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ORCHIDS
THE BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN ORCHID SOCIETY
VOL. 84 NO. 1 JANUARY 2015
A New Form of Cattleya dowiana
and the Taxonomy of its Color
Variations BY FRANCO PUPULIN
1
carmoniana of subsp. dowiana described
here. in the coastal region of Baudó, a
disjunct population quite similar to the
form chrysotoxa was recently recorded
(Misas urreta 2006). finally, a particularly
showy form, with the lip almost completely
yellow, inhabits the chado-sinú area, but
further data about this population have
not been revealed to avoid the risk of
overcollection of this special plant.
Botanists have often used the terms
“subspecies” and “variety” in quite an
interchangeable way (see the detailed
FRANCO PUPULIN
disruption in geographical distribution
could be just an artifact of undersampling.
in colombia, growers consider C. dowiana
subsp. aurea to present four main forms.
forma chrysotoxa (formally described by
frederick sander in 1891 as a variety of
C. dowiana) is restricted to small areas in
the risaralda department. The form from
Antioquia up to the border with Panama
is called “dureda,” and with this name
it is also known in eastern Panama; this
form, and particularly its subform “rosea,”
is probably the most similar to forma
FRANCO PUPULIN
The queen of orchids, or the
“Guaria de Turrialba,” as it is best known
in its native costa rica, has long been
regarded as one of the most beautiful of
all the Cattleya species, and many authors
have even called it “the world’s most
beautiful flower.”
The indefatigable orchid explorer and
collector Joseph rawicz von Warczewicz
originally discovered Cattleya dowiana
in costa rica, but the plants he sent to
europe around 1850 died before producing
any flowers. for 15 years the horticultural
circles could only dream — sometimes
obsessively — about the large-flowered,
yellow-petaled Cattleya species of which
Warczewicz claimed the existence in his
correspondence from central America. no
other Cattleya created such excitement,
received more praise and was more sought
after than C. dowiana, even before it was
rediscovered and finally introduced in
cultivation in 1865, when James Bateman
baptized it in honor of captain John
Melmouth dow. since then, despite its
reputation of being a difficult species to
grow, C. dowiana has remained one of the
most admired species of the genus and the
most prized of all the cattleyas.
Whether the populations from the
darién region in eastern Panama and from
northern colombia should be treated as a
distinct subspecies of C. dowiana or as a
species in its own right under the name
Cattleya aurea has long been debated,
but contemporary botanists tend to agree
in considering them conspecific. in costa
rica, at least, some Cattleya dowiana
specimens with more diffuse yellow
veining on the lip exist, approaching the
forms more common in northern south
America. from my point of view, a sound
solution to this nomenclatural issue would
require carrying out genetic studies within
and between populations to understand if
and when gene flow between Andean and
central American groups was interrupted.
Cattleya dowiana is an isolated element in
southern central America of an otherwise
exclusively south American genus, and it
is more than probable that the ancestors of
the Guaria de Turrialba migrated from the
northern range of the Andes across the land
bridge formed in southern central America
less than 3 million years ago. The recent
discovery of C. dowiana (subsp. dowiana)
populations in the Bayano region in
central Panama may perhaps suggest that
2
[1] A flower of the typical form of Cattleya
dowiana from Costa Rica, with its unmistakable contrast between the clear yellow
sepals and petals and the deep burgundy
lip, striped with fine golden yellow lines. It
is no wonder that it has been considered
the world’s most beautiful flower.
[2] With frequently four to five flowers per
inflorescence, and for the influence it
had in the breeding of cattleya hybrids,
Cattleya dowiana was considered the
queen of cattleyas. This plant was grown
in Atenas, where it flowered in March
of 2000. Courtesy of the Editorial de la
Universidad de Costa Rica.
[3] A near aurea form of Cattleya dowiana
from Costa Rica, photographed in the
collection of Lankester Botanical Garden
in June 1999. Courtesy of the Editorial de
la Universidad de Costa Rica.
3
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ORCHIDS 47
survey by hamilton and reichard 1992).
even though the international code of
nomenclature, which rules the use of
scientific nomenclature for plants, does
not specifically indicate the correct use
of the two terms, Articles 4.1 and 4.2
conclusively state that the category of
subspecies occupies a higher rank, and is
therefore more general, than a variety (i.e.,
we could have a single subspecies with
several varieties, but not the other way
around) (Mcneill et al. 2012). in botany,
subspecies and varieties are usually
defined as being coherent evolutionary
subsets, which require some integrity —
geographic, ecologic or phylogenetic —
beyond the morphological (hamilton and
reichard 1992). commonly, organisms
belonging to different subspecies of the
same species are capable of interbreeding
and producing fertile offspring, even
though they do not interbreed in nature
due to geographic isolation or other
factors. so, in general, subspecies are
used to indicate greater geographic/
ecologic distinctness than varieties, with
less morphological overlap, and with
evolutionary/ecologic integrity that is
not required for varieties. The use of the
rank of subspecies as proposed by Pipoly
(1987), for “groups of populations within
a single lineage of ancestor-descendant
populations, correlated with biogeography
and/or ecology,” well synthesizes the
extramorphological implications that
should be implied in the use of this term.
so, even when the two ranks have been
often used as interchangeable, without
adequate evidence to infer the hierarchical
relationships among the taxa within a
species, the term variety has been more
frequently employed — mainly in the
past — without any extramorphological
coherence, in a sense that most
taxonomists would simply consider
“formae.” The formae, on the other hand,
almost exclusively refer to individual,
nonisolated variations occurring within an
otherwise typical population of a species
(i.e., occupying the same habitat at the
same time) and lacking any geographic,
ecologic or genetic integrity.
now, the two geographically separate
contingents of C. dowiana are, in my
opinion, perfect candidates to be treated as
evolutionary subspecies, unless the finding
of new intermediate populations that
connect the two main groups, allowing for
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4
5
6
[4] Distribution map of Cattleya dowiana subsp. dowiana (yellow) and subsp. aurea (red). On the basis of the available records, subsp. aurea is
restricted to South America, whereas subsp. dowiana ranges from Panama to Costa Rica in the southern portion of the Central American
isthmus. Map prepared by F. Pupulin.
[5] Cattleya dowiana var. chrysotoxa. The original illustration published by Sander in the second volume of Reichenbachia (pl. 80, 1889).
[6] Variations in color patterns of selected clones of Cattleya dowiana subsp. aurea, as presented on plates 598–599 of Lindenia, Iconographie
des Orchidées (1897).
gene flow between them, would eventually
suggest treating C. dowiana as a single,
variable species. Because the colombian
C. dowiana has never been treated at the
subspecific rank, i propose it here:
Cattleya dowiana subsp. aurea (Linden)
Pupulin, comb. et stat. nov.
Bas.: Cattleya aurea Linden, ill. hort.
t. 493. 1883.
syn.: Cattleya dowiana var. aurea
(Linden) B.s. Williams & Moore, orchid
Album 2: t. 84. 1883. Cattleya labiata
subvar. aurea (Linden) schltr., orchideen
221. 1914.
According to the rules of botanical
nomenclature, the autonym C. dowiana
subsp. dowiana is automatically created
for the typical subspecies.
it is noteworthy that the existence
of specific mutations in the color of the
flowers of selected clones, which have
received nomenclatural recognition in the
past, is often common to both the southern
and northern contingents of C. dowiana
(Talley 1977). These horticulturally
desirable forms, which promise to increase
and diversify the influence of C. dowiana
in hybridization, are not commonly
encountered. Between 1883 and 1900, 15
subspecies and varieties of C. dowiana
(and C. aurea) were named, both formally
and informally. despite the sensation they
created, and the beautiful lithographs in
which they were portrayed in the best
horticultural magazine of the time, most
of these variations did not found their way
into the modern collections of cattleyas,
and have disappeared from cultivation.
nevertheless, the influence of C. dowiana
in breeding has been more important than
any other large-flowered species, being
responsible of darkening and enriching the
lavender color of other Cattleya species,
while the yellow of sepals and petals is
recessive.
it is a fortunate circumstance that
a new and interesting form of Cattleya
dowiana subsp. dowiana (or the costa
rican and western Panamanian “race”)
appeared in one of the greatest and bestgrown collections of this species in costa
rica. i am glad to name it in honor of its
grower, Julio carmona, who has dedicated
his life to maintaining an impressive
selection of C. dowiana specimens in his
native Turrialba, the cradle of the Guaria
de Turrialba.
Cattleya dowiana subsp. dowiana forma
carmoniana Pupulin, fma. nov.
TYPe. costa rica. Limón: Talamanca,
Telire, probably originally collected in the
Telire indigenous reserve, cultivated by
J. carmona in Turrialba, prepared 5 May
2010, F. Pupulin 8616 (holotype, cr).
Cattleyae dowianae forma nova,
forma statteriana Rolfe similis, sed sepalis
petalisque bene luteis, labelli macula lutea
majore striis purpureis destituta
The habit of C. dowiana f. carmoniana
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[7] Inflorescence of Cattleya dowiana subsp. dowiana f. carmoniana, grown and flowered at
Turrialba, the cradle of the Guaria de Turrialba. A flower of this plant was preserved as the
holotype.
[8] The thin golden-yellow lines, which cover the lip in the forma typica of C. dowiana, are
replaced in f. carmoniana by large blotches of bright yellow, the purple being restricted to
the gorge and the margin of the lip.
[8] Cattleya dowiana subsp. dowiana f. carmoniana received a Judges’ Commendation by the
AOS when exhibited by Julio Carmona at the Cartago Orchid Show in May 2014.
[10] Cattleya dowiana subsp. aurea f. statteriana, as illustrated in Lindenia, pl. 356 (Rolfe
1892).
[11] Another illustration of C. dowiana subsp. aurea f. statteriana, coming from the same collection of Mr. J. Statter, as published in The Orchid Album, pl. 468 (Warner et al. 1893).
[12] Cover of Pfau’s catalog of Costa Rican orchids, published in San José in 1895. Note, in
the upper part of the illustration, three symbolic orchids from Costa Rica: Cattleya dowiana, Psychopsis krameriana and Phragmipedium humboldtii. Courtesy of the Costa Rican
National Library.
FRANCO PUPULIN
8
FRANCO PUPULIN
7
FRANCO PUPULIN
is typical for the species, with pseudobulbs
8–14 × 2.6–2.9 cm and leaves 15–20 ×
5–6 cm. The inflorescence, over 20 cm
in length, is produced from a spathaceous
bract about 13 cm long, and bears three
flowers subtended by broadly rectangular,
short bracts (4 × 9 mm) and pedicellate
ovaries 7 cm long. The flowers are fragrant,
held horizontally. The sepals are yellow,
spreading, with the margins strongly
revolute, 7.5–9.0 × 2.1–2.7 cm. The petals
are subporrect, pale yellow, with margins
strongly ruffled, 7.5–8.8 × 4.7–5.5 cm.
The lip is spreading, bright yellow, with
the ruffled apical margin purple-wine,
the margin fading toward the apex of the
lateral lobes, the disc with a deep purplewine blotch decurring toward the apex of
the midlobe, the base of the lateral lobes
boldly striped with purple; entire lip
8.2–9.5 × 5.7–6.8 cm. The white column,
completely enclosed by the inrolled lateral
lobes of the lip, is 3.6–3.9 cm long.
With the clonal name “Turrialbeña,”
the plant of C. dowiana f. carmoniana
that served to prepare the holotype was
awarded a Judges commendation by
the American orchid society during the
orchid exhibition of cartago, costa rica,
on May 1, 2014.
unusual variations in the yellow color
in the lip are not restricted to the northern
distributional range of the species (the
subsp. dowiana). robert Allen rolfe
described C. dowiana (subsp. aurea) var.
statteriana, with an almost completely
bright yellow lip, provided with a central
band of purple lines and the margins
edged with lilac-rose, on the basis of a
plant grown by J. statter in Manchester,
originally collected in the vicinity of
frontino, in colombia (rolfe 1892). Both
the description and the fine illustration
present the sepals and petals of a bright
yellow shade. A plant from the same
collection, presented by Williams in the
Orchid Album for 1893, has, however,
sepals and petals of a soft creamy white and
two enlarged yellow eyes on a lip mostly
dark purple (Warner et al. 1893). This
may perhaps represent intrapopulation
variation, or even individual color
plasticity of the same plant at different
flowerings.
i take the opportunity of publishing
this paper to also give a new formal status
to the “peloric” form of C. dowiana, which
is unusual in the large amount of lavender
11
10
12
in the sepals and in the petals heavily
marbled with rose-purple.
The first mention of this particular
form appeared in an account on costa
rican orchids published in san José in
1895 by richard (ricardo) Pfau, the swiss
heir of a dynasty of stove setters based in
Winterthur (Jenny 2014). richard Pfau
(1856–1897) visited costa rica for the
first time around 1880, and permanently
resided in the central American country
from 1885, where he established himself
as a “nurseryman, florist, seedman
and landscape gardener,” as well as an
“exporter of central American orchids,
bulbs and seeds” (Pfau 1895). he was
furthermore dedicated to apiculture and
also prepared a “Manual for the tropical
apiculturist” to be distributed with his
honey and wax products. Pfau established
the first commercial costa rican orchid
firm, with nurseries near the capital city,
san José. in 1895 he gave to the press in
san José a catalogue of orchids he had for
sale and export, with introductory chapters
including advice on their cultivation
and exportation (Pfau 1895). here,
under the treatment of C. dowiana, Pfau
mentions for the first time the existence
of a “c. dowiana. rosita [… with a]
more or less pronounced pink, instead of
yellow, of the sepals” (Pfau 1895, p. 5).
he considered “rosita” to be a hybrid
between C. dowiana and Cattleya (now
Guarianthe) bowringiana or Cattleya
skinneri autumnalis (now Guarianthe
patinii), suggesting that the individual
variation was the result of backcrossing of
the original hybrid.
The following year, a note in the Orchid
Review (Anonymous 1896) acknowledging
the receipt of Pfau’s catalogue, is the first
reference to the existence of “rosita”
ever published in an orchid journal. When
Alfred cogniaux prepared his treatment of
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13
14
[13–14] Two drawings of two different flowers of Cattleya dowiana subsp. dowiana f. rosita, as received from R. Pfau from Costa Rica and
exhibited by Mr. C. Maron in December 1900. They represent the form’s lectotype. Courtesy of Gustavo Romero, Harvard University Herbarium.
Cattleya labiata var. dowiana for the flora
of Brazil, he made reference to this note
to establish a date for the validation of the
horticultural name “rosita” at the varietal
rank (cogniaux 1902).
Meanwhile, a plant sent by Pfau from
costa rica and exhibited by the french
grower charles Maron received a first
class certificate during a meeting of the
royal horticultural society’s orchid
committee chaired by harry J. Veitch, held
in Westminster on december 18, 1900. in
the report of this meeting, published by the
Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society,
C. dowiana rosita was illustrated for the
first time with two lithographic drawings
(Anonymous 1901a). in 1901, the Orchid
Review published a detailed description
of the awarded plant, recording its
“sepals cream white, tinged with purple,
the petals mostly rose-purple, tinged
with yellow at the base, and veined with
whitish throughout, and the lip crimsonpurple with golden veining” (Anonymous
1901b). An obvious characteristic of
the central American rosita form of C.
dowiana is the amount of purple present in
the sepals, while the petals may be tinged
and marbled with rose to various degrees.
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According to the international code of
nomenclature (Mcneill et al. 2012), the
publication in trade catalogues before
January 1, 1953, is effective (Article 30.6)
and a diagnosis published in any language
before January 1, 1935, is sufficient to
validate a Latin name (Article 39.1).
Therefore, the name Cattleya dowiana
rosita (pro hybr.), was effectively
published by Pfau (1895) in his catalogue
of “new, rare, and Beautiful orchids of
costa rica,” where it is validated by a
short english description of its salient
features. even though he did not used the
name rosita at any explicitly designated
rank, Pfau consistently referred to these
unranked names, throughout the text of his
publication, as varieties or subvarieties,
and this allows us to establish a modern
taxonomy of this name:
Cattleya dowiana subsp. dowiana f.
rosita (Pfau) Pupulin, stat. nov.
Bas. Cattleya dowiana var. rosita Pfau,
new rare Beautiful orchids 5. 1895.
TYPe: not designated in the original
protologue. neotype, designated here, the
illustrations of two flowers published in J.
roy. hort. soc. 25: figs. 210–211, based
on a specimen sent from costa rica by
richard Pfau. figs. 13–14.
The two drawings chosen as the
neotype of forma rosita were prepared
from material sent from costa rica by r.
Pfau, and they well represent the type of
flowers to which Pfau alluded in proposing
the name in his catalogue.
A “peloric” form of C. dowiana also
exists in south America. in the late 19th
century, the horticultural community
used the informal name of Cattleya
dowiana aurea marmorata for a number
of plants exhibited in england and in
france, probably originating in colombia
(Anonymous 1896). At that time, the
prevailing opinion was that these specimens
represented a natural hybrid between
the aurea variety of Cattleya dowiana
and Cattleya warscewiczii (the same
parents of C. × hardyana), with a marked
expression of the traits inherited from C.
dowiana. in 1897, Alfred cogniaux gave
formal recognition to the horticultural
name given to the marbled-petaled C.
dowiana, and Antonie Petrus Gerhardy
Goossens illustrated it for the first time
in cogniaux and Goossens’ Dictionnaire
Iconographique des Orchidées, published
in Ghent (Belgium) from 1897 to 1903
FRANCO PUPULIN
15
[15] The Central American rosita form of C. dowiana has sepals boldly tinged with purple, whereas the petals may be sometimes only slightly
marbled with rose-purple, as in this example flowered at Lankester Botanical Garden. Courtesy of the Editorial de la Universidad de Costa
Rica.
(cogniaux and Goossens 1897).
Cattleya dowiana subsp. aurea f.
marmorata (Hort. ex Cogn.) Pupulin,
stat. nov.
Bas.
Cattleya
dowiana
var.
aurea-marmorata hort. ex cogn. in
c.A.cogniaux and A.P.G. Goossens,
dict. icon. orchid., cattleya: t. 2c. 1897.
Cattleya dowiana var. aurea-marmorata
hort., Gard. chron., ser. 3, 20: 425. 1896,
nomen nudum.
TYPe: origin unknown. “elle vient de
se montrer récemment chez M. fournier,
à saint-Barnabé, près de Marseille.”
Lectotype, selected here, the illustration of
Cattleya dowiana var. aurea marmorata
in cogniaux and Goossens, dict. icon.
orchid., cattleya: t. 2c. 1897.
Acknowledgments
i sincerely thank Julio carmona for
contacting me and showing me the
beautiful plant that had just flowered in his
collection. Thanks also go to my colleagues
diego Bogarín and Jorge Warner, who
commented on a first draft of this paper,
improving it with their suggestions.
references
Anonymous. 1896. correspondence, &c. The Orchid
Review 4(41):160.
_. 1901a. extracts from the Proceedings of the royal
horticultural society. Journal of the Royal Horticultural
Society 25:ccxxiii–ccxxv.
_. 1901b. societies. The Orchid Review 9(97):21–26.
cogniaux, A. 1902. orchidaceae. Vol. iii, part V. In: c.f.P.
von Martius, A.W. eichler and i. urban, editors. Flora
Brasiliensis. frid. fleischer, Leipzig, Germany.
cogniaux, A. and A. Goossens 1897. Dictionnaire
Iconographique des Orchidees: Direction & Redaction
par A. Cogniaux /Dessins & Aquarelles par A. Goossens.
impr. f. havermans, Brussels, Belgium.
hamilton, W. and s.h. reichard. 1992. current practice
in the use of subspecies, variety, and forma in the classification of wild plants. Taxon 41(3):485–498.
Jenny, r. 2014. What is in an orchid name: a tribute
to the early naturalist in costa rica. Lankesteriana
13(3):291–317.
Linden, J. and e. rodrigas 1897. cattleya dowiana
subsp. aurea. Lindenia, Iconographie des Orchidées.
3: 598-599.
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Greuter, W., hawksworth, d.L., herendeen, P.s., Knapp,
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Costa Rica, and How They Grow at Home. san José,
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Pipoly, J.J. iii. 1987. A systematic revision of the genus
Cybianthus subg. Grammadenia (Myrsinaceae). Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 43.
rolfe, r.A. 1892. Cattleya dowiana Batem. var. statteriana
hort. Lindenia 4:43–44, pl. 356.
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