlement Resources in the Town of 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