Paphiopedilum Pfitzer

Teoh, Eng Soon

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80428-2_27

Eng Soon Teoh²

282 Accesses

Abstract

The slipper orchids, Paphiopedilum are among the most popular genera for orchid growers in temperate countries, and these days, thanks to mericloning, some hybrids have even become parlour plants. Paphos is the legendary abode of the Aphrodite, and Greek pedilon (slipper) is a fanciful allusion that the stunning orchid flowers are slippers of the Greek goddess of beauty.

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The slipper orchids, Paphiopedilum are among the most popular genera for orchid growers in temperate countries, and these days, thanks to mericloning, some hybrids have even become parlour plants. Paphiopedilum is derived from Greek, Paphios being the legendary abode of Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of beauty, and pedilon (slipper) alluding to the pouch-shaped lip of the flower.

Plants have short stems, often clustered. Roots resemble bootlaces, are hairy, often emerging through leaf sheaths. Leaves are distichous (alternate and opposite), strap-shaped, spreading, articulated to channelled leaf sheaths, and green, glossy, marbled, some purple on the reverse surface. Inflorescence is hirsute, single flowered or with three to many, borne on the distal third. Flowers last several weeks to a few months (Fig. 79.1).

Paphiopedilum flowers are distinctive and striking, the most obvious feature being the pouch-shaped lip. Dorsal sepal is usually large, and striped or spotted. Lateral sepals are fused to form a synsepalum behind the lip. Petals are spreading, sub-horizontal or angled downwards at various degrees. A shield-like staminode occupies the centre of the flower above the pouch. This represents a sterile stamen and its shape, colour, and whether it is hirsute or not are important features that characterize a species. The stigma lies behind and below the staminode. Anthers lie further back on the column, one on each side, containing sticky, granular pollen.

Paphiopedilum species, especially the majestic Paph. rothschildianum and the exotic, bizarre Paph. sanderianum with metre-long petals, were much admired in Europe and they fetched such high prices that explorers scoured Southeast Asian forests to collect plants for their sponsors despite the perilous nature of their enterprise. In 1887, Claes Ericsson sent 4500 Paphiopedilums from Borneo to Sanders, followed by another shipment the following year of 4000 Paph. rothschildianum. Collectors stripped forests bare of such plants rendering the species nearly ‘extinct in nature’. The outcome was actually their monstrous intention because they did not want rival collectors to be able to collect the same plants.

During the past three decades, some desirable Paphiopedilums have been rediscovered on Mount Kinabalu, but they are all still extremely rare (Figs. 79.2 and 79.3). The plants are constantly threatened by illegal collection and natural catastrophies like forest fires. New species were also discovered in southern China, Vietnam and Laos, many in great abundance; unfortunately, history keeps repeating itself. Soon after western nurseries learnt about their existence, local collectors were induced to supply plants in such great numbers that many newly discovered species are facing extinction or already have become extinct in their natural habitat. There seems to be a perverse interest to grow species collected from the wild in preference to cultivating the more attractive and less expensive mericlones.

Experts do not agree on the actual number of species in the genus. The approximate number is between 110 and 120 (Cribb 1998; Koopowitz 2018). What is remarkable is for 35 natural hybrids to have been identified during the past 140 years (Table 79.1). Most of these hybrids have appeared in southern China (Yunnan and Guangxi) and Vietnam, but they have also been found in eastern Himalaya, Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Philippines. Paphiopedilum x undulatum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen (Paph. spicerianum x Paph. areeanum) from Yunnan is an unusual natural hybrid that has three species in its constitution because Paph. areeanum is also a natural hybrid between two species, Paph. barbigerum and Paph. villosum var. annamense.

Table 79.1 Natural hybrids of Paphiopedilum (Data from World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Garden, Kew)

Full size table

Section Brachypetalum

Members of this section have mottled leaves and flowers with broad oval-shaped petals in white or yellow, commonly spotted with maroon. The lip is ovoid and small by comparison to members of other sections. Five species are distributed from southern China to Peninsular Malaysia and they occur on limestone. Several species are found in coastal areas in full sun and they do not need a cool environment to thrive.

Paphiopetalum bellatulum (Rchb.f.) Stein

Paphiopedilum bellatulum is distributed in northeastern Myanmar, adjacent northwestern Thailand and southwestern Yunnan at 900–1500 m. Plants are calcicolous (saxicolous on limestone) on moss-covered or humus-rich cracks and crevices on limestone outcrops in light shade or in the open in evergreen forests.

Herb is clustered. Leaves are four to five, oblong-elliptic, very dark green mottled with light green, and densely purple spotted underneath, 8–15 × 4–5 cm. Inflorescence is very short, under 5 cm, pubescent, with a single flower 5–6 (−8) cm across, white to cream with brownish purple spots, and ciliated. Dorsal sepal is transversely broadly ovate, concave, much hidden by the large broadly ovoid, rounded petals that are extended at a 30 degrees angle from the vertical. Synsepalum is half the size of the dorsal sepal, ovate and concave. Pouch is ovoid, ellipsoid (Fig. 79.4). Staminode is oblong, shortly dentate at the apex. Flowering season is reported as January to June (Vaddhanaphuti 2005), or April to August in Thailand (Nanakorn and Watthana 2008). There is an alba form of the species (Koopowitz 2018).

Paphiopedilum concolor (Lindl.) Pfitz.

Paphiopedilum concolor is distributed in SE Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina and Yunnan at 90–1000 (−1400) m and occurs as terrestrial or lithophyte on limestone in shade or partial shade in evergreen forests (Cribb 1998; Nanakorn and Watthana 2008; Kurzweil and Lwin 2015). At one time, Paph. concolor grew ‘abundantly in large patches in the hollow of limestone rocks which form so striking a feature in the scenery round Moulmein’ (Grant 1895). This is a variable species with pale and dark flowers, and variation in the shape of floral segments: consequently, there are numerous varietal names (Cribb 1998).

Leaves number four to six, oblong, 7–21 × 3–4 cm, green mottled with pale green, purple spotted below. Inflorescence is terminal, finely hirsute, 8–12 cm, one to three flowered. Flowers are 5–7 cm across, white, ivory, pale to dark yellow, all parts covered with tiny brownish red or purple spots, finely pubescent. Dorsal sepal is broadly ovate; synsepalum is ovate, smaller. Petals are elliptic, rounded at apex. Lip is ellipsoid, incurved at margin. Staminode is ovate, narrowed and toothed at the apex (Figs. 79.5 and 6). It flowers all year round (Nanakorn and Watthana 2008), with a peak from June to August (Vaddhanaphuti 2005).

Paphiopedilum concolor var. longisepalum Rolfe (Syn. Paphiopedilum josianae Braem & Nimpoonsri)

When Rolfe described Paph. concolor var. longisepalum in 1896, he noted that its was ‘remarkably distinct in shape’ but he did not consider the differences to be sufficient for a separate generic placement. Plants were not cultivated for over a century, and they only reappeared on the market about 18 years ago. These plants were from the Thai-Myanmese border in the region of Tenasserim, and they were reported to form a distinct autonomous population growing in humus on calcareous rock (Braem and Nimpoonsri 2014).

Leaves are narrowly elliptic, up to 15 × 2.5–3.5 cm, dark green with scattered white blotches above, densely purple spotted underneath. Inflorescence is erect, 6–8 cm tall, brown, hirsute, single-flowered. Flower is 6–7.3 cm wide, cream-coloured, spotted with purple all over and marked by a dark maroon midline stripe on the dorsal sepal and petals, hirsute. Dorsal sepal is oval, convex. Synsepalum is about the same size and shape, margin undulate. Petals are oblong-elliptic, retuse. Pouch is conical. Staminode is brighter yellow, cordate, apically dentate, and with a cleft at the base (Fig. 79.7).

Paphiopedilum godefroyae (God.-Leb.) Stein

Paphiopedilum godefroyae is distributed in Myanmar, southern Thailand and southern Vietnam. It occurs on coastal limestone cliffs within 3–5 m from high tide mark to 150 m, growing in hollows and crevices filled with humus and leaf litter. Plants receive full sun part of the day. This is a variable species and there is considerable debate over its origin, status and varieties (Cribb 1998). Leaves are oblong, 8–10 × 2–3 cm, tessellated pale green, purple spotted underneath. Inflorescence is erect, 4–8 cm tall, purple, pubescent, single flowered, sometimes two. Flowers are 5–8 cm across, white with brown to purple blotches on the pubescent sepals and petals, and smaller spots on the glabrous lip. Dorsal sepal is concave, transversely ovate. Synsepalum is ovate, small. Petals are ovate, bending obliquely downwards, apex retuse. Staminode is broadly ovate, white, finely spotted with brown to purple, pubescent, with a single tooth at the apex (Figs. 79.8 and 79.9). Flowering season is March to May (Cribb 1998; Vaddhanaphuti 2005; Nanakorn and Watthana 2008), formerly reported as December to July (Kamemoto and Sagarik 1975).

Paphiopedilum godefroyae var. Ang Thong (syn. Paphiopedilum niveum var. Ang Thong)

Paphiopedilum godefroyae var. Ang Thong has the floral form of Paph. godefroyae and the colour pattern of Paph. niveum, but plants are variable (Figs. 79.10 and 79.11). Formerly listed as Paph. niveum var. Ang Thong, and sometimes considered to be a natural hybrid between the two, Phillip Cribb pointed out that Ang Thong island where this species occurs is far removed from the distribution of Paph. niveum (Cribb 1998), so it is unlikely to be a hybrid between the two species. However, Rapee Sagarik who undertook extensive habitat studies and collections in Thailand during the 1950s and 1960s stated that the habitats of Paph. godefroyae and Paph. niveum are similar, and ‘frequently both species have been collected from the same locality’. Kamemoto and Sagarik do not rule out a possibility of ‘Ang Thong’ being a hybrid (Kamemoto and Sagarik 1975). Seidenfaden (1972) ranked ‘Ang Thong’ as a variety of Paph. godefroyae, and it is so listed in Kew’s World Checklist of Plant Species (Fig. 79.10). There is an alba form which is favoured by hybridists (Fig. 79.11).

Paphiopedilum leucochilum (Rolfe) Fowlie (syn. Paphiopedilum godefroyae Rolfe var. leucochilum)

Paphiopedilum leucochilum is distributed in the islands in the Gulf of Thailand, east of the Isthmus of Kra. Flowers resemble those of Paph. godefroyae except that they are slightly larger, 6–8 cm across, with the most noticeable difference being the smooth white lip. Staminode is cordate, white, with a small patch of yellow at the centre, spotted brownish purple; hirsute at the base. The area of short white hair extends over the column and base of the petals (Fig. 79.12). Whereas Phillip Cribb maintained that these differences are not sufficient to distinguish the species from Paph. godfroyae (Cribb 1998), Kew’s World Checklist of Plant Species currently lists it as a distinct species.

A white form (Fig. 79.13) and a dark, dwarf form also exist.

The immaculate appearance of the lip is maintained in some yellow hybrids (e.g. the primary hybrid with Paph. hangianum), whereas in many cases, selected clones show a predominantly smooth white lip with very fine spotting below the rim of the pouch. Flowering season is August to October (Vaddhanaphuti 2005).

Paphiopedilum mynmaricum Koop, Iamwir & S.Laohap

Paphiopedilum mynmaricum is endemic to southern Myanmar, occurring as a terrestrial in primary broadleaf, evergreen forests and scrub on steep limestone cliffs at 200–400 m. Plant is small, stem compressed, bearing 4–6 short, linear-oblong, bluish green, tessellated leaves that are purple and ciliated underneath.

Inflorescence is short, erect, bearing a single flower 6–9 cm across with coloration pattern similar to Paph. bellatulum. Dorsal sepal is transversely ovate, concave, undulate over the superior margin, finely hirsute on the dorsal surface and along the margin, flexed at the base, white with longitudinal brown veins and scattered brown spots. Synsepalum is white with brown streaks. Petals are sagging, fan-shaped, narrow at the base expanding towards a rounded, slightly undulate apex, hirsute at the base, white with irregular brown stripes that fade towards the apex and scattered small spots of brown between the stripes. Pouch is a helmet-shaped, narrow and deep, white with scattered tiny spots and botches of purple to brown. Staminode is circular, convex, minutely spotted with purple to brown except for the central, faintly orange umbo (Figs. 79.14 and 79.15).

Paphiopedilum niveum (Rchb.f.) Stein

Paphiopedilum niveum is distributed in Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, Perlis and Kelantan in northern Peninsular Malaysia, also in adjacent Peninsular Thailand in its southernmost districts of Satul, Phangnga and Trang (Seidenfaden and Wood 1992). Plants in Pulau Langkawi grow on limestone cliffs a few metres above the sea as terrestrial herbs, commonly clustered. Leaves are four to five, elliptic, 8–19 × 2.4–3.6 cm, mottled green above, dotted with purple underneath, and ciliated at the base. Inflorescence bears 1–2 white flowers, sometimes spotted with fine purple dots, 6 cm across. Dorsal sepal is broad, ovate, sometimes undulate: synsepalum is smaller, ovate, barely visible from the front. Petals are elliptic, rounded. Lip is small, ellipsoid. Staminode is elliptic to cordate, broader than long, with a medium cleft at the base and three blunt teeth at the apex, white overlaid with bright yellow at the centre (Figs. 79.16, 79.17 and 79.18). Flowering season is March to July (Vaddhanaphuti 2005); formerly December to August with peak flowering in April or May (Kamemoto and Sagarik 1975).

Paphiopedilum niveum var. Ang Thong (See Paphiopedilum godefroyae var. Ang Thong)

Paphiopedilum thaianum Iamwir.

Paphiopedilum thaianum is a rare, miniature species found only in Peninsular Thailand growing under shade on steep cliffs of eroded limestone at 350–450 m. Leaves are three to five, elliptic, dark green mottled with pale green, heavily spotted with purple underneath and ciliated around the base, 4–10 × 1–3 cm. Inflorescence is 6–17 cm tall, light brown, pubescent, bearing a single unspotted white flower, 3.5–4.2 cm across. Dorsal sepal is broadly ovate, concave, bent forwards, ciliate. Petals are narrowly ovate, retuse, spreading but slightly incurved, covered with fine cilia. Pouch is ovate, slim, glabrous. Staminode is cordate, tridentate at the apex, with a white rim at the margin surrounding a central leaf-shaped yellow patch within which are two green oval patches, obliquely aligned, one on each side lobe (Fig. 79.19). Flowering season is April to May (Iamwiriyakul 2006).

Paphiopedilum x wenshanense Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang (syn. Paphiopedilum Conco-bellatulum Hort.)

This is a natural hybrid between Paph. concolor and Paph. bellatulum. The plant which I saw exhibited is closer to Paph. bellatulum. It is white with brown spots on the sepals, petals and lip, of rounder, overlapping form, ciliate over the margins. Staminode is obcordate, tridentate at the apex, a cleft at the base, hirsute at the sides, white with a central yellow patch (Fig. 79.20). P. wenshanense was discovered in 2000 growing in dense shrubby on grassy slopes in a limestone area at the southeast of Yunnan Province (Liu et al. 2009).

An artificial hybrid between Paph. concolor and Paph. bellatulum was registered with the Royal Horticultural Society in 1891, and given the name Papiopedilum Conco-bellatulum. Without knowledge of the original source, it is not possible to decide which name should apply to a plant.

Infrasectional Hybrids

Beautiful man-made infrasectional hybrids have given much pleasure to hobbyists, but they can be confusing to hobbyists interested in species plants and to orchid judges. The hybrid, Paphiopedilum Greyi (Paph. godefroyae x Paph. niveum) is very similar to Paph. godefroyae var. Ang Thong but the staminode has the form and colour of Paph. niveum (Fig. 79.21). Bred with Paph. bellatulum, it produced an even more beautiful, round white purple-spotted flower (Fig. 79.22). Paphiopedilum Gratrix (Paph. bellatulum x Paph. godefroyae) x Paph. bellatulum is an example of what can be achieved by backcrossing (Fig. 79.23).

Section Parvisepalum

Members of the section Parvisepalum occur on karst in southern China and Vietnam but they each have a narrow distribution. Inflorescence bears a single large flower characterized by broad, ovoid petals, a large globose, thin lip and prominent staminode (Fig. 79.24). Leaves are boldly tessellated. Numerous primary hybrids have been made in this section.

Paphiopedilum armeniacum S.C.Chen & Liu

Paphiopedilum armeniacum is endemic to China. It has been discovered growing in a very small area of southern Yunnan Province, adjacent to Myanmar, between the Mekong and Irrawaddy Rivers, but so far it has not been found in Southeast Asia. Flowers are round, unspotted canary yellow (Fig. 79.24).

Paphiopedilum delenatii Guill.

Paphiopedilum delenatii is distributed in southeast Yunnan and southern Vietnam; growing on acidic soils on granite and gneiss mountains on very steep, southeast facing slopes above rivers and streams in tropical evergreen forests at 750–900 m in Vietnam (Averynov et al. 2003), and as terrestrial amidst shrubby and grasses in limestone areas at 1000–1300 m in Yunnan (Liu et al. 2009).

Leaves number five to seven, are elliptic, dark green and mottled above, purple spotted underneath, 11 × 3–4 cm, hugging the ground. Inflorescence is upright brown, papillose, up to 22 cm long, usually single flowered, rarely up to three. Flowers are 6–8 cm across, thin textured. Dorsal sepal is erect, ovate, white, ciliate. Synsepalum is similar. Petals are large, broadly elliptic ciliated at the margin, white with veins forming a light tessellation on the surface. Lip is sub-globose, margin involute, pink to light purple, mottled, minutely pubescent. Staminode is ovate, rhombic, ciliate pink with central maroon markings (Fig. 79.25). Flowering period is December in Vietnam, March to April in Yunnan.

There is a pure white form with yellow markings at the centre of the staminode (Averynov et al. 2003).

Paphiopedilum hangianum Perner & Gruss (syn. Paphiopedilum singchii Z.J.Liu & J.Y.Zhang)

Paphiopedilum hangianum occurs in very wet, well-drained rock crevices, usually behind waterfalls in southern Yunnan at 600–800 m. In Vietnam, it grows on vertical cliffs with its roots spreading along crevices of highly eroded stratified limestone at 450–750 m in primary, broad-leaved, evergreen forests.

Leaves are strap-shaped, bluish green above, pale green and keeled underneath, 15–30 × 1.5 cm. Inflorescence is erect, 6–12 cm, generally single-flowered. Flower is slightly fragrant, large, pale yellow diluted with white, 9–12 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, centrally grooved, with two short crimson lines at the base. Synsepalum is ovate, wider and larger than the dorsal sepal and displaying below the comparatively small sub-globose lip. Sepals are spreading, broadly ovate, widening towards and rounded at the apex; pale yellow lightening at the margin and flushed with red; and ciliated around the base. Staminode is quadrate, sagittate, clawed at the base, yellow with purple striations (Fig. 79.26). Flowering season is April to May in Vietnam and Yunnan.

Paphiopedilum malipoense S.C.Chen & Tsi

Paphiopedilum malipoense is a distinctive, terrestrial or saxicolous species distributed in northern Vietnam and southern China (SE Yunnan, SW Guizhou, SW Guangxi). It is the most widespread Paphiopedilum species growing on limestone in Vietnam with a wide altitudinal range of 450–1450 m. ‘Very steep, shady rocky slopes, the shelves of vertical cliffs, deep narrow karst gorges and holes just below the limestone ridges are the most common habitats of Paph. malipoense’ in Vietnam (Averynov et al. 2003), and the optimal habitat for the species is 1100–1200 m (Averyanov et al. 1997). It is found on grassy slopes, growing on humus-rich soil at rocky and well-drained locations in limestone areas at 500–2000 m in southern China (Liu et al. 2009).

This is a variable species. Leaves are coriaceous, elliptic, mottled dark and light green, purple underneath, 10–16 × 2.5–5 cm. Inflorescence is usually single flowered, rarely two. Flowers are 8–12 cm across, slightly fragrant, with apple green sepals and petals. Dorsal sepal is ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, pubescent. Sepals are elliptic, narrowed at the apex, apple green, lighter on the lower half, finely spotted or striped with dark purple, shortly ciliated. Lip is saccate, ellipsoid, sub-globose, margin involute, cream to pale yellowish green, pouch spotted with purple on the inside, the colour showing on the outer surface: side-lobes are cream with fine purple spots. Staminode is ovate, convex, toothed at the apex, purple over the apical half, white on the basal (Figs 79.27 and 79.28).

Paphiopedilum × fanaticum Koop. & N.Haseg. is a natural hybrid between Paph. malipoense and Paph. micranthum.

Paphiopedilum micranthum T.Tang & Wang

Paphiopedilum micranthum is distributed in SE Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou and northern Vietnam, occurring on karst or steep crystalline limestone cliffs with deep vertical erosion at 900–1600 m in semi-deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests that are rather open, wet and mossy (Averynov et al. 2003).

Leaves are distichous, elliptic, dark green with pale whitish green mottling above, spotted with purple underneath, 5–12 × 1.5–2 cm, carried horizontally or obliquely. Inflorescence is erect, brown, densely papillose, hair white, thin and long, bearing a single flower. Flower is 7–8 cm across, thin textured, odourless. Dorsal sepal is broadly ovate, yellow lined with crimson, ciliate at the margin. Synsepalum is similar. Petals are ovate to sub-circular, flat, margin round or undulate, white flushed with pale green and covered with irregularly outlined crimson veins radiating from the base. Lip is entire, inflated, sub-globose, margin-inverted, white with pink flush and faint magenta veins below the margin. Staminode is ovate, convex, longitudinally grooved, toothed at the apex, yellow with white at the base, spotted with maroon (Fig. 79.29). Flowering season is March to early May (Averynov et al. 2003). There are two natural hybrids with Paph. micranthum, namely, Paph. × fanaticum Koop. & N.Haseg. and Paph. × glanzii O.Gruss & Perner (emersonii × micranthum).

Paphiopedilum micranthum T.Tang & Wang var. eburneum Fowlie

This variety comes from Guangxi. The inflated globose lip is much larger and is pure white. Sepals and petals are white, flushed with yellow and only faintly spotted with crimson, superior margin undulate (Fig. 79.30).

Paphiopedilum vietnamense O.Gruss & Perner

Paphiopedilum vietnamense is endemic to Vietnam, occurring in the north as lithophyte, preferentially on pure white limestone in the middle slopes of ridges between 350 and 450 m. There used to be large colonies of the species growing in the company of other Vietnamese Paphiopedlium like Paph. concolor, Paph. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei and Paph. tranlienianum, but now Paph. vietnamense is close to extinction in its natural habitat due to over-collection for illegal export (Averynov et al. 2003).

Leaves are leathery, coriaceous, elliptic, rounded at the apex, glossy, marbled, greyish green above, purple underneath, three to five, measuring 8–17 × 2.5–7 cm. Inflorescence is erect, brown, densely papillose, 15–25 cm, single flowered, rarely two. Flowers are large, 12 cm across, white, pink or purple, ciliated. Dorsal sepal is erect, obovate, acuminate; margin inverted. Synsepalum is obovate, similar size. Petals are spreading, usually incurved, obovate, broader at the apical portion and rounded at the apex. Lip is urceolate (shaped like a pitcher), sub-globose, wide at the base, incurved at the margin. Staminode is rhombic, convex, broadly sagittate, tips blunt, (apex retuse), yellow with a green patch at the centre and white at the base (Fig. 79.31).

Infrasectional Hybrids

Whereas the two infra-sectional hybrids from southern China, Paph. glanzii and Paph. fanaticum are rare, numerous artificial infra-sectional hybrids have been bred. Paphiopedilum Magic Lantern is a beautiful man-made hybrid between Paph. micranthum and Paph. delenatii (Fig. 79.32). Paphiopedilum Magic Lantern, Paph. Ho Chi Minh (Paph. vietnamense x Paph. delenatii (Fig. 79.33), Paph. Lynleigh Koopowitz (P. delenati x Paph. malipoense) (Fig. 79.34) and Paph. In Charm Handel (P. delenatii x Paph. hangianum) (Fig. 79.35) illustrate the differences wrought by four different species on P. delenatii. Sometimes, parentage can be misleading: unless one knows which particular plant was employed in the breeding one may be misled in one’s expectation. The white Paph. Magic Lantern (Fig. 79.36) was probably bred from a Paph. micranthum forma eburneum which has semi-undulate petals (Fig. 79.37). Such primary hybrids give an idea of what to expect when choosing a species for breeding. The list is not intended to be exhaustive, and readers are advised to search the Internet for more examples.

Section Coryopedium

Plants are large, leaves without tessellations, and inflorescence bears several flowers that open simultaneously (Fig. 79.38). Pouch is helmet-shaped. Petals are long, tapering, spirally twisted and covered with warts. Staminode is pubescent at the base and sides. Of the nine species in this section, five are endemic in Borneo.

Paphiopedilum philippinense (Rchb.f.) Stein

Paphiopedilum philippinense is a coastal limestone species that is widespread in Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, and surrounding islands) and also occurring in Sabah and some offshore islands of north Borneo. It is terrestrial and saxicolous on fairly exposed limestone cliffs from 200 to 500 m.

Plants may form large clumps with strap-shaped, coriaceous, glossy green leaves up to 30 × 4 cm. Inflorescence is upright, arching, brown or purple, pubescent, 20 cm long, bearing two to five flowers, 8.5 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, acuminate, white, vertically striped with dark purple to brown. Synsepalum is lanceolate, white thinly striped with brown to purple, longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals are linear, 12–18 × 0.5 cm, with four twists, pendulous, arching, white or yellow, striped with maroon; margin undulate at the basal third, and here covered by brown warts. Staminode is quadrate, convex, yellow, laterally pubescent (Fig. 79.38).

Paphiopedilum rothschildianum (Rchb.f.) Stein

Undoubtedly, the most attractive member of the genus, Paph. rothschildianum is very rare in nature, now known to occur in only two sites on the lower slopes of Mount Kinabalu at 500–1800 m. It grows on the ledges of steep slopes or cliffs of ultramafic rock, sheltered, or in bright light, and individual plants may exist in clumps (Cribb and Wood 2009; Wood et al. 2011).

Plant is terrestrial or lithophytic. Stem is short with several leaves, 60 by 4–5 cm. Inflorescence is apical, erect, up to 45 cm tall, purple and pubescent, two to four flowered. Flowers are 14–30 cm across. Dorsal sepal and synsepalum are cordate, the synsepalum smaller and more acute than the dorsal sepal, both white or yellow with brown to maroon stripes. Petals are spreading about 10 degrees below the horizontal, narrowly tapering, white with strip of yellow and marked with dark brown or maroon spots and stripes: margins are undulate and lined with stiff black hair. Lip is porrect, pouch 5–6 cm long, 2.2–2.5 cm in diameter, yellow suffused with maroon except near the orifice and streaked with darker maroon. Staminode is narrow, bifid at the lower end (apex), pubescent at the margin, yellow (Figs. 79.39 and 79.40).

Paphiopedilum rothschildianum var. elliottianum O’Brien

A variety endemic to Sabah that has long sepals which hang down 12–15 degrees away from the midline.

Paphiopedilum sanderianum (Rchb.f.) Stein

Paphiopedilum sanderianum is an odd-looking species with dangling, linear, twisted, spotted, pubescent petals that are often over a metre long. Endemic to Sarawak, it occurs on east or northeast facing, vertical limestone cliffs at 150–500 m, exposed to dappled sunlight only in the morning and heavily shaded the rest of the day. It grows in intimate contact with the rock face.

Phillip Cribb suggested that this exacting requirement probably caused the species to disappear from cultivation for nearly a century after it was brought to England in the 1880s (Cribb 1998).

Plant is medium size, leaves are four to eight, strap-shaped, green, glossy, arching to pendent, up to 45 × 5.5 cm. Inflorescence is erect, maroon, shortly ciliate, 8–15 cm, bearing two to five flowers, 7 cm across. Dorsal sepal is erect, curving slightly fowards, lanceolate, apical margin folded inwards, greenish yellow with bright brown stripes (Figs. 79.41, 79.41 and 79.43). Synsepalum is lanceolate, apex round, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal, extended backwards and slightly downwards. Petals are linear, appearing twisted through continuous undulations and not spirally, ribbon-like, spreading backwards almost horizontally before turning through 90 degrees to become pendent. Petal are 50–90 cm long 5–9 mm wide, greenish yellow; spotted with maroon warts and ciliated along its upper third. Lip is helmet-shaped, brown from the rim downwards, fading to green at the apex. Staminode is cordate, bidentate at the apex, and pubescent at the sides.

Paphiopedilum stonei (Hook.) Stein

Paphiopedilum stonei is endemic to Sarawak where it occurs on steep limestone cliffs shaded by tall trees at 60–700 m. Plants are capable of growing in clumps, with five to seven coriaceous, green strap leaves up to 70 × 4.5 cm. Inflorescence is erect to arching, 35–70 cm carrying two to four flowers up to 12 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, acuminate, white with narrow brown to maroon stripes; synsepalum is ovate, lanceolate, thin, white with brown stripes. Petals are linear, tapering, spreading and arching, twisted at the distal half, yellow with brown spots on the basal half, also bearing brown stripes that broaden and eventually coalesce to become solid brown at the twisted apical portion. Lip is porrect, pouch narrow, pointed at the apex, yellow flushed with pink and marked by maroon veins. Staminode is quadrate, convex, laterally pubescent, yellow (Figs. 79.44 and 79.45).

Paphiopedilum supardii Braem & Loeb (syn. Paph. victoria de Vogel; Paph. devogelii Schoser)

Paphiopedilum supardii is saxicolous and endemic to NE Kalimantan growing on limestone rocks along steep slopes at 600–960 m in light to moderate shade. Leaves are seven to nine, strap-shaped, 20–50 × 3–6 cm, dark green, smooth. Inflorescence is erect, 3–45 cm tall, brown, pubescent, bearing three to seven yellowish green, striped and spotted flowers which ‘appear deformed’ (Cribb 1998). Dorsal sepal is ovate, acuminate, margin undulate, yellowish green with brown stripes, the median stripe bordered by brown dots on both sides. Synsepalum is similar in shape and length but narrower, yellowish green with thin brown stripes. Petals are linear tapering droopy, twisted, 3 x as long as the dorsal sepal, yellow green with brown spots, undulate and hirsute at the margin.

Pouch is light brown with dark brown veins. Staminode is subquadrate, convex, yellow, laterally pilose (Fig. 79.46). Flowering season is March to June.

Paphiopedilum wilhelminae L.O.Will

Paphiopedilum wilhelminae is closely related to Paph. glanduliferum but it has a different distribution as well as difference in altitude range, vegetative form and floral structure. It was originally discovered in Iran Jaya, growing on grassy slopes at 1700 m but has since been found to be also present on the eastern half of the island, in Papua New Guinea, thriving as large clumps on limestone rubble at 1800 m. The species was named in honour of Queen Wilhemina of the Netherlands (Cribb 1998).

Leaves are four to six, strap-shaped, green on the upper surface, light green underneath, 6–27 × 2–3.5 cm. Inflorescence is 30–50 cm tall, two to three flowered. Flowers are 12–16 cm across. Dorsal sepal ovate acuminate, white with maroon stripes. Synsepalum is narrow, white with maroon stripes. Petals are long, linear, with 2.5 spiral twists, undulate and sparsely ciliate over the basal third, yellow overlaid with maroon stripes. Pouch is deep, yellow ochre flushed and veined with maroon. Staminode is quadrate, convex yellow ochre overlaid with brown, and hirsute at the sides (Fig. 79.47)

Natural Hybrids

Two natural intersectional hybrids with species from section Barbata exist: from Borneo Paph. x kimballianum (Paph. dayanum × Paph. rothschildianum) described by Reichenbach in 1886; and from Philippines Paph. x expansum (Paph. hennisianum x Paph. philippinese) described by J.T. Atwood in 1989.

Infra-sectional Hybrids

Paphiopedilum St. Swithin (Paph. philippiense x Paph. rothschildianum) is a lovely, popular, old hybrid which combines desirable traits from both parents. The dominance of pod parent, Paph. philippinense facilitates growing this hybrid in the tropical lowlands and the pollen parent has improved the form and presentation of the flowers (Fig. 79.48). Paphiopedilum Mount Toro (Paph. stonei x Paph. philippinense) does not display its petals as well but they are longer (Fig. 79.49). Paphiopedilum Susan Booth (Paph. glanduriferum x Paph. rothschildianum) has a beige colouration unlike its parents (Fig. 79.50). The pollen parent has reduced the extent of twisting on the petals, but otherwise, the hybrid is dominated by its pod parent, which is usually the case. In Paph. Michael Koopowitz (Paph. philippinense x Paph. sanderianum), petals are much lengthened. The pod parent has a dominant influence on colouration (Fig. 79.51).

Section Pardalopetalum

Members of this section are strap-leaved, epiphytic species. Inflorescence carries several flowers that open simultaneously. Petals are arching and spiraled, this being most pronounced in Paph. parishii and Paph. dianthum. Pouch is long and narrow, commonly khaki-coloured (Fig. 79.52).

Paphiopedilum dianthum Tan & Wang

Paphiopedilum dianthum differs from Paph. parishii in having slightly larger flowers, a papillose peduncle, rachis and bracts, a glabrous ovary, less heavily spotted petals and larger lip (Cribb 1987). It is distributed in southwest China (southeast Yunnan, southwest Guizhou and west Guangxi) and northern Vietnam growing on limestone buffs under the shade of laurels and oaks and on steep rocks and small cliffs near the summit of karst hills at 1000–2300 m (Cribb 1998; Liu et al. 2009). It was also discovered growing at 545 m in a narrow gorge (Cribb 1998).

Plants tend to form clumps, leaves four to six, lingulate, coriaceous, dark green above, paler below, 20–50 × 2–5 cm. Inflorescence is horizontal, green, glabrous, 30–80 cm, laxly two to five flowered. Flowers are 8–10 cm across, colour lacking intensity. Dorsal sepal is obovate, recurved, white, marked with green at the base and lightly striped with green. Synsepalum is ovate, reflexed, white with green stripes. Petals are linear, twisted, pendent, green, spotted with dark warts and hirsute at the basal third, densely striped with dull maroon over the distal two-thirds. Pouch is deeply saccate, tapered at the apex, olive green. Staminode is obcordate, bilobed, with a basal umbo, white, flushed with green at the centre (Fig. 79.53). There is an alba form of the species (Koopowitz 2018). Three natural hybrids of Paph. dianthum have been identified by O. Gruss, viz., Paph. × huangrongshuanum Petchl. & O.Gruss; Paph. × petchleungianum O.Gruss; and Paph. × sanjiangianum Petchl. & O.Gruss.

Paphiopedilum haynaldianum (Rchb.f.) Steins

Paphiopedilum haynaldianum is endemic to Philippines, occurring as terrestrial or lithophyte from sea level to 1500 m in Luzon, Negros and Mindanao (Cootes 2001), and occasionally as epiphyte in Luzon at 1400 m. Its habitat is subject to monsoon rains from June to September: in winter nights, temperature is very low, providing the stimulus for Paph. haynaldianum to flower from January to March during the dry season.

Plant is medium size, with 6–7 strap-shaped, green leaves 20–45 × 5 cm. Inflorescence is aching, brown, hirsute, 20–50 cm bearing 3–5 flowers, laxly arranged. Flower is 12 cm across, segments narrow. Dorsal sepal is ovate, acuminate, reflexed, green spotted with brown at the basal half, purple with brown lines distally. Petals are narrowly spathulate, similarly coloured. Synsepalum is elliptic, green edged with light purple. Lip is khaki to brown with a fine mesh of very thin brown lines. Staminode is white with green tessellations, ovate, with a short cleft at the apex and a grey callus or nob above the cleave (Fig. 79.54).

Paphiopedilum haynaldianum (Rchb.f..) Stein forma alba Braem

This is an albino form where the flowers lack anthocyanins and they are yellow and green. Form is similar to the type but the staminode is conical, convex, green and without a cleavage at the apex (Fig. 79.55). Its habitat has not been published (Cootes 2001). There is one natural hybrid with the species: Paph. × deleonii Cabactulan, Cootes, Pimentel & Dionisio.

Paphiopedilum lowii (Lindl.) Stein

Paphiopedilum lowii is distributed in Sumatra, Malaysia, Kalimantan and Sulawesi, occurring as epiphyte or as lithophyte on humus-filled rocks and boulders in riverine, hill and montane forests at 250–1700 m. Plants from high elevations have broader leaves and the colour of their flowers is more intense (Cribb and Wood 2009). Leaves number four to six, measuring 22–40 × 2.8–6 cm, unequally bilobed at apex. Inflorescence is erect arching, up to 70 cm, purple, pubescent, bearing three to seven widely spaced flowers, 9–16.5 cm across (Fig. 79.56). Dorsal sepal is ovate, margins recurved along the lower two-thirds, pale yellowish green, with thin brown stripes and flushed with brown at the centre and on the lower half. Synsepalum is elliptic, smaller than the dorsal sepal, pale yellowish green, hirsute along the margin. Petals are spathulate, faces downwards at the base, basal third recurved and sparsely covered with white hair along the margins; then twisted through 90 degrees so that the remaining two-thirds faces forwards, their margins slightly undulate. The basal two-thirds of the petals are yellowish green with brown to maroon spots. The distal third is crimson or purple, unspotted. Pouch is brown. Staminode is pale ochre stained with brown, obovate, bluntly three-toothed at the apex and an erect hook at the base (Fig. 79.57). Flowers on an inflorescence open rapidly in succession, and they last for up to 3 months on the plant. In Sabah, flowering season is April to June (Cribb and Wood 2009). There is an alba form of the species which was given the name f. ‘albescent’ (Koopowitz 2018).

Paphiopedilum parishii (Rchb.f.) Stein

Paphiopedilum parishii is lithophytic on moss-covered limestone or epiphytic on moss-covered branches of Terminalia alata in medium shade at 1050–2300 m in eastern Myanmar, northern Thailand and southwestern Yunnan (Cribb 1998; Nanakorn and Watthana 2008).

Leaves are linear, coriaceous, 30–60 × 4–7.5 cm. Inflorescence is 30–50 cm tall, green, pubescent, four to seven flowered. Flowers are greenish yellow and brown, 6–10 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, convex, reflexed at the lower two-thirds and bent forward at the upper third, white or greenish yellow with apple green at the base and striped with green. Synsepalum is ovate, as large as the dorsal sepal, greenish yellow with green stripes. Petals are linear, twisted, basal margins undulate, green with dark maroon spots at the base, purple to dark maroon. Pouch is brown with darker brown veins, its rim V-shaped, apex tapering. Staminode is obcordate cream with green mottling at the centre (Figs. 79.52 and 79.58). Flowering season is June to July.

Paphiopedilum richardianum Asher and Beaman [syn. P. lowii Var. richardianum (Asher & Beaman) Gruss]

Paphiopedilum richardianum is endemic to Sulawesi growing in open wet grassland at 1100–1200 m. Leaves are strap-shaped, coriaceous, dark green with lighter green underneath. Inflorescence is upright, pubescent, bearing one to five flowers, 4.4. cm across. Floral form resembles Paph. lowii, but flowers are much smaller, dorsal sepal less reflexed, the petals shorter, and pouch is deeply V-shaped at the rim (Fig. 79.59).

It is recognized as a distinct species but some taxonomists consider this to be a variety of Paph. lowii (Cribb 1998).

Section Cochlopetalum Hallier ex Pfitz.

The five closely related species in this section are found only in Java, or in Sumatra and Java. Inflorescence bears several flowers that open successively. Flowers are small but attractive. Petals are narrow, spirally twisted, ciliate, spreading horizontally, margins undulate in some species. Lip is pot-shaped and deep (Fig. 79.60).

Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum J.J.Sm

Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum is the typical member of the glacuophyllum complex. It occurs in East Java growing on humus-rich volcanic rock or soil at 200–770 m (Cribb 1998; Handoyo 2010). Formerly exported in large quantities to Europe, the plant is now rare in in its natural habitat. Leaves are glaucous, 20–28 × 4–5 cm. Inflorescence is erect, pubescent bearing several flowers, but only one or two open at a time. Flowers are 8 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, green with brown stripes and venation, white and ciliate at the margin. Petals are linear, 4–4.5 cm long (short for the genus), twisted, white spotted with brown, densely covered with long, white hair along the margins, hirsute at the base. Lip is pot-shaped crimson. Staminode is ovate, obtuse, convex, brown and darker in the centre (Fig. 79.61).

Paphiopedilum liemianum (Fowlie) Karasawa & Saito

Paphiopedilum liemianum has an extremely restricted distribution in northern Sumatra near Kampong Susuk at 840–885 m. It grows on vertical limestone rocks in thick humus at the foot of trees. Leaves are distinctive, dark green and glossy above, bearing dense rows of small, dark maroon spots on the underside and ciliate at the margin, 14–24 × 3–5 cm. Inflorescence is erect, brown, pubescent, 15–20 cm tall, several flowered with only one to two open at a time. Flowers are 8 cm across, not unlike Paph. glaucophyllum. Dorsal sepal is transversely ovate, dark green overlaid with brown to various degrees, bordered by a broad white band, margin undulate and ciliate. Synsepalum is narrowly ovate, smaller, green. Petals are lingulate, spreading horizontally, undulate and prominently hirsute, twisted near the apex, white with crimson blotches. Lip is pot-shaped, white at the rim, pale violet. Staminode is oval, convex, green at the basal half, brown on the apical (Comber 2001) (Figs. 79.60 and 79.62).

Paphiopedilum moquetteanum (J.J.Sm.) Fowlie

Paphiopedilum moquetteanum occurs in the wet West Java region growing on steep limestone cliffs at 300 m. Leaves are 55 × 10 cm. Flowers are 9–10 cm across, the largest and most distinctive in the section (Koopowitz 2018). Dorsal sepal is yellow, speckled with small purple dots arranged in rows along the veins. Synsepalum is smaller, ovate, green with tiny maroon dots arranged in rows. Petals are linear, undulate, with a single twist near the apex, with long white hair on the margin, white or yellow dotted with maroon. Lip is pot-shaped, greenish yellow at the rim, pale crimson, sometimes spotted with dark crimson. Staminode is ovate, dark brown (Fig. 79.63).

Paphiopedilum primulinum M.Wood & Taylor

Paphiopedilum primulinum is endemic to north Sumatra, occurring on limestone at 400–1000 m in southern Aceh (the northernmost province of Sumatra) and near Tapaktum near the coast at 10 m (Cribb 1998; Comber 2001). Plants tend to form clumps, each plant with four strap leaves, 23 × 2.5 cm, bluish green.

Inflorescence is green, hirsute, 20–22 cm; rachis zigzag bearing three to seven flowers which open one to two at a time. Flower is 4.2–7 cm across, yellow. Dorsal sepal is ovate, concave, undulate, yellow, with a large, diffusely outlined, central patch of green, and prominent green veins. Synsepalum is ovate, undulate, yellowish green. Petals are linear lanceolate, undulate, with a single twist near the apex, white at the centre, bordered by yellow on both sides, and ciliate at the margins; spreading 10 degrees below the horizontal. Pouch is long, broadening near the apex. Staminode is ovate, broader at the base, green with a yellow, pubescent horizontal band across the base (Fig. 79.64).

Paphiopedilum victoria-reginae (Sander) M.W.Wood (syn. Paphiopedilum chamberlianianum)

Paphiopedilum victoria-reginae is endemic in Sumatra and occurs on cliffs in western Sumatra at 800–1600 m. Herb is lithophytic with strap leaves, 28 × 6 cm, green. Inflorescence bears several flowers but only one to two are open at a time. Flower is 8 cm across. Dorsal sepal is circular, finely ciliate at the margin, yellowish green with brown patches at the base and six curved, thin, dark brown lines spreading above the brown patch. Petals are linear, undulate with a half-twist near the apex, ciliated, yellowish green spotted with maroon on the front and back. Lip is white and rose with crimson or purple spots. Staminode is ovate, brown, tinged with green at the base (Fig. 79.65).

Section Paphiopedilum

Fifteen species are included in this section (Cribb 1998). Plants have plain green leaves and bear solitary flowers. Several members possess a characteristic obcordate (heart-shaped) or umbonate (protruding button-shaped) staminode (Fig. 79.66).

Paphiopedilum barbigerum var. lockianum Aver.

Paphiopedilum barbigerum is a small, rare species occurring in northern Vietnam and the southern Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. Plants of the type in China grow on north-facing cliffs of karst at 300 m–1200 m. They have narrow spotted leaves 7 × 0.7–1.2 cm: flowers 6 cm across, yellow and yellow ochre with basal green markings and a central brown to maroon vein, and a reddish brown lip. It is a variable species with very limited distribution in Vietnam (Liu et al. 2009).

Paphiopedilum barbigerum var. lockianum is distributed over a limited small area of northern Vietnam (Lao Cai Province) growing on vertical cliffs of crystalline limestone in light shade at 1000–1100 m in evergreen, broad-leaved forests. Leaves are broader than those of the type, 1.3–1.5 cm; flowers larger, around 10 cm across. The major difference from the Chinese-type plant is a stronger presence of anthocyanin pigments in the flowers of Paph. barbigerum var. lockianum. Dorsal sepal is ovate, reflexed at the lower third, ciliate and undulate at the upper margin which bends forwards: white with carmine and carmine-brown over the lower third fanning out to cover two-thirds of the distal area. Petals are linear, incurved, undulate and ciliate over the upper margin, yellow ochre streaked with brown and carmine brown. Lip is narrowed at the apex, upper margin horizontal, yellow ochre at the apex merging with reddish brown higher up, with light carmine veins. Staminode is obcordate, yellow (Fig. 79.67). The yellow form where flowers are devoid of brown and carmine markings is referred to as f. aureum (Koopowitz 2018).

There are four natural hybrids from Paph. barbigerum, namely, Paph. x areeanum O.Gruss distributed in Yunnan and Myanmar; Paph. × aspersum Aver. occurring in Vietnam; Paph. × sanjiangianum Petchl. & O.Gruss in Yunnan; and Paph. × undulatum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen, a second-generation hybrid discovered in Yunnan.

Paphiopedilum charlesworthii (Rolfe) Pfitz.

Paphiopedilum charlesworthii is a cool-growing lithophyte occurring at 1200–1700 m within a radius of 64 km around Inle Lake in the Shan State of Myanmar, adjacent Thailand (Doi Tung, Chiang Rai) and Yunnan. It is lithophytic on limestone, generally in the shade (Cribb 1998; Vaddhanaphuti 2005).

Leaves are oblong-elliptic, 15 × 2.5 cm, green with purple spots underneath near the base. Inflorescence is 8–15 cm tall, pale green, pubescent, 8–15 cm tall, with a single flower 5–8 cm across. Dorsal sepal is transversely elliptic, slightly folded inwards at the apex, crimson with dark purple veins. Petals are spathulate, incurved slightly bowed at the apex, crimson. Or yellow with reddish brown and reticulated, slightly ciliated over the upper margin. Lip is wide, reddish brown. Staminode is white, lunate, tridentate, glabrous (Figs. 79.68, 79.69 and 79.70). Flowering period is August to December (Nanakorn and Watthana 2008). There is an alba form of the species (Koopowitz 2018).

Paphiopedilum druryi (Bedd.) Stein

Paphiopedilum druryi is endemic to the Travancore Hills in southeast Peninsular India, occurring at 1500 m. This isolated habitat is far removed from the usual distribution of slipper orchids that is Himalaya to southern China and Southeast Asia. Paphiopedilum druyi is lithophytic on exposed or partially shaded, weathered rocks facing southeast and southwest, or terrestrial in poor soils on montane grassland in the company of grasses, shrubs and stunted plants. In this setting, daytime temperatures may reach 35 degrees Celsius.

Plants are up to 225 cm tall, sometimes form large clumps of up to 35 shoots but are vulnerable to habitat destruction, especially fires. Leaves are six to seven, 12–30 × 2.5–4 cm, coriaceous, green. Inflorescence is erect, 25 cm tall, pubescent and single flowered. Flower is 6–6.5 cm across, white and brown. Dorsal sepal is elliptic, bent over the lip, white with a central patch of green marked with dark purple streaks. Synsepalum is large, visible behind the lip, ovate, white with a central patch of green. Petals are oblong-elliptic, undulate at the apex, incurved, ciliate at the margin, olive green to brown with a narrow, linear streak of brown across the midline. Lip is wide, yellowish brown. Staminode is obcordate with a small knob at the centre (Fig. 79.71).

Paphiopedilum exul (Ridl.) Rolfe

Paphiopedilum exul occurs on limestone in coastal Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand (at Chumporn region to Krabi and Phuket) 7–50 m above the sea. It is a warm-growing terrestrial or lithophyte. Flowering season has been variously stated: February in Phuket (Seidenfaden 1972), February to May (Kamemoto and Sagarik 1975), January to April (Vaddhanaphuti 2005), April to May (Nanakorn and Watthana 2008), May to June (Cribb 1998).

Leaves are oblong, 25–30 × 2–3 cm. Inflorescence is 15–20 cm, hirsute, bearing a single flower, 6 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, undulate, curving forwards, ciliate at the margin, white with a large central green patch spotted with irregular reddish-purple dots. Synsepalum is as large or larger than the dorsal sepal, and it extends beyond the lip, white with a green tinge most prominent at the base. Petals are spathulate, undulate and ciliate, curving inwards, yellow ochre streaked with brown and spotted with reddish purple dots over its basal third. Lip is pouch-shaped, narrowing towards the base, yellow ochre. Synsepalum is large, obovate, obscurely retuse, yellow ochre (Fig. 79.72). There is an alba form of the species (Koopowitz 2018). Paph. × powellii Christenson is a natural hybrid from Paph. exul (Table 79.1).

Paphiopedilum fairieanum (Lindl.) Sein

Paphiopedilum fairieanum is a distinctive, cool-growing, terrestrial, limestone species distributed in eastern Himalaya (Bhutan, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh) at 1400–2200 m. Introduced more than 50 years ago, it disappeared from cultivation 50 years later. It has since been rediscovered several times. Two forms and a handful of cultivars have been described; also a natural hybrid, Paph. x pradhanii (Paph. fairieanum x Paph. venustum). It occurs on limestone outcrops and grassy slopes and flowers from October to December (Gurung 2006).

Leaves are linear lingulate, 7.5–28 × 2–3 cm, dark green and faintly mottled, arranged in a fan on a short stem. Inflorescence is upright, 12–25 cm, single flowered. Flower is distinctive, 6–8 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, apex widening into a horizontal ledge which is recurved, ciliate; lateral margins undulate, ciliate; white with green to purple veins. Petals are oblong, lanceolate, sigmoid, undulate, green lined with purple at the centre, purple and papillose at the margins. Lip is helmet-shaped, green overlaid with brown and covered by brown stripes and veins, minutely ciliated, rim wavy, cream-coloured. Staminode is elliptic, tridentate at the apex, brown overlaid with mottled olive green (Fig. 79.73). There is an alba form of the species (Koopowitz 2018). The single natural hybrid from Paph. fairieanum is Paph. × pradhanii Pradhan (Table 79.1).

Paphiopedilum gratrixianum Rolfe

Paphiopedilum gratrixianum is distributed in southern China, Laos and northern Vietnam. Flower resembles Paph. insigne, Phal. exul and Phal. villosum. It grows into large clumps as terrestrial or lithophyte in evergreen, broad-leaved, cloud forests on steep mountain slopes composed of silicate rocks like granite, gneiss and rhyolite at 900–1100 m or higher where high humidity prevails at all times. Leaves are four to seven, suberect, linear-lanceolate, bilobed and rounded at the apex, 30 × 2–3 cm, green. Inflorescence is erect, hirsute, single flowered. Flower is 7–9 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, reflexed, undulate at the apex, white and ciliated at the apical half, yellow at the basal, spotted with four rows of maroon in the middle. Synsepalum is elliptic, yellow. Petals are spathulate, incurved, undulate and reflexed, minutely ciliate, yellowish brown, with vague brown stripes, glossy. Pouch tapers sharply towards the apex, yellowish brown with a lighter rim, glossy. Staminode is obcordate, base papillose and surrounded by stiff, brown hair (Figs. 79.66 and 79.74). Paphiopedilum gratrixianum has two natural hybrids, namely, Paph. × huangrongshuanum Petchl. & O.Gruss and Paph. × tamphianum Aver. & O.Gruss (Table 79.1).

Paphiopedilum helenae Aver.

Paphiopedilum helenae is a small warm-growing, lowland, karst/limestone lithophyte from northern Vietnam and southern China occurring at 800–900 m. The species was discovered in 1995 by Leonid Averyanov, N. T. Hiep and D. D. Huyen and named after Mrs. Averyanov. The typical habitat is open, dry primary coniferous forest, plants growing in the open or lightly at the base of small trees and shrubs on narrow shelves of high mountain, north-facing vertical cliffs (Averynov et al. 2003). Plants are small, clustered with coriaceous, dark green, oblong-lanceolate leaves, 4–12 × 1–2 cm. Inflorescence is arching, 5–6.5 cm bearing a single, clear canary yellow flower, 6 cm tall, 5–6 cm across. Dorsal sepal is circular, held like a tent above the lip, its edges curled inwards. Synsepalum is ovate, smaller than the dorsal sepal. Petals are narrow, long, spathulate, incurved, longer than the lip. Pouch is sacculate, apex rounded. Staminode is ovate, smooth, with a small, raised central knob (Fig. 79.75).

In a different colour form, dorsal sepal is green with a white border and fine white hair on the dorsal surface. Petals are olive green. Pouch is yellow flushed with reddish brown over the bottom half. Staminode is greenish yellow with a green umbo (Fig. 79.76) Some flowers have a yellow dorsal sepal and petals and a pink pouch (Gruss and Averyanov 2018).

Paphiopedilum helenae Aver. f. delicatum (Z.J.Liu & Z.Y.Zhang) Gruss & Fuchs.

This is a very colourful form of the species originally discovered by Z.J. Liu and J.Yong Zhang at 700–110 0 m in Guangxi Province China and later found to also occur in Vietnam. Flower is 4.5–5 cm across (Liu et al. 2009). Dorsal sepal is golden yellow, synsepalum white. Petals are light purple, and pouch is pink faintly striped with darker pink. Staminode is white (Gruss and Averyanov 2018).

Paphiopedilum henryanum Braem. (syn. Paphiopedilum dollii Luckel)

Paphiopedilum henryanum was discovered in a wild-collected consignment of slipper orchids imported from China and flowered in Germany in 1987. Subsequently, it was collected in Vietnam in 1998. Paphiopedilum harveyanum has a small restricted distribution confined to a limestone area spanning Yunnan, Guangxi and northern Vietnam. It is now reported as extinct in all its known habitats in China due to excessive pillage from the wild. Plants are lithophytic, growing in small colonies on steep slopes and cliffs of highly eroded, crystalline limestone or karst between 900 and 1400 m, rarely also at 700 m in primary broad leaf and mixed coniferous, evergreen or semi-deciduous forests. The region experiences a dry season alternating with heavy monsoon rains. Plants flower in late September and October at the end of the monsoon season (Averynov et al. 2003).

Plant is small with three to six strap coriaceous, glossy green leaves, pale green underneath. Inflorescence is arching 12–15 cm, single flowered. Flower is 4–6 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, undulate, lower margin slightly recurved, yellowish green spotted with blotches of maroon, ciliate. Petals are spreading, incurved, oblong-spathulate, undulate, yellow at the edges, reddish brown at the centre and dotted with maroon over the basal half. Lip is pot-shaped, cerise with a yellow rim. Staminode is obovate, obscurely tridentate at the apex, retuse at the base, yellow, finely spotted with crimson, and carrying an orange umbo at the centre (Fig. 79.77).

Paphiopedilum henryanum is a variable, polymorphic species with variation in the size, shape and spotting of the dorsal sepal, the attitude of and extent of spotting on the petals, and the shape of the lip (Averynov et al. 2003). Paph. vietenryanum O Gruss & Petchl is a natural hybrid from Paph. henryanum (Table 79.1).

Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum (Lindl. Ex Hook) Stein

Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum is a distinctive epiphytic or saxicolous species distributed in NE India, Yunnan and northern Thailand at 700–1200 m. Plants are moderate size with five to six green strap leaves 45 × 1.5–2 cm, spotted with purple underneath. Inflorescence is purple, pubescent, 17–25 cm long, bearing a single flower, 11–14 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate-elliptic, reflexed at the basal half, the distal half undulate and bent forward; pale yellow heavily spotted with dark brown, and ciliate on both sides. Synsepalum is elliptic, cream to pale yellow. Petals are spathulate, ciliate; undulate on the upper margin at the proximal medial half which is pale yellow heavily spotted with dark brown; distal half purple apex reflexed. Pouch is pot-shaped, narrowed just below the rim and expanded thereafter, creamy yellow darkening to brown below, the waist spotted with brown and marked with brown veins. Staminode is subquadrate, dark brown with a yellowish green band at the apex, with a green and two white spots in the centre, and hirsute at the sides (Fig. 79.78). There is one natural hybrid from the species, Paph. × grussianum H.S.Hua (Table 79.1).

Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum f. flava

Like forma viride, flowers of this variety lack anthocyanin pigments, but here, instead of being yellow and green, the flower is yellow throughout save for the dark green umbo (Fig. 79.79).

Paphiopedilum insigne (Wall ex Lindl.) Pfitz.

Paphiopedilum insigne has a limited distribution in Meghalaya, NE India and NW Yunnan occurring on dolomite outcrops at 1000–1500 m in India (Cribb 1998) and on rocky and litter-rich locations in grassy and bush-clad slopes (Liu et al. 2009). Herb is terrestrial with five to six elliptic, leathery, light green leaves speckled with purple at the base, 8–30 × 2.5–3.5 cm. Scape is erect, flower solitary, 7–10 cm across. Dorsal sepal is yellow spotted with brown or maroon, and white on its reflexed margin. Petals are spathulate, undulate hirsute over the basal third, yellowish green streaked with brown, apical third incurved. Lip is helmet-shaped, café-au-lait streaked with brown. Staminode is obovate with a central raised knob (Cribb 1998) (Fig. 79.80).

Paphiopedilum insigne is a beautiful species which has a prominent place in the development of showy, round Paphiopedilum hybrids. Paph. insigne ‘Harefield Hall’ received a First Class Certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1898 (Fig. 79.81). Form is vastly superior to the standard flower (Fig. 79.82).

Paph. × crossianum (Rchb.f.) Stein and Paph. × leeanum O.Gruss are two natural hybrids from Paph. insigne (Table 79.1).

Paphiopedilum insigne var. Sanderae

This is a colour form of the species which lacks anthocyanin pigmentation. The original clone was yellow (Fig. 79.83). There is also a green form (Fig. 79.84). They have a role in the development of yellow-brown and green hybrids.

Paphiopedilum spicerianum (Rchb.f. ex Masters & T.Moore) Pfitz.

Paphiopedilum spicerianum is distributed from eastern Himalaya to Myanmar and Yunnan (China) occurring as lithophyte on vertical cliffs of river gorges at 300–1300 m. It is one of three primary species employed in the breeding of large, round, long-lasting hybrids, the other two being Paph. villosum and Paph. insigne.

Plants form large clumps. Leaves are elliptic, deeply grooved, four to five, green on top and bottom, 15–30 × 3.5–6 cm. Inflorescence is erect 15–35 cm, sparsely pubescent, single flowered. Flower is 5.5–7 cm across, olive green except for the dorsal sepal which is white. Dorsal sepal is transversely obovate, reflexed at the base, undulate at the upper margin, white, with a central dark maroon stripe and green at the base. Petals linear-lanceolate, with three undulations on the upper margin, one below, spreading horizontally, olive green with a median maroon stripe. Lip is olive green, rim greenish yellow. Staminode is obovate, transversely elliptic-obcordate, auriculate at the base (Cribb 1998), mauve and purple, with two yellow spots at the centre (Fig. 79.85).

There are five natural hybrids from Paphiopedilum spicerianum, one occurring in Assam (India), one in Myanmar and three in Yunnan (China). They are Paph. × leeanum O.Gruss; Paph. × lushuiense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen; Paph. × polystigmaticum (Rchb.f.) Stein; Paph. × undulatum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen; and Paph. × yingjiangense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen (Table 79.1).

Paphiopedilum tigrinum Koop. & N.Hasegawa

Paphiopedilum tigrinum is a cool-growing epiphyte from western and south-eastern Yunnan, possibly Myanmar, occurring at 1400–2200 m. It grows as a terrestrial, lithophyte or epiphyte in shaded, rocky locations or at thicket margins along valleys (Liu et al. 2009). Plant bears 2–5 linear-lingulate, leathery, pale green leaves, 13–27 × 2.1–2.7 cm. Scape is erect, purple, pubescent, 20–25 cm tall bearing a solitary flower, 9–12 cm across. Dorsal sepal is erect, obovate, undulate, ivory, marked with thin, longitudinal, brown lines with a broad, irregular brown streak along the central line, and small to large brown spots along the lateral lines (veins). Petals are spathulate, undulate, finely hirsute, slightly twisted at the apex, cream with two brown bars, and flushed with purple at the superior margin and over the apical third. Lip is helmet-shaped, cream flushed with brown over the upper half. Staminode is obovate, elliptic, cream with a central brown umbo (P 86) (Fig. 79.86).

Paphiopedilum tranlienianum O.Gruss & Perner

Paphiopedilum tranlienianum is a small, warm-growing, limestone lithophyte endemic in northern Vietnam, occurring at 400–750 m. It grows on highly eroded limestone cliffs in the dense shade of broad-leaved evergreen forests (Averynov et al. 2003). Plants are small with three to six distichous, linear-lanceolate green leaves, glossy above, lighter green and keeled underneath, 12–18 × 1.7 cm. Inflorescence is sub-erect, 10–18 cm, green, pubescent, single flowered. Flower is 5.5–7 cm across, greenish to reddish brown with a white cap and a bright yellow staminode. Dorsal sepal is broadly ovate, acuminate, reflex and marked with maroon at the lower third, the upper portion bending forwards and incurved at the margins to form a white ciliate-bordered cap above the staminode. Petals are fully extended, spreading 10 degrees below the horizontal, linear-lanceolate, margins folding inwards, ciliate, undulate over the distal half, brown over the proximal half, carmine with a thin white border at the distal. Lip is urceolate, side lobes elliptic, glossy, ochre flushed with brown; main lobe chocolate with dark brown veins. Staminode is large, ovate, convex, apex obscurely tridentate, hirsute at the base, and bright yellow, with a central glossy, green umbo, (Fig. 79.87). There is an alba form of the species (Koopowitz 2018).

Paphiopedilum villosum (Lindl.) Stein

Paphiopedilum villosum is a cool-growing, montane terrestrial or lithophytic species distributed from northeast India to Yunnan, northern Myanmar, northern Thailand and Laos at 1100–2000 m. Preferred host trees are Eugenia angkae, Podocarpus neriifolius, Nyssa javanica and Quercus rex. An Eugenia angkae was observed to host 39 clumps of Paph. villosum at one time (Cribb 1998).

Leaves number four to five, linear-lingulate, droopy, purple spotted on the under surface, and ciliate at the base. Inflorescence is 7–24 cm, green, hirsute, single flowered. Flower is 10–12 cm across. Dorsal sepal is obovate, undulate, reflexed at the lower half, yellow, overlaid with brown to maroon at the centre and darkening towards the base: margin white and ciliate. Synsepal is ovate, narrower, pale green. Petals are spathulate, rounded at the apex, incurved, undulate on its upper margin, half-yellow, half-brown or a monochromatic brick red, glossy on the anterior surface, ciliate at the base; greenish on the posterior surface. Pouch tapers at the apex, uniformly yellowish brown faintly marked with darker brown lines. Staminode is obovate, with a tiny central umbo, and hirsute at the base (Fig. 79.88).

Six natural hybrids of Paph. villosum are found in China (Yunnan, Guangxi), namely, Paph. × cribbii Aver. (also present in North Vietnam); Paph. × grussianum H.S.Hua; Paph. × lushuiense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen (spicerianum × villosum); Paph. × nitens (Rchb.f.) Stein; Paph. × petchleungianum O.Gruss and Paph. × sinovillosum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen (Table 79.1).

Paphiopedilum villosum var. boxallii

Paphiopedilum villosum var. boxallii occurs in Myanmar. Its dorsal sepal is heavily spotted with dark brown blotches of variable size over a green base, purple at the side and a wide band of white at the apex (Fig. 79.89).

Paphiopedilum villosum var. annamense

Paphiopedilum villosum var. annamense from Laos is a different colour form. Dorsal sepal is streaked with purple centrally and green at the side. Sepals are brick red, pouch lightly brick red (Fig. 79.90). Paph. x areeanum O.Gruss; Paph. × dalatense Aver.; Paph. × tamphianum Aver. & O.Gruss; and Paph. × undulatum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen are natural hybrids from Paph. villosum var. annamense (Table 79.1).

Natural Hybrids

There are numerous natural hybrids, both infra-sectional and intersectional, with species from this section: ten from Paph. villosum and Paph. villosum var. annamense, five from Paph. spicerianum and three from Paph. insigne (Table 79.1). Most of the natural hybrids were discovered in Yunnan while others were discovered in Vietnam, Assam and Myanmar.

Hybrids in Section Paphiopedilum

Species in this section are the most widely employed in hybridization to produce the superb round, colourful flowers with large dorsal sepals in a wide range of colours (Figs. 79.91 and 79.92). These hybrids generally include the Paph. bellatulum to impart roundness and width to their segments, but being overwhelmed by the cool-growing species in this section, such hybrids are also invariably cool-growing. They are not suitable for cultivation outside of a cool house in the tropical lowlands. Perhaps, some enterprising hybridizer might be induced to use species in other sections to produce warm-growing hybrids that carry the attractive round shape and colouration of hybrids from this section.

Section Laosianum Y.I.Lee, M.C.Chung, K.Sydara Et al.

This is a monophyletic genus. Plant is miniature with marbled leaves that resemble those of Paph. canhii but their flowers are entirely different. Flowers of Paph. rungsuriyanum are dark purple and hirsute. Staminode is crescent-shaped, trilobed, side lobes falcate, midlobe dentate. Phylogenetic studies based on four nuclear and four plastic gene regions indicate that Paph. runsuriyanum is nested in subgenus Paphiopedilum and is sister to section Papiopedilum (Lee et al. 2017).

Paphiopedilum rungsuriyanum O Gruss, N,Eungruang, Y.Chaisuriyakul, I.Dionisio

Paphiopedilum rungsuriyanum is a newly discovered dwarf species found on rocky limestone in northern Laos (Gruss et al. 2014). On the basis of molecular and morphological data, a new section, Laosianum, has been proposed for this species Cytologically, 2n = 26, with four large chromosome and 22 small chromosomes, all with median centromeres (Lee et al. 2017).

Stem is very short. Leaves are paired, small, elliptic, apex rounded, bluish green, mottled, grey green with purple veins on the underside, 10–15 × 1.5–2 cm. Inflorescence is short, 5–8 cm, dark purple, hirsute, single flowered, the flower comparatively large for the plant. Flower is 6 cm tall x 4 cm across. Dorsal sepal is broadly cordate, acute, bending slightly forwards, hirsute at the margin and on the back, deep purple. Synsepalum smaller, yellowish green anteriorly, purple on the dorsal surface, hirsute. Petal is ovate, spreading and severely reflexed, margin hirsute, mauve, with dark purple lines along its length. Lip is helmet-shaped with a sharp, deep V-shaped margin lined with green at the top, deep reddish brown. Side lobes are incurved, outer surface smooth and green with dark purple lines, and bearing a few short trichomes on its inner surface (Fig. 79.93). Staminode is transversely semilunate, purple, with three teeth at the apex. 2n = 26 (Lee et al. 2017).

Section Barbata

Plants in this section possess tessellated leaves, bear single flowers on their inflorescence and warts are present on the upper margins of the petals. Side lobes of the lip are prominent, incurved and sometimes warty. Staminode is lunate or reniform. There are 27 species in this section.

Paphiopedilum barbatum (Lindl) Pfitz.

Paphiopedilum barbatum is a Malayan species occurring as terrestrial or as lithophyte on boulders on Penang Hill and at Mount Ophir in the south at 200–650 m (Fig. 79.94). It flowers during the dry season. Leaves are narrow, elliptic, dark green, mottled above, light green underneath, numbering five to eight, measuring 15 × 3.5–4 cm., slightly ciliate at the base. Inflorescence is upright, brown or purple, pubescent, up to 30 cm, single flowered. Flowers are 8–9.5 cm across, generally erect. Dorsal sepal is orbicular, white, flushed with green at the lower half and streaked with purple lines. Synsepalum is small, ovate, yellowish green with green veins. Petals are lingulate, spreading about 20 degrees below the horizontal, light brown streaked with darker brown along the upper half at the base, ciliated, and bearing scattered small black callosities more on the upper than the lower margin. Lip is brown. Staminode is tridentate, ivory with green mottling at the centre (Fig. 79.95).

There are several colour forms, and sometimes, they are difficult to distinguish from Paph. callosum. Dorsal sepal in some flowers have a crimson flare over the upper half of the dorsal sepal (Fig. 79.96).

Paph × mattesii Pittenauer ex Roeth & O.Gruss is a natural hybrid from Paph. barbatum (Table 79.1).

Paphiopedilum bungebelangi Metusala

Paphiopedilum bungebelangi is one of two newly discovered species of Paphiopedilum from Aceh Province reported in 2017. It was described an illustrated together with Paph. lunatum in great detail with line drawings and photographs by Destario Metusala who stated that both species existed in the same district of Aceh (Metusala 2017). The orchid is endemic to Sumatra. Its name is derived from Gayo, language of the Gayo tribe who lives in the highlands of central Aceh: bunge, or Malay bunga (flower) belangi (beautiful).

Plants grow in deep shade as terrestrial in leaf litter or sphagnum moss on sloping limestone hills at 1550–1650 m.

Stem is short, bearing five to six lanceolate, mottled green leaves. Inflorescence is erect, 12 cm tall, dark olive green, ciliate bearing a single flower, 8 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, acuminate, slightly undulate and reflexed at the basal half; apical third bent forward: white with thick green stripes, margin ciliate. Petals are spreading spathulate, undulate, usually curved inwards at the apex to, forming a hooked appearance; but occasionally reflexed (Fig. 79.97), half white, half green, with brown stripes, ciliate on both margins. Lip is pointed at the apex, green flushed with brown and covered by dark brown veins. Staminode is lunate, green.

Paphiopedilum callosum (Rchb.f.) Pfitz.

Paphiopedilum callosum is saxicolous or terrestrial at 300–2000 m, is a warm- to cool-growing species distributed in Thailand, Indochina and Gunung Jerai in Peninsular Malaysia. It resembles Paph. barbatum, differing only in its larger, broader dorsal sepal, an ovate, acute synsepalum and large warts on its petals.

Leaves are oblong, 15–18 × 3–3.5 cm, mottled green above, light green underneath. Flower is solitary, 6–8 cm across. Dorsal sepal is broadly ovate, white with pointed green stripes and a light purple flush. Petals are oblong, sigmoid, light green on its lower half, darker green above, both tapering to purple towards the apex. Petals are hirsute and dotted with large black callosities on the upper margin. Lip is brown, side lobes warty. Staminode is cream at the sides, green centrally; lunate, divided into two lobules that are broadly falcate and teethed at the apex (Figs. 79.98, 79.99 and 79.100).

Five natural hybrids of Paph. callosum exist: Paph. × dalatense Aver.; Paph. × dixlerianum Braem & Chiron; Paph. × powellii Christenson; Paph. × schlechterianum O.Gruss; and Paph. siamense (Rolfe) Rolfe (Table 79.1).

Paphiopedilum callosum var. sublaeve

Paphiopedilum callosum var. sublaeve is endemic to Gunung Jerai in north-western Peninsular Malaysia. Flowers have shorter, broader petals (Fig. 79.101).

Paphiopedilum ciliolare (Rchb.f.) Stein

Paphiopedilum ciliolare is a striking terrestrial species endemic to Philippines, occurring as clustered growths on forest slopes in northeast Mindanao and the adjacent islands of Dinagat and Camiguin at 300–1830 m.

Leaves are four to six, elliptic, mottled, 20 × 5 cm. Inflorescence is erect, 20–30 cm, brown, shortly hirsute, single flowered. Flowers are 7–9 cm across, with prominently warty and pubescent petals. Dorsal sepal is erect, cordate, white with green and brown lines, margins ciliated, and upper portion infolding. Synsepalum is lanceolate, white with green lines. Petals are oblong, broadening towards the notched, falcate apex, white with green and brown stripes, densely covered with dark brown calluses, and heavily ciliated at the border. Pouch is chocolate brown. Staminode is transversely reniform, obscurely tridentate at the apex (Fig. 79.102).

Paphiopedilum dayanum (Lindl.) Stein

Paphiopedilum dayanum is endemic to Sabah being found on the lower slopes of Mount Kinabalu at 300–1500 m, growing on leaf litter, sometimes in ultamafic substrate on serpentine outcrops, under the shade of 6–10 m tall trees or bamboo. Leaves number four to six, are oblong-lanceolate, tessellated dark and light yellow or bluish green, measuring 21 × 5 cm. In Sabah, glaucous and yellow green plants grow in the same area (Cribb and Wood 2009; Wood et al. 2011). Inflorescence is 20–30 cm tall, brown or maroon, pubescent. Flower is up to 15 cm across, segments slimmest in the genus. Dorsal sepal is ovate, acuminate, ciliate, white marked by vertical green lines front and back. Synsepalum is ovate, smaller than the dorsal sepal, ciliate and similarly coloured. Petals are spathulate, curving forwards and turning towards the centre at midpoint. Colour of petals is beige, overlaid with a central brown strip that fades over the distal third. Stiff hair arise from calluses that line the upper margin of the basal two thirds of the petals. Pouch is narrowed at the apex, brown: side lobes warty. Staminode is transversely elliptic, greenish yellow, marked with green at the centre (Fig. 79.103).

Paph. × burbidgei (Rchb.f.) Pfitz.; Paph. × kimballianum (Rchb.f.) Rolfe and Paph. × shipwayae Rolfe are natural hybrids from Paph. dayanum (Table 79.1).

Paphiopedilum hookerae (Rchb.f.) Kerch.

Paphiopedilum hookerae is endemic to Borneo. It grows in shady locations on limestone at 300–450 m in Sarawak, at the edges of steep cliffs sheltered by trees and on moist leaf litter in rock crevices on weathered sandstone hills at 600–800 m in Kalimantan, and on ultramafic substrate under the shade of bushes and Casurinaceae at 800–2300 m in Sabah (Cribb and Wood 2009). Leaves are five to six, measuring 7–23 × 2.7–5 cm, oblong-elliptic, green, grey green, or grass green and mottled. Inflorescence is erect, purple, hirsute, with a single flower, 8 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, acute, margin at upper third folded inwards, at mid-portion reflexed, white to cream, flushed with apple green and marked by thin dark green stripes. Margin at the lower third is hirsute. Synsepalum is elliptic, pale green. Petals are spreading, spathulate, undulate at the middle third, ciliate, apple green flushed with purple along the margin and over the distal third. Lip is ochre on the lower half merging to brown over the upper half. Staminode is broadly oval to circular, divided into two falcate side lobes by an oval indent at the apex, green, overlaid with purple. The umbo is white (Fig. 79.104).

Paph. × shipwayae Rolfe is a natural hybrid of Paph. hookerae.

Paphiopedilum javanicum (Reinw. Ex Lindl.) Pfitz.

Paphiopedilum javanicum is distributed in Java, Bali, Flores, Sumatra and Borneo. It grows on leaf litter or volcanic soil and humus in partial or deep shade at 900–2000 m. At Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park in Java, it occurs at 1500–1600 m where the ambient maximum temperature is 18.5 degrees C and minimum temperature is 12 degrees C during the wet season; max 20.5 degrees C, and min. 12 degrees C during the dry season. Humidity varies between 85 and 100 percent during both wet and dry seasons (Soerohaldoko 1984). Leaves number four to five, elliptic, pale green, veined and mottled by darker green, 12–23 × 3.4–4 cm. Inflorescence is 16–36 cm tall, brown to purple, pubescent, with a single flower, 8–9.5 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, acuminate, undulate, ciliate, white marked with green lines. Synsepalum is elliptic, similarly coloured. Petals are oblong, twisting backwards through 90 degrees at midpoint, rounded at the apex, shortly ciliated over the anterior surface and hirsute at the margin. Base colour of the petals is white, streaked with green lines from the base, tinged with pink over the middle third, and warty over the middle half of its length. Pouch is wide, yellowed with green veins, rim horizontal. Side lobes are warty. Staminode is reniform, side lobes falcate at the apex, pale greenish yellow overlaid with green mottling at the centre (Figs. 79.105 and 79.106).

Paphiopedilum lawrenceanum Rchb.f

Paphiopedilum lawrenceanum is endemic in Borneo whereas Paph. barbatum is distributed in mainland Southeast Asia and Penang Island, and Paph. callosum also occurs in mainland Southeast Asia but not in Borneo. Nevertheless, Paph. lawrenceanum very closely resembles the other two species. It differs in the longer, spreading petals bearing small callosities on both, and by its boldly tessellated leaves (Cribb 1998) (Fig. 79.107). The species is questionably recorded from Mount Kinabalu at 1700 m based on a plant from a cultivated source (Wood et al. 2011).

Paphiopedilum lunatum Met.

Paphiopedilum lunatum is endemic to Sumatra, occurring only in the northernmost province of Aceh at 1300–1600 m on sloping hills dominated by rattan or in open flat areas covered by forked fern (Dicranopteris sp.). Herb is terrestrial, growing under shade with roots in thick leaf litter or sphagnum moss (Metusala 2017).

The species is named for its lunate staminode.

Leaves are four to five lanceolate, mottled green above, pale green underneath. Inflorescence is erect, brown, papillose, 12 cm tall, single flowered. Flower is 10 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, acuminate, erect, reflexed at the basal two thirds, margin slightly incurved at the apex; green lightly flushed with maroon and covered with maroon stripes. Petals are spathulate, spreading obliquely 30 degrees below the horizontal, green on the basal half, crimson on the apical half, covered with small, dark brown spots about two-thirds of its length. Lip is pointed at the apex, light brown with a network of dark brown veins. Staminode is crescent-shaped, side lobes prominently falcate, cream (Fig. 79.108). Form and colour of the flowers are variable.

Paphiopedilum purpuratum (Lindl.) Stein

Paphiopedilum purpuratum is a small, cool-growing terrestrial or saxicolous species distributed in Vietnam and southeastern China (Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan) with rather different climatic conditions. In Vietnam, it grows principally at 1200–1400 m on steep slopes of limestone hills near ridge tops, in rather open primary evergreen or semi-deciduous broad leaf forests (Averynov et al. 2003) The climate is monsoon tropical, meaning a dry, cold winter and a wet summer with moderate temperatures.

Plant is small, short with four to six elliptic, tessellated leaves, light green below, 7–14 × 2.3–4.2 cm. Inflorescence is erect, single flowered. Flowers are 7–10 cm across. Dorsal sepal is white, flushed with green at the base, and striped with maroon. Petals are narrowly elliptic, ciliated at the margins, spreading and reflexed at the distal third, deep purple to maroon. Pouch is helmet-shaped, deep maroon externally, deep red and spotted internally. Staminode is lunate, side lobes falcate pubescent, dentate at the apices (Fig. 79.109).

Paphiopedilum schoseri Braem & H.Mohr (syn. Paphiopedilum baccanum Schoser)

Paphiopedilum schoseri is a saxicolous species with green-coloured flowers. It is endemic to Bacon Island in Moluccas, Indonesia, growing in humus-filled rock crevices or on moss-covered boulders, in deep shade, at 1200–1300 m. A new subsection, Chloroneura has been proposed to this species.

Leaves number two to five, measuring 10–23 × 2.5 cm, mottled light green above, pale green underneath, hirsute at the margins. Inflorescence is 15–25 cm tall, single flowered. Flower is 6–7 cm across. Dorsal sepal is erect, ovate, acute, white faintly flushed with light purple over the lower half and streaked with dark green. Synsepalum is small, elliptic, hidden behind the lip. Petals are sub-spathulate, sigmoid, spreading, extending 40 degrees below the horizontal; white tinged with purple at the apex, green from the base to three-quarters of their length, spotted with dark brown, with several calluses on the proximal third, ciliated. Lip is green overlaid with dark green veins. Staminode is lunate, three-teethed, cream with mottled green at the centre, hirsute at the base; side lobes of staminode falcate (Fig. 79.110).

Paphiopedilum sugiyanum W. Cavestro

Paphiopedilum sugiyanum is endemic to Sabah, habitat not revealed (Cribb and Wood 2009). Plant is terrestrial or saxicolous, carrying three to five elliptic, mottled green leaves, 11–14 × 3–3.4 cm. Inflorescence is 30–35 cm tall, bearing a single flower 9–9.5 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, undulate, acuminate, white marked by yellow lines. Petals are spathulate, extended, reflexed, at the distal third, white with yellow stripes and densely covered by small, maroon callosities along the margins, and sparsely covered by a single row of callosities at the centre. Lip is long and narrow, rim V-shaped mustard-coloured; rest of pouch is brick red with darker venation at the sides. Side lobes are warty. Staminode is transversely ovate, reniform (Fig. 79.111).

Paphiopedilum sukhakulii Schoser & Senghas

Paphiopedilum sukhakulii is a beautiful, striking terrestrial species endemic to NE Thailand, occurring up to 1500 m. on humus-rich, sandy loam along the banks of streams on the slopes of Phu Luang Mountain. The same region is also the home of Paph. callosum and Paph. sukhakulii was first discovered in 1964 among a shipment of Paph. callosum. It was exported in such large quantities to Europe that its existence in its natural habitat is severely threatened (Kamemoto and Sagarik 1975; Cribb 1998; Nanakorn and Watthana 2008).

Leaves are elliptic, 10–15 × 3–5 cm, tessellate; without purple spotting underneath surface, rough and not smooth unlike Paph. callosum. Inflorescence is upright, purple, pubescent, 20–30 cm tall, with a single flower 5–9 cm across.

Dorsal sepal is ovate, acuminate, white flushed with pale green and covered by green stripes. Synsepalum is smaller, lanceolate, light green with green stripes. Petals are lanceolate, green with dark purple or maroon spots, smooth or hirsute at the margins. Pouch is deep, green at the base, reddish brown and veined with maroon. Staminode is yellow with central green mottling, lunate, tridentate, lateral teeth long and falcate (Fig. 79.112).

Paphiopedilum sukhakulii Schoser & Senghas forma alba.

This is a green form devoid of spotting on the petals which has a yellowish green base and green stripes. Pouch is yellow faintly veined with green. Dorsal sepal and petals are prominently ciliated (Fig. 79.113).

Paphiopedilum superbiens (Rchb.f.) Stein

Paphiopedilum superbiens is endemic in north and west Sumatra growing as a terrestrial on steep podsolised ridges in coniferous forests at 800–1300 m. Three varieties are recognized, var. superbiens, var. curtisii (formerly Paphiopedilum curtisii) and the alba form, sanderae.

Leaves are four to five, elliptic, mottled, flushed with purple beneath, cilate, 15–20 × 4–6.5 cm. Inflorescence is erect. Brown to purple, pubescent, 12–20 cm, single flowered. Flower is 6.5–8 cm across, brownish. Dorsal is ovate, acuminate, erect, sometimes the upper margin folded inwards, white flushed with green and carrying brown to maroon stripes. Synsepalum is ovate, green. Petals are lingulate, undulate, arching downwards, shorter than the lip, pink streaked with green, with brown stripes and copious maroon dots, ciliate. Pouch is shaped like a spear in outline, pointed at the apex, chocolate brown. Staminode is transversely reniform, three-teethed at the apex beige, pubescent over the lower half (Fig. 79.114).

Paphiopedilum superbiens var. curtisii

This variety differs from the type in having shorter petals, shorter than the lip, twisted and reflexed at the apex (Figs. 79.115 and 79.116). It occurs at central and north Sumatra at 900–1300 m (Cribb 1998). Eric Hansen recounted an interesting story of the rediscovery of Paph. superbiens var. curtisii by Claes Ericsson in his book, Orchid Fever. Ericsson could not find the slipper orchid after searching for it in the Sumatran jungle for 5 years. Then, when he was recuperating from malaria in hospital, he noticed an unusual graffiti on the wall depicting a slipper orchid with the initials CC. When he sent local collectors to search the forests nearby, they returned with thousands of plants of Paph. superbiens var. curtisii (Hansen 2000).

Paphiopedilum tonsum (Rchb. f.) Stein

Paphiopedilum tonsum is endemic to Sumatra, occurring in the central and northern provinces at 100–1800 m. It grows in deep humus in lower montane forests on ridge tops that are humid but well-drained.

This is a variable species. Stem is short with five to seven elliptic, mottled greyish green leaves, purple on the underside, 15–20 × 4.5 cm. Inflorescence is erect, green to almost black, shortly pubescent, 30 cm tall, single flowered. Dorsal sepal is obovate, acute with narrowed apex, reflexed, olive green marked with vertical lines, white and ciliated at the margin. Synsepalum is lanceolate, green.

Petals are spathulate, curved, spreading 30 degrees below the horizontal, apple green streaked with olive green and sparsely spotted, shortly ciliate. However, John Comber reported that the plants he saw growing in north Sumatra did not have any hair on the petals (Comber 2001). Lip is saccate, yellowish brown and covered with darker brown veins. Staminode is sub-reniform, lower margin tridentate, of similar colour and hue (Figs. 79.117 and 79.118).

Paphiopedilum tonsum var. braemii (H.Mohr.) O.Gruss

This variety has smaller, apple green flowers, shorter sepals, and a narrower, broader staminode (Cribb 1998; Comber 2001) (Fig. 79.118).

Paphiopedilum venustum (Wall.) Pfitz.

Paphiopedilum venustum is distributed in NE India and Bhutan at 60–1350 m in a variety of habitats subject to the south-west monsoon, and coexisting with Paph. spicerianum, Paph. insigne and Paph. fairieanum with which it has interbred. It is the first Indian orchid described in Europe.

Herb is 40 cm tall with four to five elliptic, mottled green leaves that are purple spotted underneath. Inflorescence is 10–20 cm tall, brown, with a single flower, 8 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, acute, white tinged with green and marked by dark green stripes. Synsepalum is narrower. Petals are spathulate, spreading horizontally green and dotted with black spots at the basal half, merging to crimson over the distal, densely hirsute on the margin. Lip is glabrous, muddy green or brick red with prominent brown veins. Staminode is reniform, with a prominent central tooth (Fig. 79.119). The two natural hybrids from Paph. venustum are: Paph. × crossianum (Rchb.f.) Stein; and Paph. × pradhanii Pradhan (Table 79.1).

Paphiopedilum venustum var. measuresianum

This is a form where the flower is lacking any crimson colouration. Flower is yellow with green stripes on the sepals and petals and green venation on the pouch, green mottling on the staminode. Petals are devoid of dots and its hirsutism is less pronounced (Fig. 79.120).

Paphiopedilum violascens Schltr.

Paphiopedilum violascens is endemic to New Guinea where it grows in shade in a variety of habitats and soil types from 200 to 1200 m. Plant and flowers are also variable. Nevertheless, the species is readily identified because of a few distinctive features: small dorsal sepal, bowlegged sepals that are flushed with purple and unspotted, outsized lip that is larger and longer than the petals, pouch is green, tinged with yellow ochre.

Leaves are four to six, elliptic, mottled green above, light green underneath, 8–22 × 2.5–4 cm. Inflorescence is erect, 20–30 cm tall, single flowered. Flower is 6–7.5 cm across. Dorsal sepal is cordate, apical half tilting forwards, white with green stripes, finely ciliate. Synsepalum is ovate, small, hidden, ciliate. Petals are obliquely oblong, curving downwards, white with a large swath of crimson to purple, ciliate at the margin. Lip is comparatively very large, yellowish green with a blush of yellow ochre and covered with darker green veins. Staminode is semicircular, side lobes obscurely falcate and separated by a more prominent tooth at the apex. The staminode is cream-coloured with an inverted V-shaped splash of green at the centre (Figs. 79.121 and 79.122).

Hybrids

Paphiopedilum Maudiae, the albino form (Paph. callosum x Paph. lawrenceanum) bred by Charlesworth Ltd., and registered in 1900, is by far the most extensively propagated and the most familiar slipper orchid to the public (Fig. 79.123). It is now rivalled by a colourful Paph. Maudiae hybrid bred from the new vinicolor Paph. callosum (Fig. 79.124). Another outstanding primary hybrid is the intersectional hybrid involving Paph. barbatum. Paphiopedilum Harrisianum (Paph. barbatum x Paph. villosum) was registered 150 years ago, and the hybrid was remade many times (Fig. 79.125).

Subgenus Sigmatopetalum

Section Spathopetalum

Paphiopedilum appletonianum (Gower) Rolfe

Paphiopedilum appletonianum is distributed in Thailand, Indochina and Hainan Island at 400–1500 m. In Thailand and Indochina, it grows in deep leaf litter or on mossy boulders in the shade, much like Paph. barbatum and Paph. callosum. In Hainan, it occurs in sandstone mountains at 1500–2000 m. Leaves are oblong, 13–25 × 2–3 cm, mottled green. Inflorescence is upright, 18–60 cm; flower solitary, 6–10 cm across. Dorsal sepal is ovate, white flushed with green and streaked with brown: the apical third is bent forwards and its margins are folded inwards. Petals are narrowly spathulate, narrow, undulate, border slightly hirsute, green, streaked with brown and dotted with dark brown spots on its medial half, turning to pink over the distal half that is twisted backwards through 180 degrees. Lip is brown, fading to green at the bottom of the pouch. Staminode is light green at the sides, dark green at the centre; transversely elliptic, cleft at the base, tridentate at the apex, the lateral teeth large and falcate (Fig. 79.126). Flowers from March to May (Cribb 1998; Nanakorn and Watthana 2008).

Section Blepharopetalum

Paphiopedilum sangii Braem.

Paphiopedilum sangii is an odd-looking slipper orchid that is endemic to Sulawesi. It is a montane species that is critically endangered despite its habitat being undisclosed.

Leaves are three to five, lanceolate, coriaceous, dark, yellowish green with mottling, keeled underneath, 20–28 × 5 cm. Inflorescence is terminal, up to 30 cm tall, purple, hirsute, single flowered. Flower is 8.5 cm tall, 5–5.5 cm across. Dorsal sepal is erect, ovate-elliptic, ciliate at the margin, white at the apical half, green at the base, a brown blush in between, and striped with brown. Sensepalum is lanceolate, green. Petals are spathulate, acute, twisted backwards at midpoint, upper margin undulated with three scallops, margins ciliated, green over the lower third, merging to crimson, striped with purple and crimson over the scallops. Pouch is narrowed at the waist, brown on the upper half; pointed forwards and green on the lower half, and covered with brown veins. Staminode is triangular; white at the rim, centrally yellow, the lower border forming an arc with two teeth at the centre (Figs. 79.127 and 79.128).

Section Megastaminodium

This is a new section created for a single miniature species, Paph. canhii that is distributed in southern China and northern Vietnam. Cytological, molecular and micromorphological evidence indicate that Paph. canhii should be placed in distinctive section on its own, section Megastaminodium. Cytologically, 2n = 26, with four large chromosomes and 22 small chromosomes which are all metacentric. Molecular analyses produced conflicting results. According to plastic data, Paph. canhii is sister to species in section Cochlopetalum but combined analysis places it near section Paphiopedilum. Morphologically, Paph. canhii is distinctive both in vegetative and floral characteristics. Unlike species in section Paphiopedilum, it is devoid of warts on the petals and lateral lobes of the lip, and its staminode is unlike that of any species in the genus (Gorniak et al. 2013).

The conflicting molecular data suggests a biparental status. However, the flower of Paph. canhii does not show any feature of the species which have a similar distribution, namely, Paph. malipoense, Paph. dianthum and Paph. coccineum. Novertheless, ‘one cannot exclude the hypothesis that Paph. canhii is a so-called phantom hybrid, i.e. an established hybrid of an already non-existing parental species, once occurring in the area’ (Gorniak et al. 2013).

Paphiopedilum canhii Aver. & O. Gruss (syn. Paphiopedilum canhii var. funingense Z.J.Liu, & L.J.Chen

Paphiopedilum canhii is a small, petite species originally discovered in NW Vietnam. It grows in shady locations at the base of vertical limestone cliffs near the summit of ridges at 1500 m in mixed coniferous and broad leaf primary forests. Herb was discovered by Canh Chu Xuan after whom the species is named (Averyanov et al. (2010). It has now been discovered in Yunnan at 1300 m (Chen and Liu 2013) and at Phou Pachao Mountain in Laos at 1600–1800 m (Averyanov et al. 2015).

Stem is very short and bears three to five oblong-elliptic leaves, 5–7 × 1,5–2 cm, green with light green mottling above, and green dotted with greyish purple below. Inflorescence is erect, peduncle pubescent, single flowered. Flower is 6–8 cm across, colours subdued, in white, pale green and light purple. Dorsal sepal is ovate, acuminate, white flushed with light green at the base and marked with seven linear, purple veins in front, hirsute on the dorsum. Synsepalum is ovate, acute, white, hirsute on the dorsum. Petals are oblong, narrow, 3–4 × 0.5–0.7 cm, with a single undulation at the middle of the upper margin, brownish purple turning to green at the base, striped with darker purple, and hirsute along the margins. Pouch is helmet-shaped, with a horizontal rim, glossy, green with longitudinal, greenish brown vein: side lobes a darker shade. Lip is hirsute at the base. Staminode is exceptionally large, ovate, almost circular, pinched at the sides rendering the upper third narrower than the lower two-thirds, flat, light green with two vertical rows of dark green, claw-shaped markings separated by a white callus. The staminode is very distinctive (Fig. 79.129).

In cultivation, it flowers in March and April (Averyanov et al. 2010).

Subgenus Polyantha

Section Mastigopetalum

Paphiopedilum kolopankingii Fowlie (syn. Paphiopedilum ooii Koopowitz)

Paphiopedilum kolopankingii is a low montane terrestrial or saxicolous species endemic to central Kalimantan, growing on mossy rocks near rivers at 600–1100 m and on the eastern slopes of Mount Kinabalu. The Kinabalu population was named Paphiopedilum ooii by Harold Koopowitz (Wood et al. 2011).

Plants are large with eight to ten fleshy, coriaceous, suberect, strap-shaped, green leaves 20–80 × 5–12 cm. Inflorescence is erect, 40–70 cm tall, rachis slightly zigzag, and carries 6–15 flowers which open simultaneously. Bracts are elliptic, lanceolate, 3.5–5 cm long, brown. Flowers are 8–16.5 cm across, pedicel and ovary green, 8–10 cm long. Dorsal sepal is ovate, acuminate, white with 11 thin maroon to brown stripes. Synsepalum is lanceolate, extending beyond the pouch, inverted at the apex, white with 11 maroon to brown stripes. Petals are linear, acute, up to 10 cm long, spreading diagonally, straw-coloured. Pouch is shallow, inverted at the rim, light reddish brown with a network of darker brown veins. Staminode is convex, rugose, subquadrate. Plants may form clumps that carry multiple inflorescences, all flowers opening simultaneously (Figs. 79.130 and 79.131). Flowering period is April to May. There is an alba form of the species (Koopowitz 2018).

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Eng Soon Teoh

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Teoh, E.S. (2021). Paphiopedilum Pfitzer. In: Orchid Species from Himalaya and Southeast Asia Vol. 2 (G - P). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80428-2_27

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80428-2_27
Published: 01 January 2022
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
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