Table 1.
Distribution, shapes, gland classification and anatomical features of foliar glands in the analysed species of Passiflora L.
Fig 1.
Glucose strip tests of glands in leaves of Passiflora L.
Positive results are shown for extrafloral nectaries located on petiole of Passiflora actinia Hook, petiole and abaxial surface of leaf blade of P. contracta Vitta, petiole of P. incarnata L., petiole and margin of leaf blade of P. kermesina Link & Otto, petiole of P. ligularis Juss., petiole of P. miersii Mart., abaxial surface of leaf blade of P. misera Kunth, petiole of P. morifolia Mast., abaxial surface of leaf blade of P. organensis Gardner and petiole of P. suberosa L. Negative results are shown for glands of P. foetida L. and P. sublanceolata (Killip) MacDougal.
Fig 2.
Schematic representation of the gland shapes in Passiflora L.
Nomenclature used for the different shapes of type I glands, as well as a description and a schematic representative of each one. Illustrations by Yasmin Vidal Hirao.
Fig 3.
Continuation of Fig 2.
Nomenclature used for the different shapes of type I and type II glands, as well as a description and a schematic representative of each one. Illustrations by Yasmin Vidal Hirao.
Fig 4.
SEM image of the different glands shapes defined as extrafloral nectaries in leaves of Passiflora L.
A. Patelliform gland in the petiolule of P. deidamioides. Petiolar glands (B, C and E-H). Marginal glands of the leaf blade (D, J-P). B-D. Elliptic-patelliform gland in P. deidamioides and P. incarnata (C and D). E-H. Spheroidal glands of P. coccinea, P. galbana, P. maliformis and P. setacea, respectively. I-L. Lenticular gland in P. coccinea (abaxial surface of leaf blade), P. gardneri, P. miersii and P. subrotunda, respectively. M. Lenticular gland (black arrow) and elliptic-lenticular gland (white arrow) in P. sidifolia. N-P. Elliptic-lenticular glands in P. eichleriana, P. haematostigma and P. umbilicata, respectively.
Fig 5.
Continuation of Fig 4.
Marginal glands (A, B, M, N). Petiolar glands (C-L, O, P). A. Elliptic-lenticular glands (black arrows) and semi-spheroid gland (white arrow) in P. serratodigitata. B. Semi-spheroid gland in P. watsoniana. C-H. Ellipsoid glands in P. ambigua, P. contracta, P. haematostigma, P. laurifolia, P. odontophylla and P. racemosa, respectively. I-N. Obconic glands in Passiflora actinia (note a curvature towards the abaxial region of the petiole), P. elegans, P. miersii, P. subrotunda, P. elegans (frontal view) and P. kermesina (frontal view), respectively. O-P. Obconic short-stipitate glands in P. eichleriana, P. sidifolia (also curved towards the abaxial region of the petiole), respectively.
Fig 6.
Continuation of Fig 5.
Petiolar glands (A, C-J). Glands on the abaxial surface of leaf blade (K-N). A-B. Obconic short-stipitate glands of P. watsoniana and P. edmundoi, respectively. C-D. Obconic long-stipitate glands of P. edmundoi and P. kermesina. E. Asymmetric long-stipitate glands of P. ligularis. F-H. Cotyliform glands in P. morifolia (F in lateral view and G in frontal view) and P. serratodigitata (H). I-J. Crateriform glands in P. ferruginea and P. suberosa, respectively. K-L. Detail of concave ocellus glands in P. ferruginea and P. misera, respectively. M-N. Detail of convex ocellus glands in P. organensis and P. contracta, respectively. O-P. Detail of concave ocellus glands on margin of leaf blade in P. odontophylla and P. galbana, respectively.
Fig 7.
Longitudinal sections of extrafloral nectaries (EFN) in Passiflora L.
Marginal of the leaf blade EFN (A). Petiolar EFN (B-G, I). Abaxial surface of leaf blade EFN (H). A. P. incarnata, note exudate in the subcuticular space and nuclei centralized in secretory epidermal cell. B. P. suberosa with short secretory epidermal cells. C. P. incarnata with elongated secretory epidermal cells and secretory parenchyma with flattened cells, note the vascular bundle ending with phloem cells (arrow). D. P. eichleriana, elongated secretory epidermal cells and secretory parenchyma with flattened cells. E. P. racemosa showing elongated secretory epidermal cells, note regions with two layers of cells (arrow). F. P. deidamioides, showing distinctive secretory parenchyma cells and subsecretory parenchyma with vascular bundles. G. P. haematostigma with unicellular trichome and extensions of the subepidermal parenchyma (arrow). H. Multicellular trichome in P. coccinea. I. P. gabana with elongated secretory epidermal cells and vascular bundles ending with phloem cells in the subsecretory parenchyma. Ep = epidermis; Sp = secretory parenchyma.
Fig 8.
Continuation of Fig 7.
Petiolar EFN (A-D, I). EFN of the abaxial surface of leaf blade (F-G). EFN on the margin of leaf blade (H). A. P. kermesina with elongated secretory epidermal cells and secretory parenchyma with flattened cells. B. P. haematostigma with secretory parenchyma slightly smaller and more juxtaposed than the layers of the subsecretory parenchyma. Note the periclinal divisions on the secretory parenchyma (arrow). C. P. laurifolia with unclear limits between secretory parenchyma and no-secreting parenchyma. In the secretory parenchyma some cells show a dense content and are smaller than the cells of the subsecretory parenchyma. D. P. ferruginea showing extensive secretory parenchyma and vascular endings formed by phloem cells (arrow). E. P. subrotunda showing elongated secretory epidermal cells and druses on the subsecretory parenchyma. F-G. Short secretory epidermal cells in P. misera (concave ocellus) and P. organensis (convex ocellus), respectively. H. P. gardneri with vascular ending composed of both phloem and xylem cells. I. P. setacea showing vascularization with ramifications. Ep = epidermis, Sp = secretory parenchyma.
Fig 9.
SEM image of type II glands in leaves of Passiflora L.
A-B. Terete gland with trichomes along the stipe in P. arida and P. villosa, respectively. C-D. Pyriforme long-stipitate gland on the petiole in P. foetida. Detail of capitate apical region (D). E. Capitate long-stipitate (black arrow) and clavate (white arrow) glands on the lamina of P. sublanceolata. F. Clavate glands on the petiole of P. sublanceolata.
Fig 10.
Longitudinal sections of type II glands in Passiflora L.
In all cases, the secretory region is restricted to elongated epidermal cells. A-B. Petiolar gland of P. arida and P. foetida, respectively. C. Detail of elongated epidermal cells of a laminar gland in P. foetida. D. Petiolar gland in P. sublanceolata. E. P. villosa with lignified parenchyma cells, note the dividing secretory epidermal cells (arrow).